Abnormal psych final exam (chapter 16)

Cognitive behavioral factors as to why people develop antisocial personality disorder

-Cognitive behavioral therapist believe that people may have learned through principles of conditioning, particularly modeling, or imitation. -EX: A child in middle school who has antisocial peers went onto gauge and antisocial behaviors himself in order to gain acceptance

Personality disorders negatively impact:

- self esteem - relationships - cognitions - actions

Cognitive behavioral approach to treatment for histrionic personality disorder

- therapist try to change the client believe that they are helpless and also to develop better, more deliberative ways of thinking and problem-solving.

Psychodynamic therapy for those with histrionic personality disorder

- various group therapy formats - therapist ultimately aim to help the clients recognize their excessive dependency, find inner satisfaction, and become more self resilient

Biosocial explanation as to why borderline personality disorder develops

A combination of internal forces (for example, difficulty identifying and controlling one's emotion, social skill deficits, abnormal neurotransmitter activity) and external forces (for example, an environment in which a child emotions are punished, ignored, trivialized, or disregarded)

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) *** consider the treatment choice for people with borderline personality disorder

A comprehensive treatment approach, applied particularly in cases of borderline personality disorder and/or suicidal intent; includes both individual therapy sessions (featuring cognitive behavioral interventions) and group sessions (featuring social skill building and support)

Why can group therapy be helpful for people with dependent personality disorder

It provides opportunities for the client to receive support from a number of peers rather than from a single dominant person. In addition, group members may serve as models for one another as they practice better ways to express feelings and solve problems

What is avoidant personality disorder similar to

Social anxiety disorder

What is the most severe personality disorder within cluster a

Schizotypal

Psychodynamic explanation for why people develop dependent personality disorder

-Freudian theorist believe the unresolved conflicts during the oral stage of development can give rise to a lifelong need for nurturance, thus lightening the likelihood to develop this disorder - early parental laws or rejection may prevent normal experiences of attachment and separation, leaving some children with fears of abandonment that persist throughout their life -other theorist suggest that many parents of people with a disorder or over involved and over protective, thus increasing their children's dependency, insecurity, and separation anxiety

Psychodynamic explanation for the development of obsessive compulsive personality disorder

-Freudian theorist suggest that people with obsessive compulsive personality disorder are anal retentive. That is, because of overly harsh toilet training during the anal stage, they become full of anger, and they are main fixated at this stage - other theorist suggest that any early struggles with parents over control and independent might ignite the aggressive impulses at the root of this personality disorder

Antisocial people also displayed deficient functioning in their...

-Prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex -researchers have also found efficient functioning in the amygdala, hippocampus, and temporal cortex

Psychological factors that cause borderline personality disorder

-Theorist propose that an early lack of acceptance by parents may lead to a loss of self-esteem, increased dependence, and an inability to cope with separation -their parents neglected or rejected them, verbally abused him, or otherwise behaving appropriately. -their childhoods were often marked by multiple parents substitute, divorce, death, or trauma such as physical or sexual abuse

What is another reason cognitive behavioral therapist believe people develop antisocial personality disorder

-Through the principle of conditioning, operant conditioning. -Some parents unintentionally teach antisocial behavior by rewarding a child's aggressive behavior. When the child misbehaves or becomes violent in reaction to what their parents request orders, for example the parents may give in to restore peace

Psychodynamic treatment for paranoid personality disorder

-Try to see past the patient anger and work on what they view as his or her deep wish for a satisfying relationship. -Focus on the need for a healthy and unified self, they try to help clients reestablish self cohesion which they believe has been lost in the persons continuing negative focus on other

Psychodynamic factors for the cause of antisocial personality disorder

-absence of parental love during infancy, leading to a lack of basic trust -some children respond to the early inadequacies by becoming emotionally distant, and they bond with others through the use of power and destructiveness.

What are the abnormal brain activities That borderline personality disorder have been associated with

-an overactive amygdala -An underactive HippoCampus -an underactive prefrontal cortex

What are the causes for schizotypal personality disorder

-often linked family conflict and to psychological disorders and patients -Biological factors, such as high activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine, in large brain ventricles, smaller temporal lobe's, and loss of gray matter.

Biological factors that cause borderline personality disorder

-there are indications that people may inherit a biological predisposition to develop borderline personality disorder

What lies at the center of withdrawal for people with avoidant personality disorder

A dread of criticism, disapproval, or rejection. They are timid and hesitant and social situation, afraid of saying something foolish or embarrassing

What do some cognitive theorist believe that people with histrionic personality disorder hold

A general assumption that they are helpless to care for themselves, and so they constantly seek out others who will meet their needs

People with antisocial personality disorder lack

A moral conscience -They think of their victims as we can deserving of being conned, Robbed, or even physically harmed

In hopes of helping people with antisocial personality disorder what has been created

A number of hospitals and prisons i've tried to create a therapeutic community for people with this disorder, a structured environment that teaches responsibility towards others

cognitive side As to why people develop antisocial personality disorder

A number of theorist say that people with antisocial personality disorder or attitudes that trivialize The importance of others peoples need

Dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of

histrionic personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

Avoidant personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint and social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation

Schizoid personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion

Borderline personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and mood and by impulsive behavior

Narcissistic personality disorder

A personality disorder marked by a broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

Antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder marked by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other peoples rights

Obsessive compulsive personality disorder

A personality disorder marked by an intense focus on orderliness, professionalism, and control that the person loses flexibility, openness, and efficiency

Paranoid personality disorder

A personality disorder marked by pattern of distress and suspicion towards others

What are examples of impulsive, self-destructive activities people with borderline personality disorder carry out

Alcohol and substance abuse to delinquency, unsafe sex, and reckless driving. They may also inflict self harm

What have observations indicated that people with antisocial personality disorder have higher rates of

Alcoholism and other substance use disorders -It is thought that perhaps intoxication and substance miss use helps to trigger the development of antisocial personality disorder by loosening a persons inhibitions

Do people with avoidant personality disorder have friends

Although they actually yearn for intimate relationships they usually have few or no close friends and frequently feel depressed and lonely. As a substitute some develop inner world fantasies and imaginations

Dimensional approach

An approach that arose from Serious questions about the validity and reliability of the categorical approach saying that personality disorder should instead be classified by the severity of the personality trait rather than the presence or absence of specific traits

personality disorders

And enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and or capacity for intimacy

What drugs are sometimes useful in reducing the social anxiety of people with avoidant personality disorder

Antianxiety and antidepressant drugs

What type of drug therapy has been helpful for those whose dependent personality disorder it is accompanied by depression

Antidepressant drugs therapy

What type of drugs are used to help calm the emotional and aggressive storms of some people with borderline personality disorder

Antidepressants, anti-bipolar, anti-anxiety, and antipsychotic drugs

What personality disorder is most closely linked to adult criminal behavior

Antisocial personality disorder

How do people with avoidant personality disorder view themselves

As unappealing or inferior to others

Why are people with dependent personality disorder at risk for depressive, anxiety, and eating disorders

Because I feel distressed, lonely, and sad; often they dislike themselves. Their fear of separation and their feelings of helplessness may leave them particularly prone to suicidal thoughts, especially when they believe that a relationship is about to end

Why is it difficult to work with people in therapy but have histrionic personality disorder

Because of the demands, tantrums, and seductiveness they are likely to deploy -Clients also may pretend to have important insight or to change during treatment merely to please the therapist

Why does relational psychoanalytic Therapy tend to work with those with borderline personality disorder

Because the therapist take more supportive posture and focus primarily on the therapist patient relationship -this has been found more successful than traditional psychoanalytic therapy

What do people with paranoid personality do in relationships

Because they believe that everyone intention to harm them, Dacian close relationships

Why do people with schizoid Personality disorder not have close ties with other people

Because they genuinely prefer to be alone

Why is it bad that people with antisocial personality disorder seem to feel less anxiety than others

Because they lack a key ingredient for learning from negative life experiences or tuning into the emotional cues of others

Why are people with obsessive personality disorder Not likely to seek treatment

Because they usually believe there's nothing wrong with them

ideas of reference

Beliefs that unrelated events pertain to them in some important way

What type of kids have an increased risk of developing antisocial personality disorder

Children with conduct disorder and on accompanying attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

People with paranoid personality disorder often...

Blame others for the things that go wrong in their life, and they repeatedly bare grudges

Which cluster of personality disorders are typically diagnosed more than others

Cluster B. the cluster of dramatic personality disorders

Convinced with their own great success, power, or beauty people with narcissistic personality disorder Expect...

Constant attention and admiration from those around them

Low amount of serotonin is linked to

Depression, suicide, aggression, and impulsivity

Based on the developmental psychopathology explanation of borderline personality disorder children who experience early trauma and abuse and whose parents are marked in attentive, uncaring, confusing, threatening, and dismissive, or likely to develop...

Disorganized attachment style -there are attachments to other people throughout life will parallel their problematic attachment to their parents and will be filled with anxiety, emotional instability and inconsistency

What do psychodynamic theorist believe is the cause for paranoid personality disorder

Early interaction with demanding parents, particularly distant, rigid fathers and over controlling, rejecting mothers " if I can't trust my mom or dad then who can I trust?"

Cluster C personality disorders

Features a high degree of anxiety and includes the avoidant, dependent, and obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Cluster B personality disorders

Features dramatic behavior and consist of the antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

Psychodynamic therapy for dependent personality disorder

Focuses on many of the same issues as therapy for depressed people, therapy Includes transference of dependency needs onto therapist

What form of therapy is useful for people with schizoid Personality disorder

Group Therapy because it offers a safe setting for social contact

What form of therapy have an added advantage of providing avoidant personality disorder clients with practice in social interactions

Group therapy

What is the key task of therapy to help patients with dependent personality disorder

Help patients except responsibility for themselves

Cognitive behavioral therapy for schizoid Personality disorder

Help people experience more positive emotions and more satisfying social interactions.

treatment for people with schizotypal personality disorder

Help their clients reconnect with the world and recognize the limits of the thinking and their powers. The therapist made us try to set clear limits, for example, by requiring punctuality and work on helping the client recognize where their views and in those of the therapist began

People with antisocial disorder are ______

Impulsive, they take action without thinking of the consequences. -for example: Maddy cannot work a constant job because they are absent frequently and like to quit their jobs all together. usually they are also careless with money and frequently failed to pay their debt

When do the symptoms of personality disorder typically become recognizable

In adolescence or early adulthood, although some start during childhood

Why do people with avoidant personality disorder come to therapy

In hope of finding acceptance and affection -Keeping clients in treatment can be challenging because many of them soon begin to avoid their sessions. They often distress and therapist sincerity and start to fear is her her rejection

Other therapy goals for those with schizotypal personality disorder

Increase positive social contact, ease loneliness, Reduce overstimulation, and help the individual become more aware of their personal feelings

People with Schizotypal personality disorder often have great difficulty...

Keeping their attention focused

People with antisocial personality disorder ______ repeatedly

Lie

Biological research has found that antisocial participants often respond to warnings and expectations of stress with...

Low brain and body arousal, such as slow autonomic arousal and slow EEG waves -this allows people with this disorder to really turn out threatening or emotional stimulation

Around 2/3 of people with schizotypal personality disorder also suffer from

Major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder at some point in their life

Why are personality disorders among the most difficult psychological disorders to treat

Many people with a disorder or not even aware of their personality problems and failed to trace their difficulties to their maladaptive style of thinking and behaving

Cluster A personality disorders

Marked by odd or eccentric behavior, consist of the paranoid, schizoid , and schizotypal Personality disorders

According to developmental psychopathology theorist people with borderline personality disorder lack

Mentalization

What is one of the most difficult personality disorders to treat

Narcissistic personality disorder because the clients are unable to acknowledge weaknesses, to appreciate the effect of their behavior on others, or to incorporate feedback from others

Do people with paranoid personality disorder seek help?

No they do not typically see themselves as needing help and if you come to treatment willingly

Are Antipsychotic drugs helpful for Those with paranoid personality disorder?

No they seem to only have limited help

Are people with narcissistic personality disorder Able to maintain long term relationships

No, because of the charm they may often make a favorable first impression But because they are certainly interested in other peoples feelings they have a hard time maintaining relationships

Is treatment for people with antisocial personality disorder affective

No, because there are many obstacles including the individuals lack of conscience, A desire to change, or respect for therapy.

Do people with schizoid Personality disorder typically find themselves in therapy?

No, their social withdrawal prevents most people from entering therapy unless some other disorders such as alcoholism makes treatment necessary

How old must you be to receive a diagnosis for antisocial personality disorder

One must be 18 years old to receive diagnosis; however, most people with antisocial personality disorder display some patterns of misbehavior before they were 15

What type of people do dependent personality disorder individuals typically get involved in relationships with?

People who are physically or psychologically abusive

people with antisocial personality disorder are more likely than others to have had significant stress in a childhood, particularly in such forms as...

Poverty, family violence, child abuse, and parental conflict or divorce

Cognitive behavioral theorist approach to why people develop obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Propose that a logical thinking processes help keep the disorder going. They point, for example, to dichotomous thinking, which may produce rigidity and perfectionism -there is no the people with this disorder tend to miss read or exaggerate the potential outcomes of mistakes or errors

What is the psychodynamic reasoning for the cause of schizoid Personality disorder

Propose that schizoid Personality disorder has its roots in an unsatisfied need for human contact. The parents of people with this disorder, like those people with paranoid personality sorter, are believed to have been unaccepting or even abusive towards their children

What type of therapy appears to lead to some degree of improvement for people with borderline personality disorder

Psychotherapy -it is, however, extraordinarily difficult for a therapist to strike a balance between empathizing with the patient's dependency and anger and challenging his or her way of thinking. Wildly fluctuating into personal attitudes of clients with a disorder can also make it difficult for therapist to establish collaborative working relationships with them

What type of medication are used for people with antisocial personality disorder

Psychotropic medications, particular antipsychotic drugs -these drugs have not been found to be consistently useful

What is a common trait for those with antisocial personality disorder

Recklessness -They have a little regard for their own safety or for that of others even their children.

schizotypal eccentricities

Repeatedly arranging cans to liner labels, organizing closets extensively, or wearing an odd assortment of clothing

Personality wise how do people with obsessive compulsive personality disorder tend to be

Rigid and stubborn. They live by a strict Personal code and use it as a yardstick for measuring others -They are often stingy with their money and time

What type of drugs do people with obsessive compulsive personality disorder respond well to

SSRIs, The serotonin enhancing antidepressant drugs

What do some clients fissions believe the cluster a personality disorders are related to

Schizophrenia

Biological researchers have found that people with antisocial personality disorder, have lower ________ Activity

Serotonin

People with borderline personality disorder often have lower brain _________ Activity

Serotonin

Socio cultural factors that cause borderline personality disorder

Some social cultural Theorist suggest that cases of borderline personality sorter are particularly likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly

Psychodynamic reasoning for the development of avoidant personality disorder

Some theorist trace the shame to childhood experiences such as early bowel and bladder accident. If parents repeatedly punished or ridiculed a child for having such accidents, the child may develop and negative self image. This may lead to the child feeling unlovable throughout life and distrusting of other people

Behavioral methods for schizotypal treatment

Speech lessons, social training skills, and tips on appropriate dress and manners.

People with avoidant personality disorder exaggerates the potential difficulties so they seldomly...

Take risks or try out new activities

Cognitive therapy for schizoid Personality disorder

Techniques include presenting clients with list of emotions to think about or having them write down and remember pleasurable experiences

What do cognitive behavioral therapist propose is a cause for narcissistic personality disorder

That narcissistic personality disorder may develop when people are treated too positively rather than too negatively early in life -parents teach them to overvalued their self or repeatedly rewarding them for minor accomplishments or no accomplishments at all

categorical approach

The DSM's listing of 10 Distinct personality disorders

mentalization

The capacity to understand one's own mental state and those of other people

Most impulsive, self-destructive behaviors because immense physical suffering, but those with borderline personality disorder often feel as if...

The physical discomfort offers relief from their emotional suffering (distraction)

What to pathways play a role in antisocial people's chronic low reactions to stress

The sympathetic nervous system pathway in the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal pathway

People with paranoid personality disorder are unable to recognize...

Their own mistakes, though, and are extremely sensitive to criticism

Psychodynamic perspective as to how people develop histrionic personality disorder

Theorist believe that as children, people with this disorder had called and controlling parents who left and feeling unloved and afraid of abandonment. To defend against deep-seated fears of lost the children learn to behave dramatically inventing crises That would require other people to act protectively

Socio-cultural perspective as to why people develop histrionic personality disorder

Theorist believe that histrionic personality disorder is produced in part by cultural norms and expectations. -vain, dramatic, and selfish behavior of the histrionic personality may actually be an exaggeration of femininity as our culture once defined it

Cognitive behavioral approach to why people develop avoidant personality disorder

Theorist believe that horse criticism and rejection in early childhood may lead certain people to assume the others in their environment will always judge them negatively. These people come to expect rejection, misinterpret the reactions of others to fit that expectation, discount positive feedback, and generally fear social involvement -Theorist also suggest that most people with avoidant personality disorder failed to develop effective social skills, a failure that helps maintain the disorder

Developmental psychpathologist View on the causes of borderline personality disorder

Theorist believe that internal and extra forces intersect over the course of a persons life to help produce this disorder -They believe that early parent-child relationships are particularly influential in the development of the disorder

What do Object relations theorist Believe is a cause for a narcissistic personality disorder

Theorist interpret that grandiose self imaging as a way for these people to convince himself that they are totally self-sufficient and without need of warm relationships with their parents or anyone else

Cognitive behavioral explanation as to why people develop histrionic personality disorder

Theorist see these people as becoming less and less interested in knowing about the world at large because they are so self focused and emotional. With no detailed memories of what they never learned, they must rely on hunches or on other people to provide them with direction of life

Cognitive therapy for people with obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Therapist focus on helping the client to change their dichotomous- "all or nothing" thinking, perfectionism, indecisiveness, procrastination, and chronic worrying

Cognitive behavioral therapy for those with narcissistic personality disorder

Therapist focused on the self centered thinking of such individuals, they try to redirect the client focus onto the opinions of others, teach them to interpret criticism more rationally, increase their ability to empathize, and change their all or nothing notions

Cognitive treatment for paranoid personality disorder

Therapist guided client to develop more realistic interpretations of other peoples words and actions and to become more aware of other people's point of view

Behavioral therapy for schizoid Personality disorder

Therapist have sometimes had success teaching social skills to such clients, using role-playing, exposure techniques, and homework assignments as tools

Cognitive behavioral therapy approach for those with avoidant personality disorder

Therapist help client change their distressing beliefs and thoughts, carry-on in the face of painful emotions, and improve their self image. They also provide social skill training and exposure treatments that require people to gradually increase their social contacts

Behavioral treatment for paranoid personality disorder

Therapist helped client to master anxiety reduction techniques and to improve their skills at solving and a personal problems

behavioral therapy for people with dependent personality disorder

Therapist often provide assertiveness training to help individuals better express their own wishes in relationships

Psychodynamic approach to therapy for narcissistic personality disorder

Therapist seek to help people with the disorder recognize and work through their basic insecurities and defenses

Cognitive therapy for schizotypal personality disorder

Therapist tried to Teach client to evaluate their unusual thoughts and perceptions objectively and to ignore the inappropriate ones. Therapist may keep track of clients odd or magical predictions, for example, and later point out their inaccuracies

Cognitive behavioral treatment for antisocial personality disorder

Therapist try to guide their patients to think about moral issues in about the needs of other people -increase their empathy

Psychodynamic treatment for avoidant personality disorder

Therapist try to help clients recognize and resolve the unconscious conflict that may be operating

Cognitive treatment for dependent personality disorder

Therapist try to help the client challenge and change their Assumptions of incompetence And helplessness

Psychodynamic therapy for obsessive compulsive personality disorder

Therapist typically try to help clients recognize, experience, and except their underlying feelings and insecurities, and perhaps take risks and accept their personal limitations

What does sociocultural therapist believe is the cause for narcissistic personality disorder

There is see a link between narcissistic personality disorder and " error of narcissism" in society. They suggest that family values and social ideals in certain societies periodically breakdown, producing generations of young people who are self-centered and materialistic and have short attention spans

Because people with antisocial personality disorder have an under arousal what do they typically do

They are more likely to take risks and seek thrills - this Who's there arousal levels, where as other people would be frightened by it

Why do the emotions people with borderline personality disorder always in conflict with the world around them

They are prone to bouts of anger, sometimes which result in physical aggression and violence -just as often however the Director impulsive anger inward and inflict bodily harm on themselves

How do people with narcissistic personality disorder choose their friends and associates

They are very choosy as they believe their problems are unique and can be appreciated only by others with special high status

What do cognitive behavioral theorist suggest is the reason for paranoid personality disorder development

They believe people with paranoid personality disorder generally hold broad mouth active assumptions, such as "people are evil" and "people attack you if you give them a chance"

What do cognitive behavioral therapist propose is the reason for

They believe they suffer from deficiencies no thanking. Their thoughts tend to be vague, empty, and without much meeting, and they have trouble scanning the environment to arrive at accurate perceptions. Unable to pick up emotional cues from others, they simply cannot respond to emotions.

What do people with histrionic personality change in order to attract and impress an audience

They change that only their surface characteristics, according to the latest fad, but also their opinion and beliefs

What happens when a person it with dependent personality disorder loses a close relationship

They feel completely helpless and devastated and they quickly seek out another relationship to fill the void

How can people with schizoid Personality disorder expressions be characterized

They have limited emotional expression. They really show it any feelings, expressing neither joy nor anger. They seem to have no need for attention or acceptance, or typically viewed as cold, humorless, or dull

What do biological theorist believe is the reason for paranoid personality disorder

They propose that paranoid personality disorder has genetic causes.

How do you psychodynamic theorist explain narcissistic personality disorder

They propose that the problem began with cold, rejecting parent. They argue that some people with his background spend their lives defending against feeling unsatisfied, rejected, unworthy, ashamed, and wary of the world. They do so by repeatedly telling themselves that they are actually perfect and desirable, and also by seeking admiration from others

If someone with paranoid personality disorder seek help how do they typically react

They typically feel the role of a patient as inferior in distress and rebel against their therapist.

People with Histrionic personality disorder are...

Vain, self-centered, demanding, and unable to delay gratification for long, they overreact to any minor event that gets In the way of their quest for attention. Some make suicide attempt, often to manipulate others

People with borderline personality disorder swing in and out of...

Very depressive, anxious, and irritable states that last anywhere from a few hours to a few days or more

People with paranoid personality disorder are critical of what

Weaknesses and faults in others, particularly at work

How long do symptoms of personality disorders last for

Years

Is suicidal threats and actions comment in those with borderline personality disorder

Yes

Are people with antisocial personality disorder Self-centered?

Yes, and are likely to have trouble maintaining close relationships

Do antipsychotic drugs help those with schizotypal personality disorder?

Yes, in low doses the drug appears to have helped some people, usually by reducing certain problematic thoughts

Are people with histrionic personality disorder likely to seek out treatment on their own

Yes, they are more likely than those with other personalities disorders

Schizotypal personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities

Bodily illusions

sensing an external "force" or presence

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Cognitive perspective as to why people develop dependent personality disorder

theorist identified to maladaptive attitudes as further helping to produce and maintain the disorder. 1.) I am in adequate and help us to deal with the world 2.) I must find a person to provide protection so I can cope

behavioral perspective as to why people develop dependent personality disorder

theorist proposed that parents of people with this disorder unintentionally or the children's clinging and loyal behavior, while the same time punishing acts of independence, perhaps through the withdrawal of love