Abdomen Midterm

The retromammary layer is sonographically imaged as: A) hyperechoic B) dense C) hypoechoic D) high reflectivity

C) hypoechoic

--- is also known as intraductal carcinoma. Characterized by the excessive growth of abnormal epithelial cells within the duct. Have not spread through the walls of the duct. Confined to the duct. High cure rate.

Ductal Carcinoma in Situ

-- is a small benign tumor that grows within the acini of the breast. The predominant symptom is nipple discharge with fullness or pain in the areola. "raspberry like" configuration on mammogram. Has vascular stalk.

Intraductal Papilloma

Second most common type of invasive tumor, accounting for 10% to 15% of all breast cancers.

Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

Hard lump of tissue in breast is usually -

Phyllodes tumor

-- are rare benign neoplasm of the breast but the most frequent sarcoma of the breast. On sonogram, large, hypoechoic tumor with well defined margins and DECREASED through transmission.

Phyllodes tumor cystosarcoma phyllodes

The typical range for diagnostic ultrasound imaging is: a. 2 MHz- 15 MHz b. 10 kHz- 20 MHz c. 20 Hz- 20,000 Hz

a. 2 MHz- 15 MHz

The mid portion of the right medial and left lateral breast would be annotated as which of the following? a. 3:00 b. 6:00 c. 9:00 d. 12:00

a. 3:00

The approximate dimensions of the thyroid gland are: a. 5 cm length, 2 cm width, 2 cm depth b. 4 cm length, 5 cm width, 2 cm depth c. 3 cm length, 5 cm width, 2 cm depth d. 6 cm length, 3 cm width, 3 cm depth

a. 5 cm length, 2 cm width, 2 cm depth

Approximately 20% of solitary thyroid nodules are ___________. a. Cystic b. Adenomas c. Goiters d. Malignant

a. Cystic

Sonographically, the normal thyroid gland may be described as having all of the following characteristics except: a. Diffusely homogenous b. Slightly more echogenic than surrounding muscle c. Fine homogenous echo texture d. Having a thin, hyperechoic line representing the thyroid capsule

a. Diffusely homogenous

Which one of the following structures lies medial to the left thyroid lobe? a. Larynx b. Jugular vein c. Strap muscles d. Longus colli muscle

a. Larynx

The most common cause of thyroid malignancy is _____________ carcinoma. a. Papillary b. Medullary c. Anaplastic d. Follicular

a. Papillary

Hyperfunction of all parathyroid glands with no apparent cause occurs with which one of the following? a. Primary hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands b. Secondary hyperplasia of the thyroid glands c. Primary hyperparathyroidism d. Secondary hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands

a. Primary hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands

Which of the following is best described as the condition in which the patient lacks normal posterior fixation of the testis and epididymis to the scrotal wall? a. bell- clapper deformity b. klinefelter syndrome c. valsalva syndrome d. seminoma

a. bell- clapper deformity

What artifact is a type of reverberation artifact caused by a number of small, highly reflective interfaces, such as gas bubbles? a. comet tail artifact b. posterior shadowing c. mirror image artifact d. posterior enhancement

a. comet tail artifact

A 36 year old man came into the ER with acute scrotal pain the ultrasound findings below suggest a. epididymitis b. torsion c. hernia d. varicocele

a. epididymitis

As a woman ages, the glandular breast tissue is replaced with: a. fat b. cyst c. fibrous tissue d. coopers ligament

a. fat

Focal distortion of the breast tissue can happen to the breast due to post surgical intervention, cancer, or __ a. fibrocystic disease b. cyst c. complex cyst d. fibroadenoma

a. fibrocystic disease

A seminoma of the testicle usually appears as a: a. homogeneous, hypoechoic masses with a smooth border b. heterogeneous, echogenic mass c. heterogeneous mall with irregular borders d. homogeneous, hyper echoic mass with irregular borders

a. homogeneous, hypoechoic masses with a smooth border

The most common breast cancer is: a. invasive ductal carcinoma b. lobular carcinoma in situ c. invasive lobular carcinoma

a. invasive ductal carcinoma

When something can be felt on a clinical examination it is __ a. palpable b. smooth c. spiculation d. mammary

a. palpable

Follow-up examination of patients with microlithiasis is recommended: a. semiannually b. annually c. every 5 years d. follow up is not recommended

a. semiannually

A 33 year old male patient presents to the ultrasound department with a history of right testicular painless enlargement, sonographically, a 3 cm hypoechoic intratesticular mass is noted within the right testicle. Which of the following would be most likely? a. seminoma b. testicular torsion c. choriocarcinoma d. testicular abscess

a. seminoma - most common while choriocarcinoma is the least common

Characteristic findings of breast carcinoma include all of the following except: a. smooth b. irregular margin c. sharp, angular lobulations d. taller than wide

a. smooth

Which of the following testicular lesions is usually benign? a. spermatocele b. yolk sac tumor c. embryonal cell carcinoma d. seminoma

a. spermatocele b and c are malignant

inner fibrous membrane surrounding the testicle: a. tunica albugenia b. tunica adventitia c. tunica intima

a. tunica albugenia

The junction of ejaculatory ducts and the urethra is called: a. verumontanum b. seminal vesicles c. septa testis d. spermatic cord

a. verumontanum

Testicular cancers occur most frequently between the ages of - a. 45-54 yo b. 20-34 yo c. 64-70 yo d. 50-64 yo

b. 20-34 yo

The normal parathyroid glands measure less than _______ millimeters (mm). a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

b. 4

A cystic formation lateral to the thyroid gland is typically which one of the following? a. Thyroglossal cyst b. Brachial cleft cyst c. Cystic hygroma d. Sublingual cyst

b. Brachial cleft cyst

Increased vascularity with color Doppler, termed the thyroid inferno, is observed in ___________________. a. Hashimoto's disease b. Graves' disease c. de Quervain thyroiditis d. Papillary carcinoma

b. Graves' disease

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that affects the: a. Liver, colon, and kidneys b. Kidneys, bones, and gastrointestinal tract c. Gastrointestinal tract, breast, and scrotum d. Kidneys, heart, and colon

b. Kidneys, bones, and gastrointestinal tract

The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is which one of the following? a. Thyroid adenoma b. Parathyroid adenoma c. Parathyroid cyst d. Parathyroid hemorrhagic cyst

b. Parathyroid adenoma

All of the following structures form neighboring structures for the thyroid gland except the: a. Longus colli muscle b. Parotid muscle c. Strap muscles d. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

b. Parotid muscle

The lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by: a. Ismal tissue b. The isthmus c. Island tissue d. Parathyroid tissue

b. The isthmus

Hydroceles are found around the ____ aspect of the testis. a. anterior medial b. anterior lateral c. posterior lateral d. posterior medial

b. anterior lateral

What is a common diagnostic and interventional procedure that involves placing a needle through the skin of the breast into a cystic mass: a. core biopsy b. aspiration c. lumpectomy d. mastectomy

b. aspiration

Patients with cryptorchidism have a higher incidence of developing: a. hydrocele b. cancer c. spermatocele d. vas deferens

b. cancer

Which one of the following forms a fibrous "skeleton" that is responsible for maintaining the shape of the breast? a. acini b. coopers ligament c. pectorals major muscle d. glandular layer of the breast

b. coopers ligament

An extension of the internal obliques muscle that descends to the testis with the spermatic cord is called: a. ejaculatory ducts b. cremasteric muscle c. mediastinum testis d. pampiniform plexus

b. cremasteric muscle

Testicles remain within the abdomen or groin and fail to descend into the scrotal sac are called: a. hydroceles b. cryptorchidism c. epididymis d. rete teste

b. cryptorchidism

A common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults is: a. an epididymal cyst b. epidiymo-orchitis c. a spermatocele d. testicular torsion

b. epidiymo-orchitis

If a testicular mass is seen extratesticular is usually is malignant. a. true b. false

b. false

Lobular carcinoma in situ is considered to be an aggressive malignant cancer a. true b. false

b. false

The normal epididymis shows increased flow with color Doppler a. true b. false

b. false

The right testicular vein drains into the right renal vein then into the IVC a. true b. false

b. false

The most common benign solid tumor of the breast is which of the following? a. fibrocystic disease b. fibroadenoma c. papilloma d. lipoma

b. fibroadenoma

A condition of the male breast in which the ductal elements hypertrophy is called: a. mastitis b. gynecomastia c. pagets disease d. galactole

b. gynecomastia

The largest part of the epididymis is the: a. body b. head c. tail d. neck

b. head

The middle layer of the breast that contains the ductal, glandular and stromal portions of the breast is called: a. retromammary b. mammary c. subcutaneous d. pectoralis major muscle

b. mammary

central linear structure formed by the convergence of multiple, thin septations within the testicle, which are invaginations of the tunica albuginea is called: a. cremasteric muscle b. mediastinum testis c. pampiniform plexus d. vas deferens

b. mediastinum testis

Which of the following is most likely associated with the sonographic finding of this image. a. mediastinum b. rete testis c. epididymal cyst d. spermatocele

b. rete testis

This transverse image of the scrotum. The patient was 17 year old and complained of extreme scrotal pain, nausea and vomiting. Which of the following is most likely? a. right orchitis b. right testicular torsion c. left epididymoorchitis d. left testicular torsion

b. right testicular torsion

A 15 year old with acute scrotal pain, his most likely diagnosis is: a. epididymitis b. torsion c. rete testi d. spermatocele

b. torsion

A 15 year old with acute scrotal pain, his most likely diagnosis is: a. epididymitis b. torsion c. rete teste d. spermatocele

b. torsion

The ductus epididymis becomes the -- and continues into the spermatic cord. a. recurrent rami b. vas deferens c. pampiniform plexus d. cremaasteric vein

b. vas deferens

The functional portion of the breast consists of __ lobes. a. 3 to 5 b. 5 to 10 c. 15 to 20 d. 25 to 30

c. 15 to 20

Usually _____ parathyroid glands exist. a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

c. Four

Which one of the following sonographic features of a thyroid adenoma is the most common? a. Complex echo pattern b. Hyperechoic mass c. Hypoechoic peripheral halo d. Irregular margins

c. Hypoechoic peripheral halo

The most common cause of thyroid disorders worldwide is which one of the following? a. Hypothyroidism b. Iron deficiency c. Iodine deficiency d. Autoimmune process

c. Iodine deficiency

Which one of the following structures lies posterolateral to the thyroid gland? a. Esophagus b. Sternocleidomastoid muscle c. Longus colli muscle d. Omohyoid muscle

c. Longus colli muscle

A solitary thyroid nodule in the presence of ipsilateral lymphadenopathy suggests which one of the following? a. Adenoma b. Grave's disease c. Malignancy d. Hashimoto's thyroiditis

c. Malignancy

The pyramid lobe of the thyroid gland extends from the __________________. a. Superior right lobe b. Inferior left lobe c. Superior isthmus d. Inferior right lobe

c. Superior isthmus

A 64 year old patient presents to the ultrasound department with leukocytosis, a painful scrotum and fever. He has a history of epididymo-orchitis. Sonographically a heterogeneous mass that contains gas shadows is noted within the right testicle. Color doppler imaging reveals increased vascularity around the mass, but not within. Which of the following would be most likely? a. Testicular metastasis b. Yolk sac tumor c. Testicular abscess d. Testicular microcalcifications

c. Testicular abscess

A ___________ is a palpable midline mass between the hyoid bone and the isthmus of the thyroid gland. a. Carotid aneurysm b. Parathyroid adenoma c. Thyroglossal duct cyst d. Brachial cleft cyst

c. Thyroglossal duct cyst

The thyroid gland consists of ________ lobes: a. Three b. Four c. Two d. Six

c. Two

A part of breast cancer screening best done at the end of each month is called: a. clinical breast exam b. medical breast exam c. breast self exam d. doctor breast exam

c. breast self exam

The testicular choriocarcinoma is associated with an elevation of what laboratory value? a. hematocrit b. BUN c. human chorionic gonadotropin d. hemoglobin

c. human chorionic gonadotropin

Some risk factors for breast cancer include being a woman as well as: a. smoking b. augmentation c. nulliparity d. pregnancy

c. nulliparity

plexus of veins in the spermatic cord that drain into the right and left testicular veins is a. recurrent rami b. testicular vein c. pampiniform plexus d. cremaasteric vein

c. pampiniform plexus

A hydrocele develops between the: a. visceral and parietal layers of the tunica albuginea b. tunica albuginae and tunica vaginalis c. parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis d. scrotum and tunica albuginea

c. parietal and visceral layers of the tunica vaginalis

Which of the following is not a true statement concerning varicoceles? a. varicoceles can be proven sonographically using color doppler b. varicoceles are a common cause of male infertility c. primary varicoceles are most often found on the right side

c. primary varicoceles are most often found on the right side - usually found on the left side

Terminal ends of the centripetal arteries that curve backward toward the capsule are called: a. cremastitic arteries b. deferential artery c. recurrent rami d. smaller centripetal arteries

c. recurrent rami

Patients who have cryptorchidism have an increased risk for: a. metastatic disease b. polyorchisism c. testicular malignancy d. hiatal hernia

c. testicular malignancy

A common cause of acute scrotal pain in adolescent is: a. a varicocele b. epididymitis c. testicular torsion d. an inguinal hernia

c. testicular torsion

Breast cancer commonly occur in the ___ of the breast. a. lower outer quadrant b. upper inner quadrant c. upper outer quadrant d. lower inner quadrant

c. upper outer quadrant

dilated veins in the pampiniform plexus caused by obstruction of the venous return from the testicle: a. seminal vesciles b. hydroceles c. varicolceles d. spermatoceles

c. varicolceles

Connecting tissue septa that connect perpendicularly to the breast lobules and extend out to the skin is called ____ ligaments.

coopers

Common disorders associated with hyperthyroidism include all of the following except: a. Toxic adenoma b. Toxic multinodular goiter c. Grave's disease d. Acute thyroiditis

d. Acute thyroiditis

The parathyroid glands lie between the ____________ borders of the ____________ lobes of the thyroid gland a. Posterior; lateral b. Anterior; lateral c. Anterior; medial d. Posterior; medial

d. Posterior; medial

An abnormal lymph node demonstrates which one of the following? a. Homogeneous texture b. Central echogenic complex c. Oval contour d. Round contour

d. Round contour

The thyroid is an endocrine gland that regulates metabolic function through the production of all of the following hormones except: a. Thyroxine. b. Triiodothyronine c. Thyrocalcitonin d. Thyroliberin

d. Thyroliberin

The most important signs to look for in determining a cystic lesion of the breast include all of the following except: a. well defined borders b. anechoic c. good through transmission d. disruption of architecture

d. disruption of architecture

A 35 year old patients presents to the ultrasound department with a history of testicular cancer. Which of the following is not typically a primary cancer of the testicle? a. embryonal cell carcinoma b. choriocarcinoma c. seminoma d. follicular carcinoma

d. follicular carcinoma - thyroid cancer

A transducer with small rectangular elements that are lined up side by side and firing in a straight line is a: a. mechanical sector transducer b. phased array transducer c. vector transducer d. linear array transducer

d. linear array transducer

A 17 year old male patient presents to the ultrasound department for a scrotal sonogram with a history of left testicular pain. Sonographically there appears to be increased flow within the left testicle. This finding is most indicative of? a. torsion of the appendix tesis b. testicular torsion c. testicular carcinoma d. orchitis

d. orchitis

The breast is divided into three layers. Which of the following is incorrect? a. subcutaneous b. mammary c. retromammary d. retroperitoneal

d. retroperitoneal

Finger like extensions of a malignant tumor is called: a. hypoechoic b. smooth c. isoechoic d. spiculation

d. spiculation

A normal extension of the breast tissue into the axillary region is called: a. axilla b. lobar extension c. terminal duct unit d. tail of spence

d. tail of spence

the membrane consisting of a visceral and a parietal layer lining the inner wall of the scrotum is: a. tunica albugenia b. tunica adventitia c. tunica intima d. tunica vaginalis

d. tunica vaginalis

Hydrocele develop in the space between the tunica: a. albugenia b. adventatia c. intima d. vaginalis

d. vaginalis

Tube that connects the epididymis to the seminal vesicle is called: a. ejaculatory ducts b. cremasteric muscle c. tunicica vaginalis d. vas deferens

d. vas deferens

Which of the following testicular tumor is associated with an elevation of alpha- fetaprotein? a. dermoid cyst b. spermatocele c. epididymal cyst d. yolk sak tumor

d. yolk sak tumor

-- usually happens from trauma of the breast

fat necrosis

-- -- -- are the most common malignancy in men between ages 15 and 35

germ cell tumors

Increased vascularity can indicate ---

inflammation

Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast dermal lymphatic edema

inflammatory carcinoma- Peau d'orange, dimpling of the breast, new nipple retraction

-- is a benign mass, bloody/ serious nipple discharge usually unilateral.

intraductal papilloma

Lobular carcinoma in situ

low malignant risk

-- milk stasis in lactating women

mastitis acute

Rete testis are in the --

mediastinum

Deepest of the three layers of the breast noted on breast ultrasound

retromammary

-- and -- join to form the ejaculatory ducts

seminal vesicle and vas deferens duct

Most superficial of the three layers of the breast

subcutaneous

Each scrotum consists of:

testicles epididymis prox. vas deferens

A spermatocele is a cyst in the ____ that contains sperm.

vas deferens