Abdomen ARRT

The maximum normal diameter of the inferior vena cava is: A. 2.5cm B. 6cm C. 4cm D. 1cm

A. 2.5cm

Sonographically, an abdominal aorta aneurysm is suspected when the diameter exceeds: A. 3cm B. 1.8cm C. 2.5cm D. 9mm

A. 3cm

The normal thickness of the urinary bladder in its distended state should not exceed: A. 4mm B. 8mm C. 6mm D. 10mm

A. 4mm

Which of the following is not true concerning patient preparation for an abdominal sonogram? A. Abdominal sonograms should be performed after radiographic testing that utilizes barium contrast agents B. Renal sonograms may require that the patient be well hydrated C. Renal sonograms may require no preperation D. Patients typically need to fast for at least 12 hours prior to the examination

A. Abdominal sonograms should be performed after radiographic testing that utilizes barium contrast agents

Which of the following would be the least likely sequela of acute pyelonephritis? A. Adult polycystic kidney disease B. Chronic pyelonephrosis C. Pyonephrosis D. Renal abscess

A. Adult polycystic kidney disease

Which hormone, produced by the adrenal gland, is responsible for regulating blood pressure by controlling the amount of sodium and water in the body? A. Aldosterone B. Cortisol C. Cortislim D. Epinephrine

A. Aldosterone

Which of the following laboratory values is typically not elevated in the presence of acute cholecystitis? A. Alpha-fetoprotien B. Alkaline phosphatase C. Aminotransferase D. Bilirubin

A. Alpha-fetoprotien

Which of the following is an enzyme, produced by the pancreas, which is used to digests carbohydrates? A. Amylase B. Lipase C. Insulin D. Sodium bicarbionate

A. Amylase

Which small segments of the renal arteries are located at the base of the pyramids? A. Arcuate B. Interlobar C. Segmental D. Interlobular

A. Arcuate

The point of attachment of the cystic duct to the gallbladder marks the proximal margin of the: A. CBD B. Gallbladder body C. CHD D. Right hepatic duct

A. CBD

Which of the following abdominal abnormalities is not typically associated with ascites? A. Cavernous hemangioma B. Cirrhosis C. Acute cholecystitis D. Portal hypertension

A. Cavernous hemangioma

Which of the following would be considered the most common benign liver tumor? A. Cavernous hemangioma B. Focal nodular hyperplasia C. Hepatic lipoma D. Hepatocellular adenoma

A. Cavernous hemangioma

A 29-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a liver sonogram complaining of right upper quadrant pain and fever. Her laboratory findings include evidence of leukocytosis and an elevated bilirubin. She had a cholecystectomy 1 year earlier. Sonographically, the common bile duct appears enlarged, measuring 8 mm at the porta hepatis. Also, the walls of the bile duct measure 6 mm. Based on the clinical and sonographic findings, what is the most likely diagnosis? A. Cholangitis B. Pneumobilia C. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma D. Mirizzi syndrome

A. Cholangitis

A 31-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a right upper quadrant sonogram. She is two weeks post-cholecystectomy. Her complaints include persistent right upper quadrant pain and nausea. She also appears to be displaying signs of jaundice. Which of the following is the most likely cause for these clinical findings? A. Choledocholithiasis B. Cirrhosis C. Budd-Chiarri syndrome D. Portal hypertension

A. Choledocholithiasis

The sonographic "double-duct" sign is described best as: A. Coexisting obstruction and dilation of the CBD and pancreatic duct B. Coexisting obstruction and dilation of the right and left hepatic ducts C. Coexisting obstruction and dilation of the cystic duct and CBD D. Coexisting obstruction and dilation of the gallbladder and the main pancreatic duct

A. Coexisting obstruction and dilation of the CBD and pancreatic duct

The gastroduodenal artery is a branch of the: A. Common hepatic artery B. Splenic artery C. Portal artery D. Left gasrtic artery

A. Common hepatic artery

A 56-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a renal sonogram with a history of microscopic hematuria. She had her left kidney remove two years earlier for renal cell carcinoma. Sonographically, the right kidney appears enlarged and measures greater than 14 cm. What is the most likely explanation for this finding? A. Compensatory hypertrophy B. Metastic renal disease C. Lymphoma D. Renal cell carcinoma

A. Compensatory hypertrophy

A 72-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for a right upper quadrant sonogram with a history of painless jaundice and a palpable gallbladder. Sonographically, the transverse diameter of the gallbladder is 9 cm. Also, there is intrahepatic biliary dilatation, the common bile duct measures 10 mm, and a 2.5 cm hypoechoic mass is noted within the head of the pancreas. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Courvoisiers gallbladder B. Acute Cholecystitis C. Emphysematous cholecystitis D. Atrophy of the Gallbladder

A. Courvoisiers gallbladder

Which of the following would be sonographically recognized as a bulge on the lateral border of the kidney? A. Dromedary hump B. Extrarenal pelvis C. Horshoe kidney D. Duplicated collecting system

A. Dromedary hump

The sphincter of Oddi, also referred to as the hepatopancreatic sphincter, is the opening that allows bile and pancreatic juices to flow into the: A. Duodenum B. Gallbladder C. Jejunum D. Stomach

A. Duodenum

Which of the following is also referred to as a hydatid liver cyst? A. Echinococcal cyst B. Pyogenic abscess C. Hepatic candidiasis D. Hemorrhagic hepatic cyst

A. Echinococcal cyst

Which of the following is associated with bacterial formation and gas production within the renal parenchyma? A. Emphysematous pyelonephritis B. Renal cell carcinoma C. Acute pyelonephritis D. Glomerulonephritis

A. Emphysematous pyelonephritis

Which of the following renal infections is found most often in the diabetic or immunocompromised patient? A. Emphysematous pyelonephritis B. Acute pyelonephritis C. Chronic pyelonephritis D. Glomerulonephritis

A. Emphysematous pyelonephritis

Which of the following is not a typical clinical feature of Cushing syndrome? A. Excessive thirst B. Thinning arms and legs C. Obesity D. Hirsutism

A. Excessive thirst

A 28-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a right upper quadrant sonogram with a history of epigastric pain. Within the gallbladder, an echogenic, non-shadowing, non-mobile structure that measures 2 mm is noted. The structure appears to projects from the gallbladder wall into the gallbladder lumen. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Gallbladder Polyp B. Gallbladder carcinoma C. Choledocholithiasis D. Cholelithiasis

A. Gallbladder Polyp

Which of the following statements is not true concerning gallbladder carcinoma? A. Gallbladder carcinoma is rarely associated with gallstones B. The most common metastatic disease of the galbladder is malignant melanoma C. Gallbladder carcinoma is highly suspected if a polyp or mass within the gallbladder measures greater than 2cm D. Patients who have porcelain gallbladders have an increased risk for developing gallbladder carcinoma

A. Gallbladder carcinoma is rarely associated with gallstones

Which of the following would most likely to cause pain and be discovered in the dorsal aspect of the hand? A. Ganglion cyst B. Bakers cyst C. Superficial hemangioma D. Lipoma

A. Ganglion cyst

Which of the following would be best described as the fibrous envelope of tissue that surrounds the kidney? A. Gerota fascia B. Pararenal capsule C. Perirenal fat layer D. Glisson capsule

A. Gerota fascia

A solid, echogenic structure is noted within the lumen of the urinary bladder. Which of the following would be most beneficial? A. Have the patient roll into LLD B. Have the patient void C. Have the patient drink 50 ounces of water D. Have the patient perform the valsalva maneuver

A. Have the patient roll into LLD

Which of the following is the most common location for focal pancreatitis to occur? A. Head B. Neck C. Body D. Tail

A. Head

A 14-month-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for a liver sonogram with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and a clinical history of a palpable abdominal mass, elevated alpha-fetoprotein level, and anorexia. Which of the following liver masses would most likely be discovered in this patient? A. Hepatoblastoma B. Hemangioma C. Nephroblastoma D. Metastic colon cancer

A. Hepatoblastoma

An elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels is discovered in patients who have what tumor of the liver? A. Hepatoma B. Metastasis C. Focal nodular hyperplasia D. Hepatic adenoma

A. Hepatoma

Which of the following is associated with echinococcus granulosus? A. Hydiated liver cyst B. Hepatic candidiasis C. Fungal abscess D. Pyogenic abscess

A. Hydiated liver cyst

With color Doppler analysis, abnormal bowel will often produce evidence of: A. Hyperemia B. Ischemia C. Hypoxia D. Torsion

A. Hyperemia

A 40-year-old female long-time smoker presents to the ultrasound department for a renal sonogram with a palpable left upper quadrant mass, weight loss, and gross hematuria. A heterogeneous mass is noted in the upper pole of the left kidney. Which of the following is the most likely? A. Hypernephroma B. Hematoma C. Hemangioma D. Renal cell adenoma

A. Hypernephroma

Which of the following would be the least likely clinical finding in a patient with a pyogenic hepatic abscess? A. Hypovolemia B. Leukocytosis C. RUQ pain D. Fever

A. Hypovolemia

Which of the following is a hormone, produced by the pancreas, which stimulates the body to use up glucose to produce energy? A. Insulin B. Somatostatin C. Amylase D. Sodium bicarbionate

A. Insulin

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of aortic dissection? A. Intimal flap B. Abdominal aortic thrombus C. Embolism D. Abdominal aortic aneurysm

A. Intimal flap

Which of the following occurs as a consequence of bilirubin accumulation within the tissues of the body? A. Jaundice B. Pancreatic carcinoma C. Cholangiocarcinoma D. Hyperlimentation

A. Jaundice

Which malignant biliary mass is most likely found at the junction of the right and left hepatic ducts? A. Klatskin tumor B. Pheochromocytoma C. Choriocarcinoma D. Hepatoma

A. Klatskin tumor

The specialized macrophages within the liver that engulf pathogens and damaged cells are the: A. Kupffer cells B. Reidel cells C. Hepatocytes D. Nephrons

A. Kupffer cells

Which peritoneal cavity space is located behind the liver and stomach and posterior to the pancreas? A. Lesser sac B. Morrision's pouch C. Left subhepatic space D. Greater sac

A. Lesser sac

Which of the following would be a clinical finding consistent with acute pyelonephritis? A. Leukocytosis B. Decreased hematocrit C. Elevated alkaline phosphatase D. Decreased blood urea nitrogen

A. Leukocytosis

Which structure is not used to separate the right and left lobes of the liver? A. Ligamentum venosum B. Middle hepatic vein C. Main lobar fissure D. Gallbladder fossa

A. Ligamentum venosum

What structure may be identifiable in many individuals in the sagittal plane as a hyperechoic line, which seems to connect the neck of the gallbladder to the right portal vein? A. Main lobar fissure B. Middle hepatic vein C. Ligamentum venosum D. Ligamentum teres

A. Main lobar fissure

Which of the following would be most likely to predispose a patient to develop an abdominal aortic aneurysm, and is described as a disorder of the connective tissue characterized by tall stature and aortic and mitral valve insufficiency? A. Marfan syndrome B. Klinefelter syndrome C. Meckel-gruber syndrome D. Budd-chiari syndrome

A. Marfan syndrome

What segment of the liver may also be referred to as the quadrate lobe? A. Medial segment of the left lobe B. Anterior segment of the right lobe C. Posterior segment of the right lobe D. Lateral segment of the left lobe

A. Medial segment of the left lobe

Which of the following is described as a clinical condition in which the patient presents with jaundice, pain, and fever secondary to a lodged stone in the cystic duct? A. Mirizzi syndrome B. Caroli's syndrome C. Biliary stricture D. Klatskin disease

A. Mirizzi syndrome

A 39-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of epigastric pain for an abdominal sonogram. Her abdominal laboratory values appear within normal limits. The pancreas, liver, and gallbladder appear normal. However, within the right renal fossa, several, smooth-walled, noncommunicating cyst of varying sizes is noted. The left kidney appears enlarged, but otherwise sonographically normal. Which of the following would be the most likely diagnosis? A. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease B. Acquired renal cystic disease C. Adreanal hyperplasia D. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

A. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

Which of the following parts of the pancreas is located anterior to portal confluence? A. Neck B. Head C. Body D. Uncinate process

A. Neck

Which of the following is a malignant pediatric renal tumor that may also be referred to as a Wilms' tumor? A. Nephroblastoma B. Neuroblastoma C. Hyperblastoma D. Onocytoma

A. Nephroblastoma

Which of the following is not a renal tumor? A. Neuroblastoma B. Wilm Tumor C. Hamatoma C. Onocytoma

A. Neuroblastoma

Which of the following would be a malignant pediatric mass? A. Neuroblastoma B. Teratoma C. Hemangioma D. Insulinoma

A. Neuroblastoma

A 4 year old patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram with a history of weight loss and a palpable abdominal mass. The sonogram demonstrates multiple hypoechoic masses distributed throughout the liver parenchyma. Also, a solid, 6 cm heterogeneous mass that contains calcifications is located between the right kidney and the inferior vena cava. Based on the clinical and sonographic findings, which of the following is most likely? A. Neuroblastoma with liver metastasis B. Hepatoblastoma with liver metastasis C. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma with liver and adrenal metastasis D. Renal vein thrombosis and liver metastasis

A. Neuroblastoma with liver metastasis

Which of the following would be considered the most common form of pancreatic malignancy? A. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma B. Metastatic pancreatic disease C. Pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma D. Islet cell tumors

A. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Which of the following best describes the term chyme? A. Partially digested food B. Excessive fat surrounding the pancreas C. Server itchiness of the skin D. Inflammation of the bile ducts

A. Partially digested food

Which of the following would be the most likely location of prostatic cancer? A. Peripheral zone B. Central zone C. Seminal vesicles D. Transitional zone

A. Peripheral zone

Which of the following is not associated with Klinefelter syndrome? A. Polyorchidism B. Gynecomastia C. Infertility D. Long legs

A. Polyorchidism

Which of the following abnormalities is associated with the development of abdominal varicosities in the area of the splenic hilum, renal hilum, and gastroesophageal junction? A. Portal hypertension B. Acute tubular necrosis C. Abdominal aortic aneurysm D. Small bowel ischemia

A. Portal hypertension

Cavernous formation of the portal vein is associated with: A. Portal vein thrombosis B. Hepatitis C. Focal fatty infiltration D. Budd-chiari syndrome

A. Portal vein thrombosis

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys? A. Produce insulin and glucagon B. Maintain normal salt levels in the blood C. Ragulate blood pressure D. Maintain normal PH for the blood

A. Produce insulin and glucagon

Tuberous sclerosis is associated with all of the following except: A. Prune belly syndrome B. Epilepsy C. Angiomyolipomas D. Renal cysts

A. Prune belly syndrome

Which of the following is an inflammatory mass that would most likely be discovered in the liver of a symptomatic patient following a bout of appendicitis? A. Pyogenic hepatic abscess B. Hepatic amebic abscess C. Hepatic candidiasis D. Angiosarcoma

A. Pyogenic hepatic abscess

Which of the following is not a typical sonographic findings of Budd-Chiari syndrome? A. Reduced visualization of the portal veins B. Enlargement of the caudate lobe C. Narrowing of the IVC D. Lack of flow within the hepatic veins with color doppler

A. Reduced visualization of the portal veins

Which of the following could lead to a false positive diagnosis of hepatomegaly? A. Reidel's Lobe B. Papillary hepatic process C. Situs inversus D. Agenesis of the Left lobe

A. Reidel's Lobe

Which of the following is considered to be the most common renal mass? A. Renal cyst B. Renal cell carcinoma C. Renal hemangioma D. Renal oncocytoma

A. Renal cyst

A 44-year-old female hemophiliac patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram with abdominal pain. Her laboratory findings include a drop in hematocrit. Sonographically, a complex appearing mass is noted within left psoas muscle. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this mass? A. Retroperitoneal hematoma B. Adrenal hemorrhage C. Pelvic inflammatory disease D. Renal rupture

A. Retroperitoneal hematoma

Which vessel travels posterior to the inferior vena cava? A. Right renal artery B. SMA C. Left renal artery D. Left renal vein

A. Right renal artery

Which of the following would typically not be a predisposing condition or risk factor that would increase the likelihood of developing cholelithiasis? A. Sarcoidosis B. Total parenteral nutrition C. Sickle cell disease D. Obesity

A. Sarcoidosis

A 33-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of right testicular painless enlargement. Sonographically, a 3 cm hypoechoic intratesticular mass is noted within the right testicle. Which of the following would be most likely? A. Seminoma B. Testicular abscess C. Testicular torsion D. Choriocarcinoma

A. Seminoma

Which vessel joins with the superior mesenteric vein posterior to the pancreatic neck to form the portal vein? A. Splenic vein B. Celiac vein C. Splenic artery D. Gastroduodenal vein

A. Splenic vein

Which of the following would be considered to be the most common splenic abnormality? A. Splenomegaly B. Hemangioma C. Cirrhosis D. Accessory spleen

A. Splenomegaly

Which of the following statements is not true concerning portal hypertension? A. The hepatic artery decreases its blood supply to the liver secondary to obstruction B. Portal hypertension increases the patients likelihood of developing portal vein thrombosis C. Flow within the portal vein will be hepatofugal D. The portal cein diameter will exceed 13 mm in the anteroposterior dimension

A. The hepatic artery decreases its blood supply to the liver secondary to obstruction

Which of the following statements is not true concerning acute cholecystitis? A. The most common cause of cholecystitis is a gallstone that has become lodged in the fundus of the gallbladder B. RUQ pain and leukocytosis is often associated with acute cholecystitis C. Whenever perforation of the gallbladder occurs, the Pt has an increased risk of death as a result of peritonitis D. Cholecystitis and its complications can lead to perforation of the gallbladder

A. The most common cause of cholecystitis is a gallstone that has become lodged in the fundus of the gallbladder

Which of the following is not a true statement concerning the parathyroid glands? A. The parathyroid glands serve as calcitonin regulators for the body B. there are typically two pairs of parathyroid glands C. A parathyroid adenoma can produce hypercalcemia D. Normal parathyroid glands will measure 5.0x 3.0x 1.0 mm

A. The parathyroid glands serve as calcitonin regulators for the body

Which of the following is not a true statement concerning the urinary bladder? A. The urinary bladder is an intraperitoneal organ B. The urinary bladder is positioned superior to the prostate gland and anterior to the seminal vesicles in the male C. The urinary bladder is located posterior to the symphysis pubis D. The urinary bladder is located anterior to the vagina, uterus, and rectum in the female

A. The urinary bladder is an intraperitoneal organ

Normal flow within the hepatic veins is considered: A. Triphasic B. Hepatopedal C. Monophasic D. Biphasic

A. Triphasic

Which of the following is best described as an airborne disease that is spread by bacteria released from an infected individual when that person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings? A. Tuberculosis B. Hepatitis B C. Hepatitis C D. Methicillin-Resistant strapyloccus aureus

A. Tuberculosis

Patients who have Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome have a propensity to develop all of the following except: A. Tuberous sclerosis B. Renal cell carcinoma C. Pheochromocytomas D. Renal cysts

A. Tuberous sclerosis

A 19-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department for a renal sonogram with a history of recurring urinary tract infections. Sonographically, the kidneys appear normal. However, within the urinary bladder, an anechoic, balloon-like structure is noted within the lumen of the urinary bladder near the ureterovesicular junction. Which of the following is most likely? A. Ureterocele B. Bladder stone C. Transitional cell carcinoma D. Urinary bladder cyst

A. Ureterocele

Which of the following locations would be the most common location for a urinary stone to become lodged? A. Ureterovesicular junction B. Ureteropelvic junction C. Urethra D. Renal pelvis

A. Ureterovesicular junction

During a sonographic examination of the urinary tract, you note that the ureter and renal collecting system is dilated on the right side. The urinary bladder appears normal. Which of the following would be the most likely place that an obstruction has occurred? A. Uretrvesicular junction B. Urethra C. Ureteropelvic junction D. Renal pelvis

A. Uretrvesicular junction

A 3-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a renal sonogram with a history of a palpable abdominal mass, abdominal pain, hematuria, fever, and hypertension. The sonogram reveals a large, solid, mostly echogenic mass that contains dispersed anechoic and hypoechoic regions. Based on these findings, which of the following would be most likely? A. Wilm tumor B. Oncocytoma C. Acute renal failure D. Pyloric stenosis

A. Wilm tumor

Which of the following is not a zone of the adrenal cortex? A. Zona matriculata B. Zona glomerulosa C. Zona fasciculate D. Zona reticularis

A. Zona matriculata

Which of the following measurements would be the minimum that the normal renal cortex should measure? A. 5mm B. 10mm C. 2cm D. 4cm

B. 10mm

A patient presents with clinical findings suspicious of acute cholecystitis. You suspect gallbladder wall thickening. The gallbladder wall thickness should not exceed: A. 5cm B. 3mm C. 5mm D. 3cm

B. 3mm

Which of the following would be most beneficial in analyzing the urinary bladder? A. A catheter placed in the bladder B. A distended bladder C. NPO for 8 hours D. The bladder cannot be examined transabdominaly

B. A distended bladder

Which cystic renal disease can result from chronic hemodialysis? A. Multicystic dysplastic renal disease B. Acquired renal cell disease C. Autosomal recessive polycystic renal disease D. Autosomal dominant polycystic renal disease

B. Acquired renal cell disease

Which of the following abnormalities is associated with rebound tenderness? A. Pyloric stenosis B. Acute appendicitis C. Hepatitis D. Acute pancreatitis

B. Acute appendicitis

Which of the following is caused by the leakage of pancreatic enzymes from the acinar cells into the parenchyma of the organ? A. Insulinoma B. Acute pancreatitis C. Pancreatic cystademosarcoma D. Gastrinoma

B. Acute pancreatitis

Which of the following would be considered to be the most common cause of acute renal failure? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Acute tubular necrosis C. Medullary nephrocalcinosis D. Glomerulonephritis

B. Acute tubular necrosis

The term postprandial is best defined as: A. After Rest B. After Eating C. After Defecation D. After urinating

B. After Eating

A 32-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram complaining of left lower quadrant pain. The abdomen appears mostly normal, except for a solid, hyperechoic mass noted in the upper pole of the right kidney measuring 7 mm. Which of the following is most likely? A. Milk of calcium cyst B. Angiomylipoma C. Renal cell carcinoma D. Transitional cell carcinoma

B. Angiomylipoma

Which of the following may also be referred to as a renal hamartoma? A. Adenoma B. Angiomyolipoma C. Hemangioma D. Hypernephroma

B. Angiomyolipoma

At the level of the porta hepatis, the hepatic artery is typically located: A. Posterior to the main portal vein and posterior to the common bile duct B. Anterior to the main portal vein and posterior to the common bile duct C. Lateral to the common bile duct and medial to the hepatic vein D. Medial to the main portal vein and anterior to the common bile duct

B. Anterior to the main portal vein and posterior to the common bile duct

Which of the following would be least beneficial to confirm the patient's identitity? A. Asking the Pt their first and last name B. Asking the Pt the examination that they are there for C. Asking the Pt their date of birth D. Looking at the Pt identification band

B. Asking the Pt the examination that they are there for

Which of the following would be the most common clinical complaint of a patient with a cavernous hemangioma of the liver? A. RUQ pain B. Asymptomatic C. Nausea D. Trauma

B. Asymptomatic

Which of the following would be the most likely sonographic manifestation of adult polycystic kidney disease? A. Bilateral hypoechoic kidneys B. Bilateral enlarged kidneys that contain numerous cortical renal cysts C. Unilateral, smooth walled, noncommunicating cysts varying sizes located within the renal fossa D. Bilateral small, echogenic kidneys

B. Bilateral enlarged kidneys that contain numerous cortical renal cysts

Which of the following infantile disorders can lead to cirrhosis and portal hypertension? A. Hepatocellular carcinoma B. Biliary atresia C. Mirizzi syndrome D. Chronic cholecystitis

B. Biliary atresia

During the sonographic analysis of the urinary bladder in a 72-year-old male patient, two anechoic out-pouchings are noted within the bladder wall. What is the most likely cause for these findings? A. Bladder polyps B. Bladder diverticuli C. Bladder Stones D. Transitional cell carcinoma

B. Bladder diverticuli

The right and left hepatic ducts eventually unite to form which structure? A. CBD B. CHD C. Main bile duct D. Main hepatic duct

B. CHD

Which of the following techniques is used to sonographically identify bowel abnormalities? A. Doughnut sign B. Compression sonography C. Eply maneuver D. Valsalva maneuver

B. Compression sonography

In the patient who presents with painless jaundice, which of the following clinical findings is most worrisome for pancreatic adenocarcinoma? A. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome B. Courcoisier gallbladder C. Whipple sign D. Von Hippel-Lindau sign

B. Courcoisier gallbladder

An enlarged, palpable gallbladder caused by a pancreatic head mass describes: A. Murphy's sign B. Courvoisier's gallbladder C. Adenomyomatosis D. WES sign

B. Courvoisier's gallbladder

Which of the following is best described as having two kidney fused on one side of the body? A. Compensatory hypertrophy B. Crossed fused ectopia C. Polyrenia D. Horeshoe kidney

B. Crossed fused ectopia

The spiral valves of Heister may produce posterior shadowing. They are located in the: A. Gallbladder neck B. Cystic duct C. Gallbladder wall D. CBD

B. Cystic duct

Which of the following would not be a typical clinical manifestation of acute pancreatitis? A. Nausea and vomiting B. Decreased lipase C. Elevated amylase D. Back pain

B. Decreased lipase

Which of the following is not typically a sonographic feature of portal hypertension? A. Splenomegaly B. Decreased size of the superior mesenteric vein C. Reversed flow within the coronary vein D. Abdominal varicocities near the splenic hilum

B. Decreased size of the superior mesenteric vein

Upon the sonographic interrogation of the pancreatic body in a 29-year-old male patient complaining of right upper quadrant pain, two parallel echogenic lines are noted within the pancreatic tissue. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for this finding? A. Duct of santorini B. Duct of wirsung C. Chronic pancreatitis D. CBD

B. Duct of wirsung

Which of the following would be considered the most common congenital anomaly of the urinary tract? A. Pelvic kidney B. Duplicated collecting system C. Dromedary hump D. Duplicated renal arteries

B. Duplicated collecting system

The production of gas secondary to bacterial invasion within the gallbladder wall best describes: A. Acute cholecystitis B. Emphysematous cholecystitis C. Courvoisier's gallbladder D. Chronic cholecystitis

B. Emphysematous cholecystitis

Which of the following would not require a sterile technique? A. Thoracentesis B. Endorectal sonogram C. Breast biopsy D. Paracentesis

B. Endorectal sonogram

The form of ascites that may be associated with cancer is referred to as: A. Visceral B. Exhudate C. Tumefactive D. transudate

B. Exhudate

A 34-year-old obese, asymptomatic male patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of elevated liver function labs. Sonographically, the liver appears diffusely echogenic, and the borders of the vessels are difficult to visualize. Which of the following would be the most likely diagnosis? A. Hepatocellular carcinoma B. Fatty infiltration C. Budd-chiari syndrome D. Portal hypertension

B. Fatty infiltration

Which of the following tumors of the liver is often termed the "stealth" lesion of the liver? A. Adenocarcinoma B. Focal nodular hyperplasia C. Cavernous hemangioma D. Hamartoma

B. Focal nodular hyperplasia

Which of the following is associated with azotomia and a distant throat infection? A. Renal cell carcinoma B. Glomerulonephritis C. Renal hamartoma D. Acute renal failure

B. Glomerulonephritis

A history of histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, or sarcoidosis would increase the likelihood of discovery what splenic abnormality? A. Splenic infractions B. Granulomas C. Splenic hematomas D. Hemangiomas

B. Granulomas

Which of the following would be considered the best way to prevent the spread of infection? A. Cleaning the ultrasound machine B. Hand washing C. Covering your mouth when you cough D. Taking vitamins

B. Hand washing

Which of the following would best be described as the gallbladder variant in which there is an out pouching of gallbladder neck? A. Courvoisier gallbladder B. Hartmann's pouch C. Phygian cap D. Junctional fold

B. Hartmann's pouch

Which of the following parts of the pancreas is located right lateral to superior mesenteric vein and anterior to inferior vena cava? A. Tail B. Neck C. Head D. Body

B. Head

A 12-year-old boy presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram after falling from his bike. He is complaining of left upper quadrant pain. Which of the following laboratory values would be most helpful to assess before performing the sonogram? A. Blood Urea Nitrogen B. Hematocrit C. Lactate Dehydrogenase D. Serum Bilirubin

B. Hematocrit

Which of the following is an inherited disease characterized by disproportionate absorption of dietary iron? A. Walburg disease B. Hemochromatosis C. Budd-chiari syndrome D. Beckwith-weidemann syndrome

B. Hemochromatosis

Which of the following hepatic masses would be least likely to appear sonographically as a "halo" or "bulls-eye" lesion? A. Hepatic candidiasis B. Hepatic lipoma C. Hepatoma D. Metastatic liver disease

B. Hepatic lipoma

Blood flow away from the liver is termed A. Hepatopedal B. Hepatofugal C. Hepatotrinsic D. Monophasic

B. Hepatofugal

Which of the following is the malignant mass associated with hepatocellular carcinoma? A. Angioma B. Hepatoma C. Adenoma D. Hemangioma

B. Hepatoma

Which of the following clinical findings would be least likely for the patient presenting with long standing cirrhosis? A. Jaundice B. Hepatomegaly C. Fatigue D. Weight loss

B. Hepatomegaly

Which of the following clinical feature of renal artery stenosis is common among patients? A. Lower abdominal pain that radiates to the shoulders B. Hypertension that does not respond to treatment C. Low blood pressure D. Intermittent diarrhea, constipation, and extreme flatulence

B. Hypertension that does not respond to treatment

All of the following are sonographic criteria for a simple renal cyst except: A. No internal echoes B. Hypoechoic C. Through trnasmission D. Smooth walls

B. Hypoechoic

Compared to the liver, the normal renal cortex should appear more: A. Hyperechoic B. Hypoechoic C. Anechoic D. Echogenic

B. Hypoechoic

Which of the following is the most common sonographic appearance of a pancreatic adenocarcinoma? A. Complex mass in the tail of the pancreas B. Hypoechoic mass in the head of the pancreas C. Cystic mass in the head of the pancreas D. Hypoechoic mass in the tail of the pancreas

B. Hypoechoic mass in the head of the pancreas

Which small segments of the renal arteries travel between the renal pyramids? A. Arcuate B. Interlobar C. Interlobular D. Segmental

B. Interlobar

The abdominal aorta: A. Is intraperitoneal in location, and positioned anterior to the spine, just left of the midline B. Is retroperitoneal in location, and positioned anterior to the spine, just left of the midline C. Is retroperitoneal in location, and positioned anterior to the spine, just right if the midline D. Is intraperitoneal in location, and positioned anterior to the spine, just left of the midline

B. Is retroperitoneal in location, and positioned anterior to the spine, just left of the midline

An 85-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for a right upper quadrant sonogram. He is complaining of pruritus, unexplained weight loss, and abdominal pain. Sonographically, dilated intrahepatic ducts are noted and appear to abruptly terminate at the level of a hypoechoic mass. Which of the following is most likely present based on this patients clinical and sonographic findings? A. Hepatic teratoma B. Klatskin tumor C. Hepatic hemangioma D. Lymphangioma

B. Klatskin tumor

Which of the following is the most common manifestation of cholangiocarcinoma? A. Brenner tumor B. Klatskin tumor C. Sarcoma D. Krukenburg tumor

B. Klatskin tumor

Which vessel can be seen passing between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta in the mid-abdomen? A. Right renal artery B. Left renal vein C. Left renal artery D. Right renal vein

B. Left renal vein

The aorta, the largest artery in the body, originates at the: A. Right atrium of the heart B. Left ventricle of the heart C. Right ventricle of the heart D. Left atrium of the heart

B. Left ventricle of the heart

Normal bowel wall thickness should measure: A. More than 8mm B. Less than 5mm C. More than 10mm D. Less than 3mm

B. Less than 5mm

What structure is located at the anterior border of the caudate lobe? A. Coronary ligament B. Ligamentum venosum C. IVC D. Falciform ligament

B. Ligamentum venosum

Shortly after birth, the ductus venosus collapses and becomes the: A. Ligmentum teres B. Ligmentum venosum C. Coronary ligament D. Falciform ligament

B. Ligmentum venosum

Which vessel supplies the liver with 70% of its total blood supply? A. Hepatic artery B. MPV C. Main hepatic vein D. SMA

B. MPV

Sonographically, several abdominal lymph nodes are noted adjacent to the abdominal aorta. Which of the following would be most indicative of an abnormal lymph node? A. Echogenic hilum B. Measurement of 2cm C. Hypoechoic texture D. Oval shape

B. Measurement of 2cm

The left hepatic vein can be used to separate the: A. Anterior segment of the right lobe from the lateral segment of the right lobe B. Medial segment of the left lobe from the lateral segment of the left lobe C. Anterior segment of the right lobe from the medial segment of the left lobe D. Posterior segment of the right lobe from the anterior segment of the right lobe

B. Medial segment of the left lobe from the lateral segment of the left lobe

Which of the following structures contains the rete testis? A. Tunica vaginalis B. Mediastinum testes C. Vas deferens D. Bulbourethral gland

B. Mediastinum testes

A 38-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department for a renal sonogram with a history of urinary tract infections and renal calculi. Sonographically, the kidneys appear to have echogenic renal pyramids. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these sonographic findings? A. Acute tubular necrosis B. Medullary nephrocalcinosis C. Chronic renal failure D. Multiple renal hemangiomas

B. Medullary nephrocalcinosis

Which of the following is another name for the posterior subhepatic space? A. Murphy's pouch B. Morrison's pouch C. Pouch of douglas D. Lesser sac

B. Morrison's pouch

Which of the following renal disorders it thought to be caused by an early first trimester obstruction of the ureter? A. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease B. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease C. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease D. Tuberous sclerosis

B. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

A mostly anechoic mass is noted on the lower pole of the right kidney in a 42-year-old smoker. Which of the following sonographic findings would be most worrisome for renal cell carcinoma? A. Smooth posterior wall B. Mural nodules C. Acoustic enhancement D. Absent internal debris

B. Mural nodules

All of the following are parts of the epididymis except: A. Head B. Neck C. Body D. Tail

B. Neck

A 17-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for a scrotal sonogram with a history of left testicular pain. Sonographically, there appears to be increased flow within the left testicle. This finding is most indicative of: A. Torsion of the appendix testis B. Orchitis C. Testicular torsion D. Testicular carcinoma

B. Orchitis

Which of the following is a form of thyroid cancer? A. Yolk sac tumor B. Papillary carcinoma C. Cystadenocarcinoma D. Embryonal cell carcinoma

B. Papillary carcinoma

The portion of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavity is referred to as the: A. Visceral peritoneum B. Parietal peritoneum C. Lesser Peritoneum D. Greater peritoneum

B. Parietal peritoneum

A 41-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram with a history of hypertension, headaches, tachycardia, and excessive sweating. A 4 cm echogenic mass in the area of the right adrenal gland is discovered. Which of the following is the most etiology of this mass? A. Hepatoma B. Pheochromocytoma C. Wilm tumor D. Renal cell carcinoma

B. Pheochromocytoma

A 64-year-old patient with shortness of breath and epigastric pain reports to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram. Sonographically, the abdomen appears normal. However, superior to the liver, just above the diaphragm, a triangular appearing anechoic collection is noted. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings? A. Pulmonary sequestration B. Pleural effusion C. Cystic adenomatoid malformation D. Lung carcinoma

B. Pleural effusion

Which of the following is not a typical cause of acute pancreatitis? A. Choledocholithiasis B. Porcelain gallbladder C. Alcoholism D. Trauma

B. Porcelain gallbladder

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting is used to treat: A. Hepatitis B. Portal hypertension C. Budd-chiari syndrome D. Nuremburg syndrome

B. Portal hypertension

Which of the following is the most common cause splenomegaly? A. Splenic rupture B. Portal hypertension C. Splenic infrction D. Lukemia

B. Portal hypertension

Which of the following is not a true statement concerning varicoceles? A. Secondary varicoceles may be associated with hydronephrosis, hepatomegaly, or retroperitoneal neoplasm B. Primary varicoceles are most often found on the right side C. Varcicoles can be proven sonographically using color doppler imaging D. Varicoceles are a common cause of male infertility

B. Primary varicoceles are most often found on the right side

Which of the following is not considered a function of the spleen? A. Hematopoiesis B. Production of bile C. Defense against disease D. Blood reservoir

B. Production of bile

A 13-year-old boy experienced trauma to his abdomen. A CT scan revealed a hematoma in his left psoas muscle. Which of the following positions would be most helpful to analyze the area of the bleed sonographically? A. Supine, Scanning intercostally B. Prone oblique decubitus, using the kidney as an acoustic window C. Supine, after administering a water enema D. Supine, scanning through the distended bladder

B. Prone oblique decubitus, using the kidney as an acoustic window

Sharp pain in the lower back that radiates into the groin that is typically associated with the passage of a urinary stone through the ureter is referred to as: A. Murphy sign B. Renal colic C. Twinkle sign D. McBourney point

B. Renal colic

Which of the following is most likely to be associated with migraine medication use? A. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy B. Retroperitoneal fibrosis C. Renal artery thrombosis D. Abdominal aortic aneurysm

B. Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Which of the following vessels can be used to marks the posterior border of the pancreatic tail and body? A. Superior Mesenteric Vein B. Splenic Vein C. Inferior mesenteric vein D. Splenic artery

B. Splenic Vein

Diffuse involvement of leukemia or lymphoma of the spleen will cause: A. Splenic granulomas B. Splenomegaly C. Splenic infarctions D. Splenic hemangiomas

B. Splenomegaly

Which of the following statements is not true of the adrenal glands? A. The adrenal glands are controlled by hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary gland. B. The adrenal glands are exocrine glands C. The adrenal glands are covered by gerota fascia D. The adrenal glands are retroperitoneal in location

B. The adrenal glands are exocrine glands

Which of the following describes the exocrine function of the pancreas? A. The production of vital hormones, including insulin and glucagon B. The production of digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and sodium bicarbionate C. The production of vital hormones, including epinephrine and aldosterone D. The production of digestive enzymes such as bile and bile acids

B. The production of digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and sodium bicarbionate

Which of the following would be the least likely to result in chronic renal failure? A. Glomerulonephritis B. Transitional cell carcinoma C. Chronic pyelonephritis D. Tuberculosis

B. Transitional cell carcinoma

What is a posteromedial extension of the pancreatic head termed? A. Annular pancreas B. Uncinate process C. Reidel's lobe D. Papillary process

B. Uncinate process

Which of the following would not be considered an extrinsic cause of hydronephrosis? A. Pregnancy B. Ureterocele C. Benign prostatic hypertrophy D. Tubo-ovarian abscess

B. Ureterocele

The diameter of the main portal vein can vary with respiration, though typically it measure less than: A. 4mm in the anteroposterior dimension B. 10mm in the anteroposterior dimension C. 13mm in the anteroposterior dimension D. 8mm in the anteroposterior dimension

C. 13mm in the anteroposterior dimension

Upon the sonographic interrogation of the pancreas in a 34-year-old female patient complaining of epigastric pain, two parallel echogenic lines are noted within the pancreatic tissue. Normally, the measurement of this structure does not exceed: A. 3cm B. 2cm C. 2mm D. 1mm

C. 2mm

The kidneys initially develop within the pelvis and ascend into their normal position by as early as: A. 18 weeks gestation B. 4 weeks gestation C. 9 weeks gestation D. 6 weeks gestation

C. 9 weeks gestation

Which of the following is most likely associated with the chronic use of hemodialysis? A. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease B. Multiple angiomyolipomas C. Acquired renal cystic disease D. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

C. Acquired renal cystic disease

A 33-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram with acute abdominal and back pain, nausea, vomiting, and an elevated amylase. Which of the following is more likely? A. Gastroesophegeal reflux disease B. Cirrhosis C. Acute pancreatitis D. Hepatitis

C. Acute pancreatitis

Which of following is most often associated with Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses? A. Gallbladder carcinoma B. Acaculous cholecystitis C. Adenomyomatosis D. Courvoisier's gallbladder

C. Adenomyomatosis

An abdominal sonogram is ordered on a 1-day-old baby who has history of hypotension and a low hematocrit. Sonographically, a heterogenous mass is noted in the area of the left adrenal gland. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings? A. Infantile polycystic kidney disease B. Neuroblastoma C. Adrenal hemorrhage D. Pheochromocytoma

C. Adrenal hemorrhage

Which of the following adrenal abnormality would be the most likely cause of hypotention and a decreased hematocrit in the newborn? A. Adrenal adenoma B. Nephroblastoma C. Adrenal hemorrhage D. Adrenal cyst

C. Adrenal hemorrhage

The most common cause of cirrhosis is: A. Cholangitis B. Hemochromatosis C. Alcoholism D. Pancreatitis

C. Alcoholism

Which of the following liver abnormalities does not typically appear as a solid, hyperechoic mass? A. Hepatic lipoma B. Cavernous hemangioma C. Amebic hepatic abscess D. Hepatic metastasis

C. Amebic hepatic abscess

Which of the following measurement is most indicative of thyroid enlargement? A. A thyroid lobe that measures greater than 2cm in length B. A thyroid lobe that measures greater than 1cm in thickness C. An isthmus that measures greater than 10mm D. An isthmus that measures greater than 4mm

C. An isthmus that measures greater than 10mm

A patient is seen for a sonogram of the neck after a mass is discovered on the isthmus of her thyroid during a CT scan. Which of the following would be least helpful in the analysis of this mass sonographically? A. A higher frequency transducer B. A standoff pad C. And increase in probe pressure D. More acoustic gel

C. And increase in probe pressure

Which of the following is a cancer of the lining of blood vessels? A. Papillary carcinoma B. Cholangiocarcinoma C. Angiosarcoma D. Choriocarcinoma

C. Angiosarcoma

Which of the following would be considered a primary malignancy of the spleen? A. Rhabdomyoma B. Ganglioma C. Angiosarcoma D. Hemangioma

C. Angiosarcoma

Which of the following may also be referred to as adult polycystic kidney disease? A. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease B. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease C. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease D. Acquired renal cystic disease

C. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

The first main visceral branch of the abdominal aorta, just below the diaphragm is the: A. Renal arteries B. Hepatic arteries C. Celiac arteries D. SMA

C. Celiac arteries

A 44-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a right upper quadrant sonogram with a complaint of epigastric pain. The sonographic evaluation of the liver reveals an isoechoic mass within the right lobe that is difficult to image and discern its borders. You suspect that the mass is focal nodular hyperplasia. Which of the following sonographic findings would be most indicative of focal nodular hyperplasia? A. Lack of internal vascularity B. Abnormal borders C. Central scar D. Metastases

C. Central scar

Which of the following is more likely to be associated with pruritus? A. Hepatitis B. Choledochal cyst C. Cholangiocarcinoma D. Hepatocellular carcinoma

C. Cholangiocarcinoma

A right upper quadrant sonogram is ordered for a 4-day-old newborn female patient. She has signs of jaundice, irritability suggesting abdominal pain, and fever. The sonographic findings include a fusiform cystic mass in the area of the porta hepatis and biliary dilatation is noted. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Cholangiocarcinoma B. Pancreatic psuedocyst C. Choledochal cyst D. Biliary atresia

C. Choledochal cyst

Which of the following is the considered to be the most likely cause of obstructive jaundice? A. Pancreatitis B. Pancreatic carcinoma C. Cholelithiasis D. Cholecystitis

C. Cholelithiasis

Which of the following would be most likely associated with hyperkalemia? A. Medullary nephrocalcinosis B. Nephroblastoma C. Chronic renal failure D. Hyperparathyroidism

C. Chronic renal failure

Which of the following is defined as hepatocyte death, fibrosis and necrosis of the liver, and the subsequent development of regenerating nodules? A. Hepatitis B. Portal hypertension C. Cirrhosis D. Hepatocellular carcinoma

C. Cirrhosis

Which of the following typically has a high-resistant wave form pattern? A. Renal arteries B. Celiac arteries C. Common iliac artery D. Common hepatic artery

C. Common iliac artery

Which of the following results from high levels of aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex? A. Klinefelter syndrome B. Cushing syndrome C. Conn syndrome D. Marfan syndrome

C. Conn syndrome

Which of the following clinical findings is not suggestive of a hydatid liver cyst? A. Recent trip to a sheep-or-cattle raising country B. Leukocytosis C. Elevation in alpha-fetoprotien D. Sligh raise in alkaline phosphatase

C. Elevation in alpha-fetoprotien

Which of the sequela of acute cholecystitis would be most likely discovered in a diabetic patient? A. Gallbladder hydrops B. Acalclous cholecystitis C. Emphysematous cholecystits D. Diabetic cholecystitis

C. Emphysematous cholecystits

Which of the following would most likely not sonographically appear as small, echogenic kidneys? A. Chronic pyelonephritis B. Chronic glomerulonephritis C. Emphysematous pyelonephritis D. Chronic renal failure

C. Emphysematous pyelonephritis

Which of the following is not a common fluid collection following a renal transplant? A. Lymphocele B. Urinoma C. Empyoma D. Hematoma

C. Empyoma

Which of the following clinical findings is not consistent with the diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease? A. Hypertension B. Hematuria C. Epilepsy D. Palpable abdominal mass

C. Epilepsy

Which of the following is considered to be a function of the spleen during fetal development? A. Maintaining equilibrium B. Production of hepatocytes C. Erythropoeisis D. Production of nanocytes

C. Erythropoeisis

Which of the following is not true of focal fatty sparing? A. Focal fatty sparing is often noted adjacent to the gallbladder B. Focal fatty sparing may mimic pericholecystic fluid C. Focal fatty sparing appears as an echogenic area D. Focal fatty sparing will not produce mass effect

C. Focal fatty sparing appears as an echogenic area

A 69-year-old male patient with a history of a 1.5 cm solitary gallbladder polyp presents to the ultrasound department complaining of weight loss, jaundice, and right upper quadrant pain. A follow-up sonogram of the gallbladder exhibits a 4 cm irregular mass that partially fills the gallbladder. Which of the following is most likely? A. Courvoisier's gallbladder B. Porcelain gallbladder C. Gallbladder carcinoma D. Cholelithiasis

C. Gallbladder carcinoma

Which of the following is considered to be the most common form of biliary tract cancer? A. Klatskin tumor B. Brenner tumor C. Gallbladder carcinoma D. Cholangiocarcinoma

C. Gallbladder carcinoma

The patient with acalculous cholecystitis would have sonographic findings that included all of the following except: A. Gallbladder wall thickening B. Pericholecystic fluid C. Gallstones D. Murphy's sign

C. Gallstones

Which of the following is considered an islet cell tumor of the pancreas? A. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma B. Hypernephroma C. Gastrinoma D. Pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma

C. Gastrinoma

Which of the following tumors is associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? A. Wilm's tumor B. Insulinoma C. Gastrinoma D. Focal Nodular Hyperplasia

C. Gastrinoma

Which of the following would typically be considered a benign abdominal mass? A. Hepatoma B. Cholangiocarcinoma C. Gastrinoma D. Angiosarcoma

C. Gastrinoma

Renal artery stenosis is diagnosed sonographically when the renal:artery ratio is: A. Less than 3.0 B. Less than 1.2 C. Greater than 3.5 D. Greater than 2.0

C. Greater than 3.5

All of the following are parts of the gallbladder except: A. Body B. Fundus C. Head D. Neck

C. Head

Which of the following sections of the pancreas would be considered the most common location of pancreatic carcinoma? A. Body B. Neck C. Head D. Tail

C. Head

A 32-year-old female patient presents with a liver mass. She states that she has been using oral contraceptives for over 13 years. Which of the following would be most likely associated with oral contraceptive use? A. Onocytoma B. Adenomyomatosis C. Hepatic adenoma D. Hepatic lipoma

C. Hepatic adenoma

What hepatic abnormality may be discovered in the immunocompromised patient? A. Hepatic adenoma B. Focal nodular carcinoma C. Hepatic candidiasis D. Amebic hepatic abscess

C. Hepatic candidiasis

Which of the following liver disorders is associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease? A. Portal vein thrombosis B. Hepatitis C. Hepatic cysts D. Hepatocellular carcinoma

C. Hepatic cysts

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the hepatic veins? A. The hepatic veins increase in size as they approach the diaphragm B. Enlargement of the hepatic veins is seen in right-sided heart abnormalities C. Hepatic veins have a monophasic blood flow pattern D. Occlusion of the hepatic veins is seen with Budd-Chiari syndrome

C. Hepatic veins have a monophasic blood flow pattern

A 44-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram complaining of fever, chills, dark urine, elevated liver function tests, and jaundice? Sonographically, the echogenicity of the portal vein walls appear increases, while the liver appears enlarged, and diffusely hypoechoic. The gallbladder wall also appears thickened. Which of the following would be most likely? A. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease B. Hemochromatosis C. Hepatitis D. Hepatocellular carcinoma

C. Hepatitis

Which of the following is the malignant pediatric form of liver disease and is considered to be the most common malignant tumor of childhood? A. Cholangiocarcinoma B. Leukemia C. Hepatoblastoma D. Neuroblastoma

C. Hepatoblastoma

The hepatoma is another name for: A. Hemangioma B. Focal nodular hyperplasia C. Hepatocellular carcinoma D. Oncytoma

C. Hepatocellular carcinoma

Which of the following is the most common primary form of liver cancer? A. Angiosarcoma B. Hepatic cystadenocarcinoma C. Hepatocellular carcinoma D. Metastasis

C. Hepatocellular carcinoma

Which of the following would be a sonographic sign of portal hypertension? A. Hepatopetal flow within the hepatic artery B. Hepatofugal flow within the hepatic veins C. Hepatofugal flow within the main portal vein D. Hepatopetal flow within the main portal vein

C. Hepatofugal flow within the main portal vein

Normal flow within the portal veins is said to be: A. Multiphasic B. Triphasic C. Hepatopetal D. Hepatofugal

C. Hepatopetal

Which of the following not a typical sonographic findings consistent with Grave disease? A. Enlarged gland B. Heterogeneous echo texture C. Hypoemic flow D. Thyroid inferno

C. Hypoemic flow

Which of the following is not a typical sonographic feature of a benign thyroid nodule? A. Extensive cystic components B. Hyperechoic mass C. Internal microcalcifications D. "Eggshell" calcifications

C. Internal microcalcifications

Which layer of the arterial wall is typically disturbed in cases of dissection? A. Media B. Myocardium C. Intima D. Adventitia

C. Intima

The left gonadal vein attaches directly to the: A. Anterior aspect of the IVC B. Posteror aspect of the IVC C. Left renal vein D. SMV

C. Left renal vein

A 26-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a right upper quadrant sonogram with a history of acute pancreatitis two months earlier. The sonogram was ordered to follow-up a peripancreatitc fluid collection suggestive of a pancreatic pseudocyst. Where is the most common location of a pancreatic pseudocyst? A. Glisson capsule B. Morrison pouch C. Lesser sac D. Duodenum

C. Lesser sac

Abnormal elevation in which of the following serum laboratory tests appears to be more indicative of acute pancreatitis? A. Insulin B. Amylase C. Lipase D. Sodium bicarbonate

C. Lipase

Which of the following forms of metastatic liver disease would most likely appear as a "target" or "bull's eye" lesion? A. Brain B. Bladder metastisis C. Lung metastisis D. Pancreatic metastisis

C. Lung metastisis

Which of the following is considered to be the most common malignancy of the spleen? A. Angiosarcoma B. Hemangioma C. Lymphoma D. Leukemia

C. Lymphoma

Patients who undergo long term use of hemodialysis have an increased risk of developing all of the following except: A. Acquired renal cystic disease B. Renal cell carcinoma C. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease D. Renal cysts

C. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease

Pancreatic mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is most often discovered in the: A. Pancreatic accessory duct B. Pancreatic neck and head C. Pancreatic body and tail D. Main pancreatic duct

C. Pancreatic body and tail

The procedure that uses a needle to drain fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons is referred to as: A. Abdominal biopsy B. Thoracentesis C. Paracentesis D. Fine needle aspiration

C. Paracentesis

A renal sonogram is ordered on a newborn male patient with a history of urinary tract infection. The sonogram reveals an anechoic tube that extends from the umbilicus to the apex of the urinary bladder. Which of the following is most likely? A. Neurogenic bladder B. Duplicated urinary bladder C. Patent urachus D. Bladder polyp

C. Patent urachus

A 55-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram. While scanning her left upper quadrant, the spleen appears normal, and yet the left kidney is not seen. You suspect an ectopic kidney. Which of the following locations would be the most likely location for her left kidney? A. Chest B. Right side C. Pelvis D. Midline

C. Pelvis

Which of the following renal cyst locations could be confused for hydronephrosis? A. Cortical B. Exophytic C. Peripelvic D. Parapelvic

C. Peripelvic

Which of the following masses would most likely be discovered in the adrenal gland? A. Hamartoma B. Lymphocele C. Pheochromocytoma D. Insulinoma

C. Pheochromocytoma

Which of the following terms is defined as a peripancreatic fluid collection that results from the inflammation of the pancreas? A. Zollinger-ellison syndrome B. Follicular fluid C. Phlegmon D. Insulinoma

C. Phlegmon

Which of the following would best be described as the gallbladder variant in which the fundus is folded onto itself? A. Courvoisier gallbladder B. Hartmann's pouch C. Phrygian cap D. Junctional fold

C. Phrygian cap

Which of the following would be best described as the calcification of all or part of the gallbladder wall? A. Cholesterolosis B. Courvoisier gallbladder C. Porcelain gallbladder D. Leche gallbladder

C. Porcelain gallbladder

All of the following are complications of a liver transplant except: A. Hepatic artery stenosis B. Hepatic artery thrombosis C. Portal artery occlusion D. Cholangitis

C. Portal artery occlusion

A 49-year-old female alcoholic patient presents to the ultrasound department for a liver sonogram with a history of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. She complains of abdominal pain, elevated liver function tests, and nausea and vomiting. Within the area of the porta hepatis, a mesh of tiny blood vessels are noted. What is the most likely cause for this finding? A. Amebic hepatic abscess B. Hepatitis C. Portal vein thrombosis D. Choledochalithiasis

C. Portal vein thrombosis

Which peritoneal cavity space is located posterior to the uterus and anterior to the rectum? A. Morrison's pouch B. Vesicouterine pouch C. Pouch of douglas D. Anterior cul-de-sac

C. Pouch of douglas

Which of the following is caused by megacystis and results in a lack of or abnormally formed abdominal wall musculature? A. Vesicoureteral reflux B. Anterior urethral valves C. Prune belly syndrome D. Ambigous genitalia

C. Prune belly syndrome

The typical position for scanning the spleen is: A. Prone B. LLD C. RLD D. Upright

C. RLD

Transitional cell carcinoma of the kidney is most often located in the: A. Renal cortex B. Renal pyramid C. Renal pelvis D. Reanl calyx

C. Renal pelvis

A patient presents with clinical findings highly suggestive of cirrhosis. The liver appears diffusely echogenic, but no ascites is seen. Which of the following would be most helpful in confirming the presence of cirrhosis? A. Perform the examination with a low-frequency transducer for increased penetration B. Elevate the liver postprandial C. Scanning the liver surface with a high-frequency linear transducer D. Have the patient perform the valsalva maneuver while analyzing the portal veins

C. Scanning the liver surface with a high-frequency linear transducer

Which of the following would be considered the most common testicular malignancy? A. Choriocarcinoma B. Yolk sac tumor C. Seminoma D. Metastic disease

C. Seminoma

Which of the following is an enzyme, produced by the pancreas, which neutralizes stomach acids? A. Glucagon B. Lipase C. Sodium bicarbionate D. Amylase

C. Sodium bicarbionate

Because of its similar course within the body, which vascular structure may be confused for a prominent main pancreatic duct? A. SMV B. Hepatic artery C. Splenic artery D. Inferior mesenteric vein

C. Splenic artery

Which of the following is a feasible acoustic window for analyzing the pancreas tail? A. Right kidney B. Caudate lobe of the liver C. Splenic hilum D. Right lobe of the liver

C. Splenic hilum

A 64-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram with a history of lymphoma and a sudden onset of left upper quadrant pain. Sonographically, a wedge-shaped hypoechioc mass is discovered within the splenic parenchyma. Which of the following would be most likely? A. Splenic metastasis B. Splenic hemangioma C. Splenic infarct D. Splenic cyst

C. Splenic infarct

Which of the following structures is not considered to be a retroperitoneal organ? A. Ovaries B. IVC C. Stomach D. Uterus

C. Stomach

Universal or standard precautions apply to all of the following except: A. Pleural fluid B. Blood C. Sweat D. Non-intact skin

C. Sweat

Which of the following would be described as a benign tumor that consist of all three germ cell layers? A. Angiomyolipoma B. Pheochromocytoma C. Teratoma D. Hamartoma

C. Teratoma

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the hepatic artery? A. The hepatic artery takes a course anterior to the main portal vein in the porta hepatitis B. The common hepatic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk, the first main branch of the abdominal aorta C. The normal high resistance flow pattern of the hepatic artery can be noted with doppler imaging D. The common hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to the liver from the abdominal aorta

C. The normal high resistance flow pattern of the hepatic artery can be noted with doppler imaging

Which of the following is true of the neonatal adrenal glands? A. They are located medial to the lower pole of the kidneys B. They may enlarge and cause hydronephrosis C. They may spontaneously hemorrhage in stressed neonates D. They are not easily imaged

C. They may spontaneously hemorrhage in stressed neonates

Which of the following would be considered one of the most common nosocomial infections? A. Tuberculosis B. AIDS C. UTI D. Hepatitis B

C. UTI

Which of the following is the most common cause of congenital hydronephrosis in infants and children? A. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma B. Vesicoureteral reflux C. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction D. Ureterovessicular junction obstruction

C. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

A 2-day-old baby boy presents to the ultrasound department for a renal sonogram for suspected posterior urethral valves. In the presence of this disorder, which of the following would most likely be distended? A. Urinary bladder B. Urethra and urinary bladder C. Urinary bladder, both kidneys, both ureters D. Both kidneys and urinary bladder

C. Urinary bladder, both kidneys, both ureters

A 39-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for a gallbladder sonogram with a history of intermittent postprandial right upper quadrant pain. Sonographically, in the gallbladder fossa, there appears to be extensive shadowing and only visualization of the anterior gallbladder wall. This situation describes: A. Courcoisier gallbladder B. Acute cholecystitis C. WES Sign D. Gangrenous cholecystitis

C. WES sign

A 35-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram with severe right lower quadrant pain, nausea, and vomiting. Which of the following is most likely? A. Pelvic inflammatory disease B. Intussusception C. testicular torsion D. Acute appendicitis

D. Acute appendicitis

Which of the following would be the least likely differential diagnosis for pyloric stenosis? A. Malrotation of the midgut B. Pylorospasm C. Gastroesophagreal reflux D. Acute appendicitis

D. Acute appendicitis

Which of the following would be most likely associated with bacteruria? A. Dehydration B. Renal adenoma C. Renal infarction D. Acute pyelonephritis

D. Acute pyelonephritis

A 48-year-old obese female patient presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram with a history of hypertension and hyperglycemia. Incidentally noted is a hypoechoic mass located between the upper pole of the right kidney and the inferior vena cava. Which of the following would be most likely? A. Neuroblastoma B. Pheochromocytoma C. Adrenal cyst D. Adrenal adenoma

D. Adrenal adenoma

Bile travels from the common bile duct toward the duodenum, where it meets the main pancreatic duct at the: A. Duct of wirsung B. Duct of santorini C. Sphincter of Oddi D. Ampulla of vater

D. Ampulla of vater

Which of the following would be considered to be the most common cause of an abdominal aortic aneurysm? A. Syphillis B. Infection C. Trauma D. Atherosclerosis

D. Atherosclerosis

Acute pyelonephritis is most often the result of: A. Bacteria that is spread through the lymphatic system to the kidney B. Bacteria accumulation in the kidney as a result of alcohol abuse C. Bacteria that is the result of trauma to the kidney D. Bacteria that is spread to the kidney from the lower urinary tract

D. Bacteria that is spread to the kidney from the lower urinary tract

Which of the following laboratory values would be most likely elevated in the presence of renal failure? A. Alkaline phosphatase B. Hematocrit C. Alpha-fetoprotein D. Blood urea nitrogen

D. Blood urea nitrogen

Hepatomas that invade the hepatic veins causing narrowing of the hepatic veins, with subsequent tumor invasion into the inferior vena cava can produce symptoms of: A. Stein-Leventhal syndrome B. Conn syndrome C. Cushing syndrome D. Budd-Chiari syndrome

D. Budd-Chiari syndrome

Which of the following is described as the occlusion of the hepatic veins, with possible coexisting occlusion of the inferior vena cava? A. Meigs syndrome B. Cushings syndrome C. Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome D. Budd-Chiari syndrome

D. Budd-Chiari syndrome

A 59-year-old patient with known hepatocellular carcinoma presents to the ultrasound department for a liver sonogram with upper abdominal pain and splenomegaly. Upon ultrasound examination of the liver, the hepatic veins are not visualized and color Doppler yield evidence of absent flow in the area of the hepatic veins. Which of the following would be the most likely cause for these clinical and sonographic findings? A. Portal vein thrombosis B. Portal hypertension C. Hepatitis D. Budd-chiari syndrome

D. Budd-chiari syndrome

Which of the following is the most common sonographic appearance of hepatic candidiasis? A. Solid, Hypoechoic mass B. Solid, Echogenic mass C. Water lily lesion D. Bull's eye lesion

D. Bull's eye lesion

Cancer of the biliary tree is termed: A. Transitional cell carcinoma B. Cystadenocarcinoma C. Choriocarcinoma D. Cholangiocarcinoma

D. Cholangiocarcinoma

A 35-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department following a cholecystectomy for gallstones. He complains of epigastric pain and nausea, and has an elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Sonographically, the common duct measures 10 mm at the level of the porta hepatic. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these sonographic and clinical findings? A. Liver hematoma B. Acute cholecystitis C. Pancreatic pseudocyst formation D. Choledocholithiasis

D. Choledocholithiasis

A 56-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for a screening sonogram of his abdominal aorta. Incidentally noted during the examination is a small, heterogenous pancreas that contains multiple calcifications and a prominent main pancreatic duct. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings? A. Focal Acute pancreatitis B. Multiple islet cell tumors C. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma D. Chronic pancreatits

D. Chronic pancreatits

Which of the following is the most common cause of portal hypertension? A. Chronic renal failure B. Elevated systemic blood pressure C. Hepatocellular carcinoma D. Cirrhosis

D. Cirrhosis

Which of the following locations is the most common location for a gallstone to become lodged and consequently cause obstructive jaundice? A. Common hepatic duct segment near the gallbladder B. Junction of the right and left hepatic ducts C. Common bile duct segment near the gallbadder D. Common biled duct segment near the ampulla of vater

D. Common biled duct segment near the ampulla of vater

Which of the following is typically not a clinical finding in a patient who has portal vein thrombosis? A. Hypovolemia B. Low-Grade fever C. Leukocytosis D. Decreased liver function tests

D. Decreased liver function tests

Which of the following would be considered the most common cause of chronic renal failure? A. Renal artery stenosis B. Renal vein thrombosis C. Acute tubular necrosis D. Diabetes mellitus

D. Diabetes mellitus

Which of the following is not true of hepatic cysts? A. Hepatic cysts are often asymptomatic B. Clusters of hepatic cysts may appear as a single complex cyst C. Hepatic cysts are often seen in the presence of renal cysts D. Elevated liver function tests are often caused by hepatic cysts

D. Elevated liver function tests are often caused by hepatic cysts

Which of the following sonographic findings is not indicative of chronic pancreatitis? A. Hetrogeneous pancreas B. Calcifications within the parenchyma of the organ C. Dilated pancreatic duct D. Enlarged pancreas

D. Enlarged pancreas

Which hormone is not produced by the adrenal cortex? A. Androgens B. Aldosterone C. Cortisol D. Epinephrine

D. Epinephrine

Which of the following hormones may actually cause a cavernous hemangioma of the liver to increase in size? A. Lutenizing Hormone B. Aldosterone C. Testosterone D. Estrogen

D. Estrogen

Which of the following statements is not true concerning fatty infiltration of the liver? A. Patients may present with elevated liver function tests with a fatty liver B. Fatty liver can be caused by alcohol abuse C. Fatty liver may be caused by a glycogen storage disease D. Fatty liver is an irreversible disorder characterized by deposits of fat within the hepatocytes

D. Fatty liver is an irreversible disorder characterized by deposits of fat within the hepatocytes

Which of the following tumors is considered to be the second most common liver tumor? A. Hepatic hamartoma B. Cavernous hemangioma C. Hepatoma D. Focal nodular hyperplasia

D. Focal nodular hyperplasia

A 35-year-old patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of testicular cancer. Which of the following is not typically a primary cancer of the testicle? A. Seminoma B. Embryonal cell carcinoma C. Choriocarcinoma D. Follicular carcinoma

D. Follicular carcinoma

An 83-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a right upper quadrant sonogram with a history of unexplained weight loss, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain, and jaundice. The sonographic findings include a hypoechoic mass partially filling the gallbladder lumen that measures approximately 3 cm. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis based on these sonographic and clinical findings? A. Porcelain gallbladder B. Gallbladder hydrops C. Courvoisier's gallbladder D. Gallbladder carcinoma

D. Gallbladder carcinoma

Which of the following statements is not true concerning pancreatic islet cell tumors? A. Insulinomas are usually solitary, while gastrinomas are often multiple and difficult to image B. The functional gastrinomas can produce zollinger-ellison syndrome C. The most common sonographic appearance of an islet cell tumor is that of a small, hypoechoic mass that may contain calcifications D. Gastrinomas are more common than insulinomas

D. Gastrinomas are more common than insulinomas

Which of the following blood vessels supplies blood to the head of the pancreas? A. Coronary artery B. Pancreatic artery C. Splenic artery D. Gastroduodenal artery

D. Gastroduodenal artery

Which of the following tumors consists of a group of small blood vessels? A. Hepatic adenoma B. Hamartoma C. Hematoma D. Hemangioma

D. Hemangioma

A 22-year-old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for a liver sonogram with a history of a recent motor vehicle collision. He is complaining of right upper quadrant pain. Which laboratory finding would be most helpful to evaluate before performing this examination? A. Alkaline phosphatase B. Blood urea nitrogen C. Lactate dehydrogenase D. Hematocrit

D. Hematocrit

Which of the following statements is not true concerning the hepatocellular adenoma? A. Hepatic adenomas are linked with the use of oral contraception B. Hepatic adenomas may appear hypoechoic C. Hepatic adenomas do have the propensity to become malignant D. Hepatic adenomas cause RUQ pain

D. Hepatic adenomas cause RUQ pain

Which of the following is a result of a fungal disease invading the liver parenchyma? A. Hepatic hematoma B. Pheochromocytoma C. Pyogenic hepatic abscess D. Hepatic candidiasis

D. Hepatic candidiasis

Which of the following liver tumors would be the most likely result of abdominal surgery or trauma? A. Focal nodular hyperplasia B. Hepatic adenoma C. Hepatic lipoma D. Hepatic hematoma

D. Hepatic hematoma

Which of the following would not be a common cause of common bile duct obstruction? A. Choledocholithiasis B. Pancreatic carcinoma C. Chronic pancreatitis D. Hepatitis

D. Hepatitis

A 49-year-old alcoholic male patient presents to the sonography department for a right upper quadrant sonogram with a history of long standing cirrhosis. He complains of unexplained weight loss and fever. The sonographic findings include a small, echogenic right lobe of the liver containing a solid 4 cm hypoechoic mass. Which of the following would be most likely? A. Hepatic adenoma B. Cavernous hemangioma C. Metastasis D. Hepatoma

D. Hepatoma

Which of the following is not typically a clinical feature of Conn syndrome? A. Excessive urination B. Low levels of potassium in the blood C. Hypertension D. Hirsutism

D. Hirsutism

Which of the following is diagnosed by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells? A. Leukemia B. Non-Hodgkin leukemia C. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma D. Hodgkin lymphoma

D. Hodgkin lymphoma

The testicular choriocacinoma is associated with an elevation of what laboratory value? A. Hematocrit B. Hemoglobin C. Blood urea nitrogen D. Human chronic gonadotropin

D. Human chronic gonadotropin

The most common cause of vesicoureteral reflux disease in children is: A. Absent proximal ureter B. Absent valve at the ureteropelvic junction C. Duplicated collecting system D. Incompetent valve at the ureterovesicular junction

D. Incompetent valve at the ureterovesicular junction

Mycotic aneurysms are associated with: A. Arteriosclerosis B. Hiatal hernias C. Trauma D. Infection

D. Infection

Which of the following statements is true concerning invasive procedures? A. Clinical assessment should only be performed after the procedure B. Sonographers can perform invasive procedures C. Biopsies should never be performed using a freehand technique D. Informed consent from the Pt must be obtained

D. Informed consent from the Pt must be obtained

The endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by the: A. Pancreacytes B. Kupfer cells C. Acinar cells D. Islets of langerhans

D. Islets of langerhans

Which of the following would be least likely to sonographically appear as an enlarged kidney? A. Duplicated collecting system B. Crossed fused ectopia C. Compensatory hypertrophy D. Junctional parenchymal defect

D. Junctional parenchymal defect

A 50-year-old male patient with a history of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease presents to the ultrasound department for an abdominal sonogram. Which of the following should be closely evaluated for concurrent disease? A. Gastroesophageal junction B. Uterus C. Ovaries D. Liver

D. Liver

Which muscles are located posterior to each thyroid lobe? A. Sternocleidomastoid muscles B. Esophageal muscles C. Strap muscles D. Longus colli muscles

D. Longus colli muscles

Which of the following would be considered the more common form of metastatic liver disease? A. Pancreatic carcinoma B. Gallbladder carcinoma C. Hepatocellular carcinoma D. Lung carcinoma

D. Lung carcinoma

What abnormality is diagnosed sonographically by identifying an abnormal relationship between the superior mesenteric artery and superior mesenteric vein? A. pyloric stenosis B. Gastric carcinoma C. Chron disease D. Malrotation of the midgut

D. Malrotation of the midgut

An 88-year-old immunocompromised patient presents to the ultrasound department for a liver sonogram with a history of right upper quadrant pain, fever, and hepatomegaly. Sonographically, multiple hyperechoic masses with hypoechoic borders are noted throughout the liver. Which of the following would be most likely? A. Multiple cavernous hemangiomas B. Multiple hydatid liver cysts C. Multiple amebic hepatic abscesses D. Multiple fungal candidiasis

D. Multiple fungal candidiasis

Which of the following is a benign renal mass that often contains a stellate central scar? A. Renal hemangioma B. Hypernephroma C. Transitional cell carcinoma D. Onocytoma

D. Onocytoma

Which of the following would be least likely to increase the likelihood of developing renal cell carcinoma? A. Acquired renal cystic disease B. Smoking C. Long term dialysis D. Oral contraceptives

D. Oral contraceptives

Which of the following locations of a renal cyst would originates in the renal parenchyma and protrudes into the renal sinus? A. Cortical B. Peripelvic C. Exophytic D. Parapelvic

D. Parapelvic

Which of the following masses is most often associated with uncontrollable hypertension? A. Thyroid adenoma B. focal nodular hyperplasia C. Oncocytoma D. Pheochromocytoma

D. Pheochromocytoma

Which of the following is often noted in conjunction with lung consolidation? A. Pulmonary sequestration B. Pericardial hematoma C. Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease D. Pleural effusion

D. Pleural effusion

Which of the following clinical findings would be least likely discovered in the infant suffering from hypertrophic pyloric stenosis? A. Dehydration B. Weight loss C. Olive sign D. Red current jelly stools

D. Red current jelly stools

A 32-year-old male patient with a history of renal stones within the left kidney presents to the ultrasound department following lithotripsy. He is complaining of hematuria and left flank pain. Sonographically, there appears to be a complex appearing fluid surrounding the left kidney. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this finding? A. Renal rupture B. Acute renal failure C. Renal stones D. Renal Hematoma

D. Renal Hematoma

Which of the following is the collecting place for urine before it enters the ureter? A. Renal major calyx B. Ranal cortex C. Renal pyramid D. Renal pelvis

D. Renal pelvis

In the differentiation of renal masses, which of the following would be the most helpful sonographic feature of a renal abscess? A. Acoustic enhancement B. Edge artifact C. Mirror image artifact D. Reverberation artifact

D. Reverberation artifact

Enlargement of the hepatic veins may be associated with: A. Left-sided heart failure B. Budd-chiari syndrome C. Fatty infiltration D. Right-sided heart failure

D. Right-sided heart failure

A 58-year-old female patient presents to the ultrasound department for a renal sonogram with a history of chronic renal failure. Which of the following sonographic findings would be most likely? A. Enlarged, Echogenic kidneys B. Enlarged, Hypoechoic kidneys C. Small, Hypoechoic kidneys D. Small, Echogenic kidneys

D. Small, Echogenic kidneys

Which of the following techniques would be most beneficial in scanning the right kidney? A. Prone B. RLD C. Suipine, scanning intercostally D. Supine, using the liver as an acoustic window

D. Supine, using the liver as an acoustic window

Patients who have cryptorchidism have an increased risk for: A. Hiatal hernia B. Metastatic disease C. Polyorchidism D. Testicular malignancy

D. Testicular malignancy

Which of the following is not a true statement concerning the nephroblastoma? A. Nephroblastomas are typically discovered before the age of 5, with a mean age of 3 B. the Nephroblastoma is the most common solid malignant pediatric abdominal mass C. Patients with Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome have an increased risk to develop the Nephroblastoma D. The Nephroblastoma is a benign pediatric renal tumor

D. The Nephroblastoma is a benign pediatric renal tumor

Which of the following statements is not true of renal transplants? A. The resistive indices should be 0.6 to 0.8 and anything over 0.9 is considered abnormal B. Spectral analysis of the interlobar arteries should be obtained in the upper, mid , and lower regions of the kidney C. The renal vein should demonstrate normal continuous flow away from the kidney D. The normal waveform of the renal artery branches should yield high resistance with continuous diastolic flow

D. The normal waveform of the renal artery branches should yield high resistance with continuous diastolic flow

Which of the following is true of the neonatal adrenal glands? A. They may enlarge and cause hydronephrosis B. They are located medial to the lower pole of the kidneys C. They are not easily enlarged D. They may spontaneously hemorrhage in stressed neonates

D. They may spontaneously hemorrhage in stressed neonates

What test is conducted to investigate for a torn Achilles tendon? A. Baker B. Murphy C. McBourney D. Thompson

D. Thompson

Which of the following can help in evaluating the patient with suspected urinary obstruction? A. Upright scanning B. Valsalva maneuver C. Thompson test D. Urinary jets

D. Urinary jets

Which of the following is an inherited disorder characterized by tumors of the central nervous system and orbits and also renal cystic disease? A. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome B. Klinefelter syndrome C. Thompson syndrome D. Von hippel-Lindau syndrome

D. Von hippel-Lindau syndrome

Which of the following is best described as a hereditary disease that leads to the development of cysts within the pancreas and other organs? A. Medullary nephrocalcinosis B. Pancreatic cystadenoma C. Zollinger-ellison disease D. Von hippel-lindau disease

D. Von hippel-lindau disease

Which of the following is not considered a common clinical feature associated with metastatic liver disease? A. Jaundice B. Hepatomegaly C. RUQ pain D. Weight gain

D. Weight gain

Which of the following testicular tumor is associated with an elevation in alpha-fetoprotein? A. Dermoid cyst B. Spermatocele C. Teratoma D. Yolk sac tumor

D. Yolk sac tumor