A&P lecture exam 2
Which of the following is NOT one of the five general bone shapes?
Curved bone
Tissue that makes up the majority of the brain and spinal cord is
nervous tissue.
What is the correct order of the steps of fracture repair? Place the following four numbered steps in the correct order.
2, 4, 1, 3
What is the correct order of the steps of bone growth as it grows in length? Place the following four numbered steps in the correct order.
2, 4, 3, 1
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone tissue is not seen in any other tissue. About _____ of the total weight of bone consist of an _____ matrix composed of minerals. The remaining _____ of total bone weight consists of an _____ matrix, which contains the usual ECM "ingredients" including collagen fibers.
65% / inorganic / 35% / organic
This resident cell found in connective tissue stores lipids and is also known as a fat cell.
Adipocytes
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypodermis?
All answer choices are functions of the hypodermis.
Which of the following bones is (are) formed by endochrondral ossification?
All bones of the body below the head except the clavicles
Which of the following statements about red and yellow bone marrow is FALSE?
By the time adulthood is reached, most bone marrow in the body is red
Which pigment imparts the skin with a faint yellow-orange color?
Carotene
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Carotene is a brown-black pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum
This type of protein fiber is built of the fibrous protein collagen. The structure of this type of fiber resembles the entwined pieces of a steel cable with the overall fiber composed of multiple subunits of a fibrous protein. This type of fiber is very resistant to pulling, stretching, and pressure.
Collagen fibers
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of
Connective tissue
One of the functions of the integument is to synthesize the hormone vitamin _____ . This vitamin originates from a relative of cholesterol, which is modified by ultraviolet radiation (UV rays) to form cholecalciferol, which is further modified by the liver and kidneys to form calcitriol, the active form of the vitamin . This vitamin is required by the small intestine to absorb calcium ions.
D
The ABCDE rule can be used to distinguish melanomas from other skin cancers and from normal moles. Which is NOT one of the criteria of the ABCDE rule?
D - Diameter generally smaller than 6 mm
This type of dense connective tissue contains primarily bundles of collagen fibers that are arranged at various angles to one another. This organization makes this type of dense connective tissue quite strong and allows it to resist tension in all three planes. It is found in dermis as well as around organs and joints.
Dense irregular connective tissue
Which word or phrase would best describe bone tissue?
Dense, hard connective tissue
Which of the following correctly describes what occurs to dermal blood vessels when heat needs to be conserved due to exposure of the body to a cold environment?
Dermal blood vessels constrict in a process called vasoconstriction. Blood flow is redirected from the body's surface and that blood is redirected to deeper tissues conserving heat.
Which of the following correctly describes what occurs to dermal blood vessels when heat needs to be released due to exposure of the body to a hot environment?
Dermal blood vessels dilate in a process called vasodilation. A large quantity of blood is directed to the body's surface where heat is radiated from the blood into the environment.
Cells in a tissue are joined by cell junctions. Which of the following type of junction is composed of integral proteins that act like buttons or snaps where the linker proteins are attached to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton, which reinforces them?
Desmosomes
Which is NOT one of the types of macromolecules that are the three main components found in the ground substance of ECM?
Desmosomes
This type of specialized connective tissue is a type of cartilage that contains elastic fibers in its ECM and is found in the ear and in parts of the larynx.
Elastic cartilage
This type of protein fiber is able to be stretched to one and a half times its resting length without breaking, a property called distensibility. After being stretched this type of protein fiber is able to return to its original length, a property called elasticity.
Elastic fibers
An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin red and painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin?
Epidermis and dermis
Which does the diaphysis NOT contain?
Epiphyseal lines
Which of the following statements regarding epithelial tissue are NOT true?
Epithelial tissue is highly vascular.
These migrant cells found in connective tissue ingest foreign substances, microorganisms, and dead or damaged cells by phagocytosis.
Fibroblasts
This is the most common resident cell found in connective tissue that is an immature cell which produces protein fibers as well ground substance.
Fibroblasts
This type of specialized connective tissue is a type of cartilage that contains many bundles of collagen fibers in its ECM, making it very tough, and is found in certain joints and the intervertebral discs.
Fibrocartilage
Which type of burn only involves the epidermis?
First-degree burn or superficial burn
Cells in a tissue are joined by cell junctions. Which of the following type of junction is composed of small pores in the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells that allow small substances to pass from the cytosol of one cell to that of another?
Gap junctions
Hematopoiesis occurs in the red bone marrow. What is hematopoiesis?
Hematopoiesis is the process of making blood cells.
Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?
Hematopoiesis or blood cell formation
Which pigment imparts the skin with a faint pinkish hue?
Hemoglobin
This type of specialized connective tissue is a type of cartilage that is smooth and found on the ends of bones in freely moveable joints.
Hyaline cartilage
Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?
Keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
Which is NOT one of the four type of cells found in the epidermis? Correct!
Lamellated corpuscles
Which of the following statements regarding connective tissue is NOT true?
Loose (areolar) connective tissue features protein fibers as it primary component
This large resident cell of connective tissue is part of the immune system and contains cytosolic granules which cause inflammation.
Mast cells
Which pigment imparts the skin with a distinct orange-red to black color?
Melanin
Malignant melanomas are the most dangerous of the skin cancers and are very capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?
Melanocytes of the stratum basale.
_____ are the cells of nervous tissue that send and receive messages, and _____ are the supporting cells of nervous tissue. A(n) _____ carries a nerve impulse toward a neuron cell body, and a(n) _____ carries a nerve impulse away from a neuron cell body.
Neurons / neuroglia / dendrite / axon
This type of cell inhabits the outer surface of bone tissue and is known as a "bone builder." It synthesizes the organic protein of the ECM and also produces chemicals required for calcium salts to be deposited within the ECM.
Osteoblast
Bone is dynamic tissue, and new bone is continually being formed as older bone is broken down. The dynamic nature of bone is due to the actions of three cell types. Which cell is an immature cell that builds bone by secreting the organic matrix and aids in the formation of the inorganic matrix?
Osteoblasts
This type of cell inhabits the inner surface of bone tissue and is known as a "bone destroyer" It uses enzymes to breakdown the organic protein of the ECM and uses hydrogen ions to breakdown calcium phosphate.
Osteoclast
Bone is dynamic tissue, and new bone is continually being formed as older bone is broken down. The dynamic nature of bone is due to the actions of three cell types. Which cell is large, multinucleated, resembles a jellyfish, and is responsible for the process of bone resorption?
Osteoclasts
This type of mature bone cell inhabits lacunae inside of bone tissue and is derived from osteoblasts that become surrounded by the ECM they secrete. They produce substances that are required for bone maintenance.
Osteocyte
Bone is dynamic tissue, and new bone is continually being formed as older bone is broken down. The dynamic nature of bone is due to the actions of three cell types. Which cell matures from osteoblasts that have become surrounded and trapped by secreted bone matrix so that they are mostly inactive?
Osteocytes
An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut INTO in order to bleed?
Papillary dermis
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Primary storage site in the body for the minerals sodium and potassium.
Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?
Protection of internal organs
Which of the following statements is NOT a function of body hair in humans?
Regulation of blood flow
This type of protein fiber is a type of collagen fiber embedded in the ground substance that is thinner and shorter than regular collagen fibers. These fibers interweave to form a meshwork or netlike structure that supports the cells and ground substance.
Reticular fibers
Which type of burn involves the epidermis and all or part of the dermis?
Second-degree burn or partial thickness burn
Which of the following statements regarding muscle tissue is NOT true?
Skeletal muscles fibers are joined by intercalated discs.
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the skin?
Skin consists of the superficial epidermis and deep dermis.
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale
As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?
Stratum corneum
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The epidermis is composed of loose connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue.
Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification?
The flat bones of the skull
Which of the following statements is FALSE about bone deposition and resorption?
The greater the load bone must carry, the more bone that is resorbed by osteoclasts.
One of the most obvious functions of the integument is to protect the underlying tissues from damage. Tissue damage comes from three main sources. Which is NOT one of those sources of tissue damage?
The integument protects from extreme heat and cold temperatures due to presence of adipose tissue.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integument?
The integument provides protection from acid-base imbalances.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Thick skin has numerous hairs, whereas thin skin lacks hairs
Which type of burn involves the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, and possibly deeper tissue including muscle and bone.
Third-degree burn or full thickness burn
Cells in a tissue are joined by cell junctions. Which of the following type of junction is composed of integral proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells that interweave and lock together sealing the spaces between adjacent cells?
Tight junction
This is a group of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment that together perform common functions.
Tissues
Which of the following best describes the position of a tissue in the levels of organization of the human body?
Tissues are between cells and organs in the levels of organization
Which of the following best describes the position of a tissue in the levels of organization of the human body?
Tissues are between cells and organs in the levels of organization.
What is the difference between red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow?
Yellow bone marrow consists of blood vessels and adipocytes, while red bone marrow consists of loose connective tissue with hematopoietic cells.
What is the purpose of the storage of adipocytes containing triglycerides in yellow bone marrow?
Yellow bone marrow inside of long bones gives the body an additional source of fuel when food is scarce.
A gland that secretes ear wax is called
a ceruminous gland.
The nutrient foramen of a nutrient artery passing into the diaphysis of a long bone forms
a hole
A modified sweat gland that produces milk is called
a mammary gland.
Wolff's law, developed by the German anatomist and surgeon Julius Wolff in the 19th century, states that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed. Wolff's law would predict that
a right-handed pitcher will have thicker bones in his right arm compared to his left
A branched gland that secrets sebum into a hair follicle is called
a sebaceous gland.
The function of elastic fibers embedded within ground substance is to
allow the material to distend or stretch to one and a half times its normal size and then return to its original length.
A gland that secretes a protein-rich sweat into a hair follicle is called
an apocrine sweat gland.
Yellow marrow has been identified as
an area of fat storage
A simple coiled tubular gland found over most of the body that secretes sweat through a sweat pore is called
an eccrine sweat gland.
A structure made up of two or or more tissue types working together is called —
an organ.
Sebaceous glands
are associated with hair follicles
Cartilage contains two major cell types; chondrocytes and chondroblasts. Chondroblasts _____ while chondrocytes are _____ .
are immature cells that activity divide by mitosis and make most of the ECM of cartilage / are mature cells that inhabit lacunae and are relatively inactive
Eccrine sweat glands
are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat.
In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili
are responsible for goose bumps.
The part of the epiphysis that does not ossify during a person's lifetime is the
articular surface
Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation
beneath the periosteum
The first thing that happens after a bone fractures is
blood vessels rupture and they bleed into the injured site forming a hematoma
Cyanosis causes the skin to take on a faint _____ color due to _____ .
bluish / low amounts of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin molecules in a red blood cell
A fracture is a
broken bone
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?
calcification / hypertrophy and maturation / proliferation / reserve cartilage
Bone is the most important storehouse in the body for minerals such as
calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium salts
In general, skin cancers
can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun.
Sebaceous glands secrete by _____ which is called _____ secretion; sweat glands secrete by _____ which is called _____ secretion.
cell rupture / holocrine / exocytosis / merocrine
Nail growth occurs when
cells in the nail matrix undergo mitosis.
Cartilage contains two major cell types;
chondroblasts and chondrocytes
This type of protein fiber is a type of collagen fiber embedded in the ground substance that is thinner and shorter than regular collagen fibers. These fibers interweave to form a meshwork or netlike structure that supports the cells and ground substance.
collagen fibers
Extra cellular matrix (ECM) is often the primary element in
connective tissue
Tissue that binds, connects, supports, and transports substances throughout the body is
connective tissue
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is often the primary element in
connective tissue.
In dense connective tissue the primary component is protein fibers. The type of dense connective tissue that exhibits bundles of collagen fibers that appear to be arranged haphazardly so it is able to resist tension in all three planes is known as
dense irregular connective tissue
In dense connective tissue the primary component is protein fibers. The type of dense connective tissue that exhibits collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles that is able to resist tension in only one plane is known as —
dense regular collagenous connective tissue.
In dense connective tissue the primary component is protein fibers. The type of dense connective tissue that exhibits parallel elastic fibers with randomly oriented collagen fibers is known as
dense regular elastic connective tissue
Epidermal ridges are caused by
dermal ridges caused by prominent dermal papillae and thick collagen fibers.
Which is NOT one of the types of macromolecules that are the three main components found in the ground substance of ECM?
desmosomes
The shaft of a long bone is called the
diaphysis
Keratinocytes in the superficial strata of the epidermis
die because they are too far away from the blood supply in the dermis for diffusion to occur and because they produce a lipid-based hydrophobic substance which surrounds them after they excrete it which makes them impermeable to water.
Cartilage is essentially avascular, so oxygen and nutrients must _____ from the blood vessels in the perichondrium, which is the outer sheath of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue, through the cartilage to reach the chondroblasts and chondrocytes.
diffuse
Cartilage is a tough but flexible tissue that absorbs shock and is resistant to tension, compression, and shearing forces. The cartilage that is filled with elastic fibers, which allows it to vibrate, would be —
elastic cartilage.
This type of protein fiber is able to be stretched to one and a half times its resting length without breaking, a property called distensibility. After being stretched this type of protein fiber is able to return to its original length, a property called elasticity.
elastic fibers
Nearly 50 percent of the cells of the _____ are too far away form the blood supply in the _____ to sustain life, so the superficial _____ consists entirely of _____ cells.
epidermis / dermis / epidermis / dead
Bones grow in length due to activity in the
epiphyseal plate
Long bones grow in length from the
epiphyseal plate
The end of a long bone is called the
epiphysis
Sheets of highly packed cells with little ECM is
epithelial tissue
Tissue that is richly supplied with nerves that detect changes in the internal and external environments would be —
epithelial tissue
Tissue that provides a continuous surface that functions to protect underlying tissue from mechanical and thermal injury would be
epithelial tissue
Tissue that provides selectively permeable barriers in which certain substances can cross by passive or active transport to enter other underlying tissues would be
epithelial tissue
Sheets of highly packed cells with little ECM is —
epithelial tissue.
Tissue that forms glands that produce and secrete substances such as oil or hormones would be
epithelial tissue.
Tissue that provides a barrier against invading microorganisms would be —
epithelial tissue.
This type of specialized connective tissue is a type of cartilage that contains many bundles of collagen fibers in its ECM, making it very tough, and is found in certain joints and the intervertebral discs.
fibrocartilage
Cartilage is a tough but flexible tissue that absorbs shock and is resistant to tension, compression, and shearing forces. The cartilage with little ground substance, but filled with bundles of collagen fibers that give this type of cartilage great tensile strength would be
fibrocartilage.
Proteoglycans consist of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) bound to a protein core. Thousands of proteoglycans bind to a very long GAG such a hyaluronic acid, forming huge proteoglycan aggregates. The function of these proteoglycan aggregates help make the ECM _____ and also act as a _____ to the diffusion of substances through the ECM, which protects the underlying tissues from invading microorganisms.
firmer / barrier
Bones of the skull, ribs, sternum, and pelvis would be classified as
flat bones
Cells in a tissue are joined by cell junctions. Which of the following type of junction is composed of small pores in the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells that allow small substances to pass from the cytosol of one cell to that of another?
gap junctions
Ground substance contains water, ions, nutrients, and other solutes, as well as three families of macromolecules called
glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of two main components called _____ and _____.
ground substance / protein fibers
The study of the normal structure of tissues is called
histology.
Cartilage is a tough but flexible tissue that absorbs shock and is resistant to tension, compression, and shearing forces. The most abundant cartilage in the body with large amounts of ground substance and small collagen fibers appears bluish and glassy would be —
hyaline cartilage.
The _____ , composed of loose connective tissue that is richly supplied with blood vessels and varying amounts of adipose tissue, is not actually part of the skin, but it anchors the skin to the muscle and bone deep to it.
hypodermis
Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones
irregular
Bones of the vertebrae would be classified as
irregular bones
One of the functions of the integument is to secrete small amounts of waste products. These waste products include _____ from metabolic reactions, _____ which is generated during amino acid catabolism, and toxins such as _____ which are all secreted in sweat.
lactic acid / urea / metals
Bones of the arms and legs would be classified as
long bones
Without red marrow, bones would not be able to
make blood cells
The canal running down the center of the diaphysis is called the
medullary cavity
Intramembranous ossification occurs from within a
mesenchymal membrane
Endochondral ossification occurs from within a
model of hyaline cartilage
Cells may be smooth or striated in
muscle tissue
Tissue that consists of excitable cells that are specialized for contraction is
muscle tissue
Cells may be smooth or striated in
muscle tissue.
Tissue that consists of excitable cells that are specialized for contraction is
muscle tissue.
Tissue that makes up the majority of the brain and spinal cord is
nervous tissue
The main source of blood to the medullary cavity is the
nutrient artery
Bone deposition is carried out by _____, which secrete _____ of the ECM by exocytosis. Bone resorption is carried out by _____ , which secrete _____ from their ruffled border.
osteoblasts / the organic matrix / osteoclasts / hydrogen ions and enzymes
The most superficial layer of the dermis, composed of loose connective tissue, is the thin _____, which accounts for about 20 percent of the depth of the dermis.
papillary layer
The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the
periosteum
The membrane surrounding the bone, composed of dense irregular connective tissue, containing bone cells and many blood vessels is the
periosteum
The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.
primary
The function of reticular fibers embedded within ground substance is to
provide a meshwork or scaffold that supports the cells and ground substance. In some places this meshwork is used as a web to trap foreign cells.
The function of collagen fibers embedded within ground substance is to
provide strength so the the material is very resistant to tension such as pulling and stretching forces as well as pressure.
The deep layer of the dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue, is the thick _____, which accounts for about 80 percent of the depth of the dermis.
reticular layer
The patella would be classified as a
sesamoid bone
The portion of the hair that projects from the surface of the skin is the _____, and the portion within the dermis is the _____ , which is embedded in a(n) _____ . The portion of the hair that contains cells that undergo mitosis during the growth stage of the hair is known as the _____ .
shaft / root / hair follicle / matrix
Carpal and tarsal bones would be classified as
short bones
Epithelial tissue that consists of only one layer of cells, are extremely thin, are not resistant to mechanical stresses, and do not serve well as outer barriers is called
simple epithelia.
Inside the epiphyses of each long bone, mostly _____ can be found.
spongy bone
Epithelial tissue that consists of several layers of cells, are thick, are very resistant to mechanical stresses, and serve well as outer barriers is called —
stratified epithelia.
Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of thick skin epidermis from deepest to most superficial?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
Collagen lends _____ skin.
strength to the skin and helps prevent traumatic injuries from reaching deeper tissues of the
In a simple fracture
the broken bone does not tear the skin
In a compound fracture
the broken bone pierces the skin
Melanin has two functions; ______ and _____ .
to protect the DNA of keratinocytes from mutations induced by ultraviolet radiation (UV rays) / decrease the synthesis of vitamin D in response to ultraviolet radiation (UV rays)
In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for
vitamin D synthesis.
Glycosaminoglycans are long, straight polysaccharide chains composed of small chondroitin sulfate and enormous hyaluronic acid molecules. These macromolecules have negative charges that create a concentration gradient within the ECF that draws _____ out of cells and blood vessels by osmosis and effectively traps it in the ECM , which helps the ECM to resist compressions.
water
Cartilage is unusual among connective tissues in that it is essentially avascular
with few, if any, blood vessels.