a&p2 exam 1

Cardiac Cycle in order

1. artial diastole+repolarization, SA node fires 2. atria fill w blood 3. atrial syncytium depolarizes, ventricles become filled with blood 4.cardiac impulse travels down the AV bundle 5.atrial systole, cardiac impulse travels down the bundle branches, AV node fires 6. ventricular syncytium depolarizes 7. ventricular systole, ventricles empty 8. cardiac impulse travels along purkinje fibers 9.ventricular diastole+repolarization

How long do erythrocytes live?

120 days

AB+

A and B antigens; Rh antigens; can receive from A+,A-,B+,B-,AB+,AB-,O+,O-

AB-

A and B antigens; can receive from A-,B-, AB-, O-

A+

A antigens,Rh antigens; anti-B antibodies; can receive from A+,A-,O+,O-

A-

A antigens; Anti-B antibodies; can receive a donation from A-, O-

Which can be considered the universal recipient?

AB

O-

Anti-A antibodies, Anti-B antibodies; can receive from o-

B-

Anti-A antibodies, B antigens, can receive from B-,O-

What antibodies are likely present in Dr. Brown's blood? (type A)

Anti-B antibodies

Vegans sometimes suffer from a form of anemia (lowered oxygen carrying capacity of the blood). What nutrients are the likely lacking from their diet?

B12 and iron

Explain why the anatomy of the ventricular CCS is optimal for emptying the ventricles.

Fibers start branching at the apex so the signal is from the apex for a complete contraction

Dr. Brown has the blood type A negative. To what antigen does the word "negative" refer?

Having only A antigens, no B or RH

Based on the model, if Dr. Brown has never been exposed to the Rh antigen, what do you think will happen if he transfused with A positive blood?

His body will become sensitized to it but will not have effects of it the first time

What would happen if a single Myocytes in the atria of the heart depolarizes.

It is connected to other Myocytes so they would depolarize.

Why can't thrombin be in its active form in regular blood circulation?

It needs prothrombin and calcium2+ which is only available when its vessel is clotting. We would suffer from clotting and clogged arteries aka strokes and heart attacks

Lance Armstrong was caught cheating in a race because his blood showed abnormally high levels of erythropoietin. What advantage would be endurance athlete like a bicyclist have by taking extra erythropoietin?

More oxygen in the blood cause higher endurance

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. moves glucose and oxygen between blood and tissues and moves waste and co2 between tissues and blood

What is different about this type of tissue (muscular) in the heart? Does it have a special name?

Myocardium, it can contract and relax

Which blood type can be considered the universal donor?

O

Clinical biochemists are working on so-called "liquid bandages." These are liquids that can be applied to a wound to quickly stop blood loss. What substances below would be useful in one of these "liquid bandages"

PA, Fibrin, Prothrombin, Fibrinogen, Calcium, Thrombin

If you had one of those that was 7.5" in diameter and you wanted to get it into a 6" pipe, how would you do that?

RBS's have a flexible membrane so it would easily be able to fold and fit.

Blood can be separated in a centrifuge into plasma and formed elements. What are formed elements?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Sometimes an infection might damage a portion of the CCS requiring the implantation of an artificial pacemaker. What portion of the CCS is this artificial pacemaker replacing?

SA node

The arrows indicate the pathway that a cardiac impulse will travel through the fibers of the CCS(in yellow). Follow the arrows backwards- where does the impulse begin?

SA node

Look at the list of compounds. which of these would you give a patient suffering from either of these conditions?

TPA, heparin, warfain

Devise a consensus for why the junctional fibers are the diameter they are.

The heart is in systole so its contracting and the fibers are shrinking

Ventricular fibrillation is the uncoordinated contraction of cardiac Myocytes. Explain why "shocking" the heart can correct this problem.

The shock stimulates the hearts healthy electrical signal and induces the contraction so the heart can continue normal contraction rhythm.

Cardiac muscle cells (Myocytes) are connected to one another by gap junctions in the intercalated disks. These gap junctions allow ions to diffuse from one cell into the adjacent cells. If a cardiac Myocytes is brought to threshold (depolarizes), does it affect the cells around it? How so?

They are connected so what happens to one, will happen to the rest of the ones that are connected.

Some Capillaries are <6um in diameter. Given the answer to the previous questions, explain why erythrocytes might be shaped the way that they are.

They have a flexible membrane so they are able to bend in fit into spaces with a smaller diameter then itself.

what will happen to the Myocytes that are touching the Myocytes that are touching these fibers.

They will depolarize

What is the blood type of the donor?

Type A

What is the blood type of the recipient?

Type B

The first thing that happens when a blood vessel is torn is vasospasm, in which the walls of the blood vessel contract. Explain the phenomenon.

Vasospasm restrict blood flow by tightening the blood vessels to prevent excessive blood loss. This allows for clotting.

O+

anti-A antibodies, Anti-B antibodies; Rh antigen; can receive from O+,O-

B+

anti-A antibodies; B antigens, Rh antigens; can receive from B+,B-,O+,O-

Where is the blood pressure the highest

aorta

Where do purkinje fibers branch first in the ventricular syncytium? (AV bundle and bundle branches)

apex

which end of the ventricles will begin to contract first? (Av bundle and bundle branches)

apex then up to the walls

Description of the shape of a red blood cell (erythrocyte)

biocave disc

Many capillaries are continuous, that is the cells that form their walls are pressed against each other, leaving only a tiny (=1nm) slit. The individual cells still contain channels for water and ions. Which of the components above will be able to diffuse through those channels and sites?

blood gases, water, plasma wastes, electrolytes

Where do erythrocytes come from?

bone marrow

What antibodies are likely present in her blood?(type O)

both a and b

Which is similar to systole, open fist or clenched?

clenched

if a cell doesn't repolarize all the way, is it left closer to or further from the threshold voltage? will this make this more or less likely to reach threshold potential?

closer, more

What reaction occurs between the ref blood cells and the recipients opposing antibodies?

clumping

Platelets are always present in the blood yet they don't usually form a plug. when they escape through a break in the blood vessel, what substance do they contract that induces them to become sticky and form a platelet plug?

collagen fibers

Compare the two figures in the model. Are the ventricles of the heart larger during systole or diastole?

diastole

By what process do cells transport large molecules or macromolecular particles across their membranes?

endocytosis

List the 5 different tissues found in the body.

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous, skeletal

life cycle of an erythrocyte

erythropoietin is secreted by glandular epithelial cells straight into the bloodstreams. ---> transported to bone marrow and erythrocyte is produced. --->eryhtrocytes circulate the blood stream, transporting oxygen, for 120 days--->oof erythrocytes move into the liver--->hemoglobin is released broken down into heme+globin. Globing into iron and biliverdin. Biliverdin into bilirubin---> biliverdin and bilirubin are secreted into small intestine. Iron and globing get recycled

What is the stringy substance visible in this image?

fibrin

What is the final product in clot formation?

fibrin (insolable)

Some of the components above are too large to fit through ion channels in the cells and the slits between the cells. Which ones are these?

formed elements, sugars, small proteins/antibodies, large proteins, peptide hormones, protein hormones, steroid hormones

what flying disc toy do red blood cells resemble?

frisbee

Process of hemoglobin recycled

hemoglobin-->globin->recycled I--heme-->iron-->gets recycled I->biliverdin-->bilirubin-->excreted I--->as bile pigments

What process follows agglutination?

hemolysis

According to the model, which is greater at the arterial end of the capillary - hydrostatic pressure or osmotic pressure?

hydrostatic

in which direction will fluid travel at the venular end of the capillary?

into the capillary by reabsorption

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA), Heparin, and Warfarin are all fibrinolytic substances. Think about what the suffix "-lytic" means and formulate an hypothesis as a group about what these compounds do

it means to deconstruct substances. Fibrinolytic substances break down fibrin.

What effect will the diameter of the junctional fibers have as the impulse travels toward the AV node?

it will be slower

Since all the Myocytes in the atria are contracting (almost) at once, what will happen to the size of the atria?

it will get smaller

How will the impulse get to the ventricles?

junctional fibers to the AV node

About what % of a typical blood sample is composed of white blood cells and platelets?

less than 1%

What happens when there are lots of erythrocytes in the blood?

lots of oxygen in the blood

As an impulse leaves the SA node, the Myocytes of the atrial syncytium will depolarize. What happens to muscle cells when they depolarize?

muscle will contract

The heart is composed of three layers: inner layer or endocardium (epithelium and connective tissue), the myocardium, and the other epicardium. Look at the prefix "myo-" and decide which of the tissues comprises the myocardium. (hint: which one has Myocytes, myofibers, and myosin filaments)

muscular tissue

what type of control mechanism regulates the number of erythrocytes in the blood?

negative feedback system

Dr. Mrs. Brown has type O blood, according to the model what surface antigens does she have on her red blood cells?

neither

Can a cell make mRNA without the DNA in the nucleus?

no

Is there a nucleus inside erythrocyte in model 2? (recycling erythrocytes model 4 pogil 1")

no

The cells of the SA node don't allow K+ ions to leave to cell as rapidly as most excitable cells. Will these cells be able to repolarize as quickly as other excitable cells?

no

will the connective tissue that separates the atrial syncytium from the ventricular syncytium conduct an impulse?

no

would agglutination have occurred if the recipient was given type O blood cells?

no because type O is a universal donor

Does all fluid that leaves the blood at the atrerial end return at the venous end?

no not all fluid returns. what doesn't return is picked up by the lymphatic system

Compare the first pregnancy with the second, does it appear that the first baby was affected by the mother's immune system? What triggers the mother's sensitivity to the Rh antigen?

no, being exposed to the Rh antigen by the first Childs birth.

Which is similar to diastole, open fist or clenched first?

open

Which is greater at the venular end of the capillary- hydrostatic pressure or osmotic pressure?

osmotic

In which direction (out of the capillary or in) will fluid travel at the arterial end of the capillary?

out of the capillary by filtration

One or more of the components listed above will be able to freely cross the capillary wall via diffusion through the endothelial cell membrane. Which one(s) is/are those?

peptide hormones

What is the inactive form of thrombin called?

prohrombin

In the past you have learned about enzymes and cofactors. Both are necessary to convert prothrombin into thrombin. What two substances convert prothrombin to thrombin

prothrombin activator and Ca2+

One of those substances is an enzyme, the other factor is a cofactor. Based solely on your knowledge of what an enzyme is, which of the two substances you just listed is the enzymes?

prothrombin activator is the enzyme

Will an impulse travel relatively slowly or quickly along the AV bundle and bundle branches?

quickly cause its stronger

Blood mis-matches can result in a condition called acute hemolytic reaction. What are the symptoms of this reaction?

rapid heartbeat, shock, renal failure, death

What two substances do platelets secrete after forming a platelet plug?

seratonin and prothrombin activator

What are the common names for a cerebral embolism and a coronary embolism respectively?

stroke and heart attack

If Dr. Brown has type A blood, what cell-surface marker proteins or antigens foes he have on his red blood cells?

surface antigen A

What will happen if he is transfused with A+ blood a second time?

the antibodies will destroy the positive cells

What would happen if the impulse were to travel to the AV nose before it had propagated throughout the atrial syncytium? (junctional fibers)

the diameter is thinner

why do red blood cells have a finite life-span?

they run out of ATP, no DNA left to keep the cell going

As an impulse travels along the fibers leaving the SA node, it contracts atrial Myocytes. What will happen to the Myocytes that are touching the Myocytes that are touching these fibers?

they will depolarize

what will happen to the Myocytes that are touching the Myocytes that are touching the Myocytes that are touching these fibers?

they will depolarize

If you were to weight an erythrocyte, about a third of its weight would be the protein hemoglobin. What is the function of an erythrocyte?

transport oxygen

What do erythrocytes do?

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Since have 100X more hemoglobin than any other protein, and knowing the function of an erythrocyte, what is the function of hemoglobin?

transport oxygen from the blood to the tissues

Erythropoietin is secreted by glandular epithelial cells directly into the bloodstream. What type of biological substance is erythropoietin?

type of hormone

the systolic and diastolic labels refer to the pressure in these blood vessels when one half of the heart in particular is in either systole or diastole. Which heart chambers do the systolic and diastolic labels refer to?

ventricles

why isn't someones blood pressure usually measured from a vein

very low pressure

can a cell make proteins without mRNA?

yes