Abnormal Psychology Schizophrenia Comer

A sheltered workshop for people with schizophrenia is an example of: a. coordinated services. b. partial hospitalization. c. halfway house services. d. occupational training.

b. partial hospitalization

A person diagnosed with schizophrenia is not hospitalized, yet eventually shows complete remission of symptoms. This patter is: a. typical of what happens in developing countries. b. typical of what happens in developed countries. c. unusual: not being hospitalized is typical in developing countries, but remission of symptoms is typical in developed countries. d. unusual: not being hospitalized is typical in developed countries, but remission of symptoms is typical in developing countries.

a. typical of what happens in developing countries

Operant conditioning has the MOST difficulty explaining: a. why schizophrenia is linked to genetic abnormalities. b. why people with schizophrenia display bizarre behaviors. c. why schizophrenia sometimes runs in families. d. why behavioral interventions restore some functions.

a. why schizophrenia is linked to genetic abnormalities

How is social withdrawal related to avolition? a. They appear to be behaviorally different, but each has similar underlying features. b. They are both negative symptoms of schizophrenia. c. They both rely on similar structures in the motor cortex. d. They both appear at similar points during the time-course of schizophrenia.

b. they are both negative symptoms of schizphrenia

A person with schizophrenia who says, "I have 'triscatitis' because the angular shape of my foreffit is diskiltered," is experiencing: a. loose associations. b. neologisms. c. perseveration. d. clang.

b. neologisms

Approximately _____ percent of the world population suffers from schizophrenia at some point in their life. a. 1 b. 5 c. 9 d. 14

a. 1 percent

____ is a condition in which people show no emotions at all. a. Flat affect b. Blunted affect c. Avolition d. Anhedonia

a. Flat affect

Which statement accurately represents the "rational path to madness"? a. I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others say I am imagining things. I decide they are lying to me. b. I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others give me lots of attention and sympathy. I experience more symptoms. c. I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others say I am imagining things. I decide they are right and become depressed. d. I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others argue rationally against my symptoms. I believe them and no longer have symptoms.

a. I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others say I am imagining things. I decide they are lying to me.

Which of these is NOT consistent with the most common pattern of schizophrenia? a. Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men. b. There is a significant risk of suicide attempt—about 25 percent. c. There is a higher incidence in lower rather than upper socioeconomic groups. d. There is about a 1 percent risk of developing schizophrenia in a lifetime, worldwide.

a. Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men.

In general, the closer that people are genetically related to someone with schizophrenia, the more likely they are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia as well. This is evidence of _____ between a schizophrenia diagnosis and the degree of closeness of relationship. a. a positive correlation b. a negative correlation c. a causal relationship d. no clear relationship

a. a positive correlation

Zach is a resident in a psychiatric ward. He receives a plastic chip whenever he gets dressed on his own, speaks normally, and follows ward rules. He can then exchange the plastic chips he has earned for extra privileges, such as food, cigarettes, or time playing video games. This example illustrates the basic features of: a. a token economy. b. milieu therapy. c. social therapy. d. a behavioral contract.

a. a token economy

What term describes a decrease in the fluency and the productivity of speech often seen in schizophrenia? a. alogia b. blocking c. avolition d. catatonia

a. alogia

A person with schizophrenia who hears all the animals around her making plans to get her ready for the ball, and comes to think of herself as Cinderella, is experiencing a(n) _____ hallucination and a delusion of _____. a. auditory; grandeur b. tactile; control c. olfactory; reference d. gustatory, persecution

a. auditory; grandeur

Wanda is a student who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Often, she sits, staring at the blank page where she should be completing homework assignments, unable to make herself write anything; she just doesn't seem to care. What symptom is she displaying? a. avolition b. anhedonia c. inappropriate affect d. flat affect

a. avolition

The viral explanation for schizophrenia suggests that brain abnormalities, and therefore schizophrenia, result from viral exposure: a. before birth. b. between birth and two years old. c. during puberty. d. during the two years just after puberty.

a. before birth

The earliest antipsychotic drugs were discovered accidentally by researchers who were looking for: a. better antihistamines to treat allergies. b. better antidepressants to treat depression. c. a new way to treat schizophrenia. d. cheaper alternatives to treat heart failure.

a. better antihistamines to treat allergies.

Which set of pairs MOST closely represents opposites in terms of the behavior you would observe in people with schizophrenia? a. catatonic stupor and catatonic excitement b. catatonic rigidity and catatonic stupor c. catatonic posturing and catatonic rigidity d. catatonic excitement and catatonic posturing

a. catatonic stupor and catatonic excitement

Occasionally, you see or hear things that others do not. Your friends tell you it's your imagination, but eventually you come to think your friends are hiding something, and you develop delusions of persecution to explain their behavior. This scenario is consistent with the: a. cognitive-behavioral view. b. sociocultural view. c. existential view. d. psychodynamic view.

a. cognitive-behavioral view

If psychological and sociocultural explanations are to make the same kind of progress in understanding schizophrenia that biological explanations have, then they must: a. come up with more precise theories that explain how psychological and sociocultural factors contribute to schizophrenia. b. rely exclusively on experiments to generate new knowledge within their disciplines. c. acknowledge that biological explanations are the direction of the future and move on to other topics of study. d. eventually merge with biological approaches, since they have difficulty explaining the causes of schizophrenia.

a. come up with more precise theories that explain how psychological and sociocultural factors contribute to schizophrenia.

A person is labeled by the community as having schizophrenia. Based on available evidence, it is MOST likely that: a. community members, and the person, will have a more negative view of the person. b. community members, but not the person, will have a more negative view of the person. c. the person, but not community members, will have a more negative view of the person. d. neither the person nor community members will have a more negative view of the person.

a. community members, and the person, will have a more negative view of the person.

What is a case manager's primary goal when treating schizophrenia? a. coordinating services b. finding employment for clients c. training staff d. administering medication

a. coordinating services

When using milieu therapy, what is the primary goal? a. Create a social environment that promotes productive activity, self-respect, and responsibility b. Decrease inappropriate or maladaptive behavior while increasing appropriate and adaptive behavior c. Change how the individual thinks about and perceives the social world d. Isolate those with severe psychological disorders from stressful situations or from environmental factors that trigger psychotic symptoms

a. create a social environment that promotes productive activity, self-respect, and responsibility.

Since 1950, interest in psychological explanations for schizophrenia, as opposed to genetic and biological explanations, have: a. decreased, then increased. b. increased, then decreased. c. decreased steadily. d. stayed the same.

a. decreased, then increased

Lucian always feels like he's been overlooked for all his achievements and that everything anyone says to him is a personal attack. He is extremely jealous of everyone around him and complains whenever other people appear to be getting more attention. This has been going on for a couple of months; he shows no other substantial symptoms. The BEST diagnosis, assuming the feelings of persecution and extreme jealousy has no basis in fact, is: a. delusional disorder. b. schizophreniform disorder. c. paranoid schizophrenia. d. brief psychotic disorder.

a. delusional disorder

What symptom of schizophrenia is most likely to be relieved by antipsychotic drugs? a. delusions b. flat affect c. lack of speech d. avolition

a. delusions

Recently, the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that: a. effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin, glutamate, and GABA, as well as dopamine. b. excessive dopamine activity contributes to only some kinds of schizophrenia. c. atypical antipsychotic drugs work exclusively on dopamine receptors. d. those with catatonic schizophrenia respond better to atypical than to traditional antipsychotic drugs.

a. effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin, glutamate, and GABA, as well as dopamine.

Evidence suggests that restricted affect among those with schizophrenia may reflect the inability to ______ emotions, not the inability to _______them. a. express; feel b. feel; express c. label; express d.feel; label

a. express; feel

Sociocultural perspectives differ from other perspectives of schizophrenia because they focus exclusively on factors that are: a. external to the individual. b. internal to the individual. c. unrelated to psychological factors. d. difficult to measure.

a. external to the individual

Irene is schizophrenic. She and her family were struggling until they found other families with schizophrenic members who offered support, encouragement, and advice. Irene and her family are MOST likely be participating in: a. family psychoeducational programs. b. family milieu therapy. c. joint drug treatment. d. psychodynamic therapy.

a. family psychoeducational programs

Somatic hallucinations are: a. feelings that something is happening inside the body. b. perceptions of tingling, burning, or electric-shock sensations. c. when food or drink tastes strange on a regular basis. d. odors that no one else smells.

a. feelings that something is happening inside the body

When first-generation antipsychotic drugs are used today, clinician typically do all of the following EXCEPT: a. increase the dosage of a drug when patients do not improve. b. prescribe an additional antipsychotic drug to produce a synergistic effect. c. prescribe drugs that remedy the side effects of the antipsychotic drug. d. gradually reduce medications after patients establish normal functioning.

a. increase the dosage of a drug when patients do not improve.

Antonio begins to hear voices. After some research, his family realizes that he is exhibiting early symptoms of schizophrenia. Antonio's family tells him the voices aren't real to try to help him. This action by family members should: a. increase the likelihood of future symptoms. b. decrease the likelihood of future symptoms. c. delay the onset of future symptoms, which are inevitable. d. prevent the onset of future symptoms.

a. increase the likelihood of future symptoms

Compared with those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developing countries, those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developed countries are: a. less likely to recover fully and more likely to be hospitalized. b. less likely to recover fully and less likely to be hospitalized. c. more likely to recover fully and more likely to be hospitalized. d. more likely to recover fully and less likely to be hospitalized.

a. less likely to recover fully and more likely to be hospitalized.

Schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is MOST likely to be found in someone from a: a. lower socioeconomic level. b. middle socioeconomic level. c. professional socioeconomic level. d. privileged (wealthy) socioeconomic level.

a. lower socioeconomic level

The link between dopamine and schizophrenia is supported by the finding that: a. lowering dopamine activity helps remove schizophrenic symptoms. b. the use of L-dopa can reduce schizophrenic symptoms. c. antipsychotic drugs can block Parkinsonian symptoms. d. dopamine-receiving synapses in persons with schizophrenia are apparently inactive.

a. lowering dopamine activity helps remove schizophrenic symptoms.

People who display both a severe mental disorder and a substance use disorder are referred to as: a. mentally ill chemical abusers. b. cause-and-effect users. c. secondary effect abusers. d. uncontrollable chronic users.

a. mentally ill chemical abusers

If a patient developed extrapyramidal side effects after taking antipsychotic medication for several months, you would expect to see the patient showing primarily _____ dysfunction. a. motor b. cognitive c. emotional d. language

a. motor

A woman has just been diagnosed with postpartum depression. MOST likely, she will: a. neither progress to postpartum psychosis nor physically harm her child. b. progress to postpartum psychosis but will not physically harm her child. c. not progress to postpartum psychosis but will physically harm her child. d. progress to postpartum psychosis and will physically harm her child.

a. neither progress to postpartum psychosis nor physically harm her child.

30. According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia: a. people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present. b. people with certain psychosocial stressors will develop schizophrenia in the absence of a biological predisposition. c. biological predispositions for schizophrenia override any evidence for the importance of psychosocial stressors. d. people with certain biological predispositions will develop schizophrenia in the absence of psychosocial stressors.

a. people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.

A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing alogia is displaying: a. poverty of speech b. blunted or flat effect c. loss of volition d. social withdrawal

a. poverty of speech

If a study showed that reinforced behavior produces a significant increase in dopamine activation compared to nonreinforced behavior, then this would lend some support for which claim? a. Reinforcement is a potential cause of schizophrenic symptoms. b. Schizophrenic behavior produces greater reinforcement than other behaviors. c. People with catatonic symptoms produce few reinforced behaviors. d. When dopamine levels are decreased, people are more likely to engage in behaviors that produce reinforcement than behaviors that do not produce reinforcement.

a. reinforcement is a potential cause of schizophrenic symptoms

What activates the HPA pathway? a. stressful events b. exposure to toxins c. dopamine antagonists d. hallucinations

a. stressful events

According to the cognitive-behavioral view of schizophrenia, an early step in the "rational path to madness" is: a. telling others about the unusual sensations and being told that the experiences aren't real. b. hiding the experience of unusual sensations from others for fear of being labeled as ill. c. seeking input from a trained therapist or medical physician. d. seeking ways to increase the frequency of the unusual experiences in an effort to "normalize" them.

a. telling others about the unusual sensations and being told that the experiences aren't real.

If you could "get inside the head" of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations, you would MOST likely find that: a. the person actually produces nerve signals of sound in the brain. b. the person knows that the hallucinations are fictional. c. hallucinations and delusions are coded in the same place in the person's brain. d. the person is aware of auditory hallucinations but not aware of other types of hallucinations.

a. the person actually produces nerve signals of sound in the brain.

Delia does not display all the full-blown schizophrenia symptoms anymore. Occasionally, a shadow of a symptom appears. She is a bit withdrawn and not entirely clear all the time, but she can marginally function in the world. This is an example of: a. the residual phase of schizophrenia. b. catatonic schizophrenia. c. paranoid schizophrenia. d. undifferentiated schizophrenia.

a. the residual phase of schizophrenia

The finding that the highest rates of schizophrenia are found among people who are born during the winter supports which theory of schizophrenia? a. the viral theory b. the genetic theory c. the dopamine theory d. the biochemical theory

a. the viral theory

How is catatonic stupor related to loss of volition? a. They appear to be behaviorally similar, but each has different underlying features. b. They are both negative symptoms of schizophrenia. c. They both rely on similar structures in the motor cortex. d. They both appear at similar points during the time-course of schizophrenia.

a. they appear to be behaviorally similar, but each has different underlying features.

What is currently known about the relationship between hallucinations and delusions? a. There is no evidence to suggest that they are related to one another. b. It is likely that hallucinations and delusions occur together and feed one another. c. Physiological evidence indicates a physical correlate with delusions, but not hallucinations. d. Hallucinations cause delusions, but delusions do not cause hallucinations.

b. It is likely that hallucinations and delusions occur together and feed one another.

Downward drift is BEST reflected in which statement? a. Poverty and social disruption cause schizophrenia. b. Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption. c. Genetic factors cause both schizophrenia and poverty. d. Schizophrenia causes marital disruption, which causes poverty.

b. Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption

Which statement BEST fits the evidence for the biological basis of schizophrenia? a. The gene that causes schizophrenia has been identified in position 21, and it is recessive. b. Schizophrenia is a polygenetic disorder, probably impacting brain structure and chemical activity. c. If someone inherits defects on chromosomes 1-11 and 15-19, that person is likely to experience schizophrenia. d. Genetic studies have revealed no gene involvement in schizophrenia.

b. Schizophrenia is a polygenetic disorder, probably impacting brain structure and chemical activity

A patient with schizophrenia who is mute, statue-like, and fails to participate in the hospital routine is MOST likely experiencing: a. Type I schizophrenia. b. Type II schizophrenia. c. schizoaffective disorder. d. delusional disorder.

b. Type II schizophrenia

Regarding likelihood of recovery and types of symptoms exhibited, which would be the WORST disorder to have? a. Type I schizophrenia b. Type II schizophrenia c. Type III schizophrenia d. Type IV schizophrenia

b. Type II schizophrenia

If one receives a good deal of attention for unusual behaviors, is it any surprise those behaviors are strengthened? This question would MOST likely be asked by what type of theorist? a. a biological theorist b. a cognitive-behavioral theorist c. a psychodynamic theorist d. a sociocultural theorist

b. a cognitive-behavioral theorist

According to Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1948), schizophrenia is caused by: a. an excess of dopamine. b. a schizophrenogenic mother. c. regression to a stage of primary narcissism. d. brain abnormalities.

b. a schizophrenogenic mother

Brandon spent a few weeks in the psychiatric ward of a hospital; once he improved he was released. After his release, a therapist makes sure that he takes his medication and monitors how well he is adjusting to living back in the community. This example illustrates the features of: a. family therapy. b. aftercare. c. primary care. d. follow-up intervention.

b. aftercare

Which BEST supports the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia? a. Like those with Parkinsonism, those with schizophrenia have unusually low levels of dopamine. b. Antipsychotic drugs often produce Parkinsonian symptoms. c. Antipsychotic drugs increase the rate of firing at dopamine receptor sites. d. Dopamine levels vary across the different kinds of schizophrenia.

b. antipsychotic drugs often produce Parkinsonian symptoms

People with schizophrenia who wave their arms around in wild motions and make kicking motions with their legs are experiencing: a. catatonic stupor. b. catatonic excitement. c. catatonic rigidity. d. catatonic posturing.

b. catatonic rigidity

A person with schizophrenia says to you, "Jewels are the reason. They stole shoes you know. But now cooking is the best hobby. That's why my favorite color is blue." This example illustrates which symptom of schizophrenia? a. delusions of reference b. derailment c. neologisms d. inappropriate affect

b. derailment

Xavier has schizophrenia and is often conflicted on how to feel about most issues. He feels drained of energy and interest for his usual activities and is rarely able to complete a course of action. He certainly cannot make decisions. He is MOST likely suffering from: a. disturbances in affect. b. disturbances in volition. c. a disturbed sense of self. d. a disturbed relationship with the outside world.

b. disturbances in volition

If a person receives L-dopa, a precursor of dopamine, it reduces the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, L-dopa may increase symptoms of schizophrenia. What can reasonably be concluded from this? a. L-dopa causes schizophrenia. b. Excessive dopamine produces schizophrenia-like symptoms. c. Antipsychotic medication decreases the amount of L-dopa in the brain. d. Antipsychotic medication increases the amount of dopamine in the brain.

b. excessive dopamine produces schizophrenia-like symptoms

Families that display high levels of expressed emotion do all of the following EXCEPT: a. intrude on one another's privacy. b. frequently express negative emotions toward each other. c. show hostility toward each other. d. approve of one another's actions.

b. frequently express negative emotions toward each other.

Deidre is emotionless, even when she hears sad or happy news. She also complains about hearing voices telling her that the newly installed security system in her home is actually recording her. At times, she remains motionless in her chair for hours. When she does get out of her chair, she poses like the statue in the town square. Which of these represents a positive symptom of schizophrenia? a. showing no emotions b. hearing voices in her head c. remaining motionless d. posing like a statue

b. hearing voices in her head

In the middle of a calm conversation, a person with Tourette's syndrome might suddenly begin shouting and follow that with a string of obscenities. This is similar to the symptom of schizophrenia called: a. blunted and flat affect. b. inappropriate affect. c. poverty of speech. d. loss of volition.

b. inappropriate affect

The main difference between hallucinations and delusions is that hallucinations: a. are more serious than delusions. b. involve perception and delusions involve belief. c. are more common early in the disorder and delusions more common later. d. are auditory and delusions are visual.

b. involve perception and delusions involve belief

What accurately describes the term psychosis? a. a split personality b. a loss of contact with reality c. brain seizures d. drug abuse

b. loss of contact with reality

According to the family stress model, parents of those diagnosed with schizophrenia display all these EXCEPT: a. more conflict. b. more empathy. c. poorer communication skills. d. more criticism of their children.

b. more empathy

Schizophrenia researchers have been: a. about equally successful in identifying biological and psychological origins of schizophrenia. b. more successful in identifying biological origins than psychological origins of schizophrenia. c. more successful in identifying psychological origins than biological origins of schizophrenia. d. frustratingly unsuccessful in identifying either biological or psychological origins of schizophrenia.

b. more successful in identifying biological origins than psychological origins of schizophrenia.

Trent is at home, watching a movie with his partner and children. Suddenly, he smells smoke from a campfire. However, no one else can smell the smoke and there is no fire. What is Trent experiencing? a. auditory hallucinations b. olfactory hallucinations c. visual hallucinations d. somatic hallucinations

b. olfactory hallucinations

Tactile hallucinations are: a. feelings that something is happening inside the body. b. perceptions of tingling, burning, or electric-shock sensations. c. when food or drink tastes strange on a regular basis. d. odors that no one else smells.

b. perceptions of tingling, burning, or electric-shock sensations

Hallucinations are to _____, as delusions are to _____. a. cognition; emotion b. perceptions; beliefs c. positive symptoms; negative symptoms d. psychosis; neurosis

b. perceptions; beliefs

Kevin sees huge, iridescent butterflies covering the floors. He also hears soft harp music at all hours, when no one is playing a harp or any music. The presence of these behaviors illustrates _____ symptoms of schizophrenia. a. active b. positive c. negative d. psychomotor

b. positive

Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinsonian symptoms, like tremors. This discovery suggests that: a. schizophrenia masks Parkinson's disease. b. schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine. c. excessive dopamine is tied to Parkinson's disease. d. schizophrenia causes the synthesis of excessive amounts of dopamine.

b. schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine

MOST contemporary psychodynamic theorists would agree with which statement? a. Schizophrenogenic mothers confuse their children, resulting in their children being diagnosed with schizophrenia. b. Schizophrenogenic mothers, if they do exist, don't create children with schizophrenia. c. Schizophrenogenia should be applied to fathers as well as to mothers. d. Schizophrenogenia has been supported by research as an important contributor to schizophrenia.

b. schizophrenogenic mothers, if they do exist, don't create children with schizophrenia

Which of these would provide the strongest evidence supporting a genetic link to schizophrenia? a. higher concordance rates for identical twins than for fraternal twins b. similar concordance rates for identical twins raised in different environments and identical twins raised in the same environment c. higher concordance rates for children of parents who are both diagnosed with schizophrenia than for children from one parent diagnosed with schizophrenia d. similar concordance rates for fraternal twins and identical twins

b. similar concordance rates for identical twins raised in different environments and identical twins raised in the same environment.

Why can tardive dyskinesia be easily overlooked? a. Symptoms are always very subtle. b. Symptoms don't usually manifest until after six months. c. Symptoms tend to show differently in different patients. d. Symptoms are delayed until after brain damage occurs.

b. symptoms don't usually manifest until after six months

All of these structures are part of a brain circuit that is linked to schizophrenia EXCEPT: a. the prefrontal cortex. b. the amygdala. c. the substantia nigra. d. the superior colliculus.

b. the amygdala

David Rosenhan (1973) sent eight people to various psychiatric hospitals. All eight falsely reported hearing voices that said "empty," "hollow," and "thud." After being admitted to one of the hospitals, each person acted normally, yet all were diagnosed as having schizophrenia. One of the conclusions from this study is that: a. clinicians are unable to detect "real" schizophrenia. b. the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception. c. hospitals can produce schizophrenic behavior in normal people. d. auditory hallucinations are sufficient for a diagnosis of schizophrenia.

b. the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception

If schizophrenia depended solely on genetic make-up, then compared to rates of schizophrenia in siblings in general, fraternal twins should have: a. four times the concordance rate for schizophrenia. b. twice the concordance rate for schizophrenia. c. the same concordance rate for schizophrenia. d. half the concordance rate for schizophrenia.

c. the same concordance rate for schizophrenia.

Someone says to you, "Homeless people scare me. They're all crazy." Based on research, what is the BEST response? a. "It's true that most homeless people experience a serious psychotic disorder." b. "That's a big myth. Virtually no homeless people are truly schizophrenic." c. "Unfortunately, about a quarter of homeless people have schizophrenia." d. "You should be scared. Mentally ill homeless people are usually violent."

c. "Unfortunately, about a quarter of homeless people have schizophrenia."

The chances that a woman who has recently given birth will develop postpartum psychosis are: a. 1 to 2 out of 10. b. 1 to 2 out of 100. c. 1 to 2 out of 1,000. d. 1 to 2 out of 10,000.

c. 1 to 2 out of 1,000.

What is the rate of concordance for schizophrenia in identical twins? a. 2-5 percent b. 15-18 percent c. 40-50 percent d. 60-70 percent

c. 40-50 percent

In Tennessee's state hospitals, African Americans comprise approximately _____ percent of those diagnosed with schizophrenia, even though African Americans represent 16 percent of the state's population. a. 10-15 b. 25-30 c. 45-50 d. 65-70

c. 45-50

A new medication for schizophrenia appears to work because it blocks dopamine from binding to receptors. Which receptor is the least likely to be affected? a. D-1 receptor b. D-2 receptor c. D-3 receptor d. D-4 receptor

c. D-3 receptor

Given that schizophrenia is associated with many gene sites, which of these inferences is the MOST illogical? a. Schizophrenia is complex and varied, so it must be distributed across multiple gene sites. b. Polygenic disorders require the operation of multiple gene sites compared to disorders that are not polygenic. c. Eventually, research will narrow down the number of gene sites that are associated with schizophrenia to only a few. d. Some of the gene sites that are linked to schizophrenia may be purely coincidental and play no role in the disorder at all.

c. Eventually, research will narrow down the number of gene sites that are associated with schizophrenia to only a few.

Which is the BEST example of a finding from genetic linkage and molecular biology studies? a. The brains of those with schizophrenia are structured differently from the brains of those without schizophrenia. b. Those with schizophrenia process certain neurotransmitters differently from those without schizophrenia. c. Gene defects on certain chromosomes predispose one to schizophrenia. d. Biological relatives of those with schizophrenia are at greatest risk for schizophrenia.

c. Gene defects on certain chromosomes predispose one to schizophrenia.

Which statement about hallucinations is FALSE? a. Hallucinations are experienced by people with disorders other than schizophrenia. b. Hallucinations are different from perceptual illusions. c. Hallucinations have historically been a sign of a psychological disorder. d. Hallucinations that are unrelated to a disorder or substance ingestion have been reported by many people.

c. Hallucinations have historically been a sign of a psychological disorder.

What was Philippe Pinel's main contribution to the care of patients who had severe mental illnesses? a. He developed state hospitals for people who could not afford private care. b. He used antipsychotic drugs in highly controlled settings. c. He treated patients with sympathy and kindness. d. He promoted deinstitutionalization.

c. He treated patients with sympathy and kindness

A patient lives in a therapeutic community and actively works with staff members to create a life that is much like that outside the hospital as possible. What kind of treatment is this considered? a. token economy b. custodial c. Milieu d. backwards

c. Milieu

If people with schizophrenia make at least modest gains when they receive behavioral therapy, this would indicate that: a. learning is the cause of schizophrenia. b. other forms of therapy are inappropriate. c. some symptoms of schizophrenia may be learned. d. operant, but not classical, conditioning causes symptoms of schizophrenia.

c. some symptoms of schizophrenia may be learned.

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between brain circuits and schizophrenia? a. Schizophrenia has been linked to brain circuits that are generally overactive. b. Schizophrenia has been linked to brain circuits that are generally underactive. c. Schizophrenia has been linked to overactivity of some brain structures and underactivity of other brain structures. d. Brain circuits that are linked to schizophrenia differ substantially from person to person, thus making it nearly impossible to reveal general relationships between them.

c. Schizophrenia has been linked to overactivity of some brain structures and underactivity of other brain structures.

Studies relating rates of diagnosis of schizophrenia to poverty and race show: a. a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and poverty. b. a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and race. c. a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and both race and poverty. d. no clear connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and either race or poverty.

c. a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and both race and poverty.

A person with schizophrenia demonstrates poverty of speech and experiences auditory hallucinations. According to the "Type I-Type II" evaluation categorization, this person would be: a. Type I. b. Type II. c. a mix of Type I and Type II. d. neither Type I nor Type II, because these types apply only to the prodromal phase.

c. a mix of Type I and Type II

Which piece of evidence, if found, would weaken the dopamine hypothesis the most? a. a study showing that when people are given excess doses of L-dopa, they subsequently develop symptoms of schizophrenia b. a study showing that other drugs that increase dopamine activity, such as amphetamines, also produce symptoms of schizophrenia c. a study showing that drugs that bind to receptors other than dopamine reduce or eliminate the symptoms of schizophrenia d. a study showing that phenothiazines are more effective than second-generation antipsychotic drugs in reducing the symptoms of schizophrenia

c. a study showing that drugs that bind to receptors other than dopamine reduce or eliminate the symptoms of schizophrenia

Which piece of evidence, if found, would MOST strongly support the notion that hallucinations produce delusions? a. data from a survey given to people with schizophrenia who reported that delusions typically occurred a few weeks after they had experienced their first hallucinations b. anecdotal data from a clinical therapist who reported that his clients' delusions happened after they first experienced hallucinations c. an experiment showing that people who were induced to produce hallucinations were more likely to develop delusions afterward d. a pharmaceutical study showing that a new investigational drug reduced both hallucinations and delusions

c. an experiment showing that people who were induced to produce hallucinations were more likely to develop delusions afterward.

The MOST common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is: a. visual b. tactile c. auditory d. olfactory

c. auditory

Which type of therapy has clients interact with computer-generated on-screen virtual human figures in an attempt to help them overcome their psychological problems? a. psychotherapy b. family therapy c. avatar therapy d. cognitive-behavioral therapy

c. avatar therapy

_____ is defined as apathy, coupled with an inability to start or complete a course of action. a. Flat affect b. Blunted affect c. Avolition d. Anhedonia

c. avolition

According to early psychodynamic approaches, schizophrenia stems from: a. regression to the anal period. b. being punished by one's parents for expressing unconscious desires. c. being raised by a mother who was cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her child. d. biological predispositions to behave in a schizophrenic manner.

c. being raised by a mother who was cold, domineering, and uninterested in the needs of her child.

According to the viral explanation, the development of schizophrenia is associated with ______ produced by prenatal viral exposure. a. hormonal imbalances b. traumatic stress c. brain abnormalities d. birth defects

c. brain abnormalities

Although token economies can change delusional behavior, _____ may not change. a. catatonic symptoms b. appropriate behaviors c. delusional thinking d. facial expressions

c. delusional thinking

A woman proclaims, "I am the Virgin Mary, and I've come to give birth to a new savior." This person is most likely experiencing: a. delusions of reference b. delusions of persecution c. delusions of grandeur d. delusions of control

c. delusions of grandeur

Leonardo believes that his favorite TV show is giving him a coded message and that the main character speaks directly and personally to him. He decides to go to the filming location to talk to the main character. Leonardo is suffering from: a. delusions of persecution. b. delusions of grandeur. c. delusions of reference. d. delusions of control.

c. delusions of reference

Patients are more likely to recover from schizophrenia if they: a. had hallucinations but no delusions. b. showed delusions but no hallucinations. c. demonstrated good premorbid functioning. d. had primarily negative rather than positive signs.

c. demonstrated good premorbid functioning

The _____ states that a person with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if he or she subsequently experiences significant life stressors or other negative events. a. cognitive-behavioral perspective b. family stress model c. diathesis-stress model d. sociocultural perspective

c. diathesis-stress model

Anita has been treated with perphenazine for several years. Recently, she's begun constantly smacking her lips and her legs involuntarily move jerkily. She has also begun to display twitching facial tics. This is an example of: a. dystonia. b. akathisia. c. tardive dyskinesia. d. neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

c. tardive dyskinesia

The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is: a. the severity of the symptoms that are present. b. the type of symptoms that are present. c. the duration of symptoms. d. the number of symptoms.

c. the duration of symptoms

Which of these would provide the strongest evidence to support the theory that schizophrenia is due to socioeconomic factors? a. evidence showing that people of lower socioeconomic status have higher rates of schizophrenia than those of higher socioeconomic status b. evidence showing that the risk of schizophrenia is positively correlated with the number of life stressors one has experienced c. evidence showing that the rate of schizophrenia changes after people have moved from a higher to a lower, or from a lower to a higher socioeconomic status d. evidence showing that the risk of schizophrenia is negatively correlated with one's annual income

c. evidence showing that the rate of schizophrenia changes after people have moved from a higher to a lower, or from a lower to a higher socioeconomic status.

If relatives of a person with schizophrenia come to have more realistic expectations, reduce their guilt, and work on establishing better communication, they are probably receiving: a. milieu therapy. b. social therapy. c. family therapy. d. insight therapy.

c. family therapy

A particular country has a nearly 3 percent prevalence for schizophrenia. That country: a. has a normal schizophrenia prevalence. b. has a lower-than-average schizophrenia prevalence. c. has a higher-than-average schizophrenia prevalence. d. has such a high schizophrenia prevalence that it almost certainly is a developing country.

c. has a higher-than-average schizophrenia prevalance

One of the main risk factors associated with developing postpartum psychosis is: a. giving birth to twins. b. having a first child after age 35. c. having a history of schizophrenia or a mood disorder. d. having a history of stressful life events during pregnancy.

c. having a history of schizophrenia or a mood disorder

The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is: a. higher in developed countries than in developing countries, possibly because of better access to powerful antipsychotic drugs. b. higher in developed countries than in developing countries, possibly because of better access to hospitalization. c. higher in developing countries than in developed countries, possibly because of better family and social support. d. higher in developing countries than in developed countries, possibly because of decreased societal tolerance of positive symptoms.

c. higher in developing countries than in developed countries, possibly because of better family and social support.

Milieu therapy is based primarily on the principles of ________ psychology. a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. humanistic d. psychodynamic

c. humanistic

A person with schizophrenia who laughs when told sad news and screams in situations that most people see as warm and tender is experiencing: a. cognitive distortion. b. delusions of control. c. inappropriate affect. d. olfactory hallucination.

c. inappropriate affect

Displaying emotions that are unsuited to the situation is called: a. alogia. b. manic disorder. c. inappropriate affect. d. intermediate affect.

c. inappropriate affect

Schizophrenia is to _____, as Parkinson's disease is to _____. a. negative symptoms; positive symptoms b. positive symptoms; negative symptoms c. increased dopamine activation; decreased dopamine activation d. decreased dopamine activation; increased dopamine activation

c. increased dopamine activation; decreased dopamine activation

Compared with African Americans, non-Hispanic white Americans are: a. more likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia but less likely to be institutionalized. b. more likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia and more likely to be institutionalized. c. less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia and less likely to be institutionalized. d. less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia but more likely to be institutionalized.

c. less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia and less likely to be institutionalized.

Researchers have found that the biological relatives of adoptees with schizophrenia are _____ to develop schizophrenia. a. far less likely than their adoptive relatives b. somewhat less likely than their adoptive relatives c. more likely than their adoptive relatives d. just as likely as their adoptive relatives

c. more likely than their adoptive relatives

If the schizophrenia-related brain circuit contains distinctive subcircuits, then one would expect to observe: a. increased activation in one circuit and decreased activation in another, regardless of the symptoms that are present. b. increased activation among specific brain structures when the severity of symptoms that are present also increases. c. one circuit that is more active when positive symptoms are present, and the other more active when negative symptoms are present. d. circuits that are activated by similar brain structures, but with one being more intensely activated than the other.

c. one circuit that is more active when positive symptoms are present, and the other more active when negative symptoms are present.

A person who lives at home but spends the day at a mental health facility would be using which service? a. aftercare b. coordinated services c. partial hospitalization d. short-term hospitalization

c. partial hospitalization

The stage of the development of schizophrenia that is marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the: a. active phase. b. residual phase. c. prodromal phase. d. premorbid phase.

c. prodromal phase

The cognitive-behavioral view of schizophrenia: a. provides a complete explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia. b. provides no explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia. c. provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia. d. has not been explored to further understand the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.

c. provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.

Which is NOT related to a fuller recovery from schizophrenia? a. treatment during the predromal phase b. schizophrenia initially triggered by stress c. schizophrenia developing during late adolescence d. an abrupt beginning to the disorder.

c. schizophrenia developing during late adolescence

What is considered the first line of treatment for schizophrenia? a. cognitive-behavioral therapy b. social therapy c. second-generation antipsychotic medications d. conventional antipsychotic medications

c. second-generation antipsychotic medications

Which statement is true of state mental health hospitals in the United States in the mid-twentieth century? a. They were intended to isolate mental patients from the general population. b. They were built in large cities, so patients could stay in contact with the "real" world. c. They were overcrowded and understaffed. d. They were focused on innovative and experimental treatments.

c. they were overcrowded and understaffed

Sociocultural explanations of schizophrenia have the most difficulty in explaining: a. why there are racial and ethnic disparities in the rate of schizophrenia. b. why African Americans have higher rates of schizophrenia than non-Hispanic whites. c. what causes schizophrenia. d. what is correlated with schizophrenia.

c. what causes schizophrenia.

Which statement provides the WEAKEST evidence linking schizophrenia to early viral exposure? a. A higher percentage of people diagnosed with schizophrenia have specific antibodies than those who are not diagnosed with schizophrenia. b. Mothers of people with schizophrenia were more likely to have had influenza while pregnant than mothers of people who do not have schizophrenia. c. Pregnant animals exposed to influenza produce a greater percentage of offspring with schizophrenia-like symptoms compared to animals who were not exposed to influenza. d. People who were born in the late winter months have higher rates of schizophrenia than people born during other times of the year.

d. People who were born in the late winter months have higher rates of schizophrenia than people born during other times of the year.

Which statement is true regarding Type I versus Type II schizophrenia? a. Type I schizophrenia is significantly less common than Type II schizophrenia. b. Type I schizophrenia is slightly less common than Type II schizophrenia. c. Type I schizophrenia is slightly more common than Type II schizophrenia. d. Type I schizophrenia is significantly more common than Type II schizophrenia.

d. Type I schizophrenia is significantly more common than Type II schizophrenia

Symptoms of postpartum psychosis appear to be triggered by: a. the sudden loss of social status a woman experiences immediately after giving birth. b. maternal diabetes, which is at its worst during and after childbirth. c. feelings of diminished worth, combined with anxiety related to child care. d. a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth.

d. a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth.

In 2001, Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were: a. typical; almost all women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring. b. typical; at least 75 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring. c. somewhat typical; about 50 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring. d. atypical; less than 5 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.

d. atypical; less than 5 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.

A modern psychodynamic theorist is MOST likely to say: a. "Fromm-Reichmann was right; schizophrenogenic mothers cause most cases of schizophrenia." b. "Fromm-Reichmann was wrong; schizophrenogenic fathers cause most cases of schizophrenia." c. "Having a fragmented sense of self leads to biological abnormalities." d. "Biological abnormalities predispose people to develop a fragmented sense of self."

d. biological abnormalities predispose people to develop a fragmented sense of self.

Catatonic rigidity and catatonic posturing share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: a. both involve behavior in which a person remains motionless for some time. b. both are psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia. c. both are disruptive to those who display these symptoms. d. both are common among those diagnosed with schizophrenia.

d. both are common among those diagnosed with schizophrenia

Paul has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. He remains standing for hours in odd positions and refuses to be moved. Paul is likely experiencing: a. catatonic stupor. b. catatonic excitement. c. catatonic rigidity. d. catatonic posturing.

d. catatonic posturing.

The "rational path to madness" is MOST consistent with a(n): a. existential orientation. b. family systems orientation. c. psychoanalytic orientation. d. cognitive-behavioral orientation.

d. cognitive-behavioral orientation

A person is socially withdrawn, speaks in odd ways, has strange ideas, and expresses little emotion, but that person is not displaying full-blown schizophrenic symptoms. What phase of schizophrenia is this person in? a. prodromal b. active c. residual d. either prodromal or residual

d. either prodromal or residual

Stalkers sometimes have _____, which is/are defined as false belief(s) that they are loved by and are in a relationship with the object of their attention. a. delusions of grandeur b. erotic fantasies c. a self-serving bias d. erotomanic delusions

d. erotomanic delusions

Based on family pedigree studies, which relative of an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would be MOST at risk for developing the disorder? a. niece b. sister c. child d. fraternal twin

d. fraternal twin

Whenever Janice eats, her food always tastes incredibly sour. She believes someone is trying to poison her. Janice is most likely experiencing a(n) _____ hallucination. a. somatic b. auditory c. olfactory d. gustatory

d. gustatory

If observations of a relationship between "expressed emotion" in families and recovery from schizophrenia demonstrate cause-and-effect, then relapse should be LEAST common in people with schizophrenia whose families: a. frequently express criticism and do not allow much privacy. b. frequently express criticism and allow a good deal of privacy. c. infrequently express criticism and do not allow much privacy. d. infrequently express criticism and allow a good deal of privacy.

d. infrequently express criticism and allow a good deal of privacy.

Quincy knows that her family is planning to kill her and sell her prized piano. She's heard them talking about her, and they've tried to tell her that she isn't feeling well when Quincy knows she's in perfect health. Quincy has known for years that everyone hates her piano and wants to get rid of it. Quincy is MOST likely suffering from delusions of: a. grandeur. b. reference. c. control. d. persecution.

d. persecution

In the first half of the twentieth century, what did institutions use as the most common treatment for troublesome or violent people with schizophrenia? a. drugs b. beatings c. solitary confinement d. physical restraints

d. physical restraints

The inability to move limbs in catatonic schizophrenia illustrates _____ symptoms of schizophrenia. a. active b. positive c. negative d. psychomotor

d. psychomotor

Which statement about schizophrenia is TRUE? a. People with schizophrenia are often misdiagnosed as having dissociative identity disorder. b. People with schizophrenia hide their symptoms and can generally function well in a variety of contexts. c. Men are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than women. d. Psychosis is a key feature of schizophrenia, but it can also occur in other disorders.

d. psychosis is a key feature of schizophrenia, but it can also occur in other disorders.

Jerry, who is middle-aged, experiences many negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and he often appears profoundly depressed. The symptoms have lasted almost a year. What does this exemplify? a. a shared psychotic disorder b. an undifferentiated type of schizophrenia c. schizophreniform disorder d. schizoaffective disorder

d. schizoaffective disorder

A developmental psychopathology theorist would be MOST likely to claim that: a. having schizophrenic symptoms during childhood is the best predictor of adulthood schizophrenia. b. schizophrenia stems from exposure to viral infections that occur during prenatal development. c. symptoms of schizophrenia are normal during early development but become a disorder if they occur during late adolescence. d. schizophrenia is triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence.

d. schizophrenia is triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence.

To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, symptoms must be present for _____, during which a person must have been _____ for at least one month. a. two months; delusional b. two months; in the active phase c. six months; delusional d. six months; in the active phase

d. six months; in the active phase

People who attend to their own ideas and fantasies, who are unable to recognize other people's needs and emotions, and who also distance themselves from reality are displaying: a. poverty of speech b. blunted or flat effect c. loss of volition d. social withdrawal

d. social withdrawal

Kelly was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Now her family and friends treat her differently, attributing every different or weird behavior from Kelly to her disorder. This observation is MOST consistent with the _____ understanding of schizophrenia. a. psychodynamic b. family systems c. cognitive-behavioral d. sociocultural

d. sociocultural

Studies indicate that under some circumstances for people with schizophrenia, the ______ tends to be overactive, and the ______ tends to be underactive. a. hippocampus; thalamus b. amygdala; substantia nigra c. prefrontal cortex; hippocampus d. substantia nigra; prefrontal cortex

d. substantia nigra; prefrontal cortex

According to the principles of operant conditioning, if others consistently ignore a person's appropriate response to their social cues, what will happen? a. The person will develop delusions. b. The person will begin to experience auditory hallucinations. c. The person will regress to an earlier stage of development. d. The person will stop attending to social cues.

d. the person will stop attending to social cues.

Research evaluating the effectiveness of various approaches to treating postpartum psychosis is lacking. All of these are potential reasons for this EXCEPT: a. finding a sufficient number of research participants is difficult because there are very few instances of the disorder to begin with. b. the appropriate tools for measuring the efficacy of different treatment approaches have yet to be developed. c. there are very few funding opportunities to support research investigating the efficacy of different treatment approaches. d. there are significant ethical concerns related to the various research models proposed to study treatment effectiveness.

d. there are significant ethical concerns related to the various research models proposed to study treatment effectiveness.