A&P test 4 hw&quizes

Choose the correct statement pertaining to acid-base disorders.

Metabolic acid-base disorders result from the production or loss of excessive amounts of fixed acids or organic acids.

________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.

The respiratory system

Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?

blood cells and large particles

The hemoglobin buffer system exists in

both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

buffer.

Which of the following is not an electrolyte? -salt -acid -carbohydrate -base

carbohydrate

The nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons have an important function that other parts of the nephron do not share. What is this function?

establishing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla

What is(are) the driving force(s) for filtration in the nephron?

hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

Which factor would promote hypokalemia?

hypersecretion of aldosterone that would increase sodium retention and increase potassium loss

Metabolic acidosis results in _______.

hyperventilation

Regarding fluid shifts and dehydration, when ADH secretion increases to regulate sodium balance by means of increased water retention without additional water consumption (i.e., you lost water but retained electrolytes and didn't drink water], the end result is:

increased Na+ levels in ECF compared to the original condition.

Imagine a beautiful sunny afternoon at the beach, and you consume a whole pitcher of water while sitting under your sun umbrella. Which of the following events happens in response to this stress on your body?

increased urine volume produced by the kidneys

What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination?

it must be consciously stimulated to relax

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called

juxtamedullary nephrons.

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

slightly superior

Which metabolic rate resulted in metabolic acidosis?

80 kcal/hr

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

aldosterone.

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.

1200 mL

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ percent of cardiac output under resting conditions.

25

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

25 mm Hg Yes, 60 - (25 + 10) = 25 mm Hg. The two pressures that oppose filtration must be subtracted from the force favoring filtration.

Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla

5,1,4,2,3

The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is

7.35-7.45.

The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?

A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.

Define acidemia and alkalemia.

Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45.

What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF?

Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF. or Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.

Which statement accurately describes responses to metabolic acidosis?

The respiratory response to acidosis involves lowering the PCO2.

Which statement is true regarding fluid balance in the digestive tract?

All the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients.

Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH.

An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH. or A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH.

Explain why blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries than in other systemic capillaries.

Blood pressure is higher in glomerular capillaries because the efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole.

The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?

Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the CO2 is then exhaled.

Which of the following chemicals would probably be most effective in treating water intoxication?

Diuretics

You go out for the evening with friends to your favorite restaurant. While enjoying the evening, you eat a large amount of very salty foods. Which of the following events does not occur? - You get thirsty. -The kidneys conserve water. -ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is secreted. - Extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity decreases.

Extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity decreases

During water intoxication, dangerous symptoms result from water flowing

From the ECF into the ICF

Define hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.

Hypokalemia is defined as blood K+ levels below 3.5 mEq/L and hyperkalemia is defined as blood K+ levels above 5.0 mEq/L.

Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B)

ICF, urine

Choose the correct statement regarding the relationship between water balance and sodium balance.

Increased sodium concentrations in the ECF will increase the movement of water from the ICF to the ECF.

Identify the body's three major buffer systems.

phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest? -chemical buffer system -respiratory system -renal system

Renal system

In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?

The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.

How does the urethra differ between males and females?

The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.

Brain cells get pressed against the skull, because

They absorb water

Which of the following is true of electrolytes?

They are ionic compounds.

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body.

Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.

If a person exercises for a long time, lactic acid will start to build up in his or her muscles. Which of the following would you expect to happen as the lactic acid first starts to be formed?

Weak bases in the muscles will act as buffers and resist or minimize any pH change.

All of the following factors are consistent with hyperkalemia except

a potassium level above 7 mEq/L. or overuse of diuretics.

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

absence of ADH.

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results.

acidemia

Which blood vessel(s) deliver(s) blood to the glomerulus?

afferent arteriole

Intracellular fluid is found only within

cells of the body

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and

chloride.

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?

consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

Dehydration __________.

develops when ECF water is lost, but electrolytes are retained

With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the

digestive tract.

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system? -excretes abundant protein molecules -regulates blood volume -regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes -eliminates organic waste products -contributes to stabilizing blood pH

excretes abundant protein molecules

Compensation of metabolic alkalosis includes which of the following?

excreting bicarbonate ion in the renal system and retaining carbon dioxide through the respiratory system

Which structure is composed of a layer of collagen fibers that covers the entire outer surface of the kidney?

fibrous capsule

Small amounts of ________ acids are generated during the catabolism of amino acids and compounds that contain phosphate groups

fixed

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed

fluid shift.

The functions of the nephron include all of the following EXCEPT _______. -glomerular filtration -tubular reabsorption -glomerular secretion -tubular secretion

glomerular secretion

What is the name for the "ball" of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle?

glomerulus

Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF?

kidneys

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to

limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

The lowest amount of daily water loss occurs through which of the following methods of elimination?

loss in feces

Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions? Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation (the low bicarbonate indicates this is a metabolic acidosis. Since CO2 is below the normal range, this indicates there is a respiratory compensation.)

Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation (with the loss of bicarbonate ions, this is a metabolic acidosis. If compensated, it would be a respiratory compensation.)

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?

metabolic alkalosis

Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?

metabolic alkalosis

Which of the following occurred when the metabolic rate was set to 20 kcal/hr?

metabolic alkalosis and hypoventilation

Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO3

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?

metabolic alkalosis with no compensation (since HCO3¯ is 30 (above the normal range of 22 to 26 mEq/L), this is definitely a metabolic alkalosis. There is no respiratory compensation since CO2 is within the normal range.)

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks

metabolic alkalosis.

A friend has acid indigestion after eating a big meal. Which of the following would act as a buffer and help ease his pain?

milk of magnesia, with a pH of 10

The ______ collects the urine produced by a single kidney lobe.

minor calyx

While watching her favorite movie again, Amanda ate a whole bowl of salty popcorn and drank several large glasses of water. What was her body's response to that enjoyable evening?

natriuretic peptide release

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

net filtration would decrease

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

peritubular

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?

protein

In which portion of the nephron and collecting system does the most reabsorption occur?

proximal convoluted tubule

Trace the pathway of blood from the renal artery to the renal vein.

renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein

Which structure filters the blood?

renal corpuscle

Hypoventilation leads to

respiratory acidosis

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3¯ = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation (Since pCO2 is above the normal range, it is the cause of the acidosis. HCO3 is increased to compensate, which is a metabolic compensation.)

Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+ (a patient with emphysema would retain CO2, leading to a respiratory acidosis. The kidneys would compensate by retaining HCO3 and excreting H+.)

Increased sodium levels in the ECF result in which of the following outcomes?

stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?

the external urethral sphincter

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is

the kidneys.

What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum?

the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum

In the renal response to metabolic acidosis:

the renal tubule cells increase the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the ECF by reabsorbing CO2 from the tubular fluid.

What is the function of the vasa recta?

to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron

The most abundant waste solute in urine is

urea

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

ureters

Urine is temporarily stored in the

urinary bladder

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions.

The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop.

vasa recta

Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption,

water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid.