ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY: 19419: Chapter 4
Correlation scores range from _____ to _______.
-1; +1
Which of the following are reasons why researchers use animals instead of humans? (Select all that apply.)
-Better control over third variables -Better control over laboratory conditions -Exposing animals to conditions that would not be ethical to impose on humans
_____ studies provide researchers with even more control over laboratory conditions than is possible in _________ studies.
Animal; human laboratory
_________ studies look at the relationship between two variables without manipulating either of them.
Correlational
In which of the following ways can an adoption study be carried out? (Select all that apply.)
Determine the rates of the disorder in the adoptive relatives of the adoptees who have the disorder of interest. Identify a person who has a disorder of interest. Determine the rates of the disorder in the biological relatives of the adoptees who have the disorder of interest.
The extent to which a study's results can be generalized to real-life phenomena is known as which of the following?
External validity
Which of the following are problems with a meta-analysis? (Select all that apply.)
Flawed studies are often included along with stronger studies, influencing the overall results. There is the file drawer effect. Studies that do not support the hypothesis are less likely to get published.
Cross-cultural researchers should be cautious of which types of differences in people's responses to the social demands of interacting with researchers? (Select all that apply.)
Gender Cultural
What type of study creates situations that capture key key characteristics of real world events?
Human laboratory study
Colleges and universities must have human participants committees that evaluate the ethicality of the research. Which of the following are some of the common names applied to such committees? (Select all that apply.)
Human subjects committee Institutional review board Ethics committee
Epidemiological studies have provided valuable information on which of the following factors? (Select all that apply.)
Incidence Prevalence Risk factors
____ assignment occurs when each participant has an equal chance of being selected to be in the experimental group or the control group.
Random
Which of the following are steps in the scientific method? (Select all that apply.)
Select and define the problem. Formulate a hypothesis. Document the results in a research report.
Which of the following describes the threshold approach to research in abnormal psychology?
Studies focus on people with disorders of various severities or on comparisons of people with diagnosed disorders and people without disorders
Which of the following describes the continuum approach to research in abnormal psychology?
Studies focus on people with symptoms that range in severity from the everyday to the highly impairing and likely to meet criteria for a disorder.
True or false: A single-case design experiment exposes the individual to some manipulation or intervention.
True
Marianne participated in a research study at her college. Her results were so unique that the researcher shared her information with his colleagues. Which basic right of research participation did this violate?
confidentiality
Maximilian participated in a study in which three groups received different amounts of alcohol and a fourth group did not. Their reaction time on a task was then recorded. Maximilian was in the group that did not receive alcohol. Maximilian was in the _______ group.
control
The condition in which participants have all the same experiences as the treatment group(s) except they do not receive the treatment is called a(n) _____.
control group
Both larger __________ and larger sample sizes increase the likelihood of correlations achieving statistical significance.
correlation
A(n) ________ is a statistic used to represent the relationship between variables.
correlation coefficient
If you want to study the relationship between two or more variables that researchers cannot experimentally manipulate, which of the following research methods would be the best to use?
correlational study
Mathieu participated in a study in which he received a vitamin supplement and then had to lift increasingly heavier weights. He correctly guessed that the vitamin supplement was to help enable him to lift greater weights, so he tried harder to do so. This situation demonstrated the presence of _____.
demand characteristics
________ occur when situations arise that cause participants to guess the purpose of the study and change their behavior as a result.
demand characteristics
Because a researcher who comes in contact with participants might inadvertently influence their behavior in a treatment-based experiment, ______ studies are often used to prevent this.
double-blind
You sign up to work on an experiment to get some experience, and the study you're working on looks at the effect of caffeine on memory. Your job is to give participants a mixture of orange juice and caffeine that has been premixed by another researcher. You don't know how many milligrams of caffeine have been added to the orange juice. When you ask the lead researcher about this, she says that she does not want you to inadvertently influence the participant's performance. This is an example of a _______ experiment.
double-blind
When doing therapy outcome studies, we are most likely testing the _________.
effectiveness of treatments
The study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders, in a population is called _____.
epidemiology
____________ is the study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders, in a population.
epidemiology
Dr. Edgarson is studying the effects of alcohol on reaction time. To do this, she needs a place where she can give her participants a specific dose of alcohol, allow time for the alcohol to be metabolized, and then have a computer set up with a program to test for their reaction time. What type of study is she conducting?
experimental
In ____ studies, researchers attempt to control the independent variable and any potentially problematic third variables rather than simply observing them as they occur naturally.
experimental
___________ validity is the extent to which a study's results can be generalized to real-life phenomena.
external
A ___________ history study demonstrates that genetically transmitted disorders show up more often in families of people who have the disorder than in families who do not have the disorder.
family
A _________ demonstrates that genetically transmitted disorders show up more often in families of people who have the disorder than in families who do not have the disorder.
family history study
Family history studies, twin studies and adoption studies are all types of ______.
genetic studies
In an adoption study, if a disorder is strongly influenced by environment, then investigators should see _____.
higher rates of the disorder among the adoptive relatives
All colleges and universities have _____________ participants committees to ensure that in studies with people, the benefits of the study substantially outweigh any risks to the participants and that the risks to participants have been minimized.
human
Hermione recently participated in a psychological study in which the researchers were interested in the effects of alcohol on reaction time. The study was most likely a _____.
human laboratory study
Dr. Anders conducted an experiment in which he determined that the amount of alcohol consumed affected lecture note-taking ability. Dr. Anders gave each group a different amount of alcohol and nothing else. A student correctly pointed out that Dr. Anders did not control for amount of liquid consumed and that this may have, indeed, caused the observed results. Dr. Anders' study had low _____.
internal validity
When researchers want to ensure that their study demonstrates that changes in the dependent variable can confidently be attributed to manipulation of the independent variable and not other factors, then the study has high _____.
internal validity
An advantage of a meta-analysis is that _____.
it can pool the data of many studies with small samples to provide more power
The ______ of a correlation is the degree to which the variables move in tandem with each other.
magnitude
_______ is a statistical technique for summarizing results across several studies.
meta-analysis
A ______ twin is an identical twin, whereas a dizygotic twin is not.
monozygotic
When participating in research, participants _____.
must be able to understand the nature of the research
A researcher finds that when a person scores high on the common depression assessment tools, he tends to rate his self-esteem as being lower. This is an example of
negative correlation.
In research, results often support the _______ instead of the researcher's primary testable prediction.
null hypothesis
The prediction that there is no relationship between the phenomena being studied is called the _____.
null hypothesis
A researcher is looking at the connection between class attendance and performance on various assessment tools (exams, quizzes, in-class assignments). He finds that the more students attend class, the better they tend to do when they are assessed. This is an example of ____________.
positive correlation
Suliat participated in a study on the effects of stress on test taking. She was selected to be in the treatment group when her name was picked from a huge bowl of names of all available participants. This type of assignment is called _________ assignment.
random
A(n) ____________ is a group of people selected from the population that the researcher wants to study. (Remember to type only one word per blank.)
sample
A(n) ______ is a group of people selected from the _______ that the researcher wants to study.
sample; population
A basic series of steps designed to obtain and evaluate information relevant to a problem in a systematic way is often called the _____.
scientific method
Participants who do not receive the experimental therapy but are tracked for the same period of time as the participants who do receive the therapy are called the _____.
simple control group
When the same person serves as both the subject and control in a study, researchers are using a ______.
single-case experimental design
The ____________ of a result is an index of how likely the result occurred simply by chance.
statistical significance
The index of how likely a result occurred simply by chance is called _____.
statistical significance
Participants in research should expect _____.
their identity to be held in strict confidence
Experimental studies designed to test whether a specific therapy reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it are called _____.
therapy outcome studies
Cross-cultural researchers should be cautious of the difficulty of _________ their questionnaires and other assessment tools into different languages.
translating
A(n)___________ is a factor or characteristic that can change within an individual or between individuals.
variable
Because they can change over time, weight, mood, and attitudes are all known as _____.
variables
Denada was in a study that looked at the effect of a drug on weight loss. Denada did not receive the active weight loss ingredient but was placed on a list to receive it after the study was completed. Denada was in a(n) _____ control group.
wait list
Which of the following factors increase the likelihood of achieving statistical significance? (Select all that apply.)
Larger sample sizes Larger correlations
Which type of study attempts to locate links between genes to assess risk for mental illness?
Linkage analysis
Which of the following are advantages of doing a case study? Select all that apply.
May be the only way to study rare problems Invaluable in generating new ideas Captures the uniqueness of the individual
What type of analysis is helpful in determining what the overall trend in several studies indicates?
Meta-analysis
______ studies are used to investigate the connection between genes and behavioral disorders.
Molecular genetic
Which of the following are types of genetic studies? (Select all that apply.)
Molecular genetic studies Linkage analysis Twin studies Adoption studies
_______ twins shares 100% of their genes, whereas ________ twins share 50% of their genes.
Monozygotic; dizygotic
Children or adults with mental impairments participating in a research study must be able to understand the risks of a study. If they do not, which of the following must make the judgment about their participation in the study? (Select all that apply.)
Parents Responsible adults Guardians
The effects of strokes, brain injuries, and unique situations that occur to a single person are best studied using _____.
a case study
A correlation of +1.00 or -1.00 indicates _______ correlation.
a perfect
Information gathered from epidemiological studies _____. (Select all that apply.)
can be used to test hypotheses about why people are at higher risk can give us important clues as to who is at highest risk for a disorder
No other type of research captures the uniqueness of an individual as much as the _____________ study.
case
_______________ studies are detailed histories of individuals who have some form of psychological disorder. They have been used for centuries as a way to understand the experiences of individuals and make general inferences about the sources of the psychopathology.
case