Abnormal Psychology Schoolcraft
Geraldine has completed an IQ test. In reviewing the test results, the psychologist observes that the patient's Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) is significantly lower than her Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI). Given this information, which of the following tests has the psychologist administered to Geraldine? Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Luria-Nebraska Intelligence Test Simon Intelligence Test for Adults
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV
Which of the following is an example of an open-ended interview question? "Tell me more about it." "Do you have periods of feeling blue or hopeless?" "How frequently do you miss class?" "Is your family supportive of your decision to seek treatment?"
"Tell me more about it."
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the case study method?
It allows for the evaluation of large groups with rare disorders
1. Studies using structured clinical interviews have led to the conclusion that certain factors may protect an individual against the risk of developing depression. Two such factors are ethnic identity and religious practice. religious practice and birth order. physical health and religious observance WRONG nutrition and self-esteem.
...
1. Which of the following IS NOT an environmental condition associated with somatoform disorders in children? Family Socioeconomic Level (guess) Family Violence History of Sexual Abuse Family Separation and Loss WRONG
...
Select the statement that is FALSE regarding dissociative experiences. Any dissociative experience is considered evidence of a dissociative disorder. As many as 74% of the normal population experience occasional episodes of derealization. Dissociative experiences are also reported in persons with other psychological disorders. WRONG Experiences of dissociation may be temporary and transient or chronic conditions.
...
Which of the following IS NOT one of the three factors listed in the text that differentiates normal anxiety from abnormal anxiety? sociodemographic factors WRONG developmental age functional impairment type of feared object
... developmental age
1. What is the peak age of risk for depression? 25-44 years 45-60 years 18-23 years 61-75 years
25-44 years
About what percentage of all persons receiving a primary diagnosis have symptoms that meet the criteria for a second diagnosis? 30 10 50 25
50
1. Which figure below is the best estimate of the percentage of new mothers who develop the "baby blues" within a few days of childbirth? 80% 50% 20% 30%
80%
What percentage of psychologists employed in a Veteran's Administration hospital accept dissociative disorders as a valid diagnostic grouping?
97%
The first physician to adopt a form of occupational therapy for patients was A) Pinel. B) Paracelsus. C) Dix. D) Hippocrates.
A) Pinel.
Of all disorders reported in the U.S., the most common are alcohol dependence and A) anxiety disorders. B) major depression. C) schizophrenic disorders. D) personality disorder.
A) anxiety disorders.
Felicia believes that her cell phone is beginning to control her thoughts. She noticed this after she switched phone plans and thinks the problem began with the new service. This belief would typically be known as a A) delusion. B) hallucination. C) hysterical episode. D) melancholic thought.
A) delusion.
Whereas the behavioral approach focuses on ________, the cognitive model targets _______ in explaining behavior. A) external events; mental processes B) mental processes; external events C) thought distortions; punishment D) punishment; thought distortions
A) external events; mental processes
Freud and his successor, Carl Jung, had fundamental disagreements about the motivation for behavior. While Freud thought that past events and sexual impulses were important, Jung believed that A) future goals and spiritual motivators were causal elements. B) past events and sexual and spiritual motivators were important. C) present events and spiritual motivators cause behavior. D) birth order was the most important determinant.
A) future goals and spiritual motivators were causal elements.
Except for drug and alcohol abuse, the highest rates of psychological disorders are found among persons with the lowest incomes and A) least amount of education. B) highest number of siblings. C) female gender. D) suburban places of residence.
A) least amount of education.
Jeffrey's therapist is conducting an initial interview with him. The therapist spends a lot of time asking questions about Jeffrey's parents and his early life experiences. Since he seems to view Jeffrey's parents as the "root cause" of his problems, this therapist is most likely oriented toward ____________. A) psychoanalysis B) humanism C) behaviorism D) behavioral genetics
A) psychoanalysis
The case of Ted Kaczynski (the Unabomber) described in your text highlights the A) shift from eccentricity to behaving dangerously. B) stereotyping of a person with mental illness. C) importance of early intervention in culture-bound illnesses, D) influence of the media on defining abnormal behavior.
A) shift from eccentricity to behaving dangerously.
1. Mr. Santiago, an 83-year old man, is admitted to a psychiatric hospital for severe depression and active suicidal ideation. His wife reports that he is mute and has remained in bed for the last four days. Which of the following treatments can potentially alter his mood the fastest? Administration of an SSRI WRONG. Administration of ECT Administration of an MAOI Administration of a TCA
Administration of ECT
Select the statement that is FALSE regarding dissociative experiences. Any dissociative experience is considered evidence of a dissociative disorder. As many as 74% of the normal population experience occasional episodes of derealization. Dissociative experiences are also reported in persons with other psychological disorders. WRONG Experiences of dissociation may be temporary and transient or chronic conditions. WRONG
As many as 74% of the normal population experience occasional episodes of derealization.
54) Which of the following reinforcers meets the criterion for being "primary"? A) Money B) Attention C) Grades D) Power
B) Attention
When using the DSM model to determine abnormality of a behavior, which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The person's behavior is assessed both categorically and dimensionally. B) The person either falls into a category or doesn't fall into a category. C) The person's level of dysfunction is not considered. D) The behavior is not considered within a cultural context.
B) The person either falls into a category or doesn't fall into a category.
Which of the following forms of learning explains why television has a profound effect on children's learning? A) Operant Conditioning B) Vicarious Conditioning C) Classical Conditioning D) Shaping Conditioning
B) Vicarious Conditioning
The diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior assumes that A) a person who has a genetic predisposition for a disorder will exhibit the disorder at some point in time. B) biology and environmental factors interact to determine the likelihood that a person will exhibit abnormal behavior. C) a "diathesis" from the environment interacts with biological influences to produce disordered behavior. D) stress causes
B) biology and environmental factors interact to determine the likelihood that a
A recent news story describes an unusual condition found among females at a local high school. After eating frozen yogurt from their cafeteria, a number of girls have begun to "spin wildly" throughout the lunchroom until being restrained by a faculty hall monitor. Immediately after being stopped, each girl reported feeling compelled to "spin" after eating. The number of girls involved in these incidents increased until the yogurt machine was removed from the cafeteria. In all probability, this behavior can be considered an episode of A) mass-induced mania. B) mass hysteria. C) demonic possession. D) emotional dysplasia.
B) mass hysteria.
While psychoanalytic and humanistic models assume that abnormality lies within the individual, ________ models assume that abnormal behavior must be understood in a larger context outside of the individual. A) phenomenological B) sociocultural C) sociopathic D) socioenvironmental
B) sociocultural
Carl Rogers proposed that phenomenology is critical in understanding an individual. Phenomenology means the A) difference between what one perceives and what one ought to do. B) subjective world of the individual. C) objective world of reality. D) degree to which objective reality and subjective reality are a fit.
B) subjective world of the individual.
1. You are a psychologist at the university counseling center and have interviewed a student who complains of "racing thoughts and an out-of-control mind" that lead him to "speed read volumes of psychology journals in the library." Although he feels "exceptionally, intellectually alive" during these periods, security has escorted him out of the building several times during the fall semester. He also experiences "deep periods of blue funk" following these "cognitive binges" and as a result is missing classes. He admits to excessive self-medicating through nightly drinking. When asked about his family's awareness of his difficulties at school, he remarked "They say I'm acting just like my dad. Last week I must have worried them because they drove four hours just to take me to lunch." Considering all that is known about this student, what is the most likely diagnosis? Dysthymic Disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder Bipolar Disorder Hypomanic Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Michael Wobson, a pop icon, had a history of multiple cosmetic surgeries. The media reported that he was very unhappy with his facial features and that this resulted in the dramatic transformation in his physical appearance from childhood through adulthood. Given this information, what possible underlying psychological disorder might have been present? Hypochondriasis Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Body Dysmorphic Disorder Factitious Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
See the mountain-slope of a nose I have? That's why I had so many surgeries. The plastic surgeons don't take enough of it off." What diagnosis might be typical for someone making those comments? Factitious Disorder Hypochondriasis Body Dysmorphic Disorder Somatization Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
What are the most common areas of concern for people with body dysmorphic disorder? Legs Nose Hair Skin WRONG
Book 169 states skin, hair, nose?
What do the cases described in the text of the 46-year old woman who had hallucinations due to epilepsy and Kathy Buckley, the comedienne and inspirational speaker, have in common? Both were able to succeed in their occupations without having to spend time in psychiatric hospitals. Both were accurately diagnosed in early childhood as having dual diagnoses. Both were misdiagnosed as having organic depressive reactions. Both were misdiagnosed as having psychological disorders.
Both were misdiagnosed as having psychological disorders.
Raul is a college freshman who looks forward to weekend parties at college. He especially likes to play "beer pong" and is known on campus as a champion player. After a recent party, Raul received a DUI citation. Raul's parents have urged him to seek treatment for his "alcohol problem," but Raul refuses. He does not believe he has a drinking problem. In Freud's theory, which of the following defense mechanisms is Raul likely using? A) Intellectualization B) Rationalization C) Denial D) Repression
C) Denial
According to Freud, which of the following was critical to overcoming psychological difficulties? A) Empathy B) Hypnosis C) Insight D) Regression
C) Insight
Which of the following statements about women and abnormal behavior within a sociocultural context is TRUE? A) Biological factors affect rates of mental illness for women around the world regardless of contextual factors. B) Socioeconomic status is unrelated to rates of mental illness for women. C) Some contextual factors place women at higher risk for psychological disorders. D) Gender role expectations do not influence the development of abnormal behaviors.
C) Some contextual factors place women at higher risk for psychological disorders.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) Modern psychologists believe that psychopathology is physiologically based. B) Abnormal behavior may be best understood using a single theoretical framework. C) Understanding abnormal behaviors requires an integration of models. D) Sociocultural factors are the best explanation for disordered behavior.
C) Understanding abnormal behaviors requires an integration of models.
The social learning model of behavioral acquisition proposes that A) only behaviors in a social context are reinforced. B) punishment is only effective in producing learning in humans. C) a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it. D) humans are motivated more by primary reinforcers than secondary reinforcers.
C) a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it.
A study in your text addressing the relationship between SES and the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder among children found that A) children from different SES groups develop psychological disorders at different rates. B) children at particular ages develop psychological disorders at different rates. C) children from all SES groups develop psychological disorders at the same rates. D) children of middle-income parents have the lowest rates of illness.
C) children from all SES groups develop psychological disorders at the same rates.
The biopsychosocial perspective, compared with the perspectives of Freud, Jung, and Rogers, A) focuses on early developments as the diathesis. B) adequately explains all disorders. C) is broader than the other models. D) assumes the nature of man to be good.
C) is broader than the other models.
In operant conditioning, a reinforcer serves to _______ a behavior it follows. A) extinguish B) weaken C) strengthen D) diminish
C) strengthen
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, classical conditioning was demonstrated when A) the UCS elicited the CR B) the UCS elicited the UCR C) the CS elicited the CR D) the CS was paired with the UCS
C) the CS elicited the CR
1. A patient is experiencing depression. His therapist asks him to record his thoughts, feelings, and behaviors over the next week in order to identify "triggers." What type of therapy is this therapist probably using? Interpersonal Psychotherapy Behavioral Activation Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which of the following statements about differences found in the rates of psychological disorders in boys and girls at different ages is TRUE? A) Both boys and girls peak at approximately the same age. B) Boys peak at age 13 but girls peak much earlier. C) Boys peak at approximately age 9 or 10 but girls peak in their early 20's. D) Boys peak around age 10 but girls reach their peak around age 16.
D) Boys peak around age 10 but girls reach their peak around age 16.
Which of the following statements about Josef Breuer's approach to the case of Anna O. is TRUE? A) He recognized that Anna's difficulty moving her legs was due to general paresis, so he treated her with medication. B) Breuer believed that only psychoanalysis would help cure the hysteria manifested by Anna. C) He believed that the animal magnetism concept could be effective if the patient had faith in the placebo effect. D) Breuer believed that hypnosis could have a beneficial effect by allowing Anna to recall and discuss information that was relevant to the disorder.
D) Breuer believed that hypnosis could have a beneficial effect by allowing Anna to recall and discuss information that was relevant to the disorder
During which of the following psychosexual stages does a child experience fantasies about the opposite-sex parent? A) Genital Stage B) Anal Stage C) Oral Stage D) Phallic Stage
D) Phallic Stage
The context of culture in abnormal psychology A) should not be a consideration in defining deviance. B) is important in understanding the behavior of children but not of adults. C) is not important when applying the "goodness-of-fit" concept. D) is fundamental to the determination of "abnormality."
D) is fundamental to the determination of "abnormality."
1. A treatment for depression that involves surgically implanting electrodes in brain regions to inhibit abnormal activity in targeted parts of the brain is known as Transcranial magnetic stimulation Deep brain stimulation Electroconvulsive therapy Cortex inhibition therapy
Deep brain stimulation
Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of anxiety? Physical Symptoms Escape or Avoidance Behavior Developmental Fears Negative Cognitions/Subjective Distress
Developmental Fears
The department of social work at a local hospital has been contacted regarding an unusual case. A 2 year-old child is brought to the hospital 3 times over a two week period for "breathing problems." Each time the symptoms are present, the mother is with the child. At the third visit, the child is hospitalized, and during the course of an over-night stay, the child appears normal. However, by mid-morning after the mother has returned to the hospital, the breathing monitor sounds an alarm. What concern may the medical staff have regarding this case? Factitious Disorder By Proxy Factitious Disorder Somatoform Disorder Iatrogenic Disorder
Factitious Disorder By Proxy
1. Select the factor below that is associated with an increased risk for bipolar disorder. Having a close relative identified as having the disorder. Living in the western U.S. Being female. Being an unmarried mother.
Having a close relative identified as having the disorder.
1. Select the factor below that is associated with an increased risk for demonstrating symptoms of bipolar disorder. Having a close relative identified as having the disorder. Living in the western portion of the U.S. Being female. Being an unmarried and unwed mother.
Having a close relative identified as having the disorder.
Mary, a 19-year old college sophomore, has been referred to a psychologist by her physician. Mary has a high level of anxiety and complains of intrusive thoughts that interfere with her ability to study for exams. She also reports having severe migraine headaches before exams. Most likely, the psychologist will assume that the migraines are triggered by the stress of Mary's worries about exams and will assess her test-taking skills. WRONG disregard his theoretical approach and use behavioral assessments that have been proved effective in anxiety-reduction cases. conduct a brief assessment because of Mary's young age and the simplicity of the case. consider Mary's medical state, age, and symptoms in selecting appropriate assessment tools.
I think this is the answer - consider Mary's medical state, age, and symptoms in selecting appropriate assessment tools.
1. Select the statement that is TRUE of cyclothymic disorder. It is less severe than bipolar disorder and causes no disruption in functioning. It is diagnosed if it is present for a three-month period. It features alternate moods of hypomania and depression. It is most prevalent in children.
It features alternate moods of hypomania and depression.
Which of the following is TRUE of hypochondriasis? It is rarely found in Eastern cultures. It rarely occurs in men. It is often comorbid with anxiety and depressive disorders. It always follows diagnosis of an actual medical problem.
It is often comorbid with anxiety and depressive disorders.
1. It has occurred to Gerald that with his bachelor's degree in psychology he is going to make a scientific discovery that will change the way the modern world views the etiology of schizophrenia. During one of his three-day periods of "extreme cognitive productivity," Gerald produced a journal article on his thesis, purchased 10 pairs of pants from the shopping channel, and operated on less than 4 hours of sleep per night. Which of the following would best describe Gerald's behavior? Dysthymic Episode Depressive Episode Manic Episode Bipolar Episode
Manic Episode
Miguel is a 24-year old married man who was referred by his physician to a psychologist for assessment. In order for the psychologist to release information to Miguel's doctor, the psychologist would want to ensure that the information is accurate and reviewed by Miguel before it is released. the psychologist would want to clear the release with Miguel's wife for legal reasons. Miguel would have to provide permission for the release of information to either his wife or his doctor. Miguel would waive his right to confidentiality since his physician made the original referral and the assessment is part of his medical record.
Miguel would have to provide permission for the release of information to either his wife or his doctor.
William is concerned about appearing "psychologically healthy" when taking a test. Having sensed this patient's veiled intent during part of the clinical interview, the psychologist decides to use a personality test that might validate his clinical hunch. Which of the following test is the clinician likely to choose? Global Assessment of Functioning Scale Millon Clincal Multiaxial Inventory Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
1. Maria has had a week of extreme "ups and downs." On Monday, after a wonderful weekend of homecoming events, she noticed herself feeling a bit blue and saddened. At first, she suspected it was just the let down after all of the activities; however, her mood darkened until Friday when she found herself "over the moon" for no apparent reason. She was happy, care-free, full of energy, and exceedingly optimistic about her career. She even managed to whip out her 25 page research paper for her Research Methods class before nightfall. She loved these periods of boundless energy as they allowed her to accomplish much work with little need for sleep or eating. Given this overview of Maria's behavior during the week, what might be a clinical descriptor for it? Cyclothymic disorder Double depression Dysthymic disorder Mixed state
Mixed state
Factitious disorder was originally termed ________ after a baron who told tall tales. Tall Tale Syndrome Proxy Syndrome Faker's Syndrome Munchausen Syndrome
Munchausen Syndrome
Derek has a fear of elevators. He will always take the stairs rather than experience the anxiety of bein gin a closed space and the risk of plunging to his dealth if the elevator mafunctions. What is maintaining Derek's avoidance of elevators?
Negative Reinforcement
1. Select the statement about major depressive disorder that is FALSE. It may be characterized by difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Changes associated with sleep or appetite may lead to difficulties in attention and concentration. Patients with the disorder have low mood, but they are only rarely at risk for suicide. It may be an episodic disorder with intermittent periods of normal mood.
Patients with the disorder have low mood, but they are only rarely at risk for suicide.
Morgan obtains a score on a screening device for depression, which indicates the presence of significant depression. Morgan's psychologist is most likely to do what at this point in the assessment process? Refer Morgan for in-patient hospitalization Recommend further evaluation Repeat the testing to determine reliability Begin therapy given the immediate risk
Recommend further evaluation
Factitious disorders differ from somatoform and dissociative disorders in that the former Selected Answer: are intentionally produced to assume a sick role.
Selected Answer: are intentionally produced to assume a sick role.
One way to discriminate a factitious disorder from malingering would be to look for ______________________ in factitious patients.
Selected Answer: associated external incentives
Over half of adolescents diagnosed as having body dysmorphic disorder also experience
Selected Answer: delusions.
A cultural variant of somatoform disorders found among Chinese is termed "shenjing shuairuo," meaning .
Selected Answer: nerve weakness
Heather complains of weakness in the left side of her body, nausea, difficulty walking, and severe headaches. Although she has had a complete medical work-up, no physiological basis for her complaints has been found. Despite this medical clearance, she does not feel well enough to return to college studies. Which of the following best describes Heather's symptoms? Factitious Disorder WRONG Somatoform Disorder Dissociative Disorder Depersonalization Disorder
Somatoform Disorder
Jose is asked to complete an assessment measure that focuses on depression. The instructions given on the instrument state, "Rate each of the following items using the following scale: Always, Frequently, Sometimes, or Never." Which of the following types of assessment instruments is Jose being asked to complete? Subjective response measure Self-report measure Clinician-rated measure Objective response measure - WRONG
Subjective response measure
Which of the following are components of the autonomic nervous system? Peripheral nervous system and brain Somatic sensory system and parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems Brain and spinal cord
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Joe comes to the counseling center with complaints of "overwhelming anxiety" in social situations. After an initial interview, the psychologist asks Joe to complete a homework assignment: identifying the nature of the situations in which he is anxious. He is asked to recall what happens just before he becomes anxious and what happens immediately after he becomes anxious. What would the psychologist be trying to find out about Joe's anxiety attacks? The internal, enduring states maintaining the emotional reaction. The negative reinforcers present before the anxiety is experienced. The classically conditioned extinction response that precedes the behavior. The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it.
The antecedents and consequences of the behavior that are maintaining it.
Select the statement below about worry that is TRUE. The cognitive symptom of worry is typically not present in young children because of their skill deficit in metacognition. Young children worry more than adults because of their heightened ability for metacognition. Both children and adults report approximately the same level of worries. Only children who are cognitively mature worry as much as adults do.
The cognitive symptom of worry is typically not present in young children because of their skill deficit in metacognition.
Dr. Pambros returns abnormal psychology exams. Juanita, Kevin, and Morgan all receive grades of "c." Juanita is gratefull to have passed...
The event is essentially neutral
Which of the following has contributed to the questionable scientific status of the category dissociative identity disorder?
The lack of empirical quantitative investigations
A client is diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder using a categorical system of classification. Knowing this, what else might you suspect about this client? The client falls into a single category with no other overlap in other categories. The client's issues are developmental and rooted in a life-span challenge. There is a 45% chance she also has at least one other disorder. There is no likelihood of comorbidity.
There is a 45% chance she also has at least one other disorder.
Select the statement that is most likely TRUE of dimensional models. They are innately more complex that categorical models. They lead to considerable within-category heterogeneity. They pigeonhole patients into types. They facilitate clinical decision-making more than categorical models do.
They are innately more complex that categorical models.
1. Select the statement that is TRUE of mood disorders. They are transient states that typically follow some external stressor. WRONG They include conditions characterized by abnormally high moods. They are the only DSM category of disorders that is caused by a chemical imbalance. They are relatively infrequent in the general population.
They include conditions characterized by abnormally high moods.
Under what condition would a person be diagnosed with undifferentiated somatoform disorder as a residual diagnosis? When the symptoms are not due to a physical condition When the condition first presents itself When the symptoms are long-standing When the impairment is not due to a psychological condition
When the symptoms are long-standing
1. During which season would a patient be most likely to complain of symptoms of seasonal affective disorder? Summer Winter Spring Fall
Winter
Every evening, Ramin must knock on his front door three times before going to bed. He discovered that this was an effective way to ward off robbers. His knocking on the door is an example of a compulsion. an obsession. an intrusive thought. a cognitive impairment.
a compulsion.
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) assesses an individual's ability to set shift, or display flexibility in thinking as the goal of a task changes. As a "frontal lobe test," it is able to discriminate and detect only subcortical lesions. a frontal lesion from a nonfrontal lesion in a patient. persons at risk for a seizure disorder. violent versus nonviolent patients.
a frontal lesion from a nonfrontal lesion in a patient.
An intense fear reaction resembling sheer terror is called a nervous breakdown. an acute stressor. a phobia. a panic attack.
a panic attack.
The social learning model of behavioral acquisition proposes that
a person does not actually have to do the behavior to learn it.
1. Freud believed that depression resulted from either the id or superego. melancholia or mourning. a lack of ego development or punishment. a real or imagined loss.
a real or imagined loss.
1. Campaigns such as "Real Men, Real Depression," launched by the National Institute of Mental Health, target improvement in mental health literacy by helping people identify the signs of depression and explaining risk factors for suicide. ways of obtaining free health care. a roadmap for seeking care. their personal risk for suicide.
a roadmap for seeking care.
The case in your text of Ginny, the nurse who is bothered by insects, illustrates a specific phobia. the importance of confronting one's fears. the extent to which social support mediates fear. a classic case of agoraphobia.
a specific phobia.
If a psychologist wanted to test the effectiveness of a behavioral intervention for test anxiety, she would most likely choose what sort of assessment? a projective test an unstructured interview an open-ended-sentence completion test a test for the specific symptoms
a test for the specific symptoms
Compared with a categorical system, a dimensional approach to classification allows all symptoms to be described regardless of cut-off scores. allows all disorders to be classified into discrete, valid categories. would be more promising if it decreased interrater reliability. would allow symptoms to be rated cross-culturally.
allows all symptoms to be described regardless of cut-off scores.
Clinical assessments made for the purpose of diagnosis typically include an evaluation of the problem behavior's symptoms and severity, patterns of symptoms over time, and a clinical judgment as to the need for a second opinion a mental status exam by a collaborating psychiatrist. an evaluation of the patient's strengths and weaknesses. an estimation of the length of treatment time. WRONG
an evaluation of the patient's strengths and weaknesses.
Of all disorders reported in the U.S. the most common are alcohol dependence and
anxiety disorders
During the course of a physical exam, a physician suspects his patient may be depressed. In order to explore this diagnostic possibility, the physician uses a "brief screening device" for depression. The doctor probably used the Audit to determine their level of depression. asked the patient two questions about feelings of hopelessness and feelings related to the enjoyment of activities. used the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to assess the degree to which the patient's depression was affecting general health. WRONG asked the patient to rate his degree of depression using the Checklist of Mood States (CMS).
asked the patient two questions about feelings of hopelessness and feelings related to the enjoyment of activities.
1. A client who has habitual negative thoughts of being a failure and worthless would be described as having _______ in Aaron Beck's theory. self-fulfilling prophecies depressive thoughts automatic thoughts dysphoria
automatic thoughts
The fiber used by a cell to transport information to other cells is called a(n)
axon
One feature of obsessions that creates anxiety for an individual is their extreme specificity. intrusive nature. startle value. rapid onset.
intrusive nature.
In some branches of medicine, diagnosis refers to the identification of a physical illness and may be made on the basis of laboratory tests. In psychology, however, a diagnosis is made on the basis of a single behavior, if significant. made only after consultation with the primary physician. based more on the presence of clusters of symptoms. based on several significant epidemiological factors.
based more on the presence of clusters of symptoms.
The Guilford Test of Marital Discord is administered to a newly married young woman who is being seen in psychotherapy. The results indicate that the woman is very unhappy in her marriage. Knowing that testing literature reports that the test has a high rate of false positives, a good clinician would be cautious of the results, as a high false positive rate means that the test may have inaccurately identified a problem when none existed. be confident in the results, as the patient's score exceeded a cut-off score. want to retest the young woman with the same instrument to reduce the false positive rate, which is most likely due to chance. be cautious because the young woman may not be answering questions honestly to hide her marital problems.
be cautious of the results, as a high false positive rate means that the test may have inaccurately identified a problem when none existed.
The term "deviance" implies
behaving differently
1. A psychologist is conducting an assessment of a child who appears to have high distractibility in a classroom setting. The psychologist is interested in what happens just before the child is distracted from a task, how the child behaves during the distracted period, and what happens immediately after the task disruption. In assessing the relationship between situational influences and behavior, the psychologist is using a psychoanalytic paradigm. behavioral paradigm. cognitive paradigm. diagnostic paradigm.
behavioral paradigm.
The anxiety-sensitivity model of fear acquisition holds that some people are more motivated by anxiety than others. believe that anxiety will result in negative consequences. are highly sensitive to the anxiety cues manifested by others. lack the ability to regulate their emotions.
believe that anxiety will result in negative consequences.
The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" In females, it ontrols many funtions inluding the menstral cycle, lactation, and
birth
Body dysmorphic disorder in adolescence
is linked to suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.
Whereas effiacy research focuses on ______ effectiveness research targets _________
casual relationships; cost-benefit ratios
A study in you text addressing the relationship between SES and the likelihood of developing a psychological disorder among children found that
children develop psychological disorders at the same rate
William was treated for anxiety related to test-taking. At the end of his therapy, he reported fewer anxiety symptoms and a better ability to manage his fear of failure. Most probably, William's progress will be viewed as _______ at termination. clinically significant a partial failure treatment resistant clinically insignificant
clinically significant
"So many men get prostate cancer, it must be some type of unidentified bacterial infection." This inaccurate belief about illness supports a _____________ theory of somatoform disorders. behavioral sociomedical psychoneurological cognitive
cognitive
While tricotillomania and obsessive-compulsive disorders have many features in common, they also have significant differences. One of these includes the fact that ________. tricotillamania is short-lived while obsessive-compulsive disorder is long-term rituals produce pleasure but hair pulling does not compulsions are a response to anxiety but hair pulling occurs in reaction to a wide range of negative emotions the disorders demonstrate involvement of totally different brain regions
compulsions are a response to anxiety but hair pulling occurs in reaction to a wide range of negative emotions
The brain stem is critical to survival because it
controls most of our biological functions associated with living
In order to draw casual conclusions about a research finding, a researcher must use a
correlational design
Ataque de nervios is a problem common among first-generation college students. culture-bound syndrome. a condition found only in young children. disorder lacking empirical support.
culture-bound syndrome.
More than half of the people with obsessive-compulsive disorder also have comorbid disorders such as social phobia, specific phobia, GAD, panic disorder and depression. bipolar disorder. agoraphobia. sexual dysfunctions.
depression.
1. Whereas adults with mania experience a euphoric high, children with the same condition display tantrums. display the euphoria through spinning. do not show evidence of a mood disturbance. cycle more quickly through the "high."
display tantrums.
1. Toby is being seen in therapy as a suicide risk. He has said that he is enrolled in college but not attending classes, has disconnected with his family, and has stopped going to his part-time job. Psychologists would term these conditions as a risk factor called drifting. devaluing. isolating. Withdrawing WRONG.
drifting.
Juan in a freshman at a local university. He gets up at the same time each day and follows the same pattern:
dysfunctional even in not distressful
The construction of the 567-item Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) took a novel approach to test construction known as empirical keying. discrimination keying. diagnostic keying. predictive validity keying.
empirical keying.
In medieval Europe, mental illness was thought to be caused by
evil or demonic spirits
According to your text, the hormone oxytocin may be responsible for our ability to form close relationships recall emotional events. form sensory memories. discriminate physiological sensations.
form close relationships
Ataque de nervios is a culture bound syndrome found among Latinos. The notion that social forces play a role with respect to when this type of disorder occurs is supported by the fact that ataque symptoms
frequently begin after some form of social disruptoin
Casandra is an honors student and one of the best varsity volleyball players. Despite her successes, she has begun to worry about her grades and standing in college, and her future. She has noticed that her mind goes blank in class and she has difficulty falling asleep at night. Most likely, Cassandra has generalized anxiety disorder. panic disorder. obsessive-compulsive disorder. agoraphobia.
generalized anxiety disorder.
1. Both Warren and Richard lost their homes in the Katrina hurricane in Louisiana. However, while Warren developed major depression and required hospitalization, Richard, whose loss was greater, was able to cope with it. This difference in responses between the two men may be due to what is termed genetic control of sensitivity to the environment. genetic overreaction to emotional stimuli. genetic predisposition to anticipatory stress. genetic amplification of a stressor.
genetic control of sensitivity to the environment.
1. The great advantage of SSRIs compared with earlier antidepressant drugs is that they work well with women as well as men. work much more quickly. have fewer and milder side effects. pose less risk to suicidal patients.
have fewer and milder side effects.
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a clinician-administered scale that measures a broad range of psychological symptoms. focuses on the patient's perceptions of his or her progress in treatment. uses 21 items to assess psychological functioning in inpatient populations. is used exclusively with psychiatric patients.
measures a broad range of psychological symptoms.
Diagnostic systems for abnormal behavior are broad and include a library of diagnostic labels. These labels increase understanding of the disorder, facilitate communication, and help the therapist plan the patient's treatment. identify the psychological causes of abnormal behaviors. help the patient assume responsibility for the disorder. indicate the physiological features of a disorder.
help the therapist plan the patient's treatment.
1. Mrs. Borhoquez is terrified that she has contracted a viral infection that is invading her body and weakening her immune system. In spite of medical tests that show no illness, she continues to surf the Internet looking for a diagnostic match to her symptoms. Family members were sympathetic at first but now are tired of hearing the same old complaints. Mrs. Borhoquez presents a classic case of hypochondriasis. pain disorder. conversion disorder. psychosomatic disorder.
hypochondriasis.
Freud believed that free-floating anxiety resulted from conflicts between the id and ego. ego and superego. id and libido. superego and libido
id and ego.
A psychologist might question the concept of "comorbidity" in DSM-IV-TR because it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder. manifestations of different symptoms in a given disorder are rare. true comorbidity is not generally accepted by most mental health professionals. the concept of comorbidity implies the presence of an underlying medical disorder.
it is difficult to determine if there are two distinct disorders present or if what is being observed is a different manifestation of a single disorder.
Excepto for drug and alcohol abuse, the highest rates of psychological disorders are found among persons with the lowest incomes and
least amount of education
Among all the symptoms found in somatization disorder, pseudoseizures are
less common.
1. The case of Louise presented in your text is a classic example of dysthymic disorder in that she was unable to derive pleasure from normal life events such as the marriage of her daughter. Your authors describe her as withdrawn to the point of isolation. living a binge-filled life. being on an emotional roller coaster. living under a gray cloud.
living under a gray cloud.
The National Institutes of Health is condution a study of aging that has been in progress for several years......
longitudinal
1. Seligman's learned helplessness concept,has been used as a framework for explaining the contribution of negative, inescapable events/environments to __________ in some people. major depressive disorder bipolar disorder hypomanic disorder cyclothymic disorder
major depressive disorder
1. A severe disorder with a duration of several weeks and characterized by feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or feeling "down in the dumps," or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities is termed bipolar disorder. major depressive episode. dysthymia. cyclothymia.
major depressive episode.
While beneficial in many ways, classification schemes for mental disorders have been criticized because they may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies on the part of the patient. complicate communication among professionals. have not yet moved away from the psychoanalytic perspective. do not assist in treatment planning.
may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies on the part of the patient.
1. Interpersonal Psychotherapy is a time-limited intervention that has been shown to be effective in treating mild to moderate depression. childhood depression. bipolar disorder. cyclothymia.
mild to moderate depression.
1. Deaths resulting from suicide are probably underreported due to lack of standard classification schemes. loss of anticipated employment-related death benefits. misclassification of cause of death. family resistance to reporting.
misclassification of cause of death.
1. First episodes of major depression are often connected to stressful life events. Recurrent episodes are often tied to reminders of the original stressful event. completely unrelated to stress. more independent of life events. related to stress at certain times of year.
more independent of life events.
1. While the diagnostic criteria for depression are the same for all age categories, children may show a tendency to resist treatment more than adolescents. more social withdrawal. more nonspecific physical complaints such as headache and stomach aches. a greater likelihood to have appetite disturbances.
more nonspecific physical complaints such as headache and stomach aches.
1. Research using fMRI studies of bipolar-disordered patients undergoing emotional and cognitive tasks has shown abnormal brain activity in multiple regions. the occipital region. scarred brain regions. every brain region.
multiple regions.
A psychologist in the counseling center interviews a student in crisis who is having suicidal thoughts. As part of the assessment process, the psychologist administers a test designed to evaluate potential suicide risk. Which type of validity is the psychologist relying on in this scenario? statistical validity face validity predictive validity construct validity
predictive validity
According to the text, a major limitation of the current DSM approach is that not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms. not all persons experience the exact same symptoms at the exact same age. all people do not accept the underlying etiology of their disorders. all people do not meet all symptoms outlined for a disorder.
not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms
According to the text, a major limitation of the current DSM approach is that not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms. not all persons experience the exact same symptoms at the exact same age. all people do not accept the underlying etiology of their disorders. all people do not meet all symptoms outlined for a disorder.
not all persons with the exact same diagnosis experience the exact same symptoms.
Gerry is a night watchman who has worked at the same company for 25 years. He is described as very shy and withdrawn around others. While this behavior is not problematic at work, his relatives find him "weird" and tend to shun him at family gatherings. Despite encouragement by his immediate family to mingle, Gerry hardly speaks to others at these events. According to the "goodness-of-fit" concept, Gerry's behavior would A) not be viewed as a problem at family gatherings B) not be viewed as a problem at work but would be viewed as a problem at family gatherings. C) not be viewed as a problem at all. D) only be viewed as a problem if it caused difficulty for his immediate family.
not be viewed as a problem at work but would be viewed as a problem at family gatherings
Among all the symptoms of somatization disorders, _______ is the most frequently reported. pain heart palpitations limb weakness food intolerance
pain
Among all the symptoms of somatization disorders, _______ is the most frequently reported. Selected Answer: pain
pain
1. Through their association with low levels of serotonin, behaviors such as ________ and ________ increase the risk of suicide. risk-taking; impulsivity withdrawal; pathological aggression acting-out; withdrawal pathological aggression; impulsivity
pathological aggression; impulsivity
Of the many factors influencing the choice of assessment tools, one of the most important factors affecting a clinician's choice is the length of time it takes to administer an assessment tool. difficulty of scoring a test. availability of computer-scoring services for validity. person's age and developmental status.
person's age and developmental status.
Darien is 3 years old. He slips off a step, falls, and bruises his knee. Upon picking the crying toddler up, Darien's mother kisses his knee and gives him and M&M. Magically, Darien's pain disappears. The phenomenon would be known as the ..................in psychology.
placebo effect.
1. Bipolar disorder is a long-term disorder associated with emotional mood swings between the poles of mania and depression with no moods characterized as normal. a week of normal mood between swings. possible normal moods. hypomania the most pronounced feature.
possible normal moods.
A soldier returning from deployment overseas reports heightened anxiety, a sense of not being able to feel emotions, and re-experiencing a "video" in his mind of a horrific roadside bombing whenever he hears the local fire company siren go off. Although he has tried to remind himself that it is the same siren he has heard for years, the fear he experiences upon hearing it is overwhelming. Given this scenario, which of the following might be his diagnosis? depersonalization disorder panic disorder with agoraphobia post-traumatic stress disorder generalized anxiety disorder
post-traumatic stress disorder
The content and style of questions used in a clinical interview are guided by the presenting problem and the nature of the patient's difficulty. presenting problem. WRONG clincian's theoretical orientation. clincian's theoretical orientation and presenting problem.
presenting problem and the nature of the patient's difficulty.
1. A patient committed suicide. In an attempt to better understand factors leading up to this death, the therapist interviews the patient's family, co-workers, friends, and treating physicians. This approach is known as a psychological autopsy. post-mortem investigation. psychological inquiry. psychological debriefing.
psychological autopsy.
The theoretical orientation of a person conducting a psychological assessment affects the selection of assessment tools but not the interpretation of data resulting from testing. range and scope of the assessment. selection of assessment tools but only for very young children. estimated amount of time the assessment process will take.
range and scope of the assessment.
Aisha's mother tends to hover over her whenever she complains of not feeling well. Typically, she puts Aisha to bed, reads her a story, and spends the day bringing the child her favorite foods. From a behavioral perspective, Aisha's mother may be increasing the child's risk of developing a somatoform disorder because she is
reinforcing somatizing behaviors.
Aisha's mother tends to hover over her whenever she complains of not feeling well. Typically, she puts Aisha to bed, reads her a story, and spends the day bringing the child her favorite foods. From a behavioral perspective, Aisha's mother may be increasing the child's risk of developing a somatoform disorder because she is negatively reinforcing complaints about physical health. classically conditioning avoidance behavior. punishing appropriate physical health complaints. reinforcing somatizing behaviors.
reinforcing somatizing behaviors.
Biofeedback training often combines monitoring of physiological responses with in vivo exposure. medication. self-reports of anxiety levels. relaxation training.
relaxation training.
All of the following are psychometric properties of assessment instruments EXCEPT validity reliability standardization replicability
replicability
1. The text presentation, Research Hot Topic on Gene x Environment Interaction, points to the importance of _______ in scientific studies. objectivity random assignment replication a matched control group
replication
1. Persons with body dysmorphic disorder tend to view their problems as physical. This fact explains their inability to articulate problems of daily living as stressors. refusal to participate in psychological studies of the disorder. over-reliance on anti-anxiety medication. resistance to psychological intervention.
resistance to psychological intervention.
When considering a "normative" approach to interpreting a patient's score on an assessment instrument, the psychologist is interested in comparing the patient's score with scores of all persons who have taken the test. earlier scores for the same patient. WRONG scores of a comparable subgroup. scores of persons not in treatment.
scores of a comparable subgroup
During the college's health fair, the Counseling Center offers confidential testing to evaluate a student's risk for substance abuse. According to your text, this assessment process is typically known as a prospective evaluation. screening. differential risk measurement. risk evaluation.
screening.
1. Linkage studies have narrowed the search for a genetic contribution to mood disorders by establishing the need for longitudinal research on monozygotic twins who have been separated at birth. pointing to gene combinations that appear in family members who have had symptoms of major depression. identifying genes for which there is no link to mood disorders.
searching particular areas on a chromosome or several chromosomes that have a likelihood of containing risk genes.
A screening device is able to indicate a problem when it is present and accurately indicate the absence of a problem when none exists. In psychological terms, this would constitute screening specificity. screening sensitivity. WRONG differential diagnosis. sensitivity and specificity.
sensitivity and specificity.
1. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) encourages patients with bipolar disorder to improve their social skills. challenge their misconceptions about social activity. recognize the social causes of their mood shifts. sleep, eat, and take part in social activity on a regular schedule.
sleep, eat, and take part in social activity on a regular schedule.
Physicians practicing in cultures outside of the U.S. are more likely to use ____ than psychological explanations in discussing causality of somatoform disorders with patients
sociocultural explanations
One way to overcome a limitation o fthe case study method is to
standardize the types of treatment methods used
A noted leader in the field of assessment, Paul Meehl, argued as early as 1954 that _______ were far more accurate than __________. clinical judgments; statistical predictions statistical predictions; clinical judgments clinical judgments; psychometric scores psychometric scores; statistical predictions
statistical predictions; clinical judgments
After being startled by a balloon that popped, you once again calm down. Which physial systems, in order, are involved in this example?
sympathetic; parasympathetic
The intelligence quotient or IQ was originally determined by dividing a child's chronological age by his mental age. WRONG taking the child's mental age and dividing it by his chronological age. using the mental age as a gauge of natural intelligence. comparing a child's score with those obtained by peers.
taking the child's mental age and dividing it by his chronological age.
The Reliable Change Index (RCI) is a measure of the change in a patient's condition from the beginning to end of therapy. the predicted change in a patient's behavior compared with that of similar patients. the degree of change in a patient's condition estimated to be attributable to non-therapeutic factors the degree of change a therapist might expect based on a particular form of treatment.
the change in a patient's condition from the beginning to end of therapy.
A construct validity score represents whether two independent practitioners agree on a diagnosis. the degree to which a test accurately assesses a specific concept and not other related concepts. a test's ability to discriminate a patient who is trying to fake symptoms. the percent of test-takers who show reliable scores on a test measuring an related constructs.
the degree to which a test accurately assesses a specific concept and not other related concepts.
A teenage girl was brought to the emergency room by her mother several times during the summer for severe abdominal pain. After many diagnostic tests returned negative results, the girl was hospitalized for observation. Over several days, the patient's abdominal pain disappeared. However, the night before her discharge, the pain returned. A hospital security camera recorded the mother entering her child's room late that night carrying a bag from the neighborhood pharmacy. Shortly after this visit the girl's symptoms returned. The hospital staff might suspect that the mother is suffering from Munchausen by proxy. this is a case of factitious disorder by proxy. the teenager is malingering. the mother is malingering.
this is a case of factitious disorder by proxy.
From 1952 to the present, the number of diagnostic categories in DSM has approximately remained the same doubled reduced by half. tripled
tripled
1. Freud viewed depression as anger raised by the ego. turned against the self. against the mother. due to psychic grief.
turned against the self.
1. Universally, women have ________ the rate of men for major depression. equal twice three times four times
twice
1. An individual with dysthymia has symptoms that are never absent for more than two months. one year. four days. 30 days.
two months.
1. In order to be diagnosed as having a major depressive episode, a patient would have to report experiencing depressed mood or lack of interest in daily activities for a period of two days. two monthsWRONG. two weeks. two years.
two weeks.
Both dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue
usually remit without treatment.
1. Based on John Bowlby's model of attachment researchers have focused on how mother-infant attachment affects existential issues in the elderly. vulnerability for depression and anxiety in adulthood. vulnerability for bipolar disorder and cyclothymia. family support in adulthood.
vulnerability for depression and anxiety in adulthood.
