A&P1 - Module 3 Study Set
The equilibrium potential of sodium is
+66mV
The equilibrium potential of potassium is
-90mV
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Identify the structure where ATP is produced.
1
Figure 12-1 The Neuron On which structure do most neuron to neuron communications occur?
1
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Which area of the graph shows when chemically gated sodium channels are open?
1
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Which structure contains the motor end plate?
2
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Which area of the graph shows when voltage-gated sodium channels are open?
2
Figure 12-1 The Neuron Which part(s) of the neuron can propagate an action potential?
3
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Which area of the graph shows when potassium channels open?
3
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Which point of the graph shows when potassium ion outflow exceeds sodium ion inflow?
3
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Identify the structure(s) where ATP is consumed?
3 and 6
At the normal resting membrane potential of a typical neuron, its sodium-potassium exchange pump transports
3 intracellular sodium ions for 2 extracellular potassium ions
The following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction. What is the correct sequence of these events? 1. Myosin cross-bridges bind to the actin. 2. The free myosin head splits ATP. 3. Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The myosin head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere. 5. Calcium ion binds to troponin. 6. The myosin head binds an ATP molecule and detaches from the actin.
3, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential When is the neuron in the relative refractory period?
4
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential Which area of the graph shows when membrane potential approaches the potassium equilibrium potential?
4
Figure 9-1 A Simplified Sectional View of the Knee Joint Which structure acts as a cushion and consists of fibrous cartilage?
4
Put the following events of excitation-contraction coupling in the order in which they occur. 1. Excitation 2. Sarcomere shortening 3. Generation of muscle tension 4. Neural control 5. Contraction cycle begins 6. Release of calcium ions
4, 1, 6, 5, 2, 3
Below are the events that occur during continuous propagation of action potential. Select the correct order in which the events occur. 1. Adjacent membrane segment depolarizes. 2. Local current spreads to adjacent voltage gated channel. 3. Threshold is met. 4. Local current develops due to sodium moving in the cytosol.
4, 2, 3, 1
The following are the steps involved in transmission at a cholinergic synapse. What is the correct sequence for these events? 1. Chemically-gated sodium channels on the postsynaptic membrane are activated. 2. Calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal. 3. Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzes acetylcholine. 4. An action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal at the presynaptic membrane. 5. The pre-synaptic terminal reabsorbs choline. 6. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 7. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. 8. Calcium ions are removed from the cytoplasm of the pre-synaptic terminal.
4, 2, 6, 7, 1, 8, 3, 5
Put the following events of the neuromuscular junction in the order in which they occur. 1. Action potential is propagated in the sarcolemma. 2. Acetylcholine binds to ligand gated sodium channels. 3. Action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction. 4. Vesicles full of acetylcholine are stored at the axon terminal. 5. Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft.
4, 3, 5, 2, 1
The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Sodium channels are inactivated. 2. Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization. 3. Sodium channels regain their normal properties. 4. A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to the threshold. 5. A temporary hyperpolarization occurs. 6. Sodium channel activation occurs. 7. Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs. What is the proper sequence of these events?
4, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 5
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Where are the myosin molecules located?
5
Put the following events of the contraction cycle in the order in which they occur. 1. Cross-bridge detachment 2. Cross-bridge formation 3. Active site exposure 4. Myosin reactivation 5. Calcium ions bind troponin 6. Myosin head pivoting
5, 3, 2, 6, 1, 4
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Which structure has pumps to remove calcium ions from the sarcoplasm to produce relaxation?
6
Put the following structures in order from superficial to deep. 1. muscle fiber 2. perimysium 3. myofibril 4. fascicle 5. ebdomysium 6. epimysium
6, 2, 4, 5, 1, 3
The knee joint is stabilized by _____ major ligaments.
7
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Where would calcium ions be predominately found?
9
Aerobic metabolism normally provides _____ percent of the ATP demands of a resting muscle cell.
95
Type _____ fibers have the largest diameter axons.
A
The region of the sarcomere containing the thick filaments is the
A band
Cross bridge detachment is caused by _____ binding to the myosin head.
ATP
Any stimulus that opens a _____ ion channel will produce a graded potential.
All of the answers are correct.
During anaerobic glycolysis,
All of the answers are correct.
Factors that increase the stability of the hip joint include
All of the answers are correct.
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Which of the following are found in the structure labeled "3"?
All of the answers are correct.
In rigor mortis
All of the answers are correct.
Ions can move across the plasma membrane in which of the following ways?
All of the answers are correct.
The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?
All of the answers are correct.
The effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic membrane depends on the
All of the answers are correct.
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates _____ cells.
All of the answers are correct.
The eye muscles include which of the following muscles?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is a recognized function of skeletal muscle?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is a spinal flexor?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following is one of the four major types of synarthrotic joints?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following occurs when the articular cartilage is damaged?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of the following originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of these muscles is a member of the quadriceps group?
All of the answers are correct.
Which of these muscles produces lateral rotation at the hip?
All of the answers are correct.
Which muscle is named for either shape or size?
All of these are named for shape or size.
Which of the following neurotransmitters are known to bind to G-protein coupled receptors?
All of these bind to G-protein coupled receptors.
Figure 12-1 The Neuron The structures labeled "1" are dendrites. Their membranes contain numerous chemically-gated ion channels.
Both statements are true.
Which of the following statements about excitation-contraction coupling is incorrect?
Calcium ions travel through the transverse tubule.
Which of the following is true about the difference between cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells?
Cardiac muscle cells have intercalated discs where skeletal muscle cells do not.
_____ muscle fibers pull in different directions, permitting different actions depending on stimulation.
Convergent
Which of the following can cause demyelination?
Demyelination can be caused by arsenic, diphtheria, multiple sclerosis and mercury.
_____ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal.
Ependymal cells
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential What is occurring at the area labeled #4?
Excessive potassium has diffused out causing hyperpolarization.
In the myofibril the protein that possesses the active site for myosin heads to bind is called
G actin
In one form of presynaptic inhibition the release of ______ inhibits the opening of voltage gated calcium channels in the axon terminus.
GABA
Which neurotransmitter has a direct effect on opening chloride channels?
GABA
The area in the center of the A band that contains no filaments is the
H band
The region of the sarcomere that always contains thin filaments is the
I band
Which of the following is not true of acetylcholine?
It enters the muscle fiber to release calcium form the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Which of the following is true about threshold for an action potential?
It is more positive that the resting membrane potential.
How would the loss of acetylcholinesterase from the motor end plate affect skeletal muscle?
It would cause muscles to stay contracted.
How would an elevated level of thyroid hormone in the body affect skeletal muscles?
It would stimulate energy use and heat production.
In a sarcomere, the central portion of thick filaments are linked laterally by proteins of the
M line
______ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface.
Mechanically gated
_____ subdivide synovial cavities, channel the flow of synovial fluid, and allow for variations in the shapes of articular surface.
Menisci
Figure 10-2 Muscle Contractions Why is there partial relaxation in graph (c)?
Nerve stimulation frequency is below maximum.
Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called
Nissl bodies
_____ monitor the position of skeletal muscles and joints.
Proprioceptors
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by
Schwann cells
Which of the following statements is/are false regarding human muscles?
Slow fibers are abundant in the muscles of hand.
Figure 12-2 The Nerve Action Potential What is occurring in the area between #2 and #3?
Sodium ions are entering the axon and causing depolarization.
Which of the following explains the occurrence of a hip fracture rather than a hip dislocation?
Stress gets transferred from head of femur to diaphysis via the thin neck.
Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?
The axon would be unable to generate action potentials.
Identify the incorrect statement about a single motor unit.
The more neurons involved, the more powerful the contraction.
Which of the following statements about the action potential is false?
The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.
How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?
The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.
Which of the following is not characteristic of smooth muscle?
The striations are due to the orderly arrangement of actin and myosin.
Figure 10-2 Muscle Contractions What is thought to happen in a muscle during the response shown in graph (a)?
There is a gradual increase in calcium ion concentration in the sarcoplasm.
Which of the following types of movement are not permitted at a synovial joint?
They are all permitted.
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
They rebuild injured neurons.
Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called _____ degeneration.
Wallerian
The interspinous ligament is
a band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
The posterior longitudinal ligament is
a fibrous band that connects the posterior surface of adjacent vertebral bodies
Mike falls off his skateboard and sprains his ankle. Which of the following most likely occurs with this type of accident?
a ligament is stretched and collagen fibers in the ligament are damaged
The supraspinous ligament is
a longitudinal fibrous band that is attached to the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum
In which of the following would the rate of impulse conduction be the greatest?
a myelinated fiber of 10-µm diameter
The flava ligament is
a paired ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
A lever consists of
a rigid structure and a fulcrum
Pronation is defined as
a rolling of the distal epiphysis of the radius over the ulna
The skeletal muscle complex known as the triad consists of
a transverse tubule and two terminal cisternae
The anterior longitudinal ligament is
a wide fibrous band that connects the anterior surfaces of the adjacent vertebral bodies
A movement away from the midline of the body is called
abduction
Which of the following is not innervated by the lateral plantar nerve?
abductor hallucis
The whole deltoid muscle _____ the humerus.
abducts
The period during which an excitable membrane cannot respond to further stimulation is the _____ period.
absolute refractory
Cholinergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
The cytoplasm of the neuromuscular terminal contains vesicles filled with molecules of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
Triggering of the muscle action potential occurs after
acetylcholine binds to chemically-gated channels in the motor end plate.
Which ligament connects the clavicle and the acromion?
acromioclavicular
In the knee joint, the medial and lateral menisci
act as cushions between the articulating surfaces
In the sarcomere the protein that forms two twisted strands around a central rod-like protein is called
actin
Thin filaments are mostly made of the protein
actin
The protein that is found in the Z line of a sarcomere is called
actinin
The most important factor in decreasing the intracellular concentration of calcium ion after contraction is
active transport of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Creatine phosphate
acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue
The muscle that adducts the thumb is the
adductor pollicis
The molecule responsible for making cyclic AMP is called
adenylate cyclase
A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by
aerobic metabolism of fatty acids
The _____ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.
afferent
_____ carry sensory information to the CNS.
afferent neurons
The all-or-none principle states that
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
The _____ principle states that the size and speed of the action potential are independent of the stimulus strength.
all-or-none
A slightly movable joint is a(n)
amphiarthrosis
Neurons that are rare, small, and lack features that distinguish dendrites from axons are called
anaxonic
The fibrocartilage outer layer of the intervertebral disc is called the
annulus fibrosus
A type of muscle whose action opposes that of another muscle is called a(n)
antagonist
Which of the following ligaments is not associated with the hip joint?
anterior cruciate ligament
In nursemaids elbow the radial head is dislocated from the
anular ligament
A(n) _____ can be described as a broad tendinous sheet.
aponeurosis
IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)
are local hyperpolarizations
Bursae are found in all of the following areas except
around blood vessels
The clinical term for joint inflammation is
arthritis
Arthritis always involves damage to the _____ cartilages, but the specific cause can vary.
articular
Figure 9-1 A Simplified Sectional View of the Knee Joint What type of tissue occurs at the structure labeled "3"?
articular cartilage
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
astrocytes
The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the
astrocytes
The insertion end of the biceps brachii muscle of the anterior upper arm is
at the distal end of the muscle
The _____ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity.
autonomic
The plasma membrane of an axon is called the
axolemma
The axon is connected to the soma at the
axon hillock
The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the
axon hillock
Which of the following athletes are at greatest risk of developing a rotator cuff injury?
baseball pitchers
Which of the following movements is a good example of flexion?
bending the elbow
Which of the following does not originate on the humerus?
biceps brachii
Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "11".
biceps femoris
The quadriceps group includes all of the following except the
biceps femoris
Which of the following are members of the hamstring group?
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
The normal movement of the knee joint during walking involves
both flexion and extension
Raising the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid surrounding a nerve cell will have what effect?
both hyperpolarize it and decrease the magnitude of the potassium equilibrium potential
The surface of articular cartilage is
both slick and smooth
Figure 12-1 The Neuron Which type of membrane channels are found at label "3"?
both voltage-gated Na+ channels and voltage-gated K+ channels
Figure 11-1 Major Anterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "20".
brachioradialis
The role of acetylcholinesterase is to
break down acetylcholine into acetate and choline components
Which of the following muscles functions to expel urine or semen in males?
bulbospongiosus
A _____ is a tender nodule formed around bursae over the base of the great toe.
bunion
Figure 9-1 A Simplified Sectional View of the Knee Joint Identify the structure at label "1".
bursa
Small pockets of synovial fluid that reduce friction and act as a shock absorber where ligaments and tendons rub against other tissues are called
bursae
Active sites on the actin become available for binding after
calcium binds to troponin
Synaptic delay is caused by
calcium influx and neurotransmitter release
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber What is released from the structure labeled "9"?
calcium ions
In response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases
calcium ions
Structurally, the pubic symphysis is classified as a _____ articulation.
cartilaginous
The _____ nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
central
Most neurons lack _____ and so are permanently blocked from undergoing cell division.
centrioles
At a(n) _____ synapse, a neurotransmitter is released to stimulate the postsynaptic membrane.
chemical
Which type of synapse is most common in the nervous system?
chemical
_____ open or close in response to binding specific molecules.
chemically gated channels
A muscle that inserts on the body of the mandible is probably involved in
chewing
Identify the incorrect pair.
chondrosis; freely moving joint
In a _____ muscle, the fascicles are concentrically arranged around an opening.
circular
Muscles that guard entrances and exits of internal passageways are _____ muscles.
circular
The levator ani inserts on the
coccyx
Which of the following is the origin of the bulbospongiosus in the female?
collagen sheath at the base of the clitoris
Branches that may occur along an axon are called
collaterals
Figure 10-2 Muscle Contractions What is the contraction in graph (d) called?
complete tetanus
When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This state of maximum tension is called
complete tetanus
Functions of astrocytes include all of the following except
conducting action potentials
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber What physiological process occurs in the structure labeled "7"?
conduction of the action potential into the cell interior
Figure 9-2 Bones of the Wrist and Hand Identify the type of joint at label "1".
condylar
Figure 9-2 Bones of the Wrist and Hand Identify the type of joint at label "4".
condylar
The joint between the forearm bones and the wrist is a _____ joint.
condylar
The joints that connect the four fingers with the metacarpal bones are
condylar joints
Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for
contraction
The point in a muscle twitch when the troponin is bound to calcium is called the
contraction phase
Which of the following ligaments assists in stabilization of the shoulder joint?
coracoacromial and coracoclavicular ligaments
The muscle(s) that adduct(s) the humerus is/are the
coracobrachialis and latissimus dorsi
Which of the following is not a property of synovial joints?
covered by a serous membrane
Which of the following is not a property of articular cartilage?
covered by perichondrium
_____ nerves are nerves that connect to the brain.
cranial
The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the tibia and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the _____ ligaments.
cruciate
Physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction includes
decreased width of the H band during contraction
The most common type of joint inflammation is called
degenerative joint disease
Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "2".
deltoid
The powerful abductor muscle of the upper arm is the
deltoid
A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called
depolarization
Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes
depolarization
A threshold stimulus is the
depolarization necessary to cause an action potential
What is the action of the subclavius?
depresses and protracts the shoulder
The movement of a body part downward is called
depression
A freely movable joint is a(n)
diarthrosis
A synovial joint is an example of a(n)
diarthrosis
What triggers the release of acetylcholine from a synaptic terminal?
diffusion of calcium ions into the synaptic terminal
A _____ occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position.
dislocation
A deficiency in which neurotransmitter would cause Parkinson's-like symptoms?
dopamine
All of the following cause demyelination except
dopamine deficiency
All of the following movements occur at the intervertebral joints except
dorsiflexion
Lifting a stone with the tip of foot is
dorsiflexion
At what point during excitation contraction coupling does exocytosis play a role?
during acetylcholine release from the synaptic terminal
The _____ division of the nervous system carries motor commands to muscles and glands.
efferent
_____ carry motor information to peripheral effectors.
efferent neurons
In a(n) _____ synapse, current flows directly between cells.
electrical
Which of the following is not true regarding the establishment of a neuron's resting membrane potential?
electrical forces do not push sodium ions into the cell
The sum of the electrical and chemical forces acting on an ion is known as its
electrochemical gradient
The action of the masseter muscle is to _____ the mandible.
elevate
The movement of a body part upward is called
elevation
Which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food?
elevation
Nerves and blood vessels that service a muscle fiber are located in the connective tissue of its
endomysium
The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the
endomysium
The origin of the frontalis muscle is the
epicranial aponeurosis
The thick, flat sheet of tendon deep to the scalp is called the
epicranial aponeurosis
The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the
epimysium
A twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole of the foot outward is known as
eversion
The sequence of processes that links the action potential to contraction is called
excitation-contraction coupling
Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters that are released by _____ when the action potential arrives.
exocytosis
Muscles that insert on the olecranon process of the ulna can act to
extend the forearm
If you bruised your gluteus maximus, you would expect to experience discomfort when
extending and laterally rotating the hip
_____ is a type of angular movement that increases the angle between articulating bones.
extension
The median nerve innervates all of the following except the
extensor carpi ulnaris
Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "17".
extensor digitorum
Which of the following muscles compresses the abdomen?
external oblique, rectus abdominis, and transverse abdominis
Muscles visible at the body surface often called
externus
_____ provide information about the external environment
exteroceptors
EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when
extra sodium ions enter a cell
A collagenous type of connective tissue that reinforces the synovial joint and is found outside the joint capsule is called the
extracapsular ligament
Which of the following movements is a good example of hyperextension?
extreme bending of the head backwards
Muscles that position or stabilize an organ are called
extrinsic
The stylohoid is innervated by which nerve?
facial
A neuron whose membrane potential shifts closer to threshold is said to be
facilitated
Muscles that move the eyeball have _____ fibers.
fast
Large-diameter, densely packed myofibrils, large glycogen reserves, and few mitochondria are characteristics of
fast fibers
The structures that assist the bursae in reducing friction between the patella and other tissues are the
fat pads
Usually found outside the capsule, _____ protect the articular cartilages and act as packing material for the joint.
fat pads
The Sartorius is innervated by which nerve?
femoral
Syndesmosis is to ligaments as symphysis is to
fibrous cartilage
Tom is having difficulty with plantar flexion and eversion of his foot. Which muscle is most likely involved in this problem?
fibularis longus
When the fulcrum is located between the load and the force, it is called a _____ lever.
first-class
A muscle that assists another by preventing movement at another joint is called a(n)
fixator
Jill suffers a severe cut that severs the tendon that attaches the insertion of the flexor carpi ulnaris. As a result of this injury, what action is difficult for her to perform?
flex and adduct her hand
Curling into the "fetal position" _____ the intervertebral joints.
flexes
Nodding your head "yes" is an example of
flexion and extension
Contraction of the muscle that is attached to the radial tuberosity results in
flexion of the forearm
Damage to the pectoralis major would interfere with a person's ability to
flexion of the humerus
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the ulnar nerves?
flexor carpi ulnaris
The movements known as dorsiflexion and plantar flexion involve moving the
foot
Which of the following is not a function of smooth muscle tissue?
forcing blood from the heart into the major arteries
Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the
formation of cerebrospinal fluid
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by
forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth
Figure 11-1 Major Anterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "27".
gastrocnemius
Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "12".
gastrocnemius
In assessing a stroke patient, you ask her to stick out (protract) her tongue. You note that it deviates to one side. You suspect that damage to the neural control of the _____ muscle has occurred.
genioglossus
The shoulder joint, or _____ joint, permits the greatest range of motion of any joint.
glenohumeral
The glenoid fossa is rimmed by the fibrocartilaginous
glenoid labrum
Figure 9-2 Bones of the Wrist and Hand Identify the type of joint at label "2".
gliding
The joints between vertebrae are examples of _____ joints.
gliding
Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones?
gliding
Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that is important in learning and memory?
glutamate
The muscle that inserts on the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of the femur is the
gluteus maximus
Which of the following does not control flexion of the hip?
gluteus maximus
Dense fibrous connective tissue is to a suture as a periodontal ligament is to a(n)
gomphosis
The synarthrosis that binds the teeth to the bony sockets is a
gomphosis
In _____ crystals of uric acid form within the synovial fluid of joints.
gouty arthritis
The inferior ramus of the pubis is the origin and the medial tibia is the insertion of the _____ muscle.
graciis
Which of the following allows muscles to return to their original shape during relaxation?
gravity, opposing muscle contractions, and elastic forces
Regions of the CNS where neuron cell bodies dominate constitute the _____ matter.
gray
The infraspinatus has its insertion on the
greater tubercle of the humerus
A fascicle is a
group of muscle fibers that are encased in the perimysium
The muscle group on the posterior thigh is called the _____ group.
hamstring
Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers
have many nuclei
Muscles including the term capitis would be found within or attached to the
head
Figure 9-2 Bones of the Wrist and Hand Identify the type of joint at label "5".
hinge
Monaxial joints are known as _____ joints.
hinge
The ankle joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint.
hinge
The elbow joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint.
hinge
The largest and strongest articulation at the elbow is the
humero-ulnar joint
Which of the following muscles has its origin on the hyoid and inserts on the tongue?
hyoglossus
An extension past the anatomical position is known as
hyperextension
Which of the following is not an effect of aging on the muscular system?
hypertrophy
Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the structure labeled "9".
iliotibial tract
Voltage-gated channels are present
in the membrane that covers axons
Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and a(n) _____ gate.
inactivation
A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation is said to be in
incomplete tetanus
Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?
increases osmotic pressure within joint
The _____ muscle allows you to look down.
inferior rectus
Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "3".
infraspinatus
The end of a muscle that is attached to the point that moves when the muscle contracts is called the
insertion
Heat energy gained from muscle contraction is released by the _____ system.
integumentary
_____ are the most numerous type of neuron in the CNS.
interneurons
_____ monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems.
internoceptors
Figure 9-1 A Simplified Sectional View of the Knee Joint Identify the structure labeled "5".
intracapsular ligament
A common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, called
inversion
If the permeability of a resting axon to sodium ion increases,
inward movement of sodium will increase and the membrane will depolarize
A weight-lifter strains to lift a heavy weight and there is no movement of the person's arms holding on to the weight. This type of contraction is called a(n) _____ contraction.
isometric
The type of contraction in which the muscle fibers do not shorten is called
isometric
The type of contraction where the tension exceeds the load is called
isotonic concentric contraction
The type of contraction where the tension is less than the load is called
isotonic eccentric contraction
How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate?
it would last indefinitely
The fulcrum of a lever system is the
joint
During the time when the action potential moves through the sarcolemma a muscle twitch is in
latent period
The movement of rotating a limb outward is called _____ rotation.
lateral
Ryan hears a loud noise and quickly turns his eyes sideways in the direction of the sound. To accomplish this action he must use his _____ muscles.
lateral and medial rectus
Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "6".
latissimus dorsi
Ion channels that are always open are called _____ channels.
leak
The three functions of synovial fluid are nutrient distribution, shock absorption, and
lubrication
The _____ muscle is the strongest jaw muscle.
masseter
Which of the following is not primarily a muscle of facial expression?
masseter
The sternocleidomastoid inserts on the
mastoid process of the temporal bone
Graded potentials
may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization
The movement of rotating a limb toward the anterior surface of the body is called _____ rotation.
medial
The most common athletic knee injury produces damage to the
medial meniscus
Medial rotation of the eyeball is performed by the _____ muscle.
medial rectus
Pam's daughter is born cross-eyed. As she grows, the problem does not become any better. Her physician suggests cutting an eye muscle to bring the eyes into a more normal position. Which muscle will he cut?
medial rectus
Muscles located close to the midline of the body may be called
medialis
Which of the following is not involved in creating the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions
Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?
memory
Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called
microglia
Figure 10-1 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Identify the structure labeled "1".
mitochondria
When acetylcholine binds to receptors at the motor end plate, the sarcolemma becomes
more permeable to sodium ions
A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a(n)
motor unit
The temporoparietalis muscle acts to
move the external ear
In a triaxial articulation,
movement can occur in all three axes
The sodium-potassium ion exchange pump
moves sodium and potassium opposite to the direction of their electrochemical gradients
Neurons that have several dendrites and a single axon are called
multipolar
Interactions between actin and myosin filaments of the sarcomere are responsible for
muscle contraction
During the recovery period following exercise, all of the following are true except
muscle fibers are unable to contract
In an isotonic contraction,
muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle lifts the load
In which of the following would the motor units have the fewest muscle fibers?
muscles that control the eyes
Figure 10-2 Muscle Contractions To produce a contraction similar to the one in graph (b), the muscle
must be stimulated again before it has relaxed from the previous stimulation
The presence of _____ dramatically increases the speed at which an action potential moves along an axon.
myelin
Skeletal muscle fibers are formed from embryonic cells called
myoblasts
Thick filaments are made of the protein
myosin
In the myofibril the thin filament is organized around a rod-like core protein called
nebulin
Figure 12-1 The Neuron The structure labeled "2" is a(n)
neurofilament
_____ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.
neuroglia
Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single
neuromuscular junction
Communication between axons and muscle fibers occurs at specialized synapses called
neuromuscular junctions
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the
neuron
When pressure is applied to neural tissue, all of the following effects are possible except
neurons are triggered to divide
Which of the following neurotransmitters is a dissolved gas?
nitric oxide
The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called
nodes of Ranvier
Adrenergic synapses release the neurotransmitter
norepinephrine.
The gelatinous core of an intervertebral disc is called the
nucleus pulposus
Muscles with fibers that run at an angle to the long axis of the body are called
oblique
The adductor longus is innervated by which nerve?
obturator
The inferior rectus is innervated by which nerve?
oculomotor
Which of the following is the insertion of the triceps brachii?
olecranon process of the ulna
The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by
oligodendrocytes
Each of the following muscles is involved in the process of chewing or manipulating food in the mouth except the
omohyoid
Which of the following movements is a good example of depression?
opening the mouth
To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called
opposition
The "kissing muscle" that purses the lips is the
orbicularis oris
The end of a muscle that remains stationary when the muscle contracts is called the
origin
Which of these is true about the muscle named levator palpebrae superioris?
originates at the back of the orbit and raises the upper eyelid
The muscle that elevates the tongue is the
palatoglossus
Which of the following is not a type of fascicle arrangement?
palmate
The type of muscle whose functional characteristic most closely resemble those of its muscle fibers is the _____ muscle.
parallel
The ligament that encloses the _____ attaches to the tibial tuberosity.
patella
The ligament that provides support to the front of the knee is the _____ ligament.
patellar
Which of the following is not a pennate muscle?
pectoralis
All of the following originate on the scapula except the
pectoralis major
In a _____ muscle, the muscle fibers and fascicles lie in a slanted or oblique position to the tendon.
pennate
The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the
perikaryon
The nervous tissue outside of the central nervous system composes the _____ nervous system.
peripheral
The atlantoaxial joint is an example of a _____ joint.
pivot
Which of the following types of joints is monaxial, but capable of only rotation?
pivot
Identify the incorrect pair.
pivot joint; hip joint
Ankle extension is also called
plantar flexion
Which foot movement enables the ballerina to stand on her toes?
plantar flexion
The ability of smooth muscle to function over a wide range of lengths is called
plasticity
The anterior muscle of facial expression that inserts widely on the periosteum of the mandible is the
platysma
The back of the knee joint is reinforced by _____ ligaments.
popliteal
During repolarization of a neuron
potassium ions move out of the cell
In _____, activity at an axoaxonic synapse increases the amount of neurotransmitter released when an action potential arrives at the axon terminus.
presynaptic facilitation
The release of GABA and subsequent inhibition of voltage gated calcium channels is associated with
presynaptic inhibition
A(n) _____ is a muscle whose contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement.
prime mover
The advantage of having many nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber is the ability to
produce large amounts of muscle proteins
Figure 11-1 Major Anterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "7".
pronator teres
You _____ your mandible when you grasp your upper lip with your lower teeth.
protract
Which of the following describes the action of the serratus anterior?
protracts the shoulder, abducts and medially rotates the scapula
Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?
pseudopolar
The adductor brevis has its origin on the
pubis
The four prominent muscles on the anterior thigh comprise the _____ muscle group.
quadriceps femoris
In a convergent muscle, fascicles converge on a common attachment site that may be a slender band of collagen fibers known as a(n)
raphe
After acetylcholinesterase acts, the synaptic terminal
reabsorbs the choline
The increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called
recruitment
You try to pick up an object and discover that it is much heavier than you expected. Which process must occur in the muscle to increase tension so you can pick up the object?
recruitment
Muscles with fibers that run parallel to the long axis of the body are called
rectus
Figure 11-1 Major Anterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "19".
rectus abdominis
The muscle that originates from the superior surface of the pubis around the symphysis is the
rectus abdominis
Which of the following is not an extrinsic eye muscle?
rectus abdominis
A patient takes a medication that blocks ACh receptors of skeletal muscle fibers. What is this drug's effect on skeletal muscle contraction?
reduces the muscle's ability for contraction
The "rotator cuff" of the shoulder functions to
reinforce the joint capsule and limit the range of movements
The period during which an excitable membrane can respond again, but only if the stimulus is greater than the threshold stimulus, is the _____ period.
relative refractory
Detachment of myosin cross-bridges occurs during the
relaxation phase
Which of the following best describes the term sarcomere?
repeating unit of striated myofibrils
The rabies virus travels to the CNS via
retrograde axoplasmic transport
A general term for pain and stiffness that affects the skeletal or muscular system is
rheumatism
In _____ an autoimmune response attacks joints and causes an inflammation condition.
rheumatoid arthritis
Muscles of the rotator cuff include all of the following except the
rhomboid
The spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae are the origin of the
rhomboid major and the trapezius
An example of synchondrosis is the articulation of the
ribs with the sternum
After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as
rigor mortis
The coxal bones articulate with the sacrum at the _____ joint.
sacroilliac
Figure 9-2 Bones of the Wrist and Hand Identify the type of joint at label "3".
saddle
The joint between the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb is an example of a _____ joint.
saddle
Rapid impulse conduction from "node" to "node" is called
saltatory propagation
The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the
sarcolemma
The repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the
sarcomere
The series of membranous channels that surround each myofibril is the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Each of the following terms is a descriptive term for a muscle's action except
sartorius
The long strap-like muscle on the anterior thigh is the _____ muscle.
sartorius
The only knee flexor that originates superior to the acetabulum is the
sartorius
Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are
satellite cells
Stem cells located between the endomysium and sarcolemma that function in the repair of damaged muscle tissue are called
satellite cells
Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?
satellite cells
Contracting the gastrocnemius muscles to elevate the body on the toes involves a _____ lever.
second-class
Since each myofibril is attached at either end of the muscle fiber, when sarcomeres shorten, the muscle fiber
shortens
The joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the _____ joint.
shoulder
Which of the following joints is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?
shoulder
Which of the following activities or sensations is/are not monitored by interoceptors?
sight
The mentalis muscle inserts on the
skin of the chin
The structural theory that explains how a muscle fiber contracts is called the _____ theory.
sliding filament
The type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the _____ fiber.
slow
When cholinergic receptors are stimulated,
sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron
Which of the following is innervated by the sciatic nerve?
soleus
The _____ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles.
somatic
Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated
spatial summation
The _____ extends the neck.
splenius cervicis
Which of the following movements is a good example of abduction?
spreading the fingers
Which of the following best describes the term sarcoplasmic reticulum?
storage and release site for calcium ions
The muscle that elevates the larynx is the _____ muscle.
stylohoid
Muscles visible at the body surface are often called
superficialis
Which eye muscle sends its tendon of origin through a pulley or trochlea before inserting on the globe?
superior oblique
The _____ allows you to look up.
superior rectus
The movement of the forearm while twisting a doorknob is
supination and pronation
Which of the following controls abduction at the shoulder?
supraspinatus
The intervertebral disc joint is called a
symphysis
Which of the following is not a type of synovial joint?
symphysis
The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the
synapse
The narrow space between the synaptic terminal and muscle fiber is the
synaptic cleft
At a synapse the 0.2-0.5 milliseconds it takes for calcium influx and neurotransmitter release is called
synaptic delay
If the chemically gated sodium channels in the postsynaptic membrane were completely blocked,
synaptic transmission would fail
A suture is an example of a(n)
synarthrosis
An immovable joint is a(n)
synarthrosis
A ligamentous connection such as an antebrachial interosseous membrane is called a
syndesmosis
A muscle that assists the muscle that is primarily responsible for a given action is a(n)
synergist
An epiphyseal line is an example of a
synostosis
Figure 9-1 A Simplified Sectional View of the Knee Joint Identify the structure labeled "2".
synovial membrane
Which of the following is not considered an accessory synovial structure?
synovial membrane
Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as
telodendria
Figure 12-1 The Neuron Identify the structure labeled "4."
telodendria
When a second EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?
temporal summation
At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium, come together to form a
tendon
The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches the muscle to bone is called a(n)
tendon
Which of these phrases most aptly describe "muscle insertion"?
tendon attachment that moves
Muscles that laterally rotate the thigh include all of the following except the
tensor fasciae latae
Which of the following controls adduction at the shoulder?
teres major
Which of the following is not a member of the rotator cuff?
teres major
Which of the following hormones directly stimulates growth of muscle tissue leading to increased muscle mass?
testosterone
A muscle produces its highest tension when in complete
tetanus
Tom, a trumpet player, asks you which muscles he should develop in order to be a better trumpeter. What would you tell him?
the buccinator and orbicularis oris
The names of the muscles can indicate all of the following except
the collagen content of the muscle
Which of the following is the insertion of the pectoralis major?
the greater tubercle of the humerus
The insertion of the flexor hallucis longus is
the inferior surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe
When potassium channels open and the ions diffuse through the membrane,
the inside of the membrane will become more negative.
If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur except
the intracellular concentration of potassium ions will increase
Complete dislocation of the knee is rare because
the knee contains seven major ligaments
Which of the following is false?
the more movement a joint allows, the stronger the joint
A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called
the postsynaptic neuron
Which one of the following is not a stabilizing factor of synovial joints?
the synovial membrane
The elbow joint is extremely stable because
the ulna and humerus interlock
Which of the following become connected by myosin cross-bridges during muscle contraction?
thin filaments and thick filaments
Which of the following best describes the term Z line?
thin filaments are anchored here
The most common lever systems in the body are those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the load. These are called _____ levers.
third-class
The minimum stimulus required to trigger an action potential is known as the
threshold
The medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the _____ ligament.
tibial collateral
A muscle that dorsiflexes the foot is the
tibialis anterior
All of the following proteins are part of the thin filaments except
titin
In the sarcomere which elastic protein attaches the thick filament to the Z line?
titin
A muscle whose name ends in the suffix -glossus would be found within or attached to the
tongue
The scalenes have their origin on the
transverse and costal processes of cervical vertebrae
The action potential is conducted into a skeletal muscle fiber by
transverse tubules
Muscles with fibers that run perpendicular to the long axis of the body are called
transversus
Figure 11-1 Major Anterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "1".
trapezius
Figure 11-2 Major Posterior Skeletal Muscles Identify the muscle labeled "1".
trapezius
The muscle that inserts on the acromion and scapular spine is the
trapezius
Figure 10-2 Muscle Contractions What is the contraction in graph (a) called?
treppe
The complex of a transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a
triad
The protein that regulates muscle contraction by controlling the availability of active sites on actin is called
tropomyosin
At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by
tropomyosin molecules
When calcium ion binds to troponin,
tropomyosin rolls away from the active site
Active sites become exposed when calcium ions bind to
troponin
At rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by
troponin molecules
Which of the following movements is a good example of supination?
turning the hand palm upward
A single contraction-relaxation cycle in a muscle fiber produces a(n)
twitch
The rapid rise and fall in force produced by a muscle fiber after a single action potential is a(n)
twitch
Each thin filament consists of
two actin protein strands coiled helically around each other
Sensory information from skeletal muscles travels over _____ fibers.
type A
Which of the following types of nerve fiber possesses the fastest speed of impulse propagation?
type A
Neurons in which dendritic and axonal processes are continuous and the soma lies off to one side are called
unipolar
Sensory neurons of the PNS are
unipolar
If a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs. This addition of one twitch to another is called
wave summation
Which of the following does not influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be transmitted?
whether or not the impulse begins in the CNS
Regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the _____ matter.
white
In a sarcomere, cross-bridge attachment occurs specifically in the
zone of overlap
The region of the sarcomere where thin and thick filaments are located is called the
zone of overlap
When a skeletal muscle fiber contracts, the
zones of overlap get larger
The temporalis muscle passes through the
zygomatic arch
The muscle that raises the corners of the mouth as when smiling is the _____ muscle.
zygomaticus major
The muscle that retracts and elevates the upper lip is the _____ muscle.
zygomaticus minor
