Abnormal Psychology Exam 3

Physical Dangers of Cocaine

(a) Excessive doses depress the respiratory center of the brain and stop breathing (b) Cocaine use also can cause heart failure (c) Pregnant women who use cocaine have an increased likelihood of miscarriage and of having children with abnormalities

Dangers of Opioid Use

(a) The most immediate danger is overdose (b) The drug closes down the respiratory center in the brain, paralyzing breathing and causing death Death is particularly likely during sleep (c) Ignorance of tolerance also is a problem People who resume use after having avoided it for some time often make the fatal mistake of taking the same dose they had built up to before (d) About 2 percent of persons addicted to heroin and other opioids die under the influence of the drug per year

Schizophrenia recovery

1/4

Nearly ____% of young women experience clinical or subclinical eating disorders

10%

Vaginismus

Some women with genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder experience involuntary contractions of the muscles of the outer third of the vagina

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

additions to a persons behavior -Delusions -Disordered thinking and speech -Heightened perceptions -Hallucinations -Inappropriate affect (unsuitable emotions)

Cocaine Induced Psychosis

hallucinations and/or delusions

Biological Views of Substance Abuse: Biochemical Factors

(a) Over the past few decades, investigators have pieced together a general biological understanding of drug tolerance and withdrawal, based on neurotransmitter functioning in the brain (i) The specific neurotransmitter(s) affected depends on which drug is used (b) Recent brain imaging studies have suggested that many (perhaps all) drugs eventually activate a reward center or "pleasure pathway" in the brain (i) The reward center apparently extends from the brain area called the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens and on to the frontal cortex 1. The key NT appears to be dopamine 2. When dopamine is activated at this center, a person experiences pleasure (ii) Certain drugs stimulate the reward center directly 1. Examples: cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine (iii) Other drugs stimulate the reward center in roundabout ways 1. Examples: alcohol, opioids, and marijuana (c) A number of theorists believe that when substances repeatedly stimulate the reward center, the center develops a hypersensitivity to the substances (i) This theory, called the incentive-sensitization theory, has received considerable support in animal studies (d) Theorists believe that people who abuse substances suffer from a rewarddeficiency syndrome (i) Their reward center is not readily activated by "normal" life events so they turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress (ii) Defects in D2 receptors have been cited as a possible cause

Biological Views of Substance Abuse: Genetic Predisposition

(a) Research with "alcohol-preferring" animals has demonstrated that offspring have similar alcohol preferences (b) Similarly, research with human twins has suggested that people may inherit a predisposition to misuse substances (c) Stronger support for a genetic model may come from adoption studies (i) Studies compared adoptees whose biological parents abuse alcohol with adoptees whose biological parents do not (ii) By adulthood, those whose biological parents were dependent showed higher rates of alcoholism themselves (d) Genetic linkage strategies and molecular biology techniques provide more direct evidence in support of this hypothesis

Cross-tolerance

(a) Sometimes, two or more drugs are so similar in their actions on the brain and body that as people build a tolerance for one drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other (even if they have never taken it) (b) Users who display this cross-tolerance can reduce the symptoms of withdrawal from one drug by taking the other EX: alcohol and benzodiazepines

Synergistic Effects

(a) When different drugs are in the body at the same time, they may multiply or potentiate each other's effects (b) This combined impact is called a synergistic effect and is often greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone (c) One kind of synergistic effect occurs when two or more drugs have similar actions (i) Examples: alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and opioids 1. All are depressants, and they may severely depress the CNS when mixed, leading to death (d) A different kind of synergistic effect results when drugs have opposite (antagonistic) actions (i) Examples: stimulants or cocaine with barbiturates or alcohol 1. May build up lethal levels of the drugs because of metabolic issues (stimulants impede the liver's processing of barbiturates and alcohol)

Extra Info on Bulimia

* Left untreated, bulimia can last for years a. Treatment provides immediate, significant improvement in about 40 percent of cases b. An additional 40 percent show moderate response c. Follow-up studies suggest that 10 years posttreatment, about 75 percent of patients have recovered fully or partially

Sociocultural Views for Substance Use

- A number of theorists propose that people are more likely to develop substance use disorders when living in stressful socioeconomic conditions a. Example: Higher levels of unemployment correlate with higher rates of alcohol use b. Example: People of lower SES have higher rates of substance use in general Other theorists propose that substance use disorders are more likely to appear in families and social environments where substance use is valued or accepted a. Example: Rates of alcohol use vary among cultures

Psychological Causes for ED

-90% of men with severe depression experience ED -cognitive: performance anxiety and the spectator role -fear of failure

Three most used depressants

-Alcohol -Sedative-hypnotic drugs -Opioids

Diagnosing Schizophrenia

-DSM-5 calls for a diagnosis of schizophrenia only after symptoms of psychosis continue for six months or more -In addition, individuals must show a deterioration in their work, social relations, and ability to care for themselves

Laboratory-produced Hallucinogens

-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) -MDMA (ecstasy)

Natural Hallucinogens

-Mescaline -Psilocybin

Anorexia Nervosa: Restricting Type

-Primarily food restriction -No binge-purge episodes in the last 3 months

Biological Causes for Disorders of Desire

-abnormalities in hormones like prolactin, testosterone, and estrogen -also excessive activity of the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine -also by chronic illness, birth control, pain pills, psychotropic drugs, and illegal drugs

Medical Problems of Anorexia

-amenorrhea -dry skin -poor circulation -low blood pressure -reduced bone density

Sedative-hypnotic drugs

-anxiolytic drug that produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness -low doses = calming/sedative effect -high doses = sleep inducers/hypnotics barbiturates & benzodiazepines

Compensatory Behaviors

-attempts to prevent weight game in response to binge -Purging -use of laxatives and diuretics -excessive exercising

Anorexia Nervosa: Binge-eating/purging type

-can have binge-purging episodes in the last 3 months

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

-characterized by a lack of interest in sex and little sexual activity -physical responses might be normal -16% of men

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

-characterized by a lack of normal interest in sexual activity -rarely incite sexual activity and may experience little excitement during -33% of women -during the excitement phase

Erectile Disorder

-characterized by persistent inability to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity -10% of the male population -1/2 of males experience it

Binge

-consumes as many as 10,000 calories in one sitting -usually preceded by intense, overwhelming emotions -foods often include sweets, carbs, high calorie foods

Schizophrenia (men/women % and age)

-equal number of women and men -23 for men -28 for women

Biological Causes for ED

-hormonal imbalance -vascular problems -damage to the nervous system -some medications -Measure nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) -> abnormal or absent erectile function in REM sleep detector

Psychological Causes for Disorders of Desire

-increase in anxiety, depression, or anger may reduce sexual desire -fears, attitudes, and memories -depression and OCD

Sociocultural Causes for ED

-job and marital distress

First part of the brain affected by alcohol is ________ and then next affected are additional areas in the ____, leaving the drinker less able to ______________. Then _______ .

-judgement and inhibition -central nervous system -make sounds judgements, speak clearly, and remember well -motor difficulties increase as drinking continues, and reaction time slows

Binge-Purge Cycle

-leads to feelings of disgust -purge after any meal -cycle begins after a period of intense dieting or AN

Benzodiazepines

-prescribed to relieve anxiety (Xanax, Ativan, Valium) -no drowsiness -less likely to slow breathing and lead to overdose -can cause intoxication and lead to an addictive pattern of use

Sociocultural Causes for Disorders of Desire

-the attitudes, fears, and psychological disorders that occur in a social context -situational pressures (divorce, death, job, infertility, and relationship probs) -Cultural standards -trauma of sexual molestation or assault

Barbiturates

-widely prescribed to fight anxiety and to help people sleep (replaced by benzodiazepines) -high level = halt breathing, lower blood pressure, coma, death -withdrawal can cause convulsions

People with bulimia nervosa may have between _ and __ binge episodes per week

1 and 30

Cognitive-Behavioral Views for Substance Use

1. According to behaviorists, operant conditioning may play a key role in substance abuse a. They argue that the temporary reduction of tension produced by a drug has a rewarding effect, thus increasing the likelihood that the user will seek this reaction again b. Similarly, the rewarding effects also may lead users to try higher doses or more powerful methods of ingestion 2. Cognitive theorists further argue that such rewards eventually produce an expectancy that substances will be rewarding, and this expectation is sufficient to motivate individuals to increase drug use at times of tension 3. In support of these views, studies have found that many subjects do in fact drink more alcohol or seek heroin when they feel tense a. In a manner of speaking, this model is arguing a "self-medication" hypothesis b. If true, one would expect higher rates of substance use among people with psychological symptoms (a) In fact, more than 22 percent of all adults who suffer from psychological disorders have displayed substance use disorders within the past year c. Other behaviorists have proposed that classical conditioning may play a role in these disorders (a) Objects presented at the time drugs are taken may act as classically conditioned stimuli and come to produce some of the pleasure brought on by the actual drugs (b) Although classical conditioning may be at work, it has not received widespread research support as the key factor in such patterns

Biological Factors of Eating Disorders

1. Biological theorists suspect certain genes may leave some people particularly susceptible to eating disorders 2. Consistent with this idea: a. Relatives of people with eating disorders are up to six times more likely to develop the disorder themselves b. Identical twins with anorexia = 70 percent; fraternal twins = 20 percent c. Identical (MZ) twins with bulimia 5 23 percent; fraternal twins 5 9 percent 3. These findings may be related to low serotonin 4. Other theories are that eating disorders may be related to dysfunction of the hypothalamus 5. Researchers have identified two separate areas that control eating: the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) a. Some theorists believe that the hypothalamus, related brain areas, and chemicals together are responsible for weight set point—a "weight thermostat" of sorts b. Set by genetic inheritance and early eating practices, this mechanism is responsible for keeping an individual at a particular weight level (a) If weight falls below the set point, hunger increases while metabolic rate decreases, often leading to binges (b) If weight rises above the set point, hunger decreases while metabolic rate increases (c) Dieters end up in a battle against themselves to lose weight

Cognitive Factors of Eating Disorders

1. Bruch's theory also contains several cognitive factors, such as improper labeling of internal sensations and needs a. According to cognitive theorists, these deficiencies contribute to a broad cognitive distortion that lies at the center of disordered eating b. For example, people with anorexia and bulimia negatively judge themselves based on their body shape and weight

Caffeine

1. Caffeine is the world's most widely used stimulant Around 80 percent of the world's population consumes it daily ie coffee, tea, cola, energy drinks, chocolate, and over-the-counter medications -It acts as a stimulant in the CNS, producing a release of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the brain

Eating disorder treatments have two main goals:

1. Correct dangerous eating patterns 2. Address broader psychological and situational factors that have led to and are maintaining the eating problem This often requires participation of family and friends

Human Sexual Response Phases (4)

1. Desire 2. Excitement 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution

Family Environment and Eating Disorders

1. Families may play an important role in the development of eating disorders 2. As many as half of the families of those with eating disorders have a long history of emphasizing thinness, appearance, and dieting 3. Mothers of those with eating disorders are more likely to be dieters and perfectionistic themselves 4. Abnormal interactions and forms of communication within a family also may set the stage for an eating disorder Influential family theorist Salvador Minuchin cites "enmeshed family patterns" as causal factors of eating disorders These patterns include overinvolvement and overconcern in the details of family member's lives

Psychodynamic Factors of Eating Disorders: Ego Deficiencies

1. Hilde Bruch developed a largely psychodynamic theory of eating disorders 2. Bruch argued that eating disorders are the result of disturbed mother-child interactions, which lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child and to severe perceptual disturbances 3. Bruch argues that parents may respond to their children either effectively or ineffectively: a. Effective parents accurately attend to a child's biological and emotional needs b. Ineffective parents fail to attend to child's needs; they feed when the child is anxious, comfort when he or she is tired, etc. Such children may grow up confused and unaware of their own internal needs and turn, instead, to external guides 4. Clinical reports and research have provided some empirical support for this theory

Depression and Eating Disorders

1. Many people with eating disorders, particularly those with bulimia nervosa, experience symptoms of depression 2. Theorists believe depressive disorders may "set the stage" for eating disorders a. There is empirical support for this model: (a) Many more people with an eating disorder qualify for a clinical diagnosis of major depressive disorder than do people in the general population (b) Close relatives of those with eating disorders seem to have higher rates of depressive disorders (c) People with eating disorders, especially those with bulimia nervosa, have serotonin abnormalities (d) Symptoms of eating disorders are helped by antidepressant medications

Societal Pressures and Eating Disorders

1. Many theorists believe that current Western standards of female attractiveness are partly responsible for the emergence of eating disorders 2. Western standards have changed throughout history toward a thinner ideal than in the past 3. Members of certain subcultures are at greater risk from these pressures: Like models, actors, dancers, and certain athletes -Of college athletes surveyed, 9 percent met full criteria for an eating disorder, while another 50 percent had symptoms -20 percent of gymnasts appear to have an eating disorder 4. Societal attitudes may explain economic and racial differences seen in prevalence rates 5. Historically, women of higher SES expressed greater concern about thinness and dieting and had higher rates of eating disorders compared with women of the lower socioeconomic classes 6. Recently, dieting and preoccupation with thinness, along with rates of eating disorders, are increasing in all groups 7. The socially accepted prejudice against overweight people also may add to the "fear" and preoccupation about weight a. About 50 percent of elementary and 61 percent of middle school girls currently are dieting b. A recent survey of adolescent girls tied eating disorders and body dissatisfaction to social networking, Internet activities, and television browsing

Psychomotor Symptoms

1. People with schizophrenia sometimes experience psychomotor symptoms, including awkward movements, repeated grimaces, and odd gestures. These movements seem to have a magical quality 2. These symptoms may take extreme forms, collectively called catatonia a. Includes stupor, rigidity, posturing, or excitement

Treatments for Bulimia Nervosa

1. Treatment often is offered in eating disorder clinics 2. The immediate aims of treatment for bulimia nervosa are to: a. Eliminate binge-purge patterns b. Establish good eating habits c. Eliminate the underlying cause of bulimic patterns 3. Programs emphasize education as much as therapy

Anorexia -Approximately ___-___% of cases are females (Peak age between ___-___ )

90-95% 14 and 18

Bulimia Nervosa -Approximately ___-___% of cases are females (Peak age between ____-___)

90-95% 15 and 21

Frotteuristic Disorder

A person with frotteuristic disorder has repeated and intense fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person b. Almost always male, the person fantasizes during the act that a caring relationship is occurring with the victim c. The disorder usually begins in the teenage years or earlier d. Acts generally decrease and disappear after age 25

Sexual Sadism Disorder

A person with sexual sadism disorder, usually a male, is repeatedly and intensely aroused by the physical or psychological suffering of another individual b. This arousal may be expressed through fantasies, urges, or behaviors c. Named for the infamous Marquis de Sade, people who fantasize sexual sadism imagine that they have total control over a sexual victim d. Fantasies may first appear in childhood or adolescence and the pattern is long-term e. Sadism appears to be related to classical conditioning and/or modeling f. Psychodynamic and cognitive theorists view people with sexual sadism disorder as having underlying feelings of sexual inadequacy

The most dangerous recreational drug

Alcohol

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Chase . Also known as "flashing," this disorder is characterized by arousal from the exposure of genitals in a public setting b. Most often, the person wants to provoke shock or surprise, rather than initiate sexual contact c. Generally, the disorder begins before age 18 and is most common in males d. Treatment generally includes aversion therapy and masturbatory satiation, possibly combined with orgasmic reorientation, social skills training, or cognitive behavioral therapy

How are substance use disorders treated?

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Family, Couple approaches Meds Community

Alcohol Absorption

Is is absorbed into the blood through stomach lining and takes effect in the bloodstream and CNS

Most famous and powerful hallucinogen

LSD

Sociocultural Interventions

Most common intervention approach: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Offers peer support along with moral and spiritual guidelines to help people overcome alcoholism It is worth noting that the abstinence goal of AA directly opposes the controlled-drinking goal of relapse prevention training and several other interventions for substance misuse—this issue has been debated for years

Opioids

Narcotics (smoked, inhaled, injected under the skin <skin-popped> or injected directly into the bloodstream <mainlined>) -create these effects by depressing the CNS a. These drugs attach to the receptors in the brain ordinarily receiving endorphins (neurotransmitters that naturally help relieve pain and decrease emotional tension) b. When these sites receive opioids, they produce pleasurable and calming feelings just as endorphins do c. In addition to reducing pain and tension, opioids can cause nausea, narrowing of the pupils, and constipation

Dyspareunia

Other women with genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder experience severe vaginal or pelvic pain during sexual intercourse -This form of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder usually has a physical cause, most commonly injury sustained in childbirth

Cannabis

Produces sensory changes, but have both depressant and stimulant effects 1. The drugs produced from varieties of the hemp plant are, as a group, called cannabis a. They include: (a) Hashish, the solidified resin of the cannabis plant (b) Marijuana, a mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops 2. The major active ingredient in cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol or THC a. The greater the THC content, the more powerful the drug 3. When smoked, cannabis produces a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects a. At low doses, the user feels joy and relaxation (a) May become anxious, suspicious, or irritated (b) This overall "high" is technically called cannabis intoxication b. At high doses, cannabis produces odd visual experiences, changes in body image, and hallucinations c. Most of the effects of cannabis last two to six hours (a) Mood changes may continue longer

Depressants

Slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) -reduce tension and inhibitions -may interfere with judgement, motor activity, and concentration

Cannabis Use Disorder

Some users develop tolerance and withdrawal, experiencing flu-like symptoms, restlessness, and irritability when drug use is stopped The marijuana available today is much more potent (by as many as four times) than the drug used in the early 1970s Is marijuana dangerous? As the strength and use of the drug has increased, so have the risks of using it (a) Similar to hallucinosis, marijuana users may panic as a result of marijuana intoxication (b) Because of its sensorimotor effects, marijuana has been implicated in accidents (c) Marijuana use has been linked to poor concentration and impaired memory b. Long-term use poses additional dangers: (a) May cause respiratory problems and lung cancer (b) May affect reproduction

Fetishism

The key features of this disorder are recurrent intense sexual urges, sexually arousing fantasies, or behavior that involves the use of a nonliving object, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli b. The disorder, far more common in men than women, usually begins in adolescence c. Almost anything can be a fetish - Women's underwear, shoes, and boots are especially common

Transvestic Disorder

This disorder is characterized by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving dressing in clothes of the opposite sex as a means of sexual arousal b. The typical case is a heterosexual male who began cross-dressing in childhood or adolescence c. This pattern often is confused with gender dysphoria, but the two are separate conditions d. The development of the disorder sometimes seems to follow the behavioral principles of operant conditioning

Pedophilic Disorder

This disorder is characterized by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual arousal from prepubescent or early pubescent children b. Some people are satisfied with child pornography; others are driven to watching, fondling, or engaging in sexual intercourse with children c. Victims may be male, but evidence suggests that two-thirds are female d. People with this disorder develop it in adolescence (a) Some were sexually abused as children (b) Many were neglected, excessively punished, or deprived of close relationships in childhood e. Most are immature, display distorted thinking, and have an additional psychological disorder f. Some theorists have proposed a biochemical or brain structure abnormality, but clear biological factors have yet to emerge in research g. Most people with pedophilia are imprisoned or forced into treatment h. Treatments include aversion therapy, masturbatory satiation, orgasmic reorientation, and treatment with antiandrogen drugs (a) There also is a cognitive-behavioral treatment: relapse prevention training, modeled after programs used for substance dependence

Sexual Masochism Disorder

This disorder is characterized by fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the act or thought of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer (a) Only those who are very distressed or impaired by such fantasies receive the diagnosis b. Most masochistic fantasies begin in childhood and seem to develop through the behavioral process of classical conditioning

Voyeuristic Disorder

This disorder is characterized by repeated and intense sexual urges to observe people as they undress or engage in sexual activity b. The person may masturbate during the act of observing or while remembering it later c. The risk of being discovered often adds to the excitement d. Many psychodynamic theorists propose that people with this disorder are seeking power e. Behaviorists explain the disorder as a learned behavior that can be traced to chance

Korsakoff's Syndrome

a chronic memory disorder caused by the lack of thiamine (vitamin B-1) and long term excessive drinking

Gender Dysphoria

a pattern in which people feel that they have been born to the wrong sex

Negatives of Treatment for Anorexia

a. As many as 20 percent of patients remain troubled for years b. Even when it occurs, recovery is not always permanent Anorexic behavior recurs in at least one-third of recovered patients, usually triggered by new stresses c. Many patients still express concerns about their weight and appearance d. Lingering emotional problems are common

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is helpful with BN

a. Behavioral techniques (a) Diaries often are a useful component of treatment (b) Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is used to break the binge-purge cycle b. Cognitive techniques (a) Help clients recognize and change their maladaptive attitudes toward food, eating, weight, and shape (b) Typically teach individuals to identify and challenge the negative thoughts that precede the urge to binge

Psychological Problems of Anorexia

a. Depression b. Anxiety c. Low self-esteem d. Insomnia or other sleep disturbances e. Substance abuse f. Obsessive-compulsive patterns g. Perfectionism

Antidepressant Medications for Bulimia Nervosa

a. During the past 15 years, all groups of antidepressant drugs have been used in bulimia treatment b. Drugs help as many as 40 percent of patients c. Medications are best when used in combination with other forms of therapy

Opioid Use Disorder

a. Heroin use exemplifies the problems posed by opioids: (a) After just a few weeks, users may become caught in a pattern of abuse (and often dependence) (b) Users quickly build a tolerance for the drug and experience withdrawal when they stop taking it (c) Early withdrawal symptoms include anxiety and restlessness; later symptoms include twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss from dehydration (d) Such individuals soon need the drug just to avoid experiencing withdrawal, and they must continually increase their doses in order to achieve even that relief (e) Many users must turn to criminal activity to support their "habit" and avoid withdrawal symptoms

Other Forms of Psychotherapy for Bulimia Nervosa

a. If clients do not respond to cognitive-behavioral therapy, other approaches may be tried b. A common alternative is interpersonal psychotherapy, the treatment that seeks to improve interpersonal functioning c. Psychodynamic therapy has also been used d. The various forms of psychotherapy are often supplemented by family therapy and may be offered in either individual or group therapy format (a) Group formats provide an opportunity for patients to express their thoughts, concerns, and experiences with one another (b) Group therapy is helpful in as many as 75 percent of cases

Treatment Programs for Anorexia

a. Therapists use a combination of therapy and education to achieve this broader goal, using a combination of individual, group, and family approaches; psychotropic drugs have been helpful in some cases b. In most treatment programs, a combination of behavioral and cognitive interventions are included (a) On the behavioral side, clients are required to monitor feelings, hunger levels, and food intake and the ties among those variables (b) On the cognitive side, they are taught to identify their "core pathology" c. Therapists help patients recognize their need for independence and control d. Therapists help patients recognize and trust their internal feelings e. A final focus of treatment is helping clients change their attitudes about eating and weight f. Using cognitive approaches, therapists will correct disturbed cognitions and educate patients about body distortions g. Family therapy is important for anorexia (a) The main issue often is separation/boundaries The use of combined treatment approaches has greatly improved the outlook for people with anorexia nervosa a. Even with combined treatment, recovery is difficult b. The course and outcome of the disorder vary from person to person

Positives of Treatment for Anorexia

a. Weight gain often is quickly restored As many as 90 percent of patients still showed improvements after several years b. Menstruation often returns with return to normal weight c. The death rate from anorexia seems to be falling

LSD

a. Within two hours of being swallowed, LSD brings on a state of hallucinogen intoxication (hallucinosis) (a) Increased and altered sensory perception (i) Hallucinations may occur (ii) The drug may cause different senses to cross, an effect called synesthia (b) May induce extremely strong emotions (c) May have some physical effects (d) Effects wear off in about six hours LSD produces these symptoms by binding to serotonin receptors a. These neurons help control visual information and emotions, thereby explaining the various effects of the drug on the user Tolerance and withdrawal are rare, but the drugs do pose dangers: a. Users may experience a "bad trip"—the experience of enormous perceptual, emotional, and behavioral reactions b. Another danger is the risk of "flashbacks" (a) Can occur days or months after last drug use

Eating disorders are seen in men and women at ____ age

any age

Cocaine Crashing

as the stimulant effects of the drug subside, the user experiences a depression-like letdown

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

characteristics lacking in the individual -poverty of speech (alogia) -restricted (flat emotion) -Loss of volition (motivation) -Social Withdrawl

Early Ejaculation

characterized by persistent reaching of orgasm and ejaculation within one minute of beginning sexual activity -30% of men

Stimulants

cocaine, amphetamines, stimulant use disorder, and caffeine Stimulants are substances that increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) 1. They cause an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness 2. They cause rapid behavior and thinking 3. The four most common stimulants are cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, and nicotine

Cirrhosis

long term excessive drinking leading to healthy liver tissue being replaced with scar tissue, preventing the liver from functioning properly

Cocaine Intoxication

mania, paranoia, and impared judgement

Muscle Dysmorphia

men see themselves as scrawny in spite of muscular build

Popular kind of amphetamine

meth

Synthetic Opioids

methodone

Cocaine

most powerful natural stimulant (leaves of coco plant) -euphoric rush of well-being and confidence -works by increasing dopamine at key receptors in the brain and overstimulating them -increases norepinephrine and serotonin

Short-term, alcohol binds to certain ______ - alcohol helps _____ (an inhibitory messenger) shut down ______ and relax the drinker

neurons GABA neurons

Natural Opioids

opium heroin morphine codeine

Sexual Dysfunctions

problems with sexual responses

Paraphilic Disorders

repeated and intense sexual urges and fantasies toward socially inappropriate objects or situations -nonhuman objects -children -non-consenting adults -Humiliation of self or partner -DSM5: only when cause significant distress or places individual or others at risk

Most cases of low sexual desire are caused primarily by ________ and ______ factors, but ____ conditions can also lower sex drive

sociocultural and psychological biological

Amphetamines

stimulant drugs that are manufactured in the laboratory a. Increase energy and alertness and reduce appetite when taken in small doses b. Produce a rush, intoxication, and psychosis in high doses c. Cause an emotional letdown as they leave the body d. Stimulate the CNS by increasing dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

Alcohol use disorder

symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal reactions -more they drink the higher tolerance they have the more they must drink -withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking including nausea and vomiting -small percentage experience delirium tremens (the DTs) which can be a fatal withdrawal symptom