abnormal ch 15
Which is NOT a criticism of DSM-5 diagnoses of personality disorders?
incorporating new research into the new edition
Biologically speaking, if one wanted to treat antisocial personality disorder, one would want to _____ the individual with the disorder.
increase the anxiety level of
According to psychodynamic theorists, an important factor in the development of avoidant personality disorder is:
early experiences of shame
A friend says to you, "He must have antisocial personality disorder; look how careful he is about his own well-being but how careless he is about others' safety." Your MOST accurate reply would be:
"You're partly right; most people with antisocial personality disorder are careless about their own safety, as well as the safety of others."
Social anxiety disorder may be related to _______ personality disorder.
avoidant
The diagnostic features of which personality disorder bear the greatest similarity to people who are diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
avoidant
What character from Greek mythology died enraptured by the beauty of his/her own reflection in a pool?
Narcissus
Some researchers note that the majority of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder are female and that many of these women experienced emotional trauma, victimization, violence, and various forms of abuse as children. As a result, these researchers view the disorder as a special form of:
PTSD
What is a phrenologist?
a person who assessed personality by feeling for bumps and indentations on the head
What is a pseudocommando mass murderer?
a person who expects to be killed while committing mass murder
Studies of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder show that:
about 75% attempt suicide at least once in their lives
Personality disorders typically become recognizable in:
adolescence or early adulthood
Which would MOST clearly fit into the biosocial theory of the development of borderline personality disorder?
an individual who has difficulty controlling internal emotions and parents who mislabel those emotions
According to the psychodynamic view, obsessive-compulsive personality is related to fixation during the _____ stage.
anal
Freudian theorists suggest that people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are:
anal retentive
Psychodynamic theorists explain obsessive-compulsive personality disorder as a fixation at the:
anal stage
Which is NOT one of the Big Five supertraits?
anger
The drugs MOST likely to be used to treat schizotypal personality disorder are ______.
antipsychotics
A con artist is MOST likely to suffer from _____ personality disorder.
antisocial
DSM-5 stipulates that a person must be at least 18 years of age to receive the diagnosis of _____ personality disorder.
antisocial
Lev has a lifelong history of misconduct, including vandalism, fighting, and a disregard for other people's rights. He fits the description of someone with _____ personality disorder.
antisocial
People with _____ personality disorder are sometimes described as psychopaths or sociopaths.
antisocial
Which personality disorder is marked by a general pattern of disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights?
antisocial
A young boy's parents constantly tell him to "Be a man!" whenever he is in conflict with friends. In turn, his parents themselves often act aggressively toward each other and toward him. The theorist who would BEST be able to explain an adult diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder for this boy would be a _____ theorist.
behavioral
Giving in to a child's refusal to comply with a parental request may inadvertently reinforce stubborn and defiant behavior, setting the scene for the development of antisocial personality disorder. This is most like a _____ view.
behavioral
The fact that children may learn antisocial behavior by modeling parental conflict and aggressiveness provides support for:
behavioral theory
Neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness are all traits measured on the _______ approach.
big five
Assume a study of prison inmates diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder shows that they generally experience less anxiety than other people when they lie or when they con others. This outcome would MOST strongly support which theoretical position?
biological
"That personality disorder has become so common, I encounter it almost every day in the emergency room." MOST likely, this doctor is talking about which personality disorder?
borderline
Camila felt like she was on an emotional roller coaster. She felt angry and empty. Camila's feelings are MOST similar to those of someone with which personality disorder?
borderline
Impulsive behaviors and swinging in and out of depressed, anxious, and irritable states are characteristic of _____ personality disorder.
borderline
Janna says "There's nothing out there for me. I can't stand other people, and I can't stand myself, either. I'm just really mad right now." She likely has which personality disorder?
borderline
Transported to the hospital after a suicide attempt, a man is later admitted to the hospital's psychiatric wing. His history showed other self-destructive behaviors and recklessness. MOST likely, if the man is diagnosed with a personality disorder, it will be:
borderline
Gort's parents never quite liked him and probably did not want children in the first place. He just was not accepted. It was clear early in school that Gort had a low opinion of himself and did not know how to interact with other children. Now he cuts himself and has been to the ER several times. This is a description of the possible development of:
borderline personalitDamage to the prefrontal cortex would likely cause which symptom to be observed?y disorder
"I can't work with that client!" says your friend, the psychotherapist. "As soon as I show any empathy at all, it becomes almost impossible to challenge the client, and the client keeps calling me at all hours of the day." MOST likely, this is a client with:
borderline personality disorder
Which category of personality disorder contains the disorders MOST commonly diagnosed?
dramatic
The type of therapy that generally provides the LEAST amount of help for those with schizoid personality disorder is:
drug
Based on current research, which treatment would you be LEAST likely to select initially in treating paranoid personality disorder?
drug therapy
The category of odd personality disorders includes the traits of:
extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and perceptual peculiarities
When dialectical behavior therapy is used with patients with borderline personality disorder, those patients, compared with patients receiving other forms of therapy, make:
far fewer suicide attempts and are hospitalized less often
Which is characteristic of MOST mass murderers?
feelings of persecution and desire for revenge
_____ personality disorder was formerly a name for histrionic personality disorder.
hysterical
Histrionic personality disorder was once believed to be more common in women than in men, and clinicians long described the:
hysterical wife
A belief that unrelated events pertain to oneself in some important way is known as:
ideas of reference
Which statement most accurately reflects up-to-date research on DSM-5 categories of personality disorder?
individuals do not necessarily have to have very similar personalities to receive the same diagnosis
People with avoidant personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships, whereas people with dependent personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships.
initiating; ending
Which is NOT an area the DSM-5 lists as required to be affected by a personality disorder?
intelligence
One similarity of those experiencing paranoid personality disorder and those experiencing schizoid personality disorder is that they both tend to:
lack close ties to others
Cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that because those with schizoid personalities have difficulty scanning the environment, perceiving accurately, and picking up emotional cues, they develop _____ very slowly.
language and motor skills
If instruments such as the Big Five are used to describe personality, rather than relying on DSM-5, then diagnoses of psychological disorder would become:
less categorical and more a matter of degree
What percentage of the population has dependent personality disorder?
less than one percent
Psychodynamic therapists believe that people with histrionic personality disorder are trying to defend against a deep-seated fear of:
loss
Which statement regarding the treatment of paranoid personality disorder is accurate?
most therapies are of limited effectiveness and progress slowly
Which statement is accurate regarding antisocial personality disorder?
most who have it are not treated, and most who are treated are not helped much
A person who was overly indulged by his or her parents, received excessive, unconditional parental valuation, and was not required to follow rules or develop self-control is at risk for developing _____ personality disorder.
narcissistic
A group of diagnostic clinicians can't agree with each other on appropriate personality disorder diagnoses for several clients. In fact, it is obvious that, in many cases, they have inaccurately made their diagnoses. Assuming they are competent clinicians, this situation would indicate the DSM-5 categories for personality disorder are:
neither reliable nor valid
DSM-5, like its predecessor, DSM-IV-TR, identifies 10 personality disorders utilizing a:
categorical approach
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for avoidant personality disorder focuses on:
changing distressing thoughts and increasing the client's tolerance of emotional discomfort
Which is NOT the name used for a cluster of personality disorders?
chizophrenic
There is a game called Moods where one acts out the mood listed on a card. Being encouraged to play this game is most like the treatment _____ might use for those with schizoid disorders.
cognitive therapies
If two disorders tend to occur together, we call the relationship _______
comorbidity
The two childhood disorders that have been related to later antisocial personality disorder are:
conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Children with _____ and an accompanying _____ disorder apparently have a heightened risk of developing antisocial personality disorder.
conduct disorder; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
According to current research, who do people distrust most?
congressional members
According to the DSM-5, a pattern diagnosed as a personality disorder must deviate substantially from the norms and expectations of the individual's:
culture
Damage to the prefrontal cortex would likely cause which symptom to be observed?
deficits in planning, self-control, and decision making
"Be loyal to your family" was what the child heard all the time, along with, "You shouldn't and can't do it on your own, so don't even try." A cognitive-behaviorist would say this kind of upbringing would be MOST likely to produce which of the personality disorders in the child, when he or she reached adulthood?
dependent
A person who cannot make even the smallest decision without consulting others, and who is constantly in need of praise, may be experiencing _______ personality disorder.
dependent
A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and ongoing need to be taken care of is _____ personality disorder.
dependent
DSM-5 has been described as functioning like a light switch, which can be on or off. In other words, one either does or does not qualify for a personality disorder diagnosis. Some theorists suggest that degree of symptoms, not symptom absence or presence, is more important and similar to a:
dimmer switch, with the light adjustable from all the way off to all the way on
Characteristics of the Virginia Tech shooter reveal that he:
displayed a combination of features from many personality disorders
Which trait is common in people with antisocial personality disorder?
recklessness
Which statement BEST describes effective therapy for treating borderline personality disorder?
research suggests that dialectical behavior therapy is the most effective
Which statement is true of the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
researchers have not found a specific link between the two disorders
An individual with a diagnosis of an odd personality disorder is MOST likely to have a parent or sibling who has:
schizophrenia
Lacie has recently been diagnosed with an "odd" personality disorder. It is likely that Lacie also qualifies for an additional diagnosis of:
schizophrenia
The disorder that appears to be MOST closely related to the schizotypal personality disorder is:
schizophrenia
Which is NOT a personality tendency that would be included in the newly proposed diagnosis that is called personality disorder trait specified (PDTS)?
sexual promiscuity
Avoidant personality disorder seems MOST closely related to:
social anxiety
Some multicultural theorists believe that borderline personality disorder is actually a reaction to persistent feelings of marginality, powerlessness, and social failure. If they are correct, then the disorder is a result of:
social inequalities
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (an anxiety disorder) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
some people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder also experience obsessive-compulsive disorder
What is the primary distinction between the beliefs of someone with paranoid personality disorder and someone with paranoid schizophrenia?
the beliefs of someone with paranoid personality disorder are not usually delusional, whereas the beliefs of someone with paranoid schizophrenia are
"The client scores low on extroversion and agreeableness but high on neuroticism. Looks like schizoid personality disorder to me." The therapist being quoted is using what instrument to make the diagnosis?
the big five personality test
What is mentalization?
the capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people
Which is NOT a problem in the use of the DSM-5 to diagnose personality disorders?
the criteria are so restrictive that several categories rarely, if ever, are used
The schizoid personality disorder differs from paranoid personality disorder in that:
those with schizoid personality disorder desire to be alone; those with paranoid personality are alone because of suspiciousness
Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that people who develop narcissistic personality disorder may have been treated:
too positively in early life
The persistent and consistent personality characteristics that lead us to react in fairly predictable ways are often called personality ______
traits
Men are _____ as likely as women to display obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
twice
Comorbidity describes a situation in which:
two disorders occur together in an individual
The parents of those with schizoid personality disorder are MOST likely to have been:
unaccepting
The lack of consensus about the correct diagnosis of personality disorders questions the _____ of the DSM categories.
validity and reliability
Which statement BEST represents current knowledge about mass murderers?
we really don't know what causes mass murderers to act or how to treat them
Which statement BEST describes treatment for narcissistic personality disorder?
no form of therapy is clearly better than the others
A client is searching for the BEST treatment for borderline personality disorder. Will drug treatment be effective if it is the only intervention the client receives?
no. drugs should be used along with psychotherapy, if used at all
A high school student asks a guidance counselor, parents, and friends for suggestions before deciding on a college to attend and on an academic major. This student's behavior is:
normal for those in high school
The characteristic of perfectionism and a striving for control are associated with _______ personality disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
People with _____ are so preoccupied with order, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Which statement is supported by current research findings?
odd personality disorders and schizophrenia are related to one another
The basic structure of personality may consist of five supertraits, which do NOT include:
paranoia
People with _____ personality disorder deeply distrust other people and are suspicious of others' motives.
paranoid
People with _____ personality disorder distrust the motives of others.
paranoid
Reese is distrustful of others and reacts quickly to perceived threats. Even though he has no evidence, he is sure his wife is unfaithful. He finds it almost impossible to forgive those he thinks have wronged him. Reese displays the characteristics of:
paranoid personality disorder
If you wanted to write a book about a fictional character who is a typical example of antisocial personality disorder, you might have the character exhibit all of the following EXCEPT:
periods of very high anxiety
The set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions that is unique to each individual is termed:
personality
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs the sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy is known as a:
personality disorder
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs the sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy is termed:
personality disorder
The authors of DSM-5 have designed their own dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders for possible inclusion in future revisions of the DSM. The idea is that individuals whose traits significantly impair their functioning should receive a diagnosis of:
personality disorder trait specified
Enduring and predictable behavioral consistencies are often called:
personality traits
The consistencies of one's characteristics are called:
personality traits
What is the primary reason that people with schizoid personality disorder avoid social contact?
preference to be alone
The categorical approach to personality disorders assumes that:
problematic personality traits are either present or absent
Group therapy is particularly useful in the treatment of avoidant personality disorder, mainly because group therapy:
provides practice in social interactions
Which have sociocultural theorists suggested as a cause for the emergence of borderline personality disorder?
rapid social change
Psychodynamic theorists believe that people who develop antisocial personality disorder have failed to develop a sense of:
trust
A friend of yours says, "A 15-year-old high school student accused of shooting several classmates received a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder." Your accurate reply would be:
"No, the student is too young for that diagnosis."
Which statement BEST reflects research related to personality disorders over the past 25 years?
All of the personality disorders have been thoroughly studied.
"Let's try to figure out where clients fall on several key personality traits, rather than using a dichotomous classification system." Someone saying this would MOST likely favor which approach to classifying personality disorders?
a dimensional approach
Who is most likely to display the dark triad?
a non-hispanic white man
Ben set up an elaborate scheme to mine gold in the Rockies. He had a large town meeting and sold stock in his company for only $5 per share. He showed pictures of the mine and said the company expected to gross $100 million each month. As it turns out, he was a terrific con artist who had made several successful proposals such as this in towns across America in the last couple of years. He is MOST likely suffering from:
antisocial personality disorder
Hailee respects none of society's boundaries and is insensitive to other people, frequently violating their rights. She does not consider the consequences of her actions. She MOST probably experiences:
antisocial personality disorder
An adult has been jailed for the third time for fraud; each time it has been for persuading investors to put money into a phony silver mine. If the adult has received a DSM-5 diagnosis, it is MOST likely either:
antisocial personality disorder or a substance-related disorder
Research has found that individuals with antisocial personality disorder often seem to experience less _____ than other people, a key ingredient to learning.
anxiety
Cruelty to animals and people, destruction of property, and truancy before the age of 15:
are characteristic of those later diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder
One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals:
are frequently unaware that they have a problem
Like those with paranoid personality disorder, those with avoidant personality disorder usually:
are very sensitive to criticism and avoid close relationships
The lack of multicultural research is of special concern with regard to:
borderline personality disorder
Willa cannot do anything on her own and consults others, even on the smallest decision. She is constantly in need of praise to validate her work and is overly sensitive to any disagreement. She will do almost anything to please others. She may be experiencing _____ personality disorder.
dependent
If parents excessively reinforce clinging and punish attempts at independence, the result might be the development of:
dependent personality disorder
Which disorder is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of and a fear of separation?
dependent personality disorder
Psychodynamic explanations for dependent personality disorder are very similar to those for:
depression
Dr. Marsha Linehan was the developer of which type of therapy?
dialectical behavior therapy
A therapist is treating a person with borderline personality disorder. Which treatment would you recommend based on current research?
dialectical behavioral therapy
Jonah is receiving weekly individual and group therapy for borderline personality disorder. He is learning to recognize when his emotions are inappropriate. He is receiving:
dialectical behavioral therapy
What is the name of the comprehensive treatment approach applied particularly in cases of borderline personality disorder and/or suicidal intent?
dialectical behavioral training
Many clinicians favor moving from a categorical to a(n) ______ approach for diagnosis; this could be a possible change in the next edition of DSM.
dimensional
The _____ approach to personality disorders assumes that personality disorders should be classified by the severity of personality traits rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits.
dimensional
Research has found that borderline personality disorder is more common among:
hispanic americans
Luke constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas he so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If he were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be:
histrionic
Marcel has a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. He may be demonstrating _____ personality disorder.
histrionic
People with _____ personality disorder are extremely emotional and seek to be the center of attention.
histrionic
Which personality disorder was once called hysterical personality disorder and involves individuals who are typically described as emotionally charged and seeking to be the center of attention?
histrionic
"Beatlemania" gripped the United States in the 1960s, when the British rock group The Beatles performed; adoring fans screamed, sometimes fainted, and shouted exaggerated, emotional praise at the group. These behaviors MOST closely resemble the characteristics of:
histrionic personality disorder
When the seat belt light in D.B.'s car stays on for a few extra seconds, she bursts into tears. She always craves attention and reacts to even the smallest event with an elaborate show of emotion. She probably could receive a diagnosis of:
histrionic personality disorder
Based on a structured interview, Diagnostician A classifies an individual's personality disorder in the odd cluster. Based on another structured interview of the same type, Diagnostician B classifies an individual's personality disorder in the dramatic cluster. If what is described here is typical of what happens when that variety of structured interview is used, one would say the structured interview has:
low reliability
What is the dark triad?
malicious traits that work together to produce offensive behavior
Should drugs be used in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder?
maybe; in low doses, they seem to help some clients
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is MOST common among:
men with jobs
Schizotypal personality disorders differ from other odd personality disorders in that they are related to schizophrenia and:
mood disorders
Amanda is talking with her friends. One of her friends says she is disappointed about not being selected for a team sport. Amanda responds, "The coach told me I was his top pick. He said I would be his top pick in any sport because I'm just naturally athletic. I'm confident I'll play pro one day, probably be one of the youngest pro players in history." This example is characteristic of someone with _____ personality disorder.
narcissistic
The millennial generation is thought to be extremely self-centered, often posting photos of themselves online for others to admire. If this is true, a sociocultural theorist would predict a larger-than-usual percentage of which kind of personality disorder among this generation?
narcissistic
The personality disorder that is characterized by the need for undying love and admiration is:
narcissistic
"I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the MOST appropriate diagnosis would be:
narcissistic personality disorder
Ty is fairly handsome but not as handsome as he thinks he is. He doesn't care about anyone but himself and is sure that everyone around him feels the same way. He is MOST likely experiencing:
narcissistic personality disorder
The five traits to be included in future revisions of the DSM-5 that utilize a dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders are:
negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism
One especially good reason to use a form of group therapy in the treatment of dependent personality disorder is that:
the group members can model appropriate behaviors and expression of feelings to one another.
Currently, the Big Five approach to personality disorders is:
the recipient of recognition, with a great amount of research being done on it.
What is the MOST likely reason that Dr. Hoover seldom prescribes drugs when treating clients with borderline personality disorder?
the risk of suicide increases because using drugs may lead to overdose
The strong relationship between antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse means that:
there are high rates of substance abuse among those with antisocial personality disorder
You might suspect an "era of narcissism" is approaching for a country when:
there is increasing emphasis on self-expression and competitiveness
The MOST important similarity among the personality disorders listed in the text is that:
they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress
Which statement is NOT generally true of those with antisocial personality disorder?
they care for no one's safety, except theirs and their children's
How do personality disorders differ from the personality characteristics of typical people?
they lead two more maladaptive, distressful, and inflexible behaviors
What is a common reason for the hospitalization of people with borderline personality disorder?
they may attempt suicide or otherwise harm themselves
If future editions of the DSM change to a dimensional approach in the diagnosis of personality disorders, what action will be required of clinicians?
they will need to rate the degree of dysfunction caused by each person's traits in diagnosing personality disorders
