a&p2 - exam 1
In a cancer patient undergoing chemotherapy, the decision to utilize a CSF capable of specifically stimulating the production of only the granular leukocytes would require that the CSF acts exclusively on ______.
myeloblasts
Which of the following is NOT a normal characteristic of blood?
neutral pH of 7.0
Which granular leukocytes act as our body's bacteria killers and would dramatically increase in number during a bacterial infection?
neutrophils
You are awaiting the white blood cell differential results for a patient who presented with a ruptured appendix and peritonitis. Which type of leukocyte do you expect to be most elevated over its normal value?
neutrophils
Which of the following leukocyte is not correctly matched with its function?
neutrophils: produce antibodies
Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the wave-like change in charge in the positive direction received by the atria from the sinoatrial (SA) node?
p wave
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.
parathyroid hormone
What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium?
pericardial cavity
Which of the following anemias is correctly matched with its description?
pernicious anemia: results from a vitamin B12 deficiency
The word root means feeding or eating.
phag
The word root means phosphate or phosphorus.
phospho
An enzyme that degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP is
phosphodiesterase
Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.
phosphodiesterase
What is the role of activated protein kinases?
phosphorylate proteins
Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.
plasma membrane receptors
What enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred?
plasmin
In a centrifuged sample of blood, what should not be in the plasma portion of the sample?
platelets
Overeating, or , is a sign associated with diabetes mellitus.
polyphagia
Overproduction of urine, or , is a sign of diabetes mellitus.
polyuria
Which of the following is a branch of the right coronary artery?
posterior interventricular artery
A mismatch of blood types during a transfusion is dangerous because ________.
preformed antibodies in the recipient's blood will bind and clump (agglutinate) the donated cells
Cardiac tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart. This is because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will ______.
prevent the heart from filling properly with blood
Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?
prolonged fasting
Hypercalcemia could cause ______.
prolonged t wave
Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle?
pulmonary trunk
Which is NOT a vessel that brings blood directly into the right atrium?
pulmonary vein
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________.
pump blood with greater pressure
The presence of an incompetent tricuspid valve would have the direct effect of causing ______.
reduced efficiency in the delivery of blood to the lungs
Isovolumetric contraction ________.
refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
What is a young, anucleate erythrocyte called?
reticulocyte
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
A patient's hematocrit shows an unusually large buffy coat. What is a likely cause for this?
severe infection
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Part complete Which of the following is NOT a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
stimulates production of an action potential
Hemostasis is important for __________.
stoppage of bleeding
All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreas to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one?
sympathetic activation
Which of the following can act on receptors inside the target cell that directly activate specific genes?
testosterone
What determines whether a particular cell is able to respond to a hormone?
the presence of a specific hormone receptor
The word root means clot or associated with blood clotting.
thromb
is the hormone signal for increased production of platelets.
thrombopoietin
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.
thymus gland
The word root means attracted specifically to the specified organ or tissue.
tropic
The various hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulate the secretion of hormones from other endocrine organs are called __________.
tropins
A person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood.
true
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
true
If blood volume decreased dramatically due to massive bleeding, the autonomic nervous system will attempt to maintain cardiac output by increasing the heart rate.
true
Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes.
true
The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.
true
The number of receptors for a particular hormone can change due to consistently high or low levels of that hormone, which is referred to as up- and down-regulation.
true
When released in large quantities, thyroxine, a thyroid gland hormone, causes a sustained increase in heart rate.
true
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two pumps
The word root means urine.
uria
What is happening during the "pause" phase when the heart is resting (relaxing)?
ventricles are filling
What does the QRS wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?
ventricular depolarization
At what point in the cardiac cycle is pressure in the ventricles the highest (around 120 mm Hg in the left ventricle)?
ventricular systole
The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed ________.
when the ventricles are in systole
Given an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml / beat, the stroke volume (SV) would be ________.
70 ml/ beat
Mr. Gutteman's blood and urine tests are negative for glucose and ketones. However, Mr. Gutteman is losing large amounts of water in urine, and the volume lost is being replaced (via IV). Given this new information, Mr. Gutteman's excessive fluid loss in his urine most likely indicates
A decreased blood level of antidiuretic hormone.
Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?
A drop in blood pressure is sensed in the kidney.
Mr. Watkins's blood type was determined to be A positive. Which of the following types of blood can he receive?
A positive, A negative, O positive, and O negative.
Which ABO blood type is considered to be the universal recipient?
AB
Trace the pathway of stimulation through the heart. Which of these pathways shows stimulation in the correct order?
AV node, AV bundle, interventricular septum, subendocardial conducting network
Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts?
Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.
Which image shows the type of leukocyte responsible for antibody production?
D
Choose the incompatible transfusion.
Donate type B blood to a recipient with type O blood.
Which of the following is true of the structure of an erythrocyte?
Erythrocytes can bend and twist to fit through vessels.
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
Why are gap junctions a vital part of the intercellular connection of cardiac muscles?
Gap junctions allow action potentials to spread to connected cells.
Your patient has a hematocrit of 56%. You recall from your anatomy and physiology class that high hematocrits are often a sign of blood doping by athletes. However, your patient is an elderly man suffering from the flu. What is most likely accounting for his elevated hematocrit?
He is dehydrated from the flu.
You would expect high levels of blood glucose and the presence of glucose and ketones in Mr. Gutteman's urine if:
His pancreas is secreting too little insulin.
How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?
Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.
Why was Mr. Watkins given PRBCs in addition to normal saline solution? What problem does the infusion of PRBCs address that the saline solution could not?
PRBCs contain hemoglobin, so they are able to carry oxygen to the tissues.
As your skeletal muscles contract during physical activity, more blood is returned to the heart. Which variable would be affected and what would be the outcome of this action?
Preload would be increased, which would result in a larger cardiac output.
Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the time during which the ventricles are in systole?
Q-T interval
Which cellular organelle is the site of synthesis of amino acid-based hormones? Which cellular organelle is the site of synthesis of steroid hormones?
The ribosome; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which is NOT true of leukocytes?
They all contain easily recognizable membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules.
Which of the following best explains how platelets enter the blood?
They are passed through the wall of a bone marrow capillary.
Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?
They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.
Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism?
a decrease in the release of calcium from bones
What is the primary function of hormones?
act as chemical messengers that regulate the metabolic function of cells in the body
Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?
adenoid
Secretion of __________ is increased in response to stress.
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
atrioventricular (AV) valve
If the mitral valve is unable to close properly, ________.
blood could flow back into the left atrium
During the period of ventricular filling, ________.
blood flows mostly passively from the atria through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles
What causes the abnormal swishing or whooshing sound that is heard as blood regurgitates back into an atrium from its associated ventricle?
blood turbulence
Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole?
both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in _______.
cAMP in the cytoplasm
The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________.
coronary arteries
Athletes can use industry-produced EPO as a performance-enhancing drug to increase the effects of their naturally-produced EPO. These athletes will experience ______.
decreased production of EPO by their kidneys
Which of the following is NOT a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
direct control of the nervous system
The word root means embolus or wedge.
embal
A pulmonary is a freely-moving clot that becomes lodged in a small lung vessel.
embolism
Which of the following is the innermost layer of the heart?
endocardium
Glands that secrete their products into surrounding tissue fluids are classified as ______ glands, whereas glands that secrete onto a membrane surface are classified as _____ glands.
endocrine; exocrine
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
Which type of leukocyte provides protection against parasitic worms?
eosinophil
Which of the following is NOT a steroid-based hormone?
epinephrine
The word root means red or red blood cell.
erythro
Which of the formed elements is present in the greatest concentration?
erythrocytes
is the process of synthesizing new red blood cells in red bone marrow.
erythropoiesis
Which of the following INCREASES stroke volume?
exercise
An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides direct information about valve function.
false
Calcitonin is the main regulator of blood calcium levels.
false
Increasing end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) will increase stroke volume.
false
Most type 2 diabetics do NOT produce insulin.
false
Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary.
false
Steroid hormones are synthesized from amino acids.
false
The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting.
false
The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones.
false
The role of the chordae tendineae is to open the AV valves at the appropriate time.
false
Water-soluble hormones are inactivated and removed from the blood by the liver.
false
Which plasma constituent is the main contributor to clotting?
fibrinogen
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Which of the following descriptions does not describe atrioventricular (AV) valves?
formed from pocket-like cusps
How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?
four
Aldosterone ________.
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
Which pancreatic hormone functions to raise blood glucose levels?
glucagon
FSH and LH are examples of hormones, which target the ovaries or testes.
gonadotropic
You may predict that iodized salt may be effective in preventing all EXCEPT which of the following?
graves' disease
Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism, as seen in the individual in the center of this image?
growth hormone
Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?
growth hormone
Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?
growth hormone
What causes heart sounds?
heart valve closure
Higher viscosity of blood will increase the amount of stress placed on the heart while it is pumping. Viscosity of blood is highest when ________.
hematocrit is highest
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
hematopoietic stem cell
The word root means blood.
hemo
The process of stopping bleeding after injury is called
hemostasis
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
hormone production
Low blood glucose concentration and high blood potassium concentration are examples of __________ stimuli for an endocrine gland.
humoral
The parathyroid glands respond to which type of stimulus?
humoral
What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?
humoral
Which of the following does NOT stimulate erythrocyte production?
hyperventilating
Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following?
hyposecretion of GH in adulthood
Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made?`
hypothalamus
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
Which of the following cannot trigger tachycardia?
increased vagal tone
The plateau phase of an action potential in cardiac muscle cells is due to the ________.
influx of Ca2+ through slow Ca2+ channels
A blow to the head may cause diabetes insipidus by ______.
interfering with the normal transmission of nerve impulses to the posterior pituitary
Blood is a type of connective tissue. What primary germ layer is responsible for producing both blood cells and phagocytic brain glial cells?
mesoderm
The word root means bone marrow or spinal cord.
myelo
A , an intermediate of the myeloid cell line, gives rise to granulocytes.
myeloblast
Which of the following represents a difference between extrinsic and intrinsic blood clotting pathways?
One is faster than the other.
Which is NOT true of thrombocytopenia?
It increases the risk of embolus formation.
If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?
Less calcium will be excreted in the urine by the kidneys.
Suppose a patient develops a myocardial infarction that disables the sinoatrial node. Would the heart still pump blood to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk?
Yes, because the atrioventricular node will still stimulate ventricular systole
A person with an extremely high count of neutrophils is likely suffering ________.
a bacterial infection
Which blood component primarily contributes to plasma osmotic pressure?
albumin
Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?
amino acids of the globin
The word root means blood or lymph vessels.
angio
Upon the release of renin, is produced and stimulates vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone.
angiotensin II
The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________.
antagonistic hormones
What gland secretes growth hormone?
anterior pituitary
Which hormone aids in water resorption?
antidiuretic hormone
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
left atrium
Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?
left atrium and ventricle
Failure in a particular structure of the heart tends to cause a backup of blood in the lungs, known as pulmonary congestive heart failure. Failure of which structure of the heart would lead to such a backup?
left ventricle
The greater the mass of tissue in an organ, the greater its need for an adequate blood supply. Which chamber of the heart has the highest probability of being the site of a myocardial infarction?
left ventricle
Which chamber of the heart sends oxygenated blood directly to the systemic circuit via the aorta?
left ventricle
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
The word root means white or white blood cell.
leuko
A low white blood cell count is called
leukopenia
The parietal pericardium ________.
lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
liver, bones, and skeletal muscles
Loss of fibrinogen within the plasma would most likely cause which of the following?
loss of blood clotting
If a person is severely dehydrated you would expect to see all of the following EXCEPT
lower immunity