A&P Test 2

Tissue

A group of cells that have a common origin and function together to perform a specialized group of activities is called a(n) _______.

Red bone marrow

Hematopoiesis takes place in the ________ of some adult bones

parallel to the length of the diaphysis; the shaft resists bending even when stresses are applied in certain directions.

How are osteons in compact bone tissue aligned? How does the osteon arrangement affect bone strength?

stratum lucidum

This skin layer is only present in places subjected to high levels of mechanical wear-and-tear, and provide an additional protective layer where it occurs, such as in the soles of the feet, palms, and fingertips.

epithelial tissue

This tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs of the body such as the stomach and bladder.

connective tissue

This tissue has an extensive extracellular matrix, usually has many blood vessels, and provides oxygen and nutrients to overlying tissues

gap junctions

This type of junction contains tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons which allow the movement of ions and small molecules between cells. It is found between muscles cells of the heart and in organs with smooth muscle tissue such as the gastrointestinal tract.

connective tissue

This type of tissue can function as fat storage, pad out and bind an organ together, wrap skeletal muscles, or transport substances.

cardiac

Which type of muscle tissue would have these characteristics: branched cells, usually has one nucleus, has striations (a striped appearance)?

Tight junctions

Which types of cell junctions prevent the contents of organs from leaking into surrounding tissues?

with aging, there is a reduction in collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, which means a loss of tensile strength

With aging, bones can become more brittle. This brittleness is due to which factor?

articular cartilage

______ is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a joint.

Mineral salts; collagen and other organics

_______ contribute(s) to the hardness of bone while ________ give(s) it flexibility.

Keratinocytes

About 90% of the cells of the epidermis are of which type?

melanin.

Albinism is the inherited inability to produce

extracellular matrix

All connective tissues consist of two basic elements: cells and __________.

blood vessels near the skin can dilate, increasing blood flow and heat loss

Along with sweating, which other responses by skin assists with thermoregulation?

comminuted fracture

An elderly woman trips and falls. She puts out her hand to try to stop her fall, and ends up with a fracture of the lower arm. An x-ray shows that at the break, many pieces of bone have a splintered and fragmented appearance. Which type of fracture does this woman have?

Keratinization

As newly formed cells of the stratum basale are pushed to the surface, they accumulate keratin and undergo apoptosis. This process is referred to as _______.

parathyroid hormone

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Bone tissue stores 99% of the body's calcium. Calcium plays important roles beyond the mineralization of bones. The exchange of calcium between bone and body fluids (especially the blood) is regulated by several hormones. Which of the following is the most important hormone regulating calcium exchange?

appositional growth

By which process, as an individual grows to adulthood, is the thickness (diameter) of bone increased?

trabeculae

Compact bone is composed of units called osteons. In contrast, spongy bone is composed of _____.

Dermis

Dense irregular connective tissue will be found in the

tight junctions

If you wanted to design a tissue that restricted the movement of water and other molecules between adjacent cells, which type of junction would you use to connect the cells?

Increase

Ikea is a ten year old child raised on the planet Beneckea which has half the gravity of earth. Her parents have decided to move their family back to earth. Will Ikea need to increase or decrease her bone mass to live comfortably on earth?

Intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans cells)

In a skin infection, which cell will take up and process microbial antigens?

Mataphysis

In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?

stratum spinosum

Langerhans cells are part of the skin's immune defenses and activate other immune cells when the skin is invaded by microbes. Which layer of the epidermis contains Langerhans cells?

A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage

List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis. A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage

intramembranous ossification

Most of the bones of the skull are formed by this process.

muscle and nervous tissues

Of the basic tissue types, which types have excitable cells?

nervous tissue

Of the four basic tissue types, which one is able to generate electrical signals that can trigger muscles contractions or glandular secretions?

lacunae

Once osteoblasts have surrounded themselves with the extracellular matrix of bone tissue, they remain inside little chambers called __________ where they carry on the metabolic functions that maintain bone tissue. At this point, the cells are called osteocytes.

stratum basale.

Tactile epithelial cells are located in the

germinativum

The alternate name for the stratum basale, the stratum __________, suggests its role in forming new cells.

osteoblasts

The cells active in fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus.

stratum basale

The pigment-producing cells of the epidermis are located in which layer?

hyaline cartilage

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.

False

True/False: A greenstick fracture would only be seen in an elderly person with more fragile bones.

False

True/False: As long bones form in the fetus, the formation of the medullary cavity occurs because of the actions of osteoblast cells.

True

True/False: Bone can be classified as a connective tissue because it contains an extracellular matrix that surrounds widely spaced cells.

True

True/False: Bone remodeling, especially bone resorption, plays a role in the maintenance of proper levels of calcium in the blood.

True

True/False: Calcitonin inhibits activity of osteoclasts, speeds blood calcium uptake by bone, and accelerates calcium deposition into bones.

False

True/False: Differences in skin pigmentation are due to the number of melanocytes in the basal layer of the skin. People with darker skin have many more melanocytes than people with paler skin.

True

True/False: During a needle biopsy of a person's bone marrow, maybe to test for the presence of cancer, pain is felt when the needle passes through the periosteum because it is richly supplied with nerves.

False

True/False: During the process of bone formation in a fetus, a primary ossification center develops in the epiphysis of a cartilage model of a long bone.

True

True/False: Examination of the nail beds and gums of the mouth are diagnostic tools for anemia in dark skinned individuals.

True

True/False: In addition to a thicker stratum corneum and the presence of a stratum lucidum, the thick skin of the palms and fingertips of the hands and of the soles of the feet have a denser array of sense receptors than thinner skin found elsewhere on the body, and also is hairless.

True

True/False: In deep wound healing, an injury has penetrated through to the dermis or even the hypodermis (subcutaneous layer). In this type of wound, the healing process will leave a scar and could involve a loss of some functionality of the area of the wound.

True

True/False: Mast cells are found near blood vessels in connective tissue and release histamine to promote inflammation as a response to injury or infection.

True

True/False: Most epithelial and connective tissues in the body will repair if they receive proper nutrition and have a blood source.

True

True/False: Smooth muscle derives its name from the lack of striations in the cell.

True

True/False: Stimulation of neurons in the skin gives rise to tactile sensations, thermal sensations, and pain.

False

True/False: The cells of the nervous system which are able to generate nerve impulses (action potentials) are called neuroglia.

True

True/False: Wounds that only damage the epidermis won't bleed because the epidermis is avascular.

contact inhibition

When an epidermal wound begins the healing process, basal cells migrate away from the basement membrane, enlarge, and migrate to fill in the wounded area. As these cells migrate from different sides of the wound, and reach each other, they stop migrating. This process is called __________.

osteoclasts

Which cells active when cartilage needs to be removed so new bone can be produced.

stratum granulosum

Which epidermal layer marks the transition between metabolically active cells of lower layers and the dead layers of keratinocytes of the upper layers.

skeletal

Which type of muscle tissue is under the voluntary control of our nervous sytem. We can consciously control the movement of this type of muscle tissue.

All of these are correct

Which feature(s) of the skin protect(s) us against microbes such as bacteria? The many layers of keratinized cells form a barrier against microbes Sebum contains compounds which kill bacteria Sweat has an acidic pH which suppresses microbial growth Langerhans cells can alert the immune system should microbes invade All of these are correct

osteoclast

Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)?

Carbohydrate Storage

Which is not a function of the skeletal system? assistance in movement support protection mineral homeostasis carbohydrate storage

inflammation, migration, proliferation, maturation

Which is the correct sequence of phases for deep wound healing?

Keratinocytes

Which is the most abundant cell in the epidermis?

4, 5, 3, 1, 2

Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture (the steps are listed below but are not in the correct sequence of events): 1 osteoblasts form trabecular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus 2 bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site 3 fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form the fibrocartilage callus 4 a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die 5 phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma

stratum basale

Which layer has stem cells that undergo cell division to continually produce new keratinocytes?

cyanosis

Which might be due to a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the blood?

Collagen

Which of the connective tissue fibers imparts the greatest strength?

All of these characteristics are shared by all epithelial cells.

Which of the following characteristics are shared by all epithelial cells? Cells are arranged in continuous sheets. There is little space between plasma membranes. All cells have a free surface. All of these characteristics are shared by all epithelial cells.

all of these choices

Which of the following factors affect bone remodeling and growth? minerals vitamins hormones all of these choices

Blood reservoir

Which of the following functions of the skin explains the skin's pink hue?

Articular cartilage - composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility

Which of the following is incorrectly matched? Diaphysis - shaft of bone Epiphysis - proximal and distal ends of the bone Epiphyseal growth plate - found in metaphysis of a growing bone Articular cartilage - composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility Endosteum - lines the medullary cavity

Osteoclasts -are derived from osteoblasts and break down bone tissue

Which of the following is mismatched? Osteogenic cells - give rise to osteoblasts Osteoblasts - secrete matrix material Osteocytes - maintain bone tissue Osteoclasts -are derived from osteoblasts and break down bone tissue

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes

Which of the following is mismatched? Zone of resting cartilage - anchors the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis. Zone of proliferating cartilage - Large chondrocytes arranged in stacks divide to replace those dying at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage - consists of rapidly dividing immature chondrocytes Zone of calcified cartilage - is converted into bone by endochondral ossification. Epiphyseal line - signifies the end of longitudinal bone growth

melanin is necessary for the production of vitamin D by the skin

Which of the following is not a correct statement about melanin?

compact bone

Which of the following regions of bone would not undergo bone remodeling as frequently as the other regions?

all of these

Which of the following tissues could be found on or within a bone, such as the humerus? adipose tissue nervous tissue cartilage osseous tissue all of these

epithelial cells are closely packed and the cells are tightly adhered to one another

Which property of epithelium enables it to form coverings and linings of the body?

osteoprogenitor cells → osteoblasts → osteocytes

Which represents the correct sequence of development of bone cells?

calcium and phosphorus

Which two minerals are stored in major quantities in bone tissue?

desmosomes

Which type of cell junction would you expect to find anchoring the cells of the epidermis to each other. This type of junction gives the skin its ability to endure stretching and other mechanical stresses without tearing.

keratinized stratified squamous

Which type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

holocrine

Which type of exocrine gland are sebaceous (oil) glands?