A&P: The Autonomic Nervous System

Describe the antagonistic and cooperative effects of dual innervation

Antagonistic: Control of heart rate, control of muscular activity in the gastrointestinal tract, control pupil diameter and the iris of the eye. Cooperative: cooperative Effexor same level parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation has different effects that together produce a single, distinct result. The best example of cooperative effects occur in the sexual function of the male reproductive system. The male penis becomes erect as a result of parasympathetic innervation, and ejaculation of semen occurs as a result of sympathetic innervation.

Describe the structure and location of the five autonomic plexuses

Autonomic plexuses are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons as well as some visceral sensory axons. Cardiac Plexus consists of sympathetic postganglionic axons that originate in the cervical and thoracic sympathetic truck ganglia as well as parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve. Pulmonary plexus our axons from the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk ganglia and parasympathetic preganglionic axons from the vagus nerve Esophageal plexus. Smooth muscle activity in the inferior esophageal wall is coordinated by parasympathetic axons that control the swallowing reflex in the inferior region of the esophagus by innervating the cardiac sphincter, a valve through which swallowed food and drink must pass Abdominal aortic plexus (celiac plexus, superior & inferior mesenteric plexus): innervates all abdominal & pelvic organs Hypo gastric plexus: consists of a complex network of sympathetic postganglionic axons from the aortic plexus and the lumbar region of the sympathetic trunk and preganglionic parasympathetic axons from the pelvic splanchnic nerves

Describe the CNS hierarchy that controls the ANS

Cerebrum, conscious activities in the cerebrum control of the ANS hypothalamus, integration and command center for autonomic functions involved in emotions brainstem, contains major ANS reflex centers spinal cord, contains ANS reflex centers for defecation of urination

Discuss the nature of autonomic tone and it's effects

Continual activity

What is dual innervation?

Innervation by post ganglionic accents from both parasympathetic and sympathetic division. The actions caused by activities of both the divisions on the same Organ usually result in effects that antagonistic or cooperative.

What is Horner syndrome?

It is a condition caused by the impingement or injury of the cervical sympathetic trunk or the team one sympathetic trunk ganglion.

What cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division

Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus

Explain why parasympathetic activation is local and discreet, and sympathetic activation can result in mass activation.

Parasympathetic activity stimulates either one or only if you structures of the same time without necessarily having to turn on all the other organs. Sympathetic division of the silicates the activation of any structures simultaneously. Mass activation is especially important in response to stress when it is necessary to coordinate the changes in activity with number structures at once

Compare and contrast the differences in the motor neurons and associated ganglia of the parasympathetic and sympathetic division's

Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate in either the brainstem or the lateral gray matter of the S2 through S4 spinal cord segments. Preganglionic axons are longer. Less than 4 branches. Close to effector Sympathetic preganglionic neuron's originate in the lateral horns of the T-1 through L2 spinal cord segments. Preganglionic axons are shorter. More than 20 branches. Close to spinal cord

Compare and contrast neurons in the SNS & ANS

SNS: single motor neuron extends from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers. It lies within the brain stem or spinal cord and exits the CNS in a cranial nerve or spinal nerve to a skeletal muscle. Myelinated, large diameter, release ACh. ANS: A chain of two lower motor neuron's extend from the CNS to innervate cardiac muscle, muscle, and glands in the ANS. The ANS also has preganglionic & postganglionic neurons. A preganglionic axon extends from the cell body and exit the CNS and either a cranial nerve or a spinal nerve.A postganglionic axon extends from the cell body to an effector.

List the similarities and differences between the SNS & ANS

Similarities: Sensory & Motor components Differences: SNS: Detect stimuli and transmission of nerve signals from the special senses, skin, & proprioreceptors to the CNS. Ex. Taste dinner, see mountains, or smell a babies skin. ANS: functions below the conscious level. Detect stimuli associated with blood vessels & internal organs. Initiate and transmit nerve signals from the CNS to cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands. Ex. Monitor carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

Describe the general functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

The parasympathetic division functions to maintain homeostasis we are at rest. This division is primarily concerned with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores. The sympathetic division is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies. It is often referred to as the fight or flight division because increased sympathetic activity results and the increased alertness and metabolic activity needed to coordinate and direct body response in stressful or frightening in situations.