Abnormal Child Pyschology

29. Echolalia in children with ASD is believed to be a(n) ________________.

- critical first step in language acquisition.

80. In comparison to boys, girls with ADHD are more likely to display ____.

-- Inattentive/disorganized symptoms -- characteristic of a sluggish cognitive tempo, including forgetfulness, lethargic behavior, mental confusion, drowsiness, tendency to daydream, anxiety, depression, and hyperverbal rather than hyperactive motor behavior

89. Children who engage in covert behaviors only are typically ____.

-- delinquent subdimension of the externalizing dimension. • covert hidden acts such as lying or stealing. • Truancy, substance use, run away, break rules, swears, status violations • Concealing conduct problems

92. Psychopathic features are marked by ____.

-- pattern of callous, manipulative, deceitful behavior -- callous-unemotional (CU) traits such as lacking in guilt, not showing empathy, and not displaying feelings or emotions.

39. Family members of children with ASD display higher than normal rates of ____.

-- social and language deficits -- unusual personality features that are very similar to those found in asd but are less severe

35. The rise in prevalence of ASD is most likely due to ________________.

--a greater awareness among parents and professionals --a broadening of the concept and its definition over the years -- greater recognition and diagnosis of milder forms of asd --changes in diagnostic criteria and categories; --diagnostic substitution and better case-finding methods

45. In comparison to children with ASD, children with childhood-onset schizophrenia ____.

--have some overlap in symptoms, susceptibility genes, and social-cognitive patterns • have a later age at onset of their problem, less intellectual impairment, less severe social and language deficits, less ritualistic and repetitive behavior, hallucinations and delusions as the child gets older, and periods of remission and relapse • childhood-onset schizophrenia (cos) is not on the autism spectrum in dsm-5

63. A child with a mathematics disorder would most likely have difficulty with ____.

-Recognizing numbers and symbols - Memorizing facts - Aligning numbers - Understanding abstract concepts such as place value and fractions.

77. Mothers of children with ADHD are also more likely to have ____.

-higher rates of heavy smoking and more psychosocial stress • use more alcohol, tobacco, and drugs

73. Recently, the symptoms that have been emphasized as the central impairments of ADHD are ____.

-inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity - the problems of poor self-regulation - difficulty in inhibiting behavior - reward and motivational deficits

47. Schizophrenia is extremely rare prior to ____.

12 years of age. • occurring much less often than in adolescents and adults.

38. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children be screened for ASD at __________________________.

18 and 24 months

79. The best prevalence estimate for ADHD in school-age children in North America is _________________

4-9%.

66. Heritability accounts for approximately ____ of the variance in reading disorders.

60%

5. DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disability consist of subaverage intellectual functioning of ____________ and impairment in ___________

70 or below.....adaptive functioning.

2. IQ scores among individuals without intellectual disability are

70-130

78. One reason that ADHD is so challenging is that approximately ____ percent of children with ADHD have a co-occurring psychological disorder

80 %

62. Decoding can be described as ____.

A skill necessary for reading that involves breaking words down into parts rapidly enough to read the whole word

44. Some studies have indicated the effectiveness of the _________________ in comparison to other treatments.

ABA approach

23. In addition to intellectual difficulties, children with fetal alcohol syndrome often have difficulties that resemble ____. _________

ADHD, including attention deficit, poor impulse control, and serious behavior problems

12. The ____________ argues that cognitive development of children with intellectual disability differs from that of children without intellectual disability in more ways than merely differences in developmental rate and upper limit.

Difference viewpoint

41. A step-by-step approach to presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response that is used in the treatment of ASD is called ____.

Discrete trial training

20._______________ is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability.

Fragile-X syndrome

16. _________________ factors are implicated in mild forms of intellectual disability.

Genetic and environmental

14. _______________ is critical to regulating social interaction and providing a foundation for early self/other understanding.

Internal State Language

19. _________________ is associated with intellectual disability and is a disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome.

Klinefelters (XXY)

7. The majority of individuals with intellectual disabilities have _________ impairment.

Mild

8. Many persons with Down syndrome function at the __________ level of disability.

Moderate

72. This Act, signed into U.S. law in 2002, allowed for more intensified efforts by each state to improve the academic achievement of public school students considered at risk for school failure.

No Child Left Behind Act

53. By the age of ____, a child's auditory map for phonetic discrimination is complete.

One

21. Which cause of intellectual disability is associated with an involuntary urge to eat?

Prader-willi Syndrome

32. The tendency to focus on certain types of sensory input over others is called

Sensory Dominace.

13. The observation that children with Down syndrome may alternate between periods of gain and functioning and periods of little or no advance is the _______________.

Slowing and stability hypothesis.

15. When toddlers with Down syndrome begin to recognize themselves in a mirror, they often _____________.

Smile and laugh

51. Which disorder is determined by achievement test results that are substantially below what is expected for the child's age, schooling, and intellectual ability?

Specific Learning Disorder

57. Studies comparing language-impaired children with and without a positive family history for a language-based learning disability suggest that children with a positive family history may inherit ______________.

Temporal processing deficits

54. ____ is one of the best predictors of school performance and overall intelligence.

The development of language

59. The age at which stuttering tends to recede is around ____.

age 6 or so

61. The most common underlying feature associated with reading disorders is ____.

an inability to distinguish or to separate the sounds in spoken words

22. Phenylketonuria (PKU)is a(n) ________________ that can cause intellectual disability if untreated.

an inherited metabolic disorder

37. The deficits of ASD become increasingly noticeable ____.

around age 2 elements are probably present and noticed earlier

28. _______________ children with ASD do not develop any useful language. •

as many as half of all

56. To see if a child has phonological awareness, a teacher might ____.

ask a child to rhyme words and manipulate sounds.

46. The most common presenting symptom for children with childhood-onset schizophrenia is ____.

auditory hallucinations

82. Children from which racial/ethnic group are teachers most likely to rate as ADHD?

black

25. Self-instructional training programs are most beneficial for ________________.

children who have developed some language proficiency but still have difficulty understanding and following directions.

81. The higher rates of ADHD in lower SES groups are best accounted for by ____.

co-occurring conduct problems

83. Children with ADHD display deficits in ____.

executive functions (EFs)

40. Studies of brain metabolism in individuals with ASD suggest decreased blood flow in these two lobes.

frontal and temporal lobes.

84. Twin studies suggest that ____ factors play the largest role in accounting for ADHD.

heritability • Genetic influences

50. Learning disabilities differ from physical disabilities in childhood in that they are ____.

hidden and are often undetected in young children.

99. Ineffective parenting has been found to be related to conduct problems in ____.

in children who were rated low on CU traits

18. One cause of severe intellectual disability responsible for phenylketonuria (PKU) _______________________________________.

is a recciessive gene transmitted by mendelian mechanisms.

67. Shaywitz and Shaywitz (2002) found that the brains of dyslexic children compared to nonimpaired children had ____.

lower activation in numerous sites—primarily the left hemisphere of the brains —including the inferior frontal, parietotemporal, and occipitotemporal gyri.

27. Joint attention refers to the ability to __________________.

make a social connection with another person by directing that person's attention to objects or people by pointing, showing, and looking, and by communicating shared interest.

87. An educational intervention for ADHD may include ____.

managing inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors that interfere with learning and on providing a classroom environment that capitalizes on the child's strengths. • The teacher and child set realistic goals and objectives --set up a mutually agreed-upon reward system -- carefully monitor performance -- reward the child for meeting goals.

69. Nonverbal learning disabilities are characteristic of children who perform worse at _____________ than reading.

math

58. For some children, recurrent _______________________ during the first year of life may be related to speech and language delays.

middle ear infections (otitis media)

71. Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) mandate that children with special needs ____.

must be afforded access to all educational services, regardless of their handicaps.

36. Which racial/ethnic group has the highest prevalence of ASD?

non-hispanic white children most likely because of underidentification in black and hispanic children

24. What is most likely to be of concern to the father of a child with intellectual disability?

not feeling close to the child.

17. The gene-environment interaction is referred to as the ________________.

phenotype

49. Current treatments for child-onset schizophrenia emphasize medications in combination with ____. .

psychosocial treatments

55. Phonological awareness is a broad construct that includes ____.

recognizing the relationship between sounds and letters, detecting rhyme and alliteration, and being aware that sounds can be manipulated within syllables in words.

96. Compared to boys' aggression, girls' aggression tends to involve more ____.

relational aggression

88. When utilizing educational interventions, disruptive or off-task classroom behaviors may be punished with ____ that involve the loss of privileges, activities, points, or tokens following inappropriate behavior.

response-cost procedures

95. An early symptom of CD in girls is often ____.

sexual misbehaviors. & antisocial onset

26. Education of children with intellectual disability has been plagued by the fact that ____.

specific cognitive skills can be taught, yet children often lack the higher-order (metacognitive) capabilities to apply these skills in new situations.

64. As adults, men with learning disorders ____.

still perceive lower levels of social support from parents and relatives—

48. Which characteristic is least prevalent in the families of children with schizophrenia?

stress, distress, and personal tragedy

43. In contrast to children with ASD, children formerly diagnosed with Asperger's disorder ________________________.

suggest that fewer individuals will be diagnosed, especially those with milder symptoms and normal intellectual abilities could result in reduced eligibility for services

60. Which is an appropriate treatment for children who stutter?

teach parents how to speak to their children slowly and use short and simple sentences Other beneficial treatments for stuttering include: -- Contingency management - which uses positive consequences for fluency and negative consequences for stuttering -- Habit reversal procedures - such as learning to regulate breathing

42. The promise of early intervention with ASD derives primarily from ____.

the plasticity of neural systems early in development

93. Deficits in executive functions in children with conduct problems are likely due to ____.

the presence of co-occurring ADHD

68. With regard to reading and phonological processing, a specific defect in perception of _____________ may interfere with many different brain functions, and has been noted in children with autism and learning disorders.

visual motion

85. In Hoover and Milich's study (1994), mothers who (erroneously) believed that their children had ingested sugar ____.

were more critical of them, hovered more, and talked to them more frequently

10. The prevalence estimate for intellectual disability in children and adults is about ___________ of the entire population.

• 1%

1. To be diagnosed with intellectual disability, a person must exhibit ____.

• 1st - deficits in the intellectual functioning • 2nd - deficits in adaptive functioning, • 3rd- child's intellectual and adaptive deficits must have begun during the developmental period (generally considered to be before age 18).

52. Dyslexia refers to ____.

• A child with a SLD with impairment in reading. The lack of critical language skills required for basic reading: word reading accuracy, reading comprehension, and reading rate or fluency. These core deficits stem from problems in decoding—breaking a word into parts rapidly enough to read the whole word—coupled with difficulty reading single small words

97. Which of the following is a consistent finding for the genetic contribution to antisocial behavior?

• Adoption and twin studies indicate that genetic influences account for about 50% of the variance in antisocial behavior. • Genetic contributions to overt forms of antisocial behavior, such as aggression, are stronger than for covert acts, such as stealing or lying.

76. What is an example of cognitive impulsivity?

• Cognitive impulsivity is reflected in disorganization, hurried thinking, and the need for supervision. • It may also involve impulsive decision making, for example, in the child's valuing of immediate rewards.

91. ____ describes children who display severe aggressive and antisocial acts involving inflicting pain on others or interfering with others' rights

• Conduct Disorder

70. ____ is based on the premise that the ability to decode and recognize words accurately and rapidly must be acquired before reading comprehension can occur.

• Direct instruction

75. Which of the following is another term for a deficit in selective attention?

• Distractibility

6. In the DSM-5, the level of disability, reflecting a child's degree of difficulty, is based upon the ____________.

• Extent of cognitive impairment

3. The ____ refers to the phenomenon that IQ scores have risen sharply since the beginning of IQ testing.

• Flynn effect

4. To be labeled with intellectual disability, below average intellectual and adaptive abilities must ____.

• Have begun during the developmental period (generally considered to be before age 18)

11. Intellectual disability is more prevalent among ___________.

• Men • Lower socio-economic status • Minority groups

90. ____ describes children who display an age-inappropriate recurrent pattern of stubborn, hostile, and defiant behaviors

• Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

98. ____ refers to the concept that the child's behavior is both influenced by and influences the behavior of others.

• Reciprocal influence

9. Persons with profound intellectual disability ____________.

• Require lifelong care and assistance

74. When Jessica sits down to do her homework and study, she is easily distracted by the television in another room. Jessica demonstrates a deficit in ____.

• Selective attention

86. The best treatment for ADHD is ____.

• The primary approach to treatment combines stimulant medication, parent management training, and educational intervention. • For children with uncomplicated ADHD- medication may be the best treatment option --for those with ADHD and oppositional symptoms, poor social functioning and ineffective parenting, combining medication and behavioral treatment may be the best option. • Family counseling and support • Stimulants are the most effective treatment for managing symptoms of ADHD;

65. Which factor is least likely to lead to increased resiliency and adaptation in children with learning disorders?

• Those who showed the greatest resilience and flexibility over time had: (1) a basic temperament that elicited positive responses from others; (2) a welldeveloped sense of efficacy, preparedness, and self-esteem that guided their lives; (3) competent caregivers and supportive adults; and (4) opportunities for a second chance if they made mistakes or got into trouble with the law. • Although some of these characteristics are present from birth (e.g., temperament), many of the other supportive factors can be increased through the efforts of family members, schools, and communities.

30. Traditional intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), may _________________ the intellectual functioning of children with ASD.

• assess

33. A person lacking central coherence __________________.

• has Extreme difficulty Understanding other peoples' words, gestures, or feelings.

34. ________________________ in some children with ASD distinguishes them from those with intellectual disability or language disorders.

• head size ( that is above average. )

100. Elizabeth's parents, teachers, and probation officer met to discuss treatment strategies for Elizabeth's aggressive and criminal behavior. What treatment modality is this?

• multisystemic treatment (MST)

94. The tendency to attribute negative intent to others, especially when the actual intentions of the other child are unclear, is referred to as ____.

• reactive-aggressive children display a hostile attributional bias

31. Special cognitive skills that are above average for the general population, as well as well above the autistic child's own general level of intellect are referred to as ________________________.

• splinter skills or islets of ability.