AAS 18 Midterm

Who was Bartolome de las Casas?

16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He was first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians." He estimated 3-4million natives lived on Hispaniola in 1493, then in 1495 fell to a little more than a million

Why was the demographics of Saint Domingue important to understanding the Haitian Revolution?

500,000 blacks, 30,000 free people of color, and 30,000 whites. Whites were outnumbered

Which countries in Mainland central and South America are considered part of the Caribbean?

Belize, Surinam, Guyana, French Guiana

Which country specialized in finance and transportation of in the Caribbean sugar industries?

Dutch

Survival of the fittest

Fittest are those who survive to reproduce

How is the Haitian Revolution connected to the American or French Revolutions?

French Revolution created tension between classes, Declaration of Rights gave rights to free people of color. This prevented some colonizers from helping the French. In American Revolution, free people of color fought alongside Americans against the British. Included Andrea Rigard and Henry Cristophe

What is Marcus Garvey's connection to Rastafari?

Garveyism led to Rastafari which was re-interpretation of the bible

What group of islands have 90% of the Caribbean land mass?

Greater Antilles

Why were Africans brought to the Caribbean?

Replace indigenous population of workers who died due to enslavement and genocide. Needed workers to sustain sugar production.

Describe one division within the whites of S.D.

Rich plantation owners; and seamen and peddlers

Which population made up the first slaves in the Americas?

Tainos

How do Asians fit into Caribbean ideas of race and color?

They are better than white but still not good. Not the right culture.

Can you name 3 countries in the Caribbean with high Asian populations?

Trinidad, Cuba, Guyana, Martinique, Guadaloupe

What role did the United States play in this later era of sugar production?

US invaded Puerto Rico and took corporate ownership of the land making big profit off of sugar cane. There was a huge disparity between owners and workers and corporations took monopoly over sugar industry.

Barbadoesed

Verb for people sold as slaves or indentured servants to British Planters

Which people chose or were forced to relocate because of the Haitian Revolution?

Whites fleed to North America due to violence.

Creole

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.

Could you mention two effects of the Haitian Revolution on Haiti?

economy destroyed, unable to trade with anyone for 25 years, most sugar plantations were burnt to the ground

Maroon

ex slaves who escaped from slavery

Describe one division within the people of color

freed slaves or mixed race

Transportation

goods needed to be transported by ship. Slave ships also transported slaves.

Creolization

process where Creole cultures emerge in the new world; mixture of cultures and peoples

Name 2 diseases that did not exist in the Caribbean until Europeans arrived.

swine flu, influenza, typhoid, meningitis, small pox, and malaria

Name two things that made the US sugar plantations in the Caribbean unique?

workers were free, formation of corporation (horizontal consolidation), and more sophisticated machinery

Can you describe the demographics in terms of 1) race 2) age 3) gender 4) origin or place of birth in S.D.?

1. 500,000 blacks, 30,000 free people of color, and 30,000 whites. 2+3. Majority of population was African American men around the age of 20. 4. Creoles born in the Americas 1/3, Bossale (born in Africa) 2/3. Average plantation had 200 slaves with at least 20 different languages spoken

What % of the original population existed 30 years after Columbus arrival?

10-20%

Do you know the % of Africans in the Americas that ended up in the Caribbean?

46% of Africans

Why did the Spanish sugar plantation system fail over time?

After 1530s conquered mainland America and discovered precious mineral deposits in Mexico and Peru. So Spanish islands reverted to peasant economy with small scale cultivators. By 1550, the Spanish were involved in a heated debate about the rights of natives in the New World, and the New Laws were promulgated ordering the Native Americans to be treated with more dignity and outlawing outright exploitation. Encomienda system was abolished in 1717.

Why did people move from one Caribbean country to another in the 19th and 20th century? Can you give one example of such a move?

After emancipation workers began moving in the region to look for employment or better working conditions. Ex: oil boom of 1970s attracted migrants from smaller and less developed islands to work in Virgin Islands and Aruba. Growing tourism sector in Carribean could not be met by domestic labor force so workers form other islands and neigboring countries like Latin America like Colombia and Venezuela came to fill in the gaps.

American Sugar Kingdom

America took possession of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Also had Dominican Republic in its sphere of influence. Had new plantations based on waged labor. There was large income inequalities, extreme land concentration, monocrop, and thwarting of urban development.

Which islands make up the Dutch Antilles

Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao.

What did the island of Barbados mean to the British in the 17th century?

Barbados eventually had one of the world's biggest sugar industries. By 1660, Barbados generated more trade than all the other English colonies combined. This remained so until it was eventually surpassed by geographically larger islands like Jamaica in 1713

Can you name 3 other major sugar producers in the Caribbean? Can you explain their relationship to sugar regarding: ▪Slavery▪Indenture▪Wealth

Barbados- for 100years it was the richest of all the European colonies. Jamaica-had 700 sugar plantations each with 150 slaves. Was one of the world's main sugar producers. Cuba-unbeleivably rich off sugar so spent money on leisure activities, increased sugar production after S.D. fell. Obtained contract laborers from china and had alot of slaves as well.

What color would the new Haitian population be after the revolution?

Black

Can you discuss the role of gender in structuring race in the Caribbean?

Black women could advance easier by marrying white males

Discuss race, labor, how people live, Ideas about Africa, and education with regard to the video?

Blacks are very discriminated against. Even civilized blacks are ashamed of their color. They retain African voodoo and religion. They beleive their spirits connected to Africa. Education is the key to getting out of the sugar fields.

Who was Frantz Fanon?

Born in Fort de France and wrote "The Wretched of the Earth" which was a best seller. Spoke alot about black revolution via extreme statements. He was a psychiatrist.

What is Britain's connection to Sugar?

Britain could not grow its own sugar so they relied on regions around the equator. They used it for rum, tea, cakes, puddings, pies, meat. It was a sign of wealth. In 1733 sugar was 25% of all Britain's imports. Every adult British person spent 10% of their earnings on sugar on average.

Can you give one example of Indigenous peoples or organizations of the Caribbean today?

Caribs and Arawaks did survive outside of these areas of indigenous political control. The St Vincentian "Black" Carib or Garifuna population had been relocated by the British to Honduras in the 1790s. British also expelled thousands of Jamaican Maroons to Nova Scotia.

Name 2 Indigenous leaders who rebelled against the Spanish in early 1500s.

Chief Caonabo led the 1st Taino uprising and fought against the idea of Spanish punishing them. Hatuey Taino Cheif from Hispaniola and led fight against Spanish and Went to Cuba to warn them. Guarionex, a cacique, revolted against Spanish rule.

How were ideas of race implemented in the Caribbean? How did they affect people's lives?

Color indicated class. Hierarchy was formed which separated the blacks economically and socially. This made blackness tied with poverty and bad things.

Can you explain how color functions today in many Caribbean countries? Can you give examples?

Color unifies peoples since they know they share similar strifes. In countries like Trinidad and Tobago Prime Ministers alternate between Black and Indian.

How is sugar related to the abolition of slavery?

Consumers boycotted sugar refusing to buy sugar and rum. sales dropped by 33-50%

Which islands make up the Greater Antilles?

Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Contains Haiti and Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico

Who was CLR James?

Cyril Lionel Robert James was an Afro-Trinidadian historian, political activist, journalist and socialist. His works are influential in various theoretical, social, and historiographical contexts

Can you name three influences that structure Race in the Caribbean? Can you explain how each of these influences structure race in the Caribbean (their consequences)?

Degeneracy-you degenerate more if from more tropical climate. Social Darwinism-cultures are on an evolutionary continuum with white European men at the top. Progress-occurs when population has sciences like education

Can you name 3 places in Asia from which contract laborers were brought to the Caribbean?

Eastern India, Madras, Bengal, Orissa. Southern China Guangdong, Fujia, Macau, Indonesia, Java

How did Europe and America think of Haiti? What was the reason for Haiti's position in this imaginary?

Europeans were horrified, punished them by not trading with them. Latin American countries promised gradual abolition since they did not want to end up like Haiti.

Could you mention two effects of the Haitian Revolution on the rest of the world?

Every Latin American Country promised gradual abolition. Free birth laws were enacted. They were harsher conditions of slavery in Cuba, Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Southern USA

Plantation

Factory and agriculture combined. Was labor intensive so needed large number of people in one place. a number of unfree laborers worked under unified direction and control. Monocrop agriculture.

What was the progression of Emancipation on different islands and how would you explain the influences on that progression?

Haiti was first in 1804. Second to last was Cuba. Last colony of Britain had slavery abolished 1962. Effects of Haiti Revolution on rest of the world was that every Latin American country promised gradual abolition and had abolished slavery within 50 years.

Name 3 indigenous languages of the Caribbean before Columbus arrived.

Haitian Kreyol, Jamaican Potois, Guadaloupe Creole, and Martinique Creole

Black Consciousness

Identifying and accepting your blackness

Can you name one political party in Cuba that came about as a result of the structuring of race and politics in those countries? What happened to the participants ?

In 1908 black veterans created a political party called Partido Independiente de color. In 1912 there was a massacre of the people of color.

After Emancipation how were discourses of race used to keep things from changing?

Indentured servitude and access to resources like schooling kept blacks in the lower rung of society. They received little pay so they were largely unable to move out of their rural jobs.

How is sugar related to Indenture?

Indentured servitude was necessary to upkeep the production of sugar when slaves were freed.

Who was Toussaint Louverture

Influential political and military figure. He joined the slave insurrection in Haiti shortly after it began and by 1792 played a crucial role. He moved troops under a French banner. 20,000 former slaves in his army

Can you name one rebellion in Jamaica that came about as a result of the structuring of race and politics in those countries? What happened to the participants in either case?

Island wide insurrection of 1760 that resulted in death of 90 whites, 400 blacks, and 600 deported. Rebels led by Tacky, they killed their master and stole ammunitions and gunpowder.

How would you describe Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad? Predominantly Black or Predominantly mixed or something else? How do they describe themselves?

Jamaica- 90% Black people in power were mixed or white; Haiti=mainly black, declared their population black. Trinidad=37% South Asia, 36% black, 24% mixed. Any time you ask someone they will say their race has bigger amount. Cuba-64% white 26% mulatto or mestizo 9%black.

How is sugar related to slavery?

Large scale sugar production was made possible by slavery since it was extremely labor intensive. They are tied.

What is the Caribbean's relationship to sugar?

Largest producers of sugar in the world until the 20th century. Main reason everyone was in the Caribbean

Who was Jean-Jacque Dessalines?

Louverture's second, he was a general. Became leader of rebel forces when French overturned slavery. His forced defeated France.

What was Haiti's relationship to sugar?

Made 60% of the world's sugar production and at one point was the richest colony in the world. Exported 163 million pounds of sugar annually.

Where was Sugar Cane Alley filmed and in what time period?

Martinique in 1930s

Pan Africanism

Movement to unify those in Africa with people of African descent in Diaspora. Unity of Blacks worldwide

The word "Haiti" comes from what language?

Native Taino word meaning land of mountains.

Nitainos

Nobles of Taino society. Naborias were commoners.

Can you explain where and why so many people died during the slave trade from Angola?

Not all slaves could make the long trek to the coast where they were to be put on ships. Alot of walking in the hot desert

Can you name 4 things that make the Haitian Revolution unique?

Only successful overthrow of slavery, it was the first overthrow of slavery, only slave revolt that resulted in independent republic, and annhiliation of the white population

What are some prevailing assumptions about indenture labor?How did it emerge as an alternative to slavery in the British West Indies?

People assumed it was voluntary and equal. It was an alternative because could have workers for a long amount of time (however long their contract lasted)

Asiento

Permission given by the Spanish government to other countries to sell slaves to the Spanish colonies 1543-1834

Can you explain why time and place mattered in terms of how slaves from Africa shaped Caribbean culture? What are some examples?

Place mattered as to how slaves shaped Caribbean culture because certain areas were owned by the Spanish, the British, or the Dutch. Thus the african culture that developed there was widely influenced by the colonizer's culture. For example, Africans in Haiti would emulate napoleonic clothing.

Who was Aime Cesaire?

Poet, playwright, author, and politician from Martinique. Studied in Paris in 1930s. Founder of Negritude and promoted acceptance and pride in being black. Also talked of rediscovery of Africa. Anti colonialist and anti French domination. Teacher of Frantz Fanon

Progress

Populations with science, nutrition, and education can shape populations into ideal society. Can do so by importing whites and exporting blacks.

Who was Napoleon?

Power Hungry French General. He appointed himself Emperor and tried to reverse slavery. Put forces in S.D.

Who was Marcus Garvey?

Publisher and entrepreneur from Jamaica. He was a black nationalist and helped found the United Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League in 1914. Garveyism was global empowerment of Africans.

What was the effect of migration from Caribbean countries on ideas of race?

Race was in a sense unified since Blacks from the Carribbean shared a common history

Can you explain the importance of rivers to the slave trade?

Rivers made transporting slaves easier and quicker. Was also less violent. There were also more people around the river so could get more slaves.

Where was plantation sugar first developed? How did it come to Europe and what effects did its introduction have on Europeans' lives?

Sao Tome by Portuguese, effect was that sugar became a sign of wealth and became as staple of wealthy Europeans

Name 4 different places in Africa from which slaves were brought to the Americas.

Senegambia, Ghana, Congo, Angola, Nigeria, and Haiti. People from ivory coast and south of the equator.

Encomienda

System under which a spaniard would undertake carribean natives and convert them to Christianity in exchange for labor

Indenture

System where indentured servants signed a contract where they agreed to work a certain number of years in exchange for transportation, food, clothing, and shelter. Conditions often harsh, overworked, and little pay

What does the cultural phenomenon of Chino Latino restaurants in New York City tell us about race and identity in the Caribbean?

The pairings and mixtures that occurred were largely the result of where servants and slaves were shipped from. Between 1847 and 1874 close to 125000 indentured or contract Chinese laborers arrived in Cuba.

Degeneration

Theory that all societies degenerating but to different degrees. Degree of degeneracy based on environment. -temperate climates good for civilization and tropical climates dangerous and contaminating

How did the newly freed people challenge the power of the plantation?

They wanted higher wages.

Can you explain the population decline in the Caribbean after Columbus arrival?

This occurred due to spread of European diseases like smallpox, cholera, and Flu. Many people died due to war and the forced labor Encomienda system

Why were Asians brought to the Caribbean?

To replace the black workers since slavery was abolished and British believed waged labor was less expensive than slavery. British was a colonial power in China and India.

Triangular Trade

Trading slaves, cash crops, and goods between West Africa, the Carribean or American colonies, and the European colonial powers which were French, Spanish, or British.

Following the abolition which features of the colonial system endured? Which ones changed? How/why?

Vagrancy laws enacted due to decades of confrontation between imperial government and caribbean assemblies. This made authorities distrustful of planters. African migration was opposed but not Indian. This was to ensure could still have cheap labor necessary to run agricultural operations.

How did the Haitian Revolution change conceptions of race, resistance, and labor in the Caribbean or elsewhere?

Was a beacon of hope to enslaved individuals everywhere. A demonstration that whites were not forever superior and they could be defeated. Every Latin American country promised gradual abolition. Harsher conditions of slavery in Cuba, Brazil, Puerto Rico, and Southern USA.

Which islands make up the Lesser Antilles?

Windward islands: Martinique, St.Vincent and Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago. Leeward Islands: Virgin Islands, Anguilla, Saint Martin (F/D), Saba (D), St. Eustatius (D), St.Kitts and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Redonda, Mont Serat (UK), Guadaloupe, and Dominica.

who would be more likely to be released from slavery within the following pair and why? man/woman

Woman because she has faster access to whiteness through marriage

Syncretism

blending of cultures and beliefs. Take ideas that retained from middle passage and blended cultures.

Colonos

colonists, founder or member of a colony that farms

When and how did Emancipation occur in the Caribbean?

consumer boycott in Britain in 1791. In July 1833, a Bill to abolish slavery throughout the British Empire passed in the House of Commons, followed by the House of Lords on 1st August.

Describe one division in blacks of S.D.

creoles and bossales.

African Diaspora

cultural movement referring to scattering of people of African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality. Cultivated deeper understanding of ancestral roots with Africa, India, or Native America.

Negritude

cultural, literary, and social movement that celebrated blackness and developed in response to French racism and colonialism. Transformed pejorative negre word to strong powerful positive word.

Social Darwinism

cultures are on an evolutionary continuum with white european males at the top because they have power institutions

who would be more likely to be released from slavery within the following pair and why? Field Laborer/ Domestic laborer

domestic laborer because they can function better in society of whites

who would be more likely to be released from slavery within the following pair and why? mixed race/black

mixed race because closer to white

Columbian Exchange

period of cultural and biological exchange between new and old worlds. Exchanged goods, plants, animals, and diseases which transformed Natives ways of life.

Privateer

pirates with government protection in order to pursue less than legal goals in wealth, dominance, and control of the seas. Legal papers only good for the country you got it from. *Buccaneer is a term that is basically the French/Cajun slang term for privateer. Buccaneer is derivated from "boucanier" which is French for "one who smokes meat" and is a derivative of Arawak native American "bukan" meaning smoked meat.

Colonization

the action or process of settling among and establishing control over the indigenous people of an area. Taking a place or domain for one's own use.

who would be more likely to be released from slavery within the following pair and why? Rural worker / urban worker

urban worker because rural workers needed to sustain plantations and also urban workers likely to know the social system better and able to fit in with society

Slave society

was composed of slaves, masters, and overseers. Economic and cultural dynamic existed because of slavery. These societies produced immense wealth for owners and colonizing countries