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Reformation

16th-century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of new Christian churches

Peace of Augsburg

Agreement in 1555 declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler.

Utopia

An ideal place

perspective

Art technique that re-creates three dimensions

1. How was the northern Renaissance different from the Renaissance in Italy?

By 1450, the bubonic plague had ended in northern Europe. Also, the Hundred Years' War between France and England was ending. This allowed new ideas from Italy to spread to northern Europe. They were quickly adopted. Here, too, rulers and merchants used their money to sponsor artists. But the northern Renaissance had a difference. Educated people combined classical learning with interest in religious ideas.

annul

Cancel or put an end to

secular

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

predestination

Doctrine that God has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be saved

William Shakespeare

Famous Renaissance writer

humanism

Focus on human potential and achievements

2. What role did Martin Luther play in the Reformation?

Luther challenged this practice and others. He posted a protest on the door of a castle church. His words were printed and spread throughout Germany. This was the beginning of the Reformation, a movement for reform that led to the founding of new Christian churches.

Council of Trent

Meeting of Roman Catholic leaders to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers

Protestant

Member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation

Lutheran

Member of a Protestant church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.

Presbyterian

Member of a Protestant church governed by elders and founded by John Knox

Anabaptist

Member of a Protestant group during the Reformation who believed only adults should be baptized. Also believed that church and state should be separate.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

4. What role did Henry VIII play in creating the Church of England?

One of Henry's daughters, Elizabeth, became queen in 1558. She finished creating a separate English church. The new church was called Anglican. It had some practices that would appeal to both Protestants and Catholics. In this way, Elizabeth hoped to end religious conflict.

17:1 What were the origins and innovations of the Renaissance?

Origin- Began in Italy, ideas, cites, wealth, and ancient ruins in Italy.

patrons

People who financially supported artists

Renaissance

Period of rebirth of art and learning in Europe lasting from about 1300 to 1600

17:2 How did the Renaissance ideas spread?

Prediction- Trade and migration Printing press

Anglican

Relating to the Church of England

indulgence

Release from punishments due for a sin

17:3 Explain the causes and effect of the protestant reformation.

change, improvement in society,oppression,Lack of communication(Neolthic- paleolithic Revolution)

Catholic Reformation

16th-century Catholic reform movement in response to Protestant Reformation

17:4

...

Johann Gutenberg

German craftsman who developed the printing press

4. What effects did the printing press have on northern European life?

German, Johann Gutenberg, used this same practice to invent his printing press. He produced his first book—the Gutenberg Bible—in 1455 on this press. The technology then spread rapidly. By 1500, presses in Europe had printed nearly 10 million books. Printing made it easier to make many copies of a book. As a result, written works became available far and wide. Books were printed in English, French, Spanish, Italian, or German. More people began to read. The Bible was a popular book. After reading the Bible, some people formed new ideas about Christianity. These ideas were different from the official teachings of the Church.

theocracy

Government controlled by religious leaders

1. What are three reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy?

It began there for three reasons. First, Italy had several important cities. Cities were places where people exchanged ideas. Second, these cities included a class of merchants and bankers who were becoming wealthy and powerful. This class strongly believed in the idea of individual achievement. Third, Italian artists and scholars were inspired by the ruined buildings and other reminders of classical Rome.

2. Who were two women who played important roles in the Reformation?

Many women played key roles in the Reformation. Marguerite of Navarre protected John Calvin from being killed for his beliefs. Katherina von Bora was the wife of Martin Luther. She supported an equal role for women in marriage.

Calvinism

Religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin

3. How did the methods and subjects in art change?

Renaissance artists sometimes used new methods. Sculptors made figures more realistic than those from the Middle Ages. Painters used perspective to create the illusion that their paintings were three-dimensional. The subject of artwork changed also. Art in the Middle Ages was mostly religious. Renaissance artists reproduced other views of life. Michelangelo showed great skill as an architect, a sculptor, and a painter.

2. What are secular ideas?

Renaissance thinkers stressed secular ideas. These ideas centered on the things of the world. One way that powerful or wealthy people showed this interest in worldly things was by paying artists, writers, and musicians to create beautiful works of art. Wealthy people who supported artists were known as patrons.

4. What did Renaissance writers write about?

Renaissance writers also achieved greatness. Several wrote in the vernacular. This means they wrote in their native languages. It was a change from the Middle Ages, when most writing was done in Latin. Writers also changed their subject matter. They began to express their own thoughts and feelings. Sometimes they gave a detailed look at an individual. Dante and others wrote poetry, letters, and stories that were more realistic.

1. What kinds of changes did Church critics want to make?

Some people resented paying taxes to support the Church in Rome. Others sharply criticized the Church for some of its practices. Popes seemed more concerned with luxury and political power than with spiritual matters. Many local priests lacked education and were not able to teach people. Some lived immoral lives. Reformers urged the Church to change its ways to become more spiritual and humble. Christian humanists such as Erasmus and Thomas More added their voices to calls for change. In the early 1500s, the calls grew louder.

4. What was the result of the declining authority of the church?

The Reformation caused an overall decline in the authority of the church. As a result, individual monarchs and states gained greater power. This in turn led to the development of modern nation-states. Women thought that their status in society might improve as a result of the Reformation. However, this did not happen. Women were still mainly limited to the concerns of home and family.

2. What did northern European artists paint?

The new ideas of Italian art moved to the north, where artists began to use them. Major artists appeared in parts of Germany, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Dürer painted religious subjects and realistic landscapes. Holbein, Van Eyck, and Bruegel painted lifelike portraits and scenes of peasant life. They revealed much about the times. They began to use oil-based paints. Oils became very popular, and their use spread to Italy.

1. What is Calvinism?

The religion based on Calvin's teachings is called Calvinism.Calvin created a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. It was government run by religious leaders. It had strict rules of behavior.

3. What happened at the Council of Trent?

Trent. The council, which met in 1545, passed doctrines. These doctrines stated that the Church's interpretation of the Bible was final and that Christians needed to perform good works to win salvation. They also gave the Bible and the Church equal authority in setting out Christian beliefs and supported indulgences.

vernacular

Use of native language instead of classical Latin

3. Why did Luther's ideas lead to war?

War broke out between Catholic and Protestant forces in Germany. It finally ended in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg. This treaty granted each prince the right to decide whether his subjects would be Catholic or Protestant. In 1524, peasants in Germany hoped to use Luther's ideas about Christian freedom to change society. They demanded an end to serfdom--a condition like slavery. When it was not granted, they revolted. Luther disagreed with this revolt. German princes killed thousands in putting the revolt down.

3. Who were two of the most famous writers of the northern Renaissance?

William Shakespeare is often called the greatest playwright of all time. His plays showed a brilliant command of the English language. They also show a deep understanding of people and how they interact with one another.