Academic Team

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Central Powers

Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire of Turkey during World War I

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War I

D-Day invasion

Allied troops landed at Normandy Beach to start liberating France from German control

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Whooping cough

Also called pertussis, this is a serious infection that spreads easily from person to person. This infection causes coughing spells that are so severe that it can be hard to eat, breathe, or sleep.

Hydrogen

Also known as Protium, discovered by Henry Cavendish

Ashcan School

Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S. It is best known for portraying scenes of daily life in New York, often in the city's poorer neighborhoods.

Vitamin B5

Also known as pantothenic acid, this vitamin is soluble. Deficiency causes paresthesia, while overdose causes nausea, diarrhea, and heartburn. Food sources include meat, broccoli, and avocado.

Mesozoic Era

Also known as the Age of the Reptiles and Age of Conifers, it is the second-to-last era of Earth's geological history, lasting from 252 to 66 million years ago and combining the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods.

Las Gorras Blancas

Also known as the White Caps, a group of Mexican Americans living in New Mexico that attempted to protect their land and way of life from encroachment by white landowners

Sitting Bull

American Indian chief that led the victory of the Battle of Little Bighorn

Seminole

American Indian people of the Creek confederacy and their descendants, noted for their resistance in the 19th century to encroachment on their land in Georgia and Florida. Many were resettled in Oklahoma.

Tuck Everlasting

American children's novel by Natalie Babbitt that explores concept of immortality.

David Bernhardt

American lawyer who served as US Secretary of the Interior from 2019 to 2021 during the presidency of Donald Trump.

Ray Bradbury

American science fiction novelist who published 30 novels, 600 short stories, numerous poems, essays, screenplays, and plays; predicted the rise of video surveillance; famous for a collection of short stories called Dark Carnival; wrote a novel about how people from earth make an attempt to conquer Mars and face unplanned consequences; most famous works are Dandelion Wine, The Veldt, A Sound of Thunder, All Summer in a Day, The Martian Chronicles, and Fahrenheit 451.

Washington Irving

American short-story writer, essayist, biographer, historian, and diplomat of the early 19th century remembered for his works A Prayer for Owen Meany, The Cider House Rules, an extensive biography on George Washington, Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. He moved to a cabin near a pond and lived there among nature for a year, and wrote his musings in Walden.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Louisa May Alcott

American writer and reformer best known for her largely autobiographical novel Little Women (1868-1869).

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems; known as the father of horror; such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

Herman Melville

American writer who wrote about ocean voyages with rigorous detail, which provided the factual basis of Moby-Dick (1851), considered among the greatest American novels. He also wrote Billy Budd, Benito Cereno, and Omoo. He won the National Book Award for Nonfiction.

Alice in Wonderland

An 1865 novel written by Lewis Carroll about Alice falling through a rabbit hole.

Gloria Steinem

An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s.

Barnum and Bailey

An American traveling circus company billed as The Greatest Show on Earth. It and its predecessor shows ran from 1871 to 2017

Hatch-Slack pathway

An alternate biochemical pathway found in C-4 plants; its purpose is to remove CO2 from the airspace near the stomate

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.

The Turn of the Screw by Henry James

An anonymous narrator begins this story by recalling a Christmas Eve at an old house, where guests are listening to one another's ghost stories. The protagonist is a governess who is asked to care for a boy that got expelled from school and his charming younger sister, and she becomes convinced that evil ghosts are stalking them after the death of their parents.

Pacific Ocean

An early exploration destination as a route to Asia

NADPH

An electron carrier involved in photosynthesis. It provides the high-energy electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide to sugar in the Calvin cycle.

NADH

An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. It carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP.

Pepsin

An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of proteins

Ligase

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment

Primase

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.

Helicase

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in France and other parts of Europe that emphasized the importance of reason, progress, and liberty. The Enlightenment, sometimes called the Age of Reason, is primarily associated with nonfiction writing, such as essays and philosophical treatises. Major Enlightenment writers include Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, René Descartes.

Dido and Aeneas

An opera by English Baroque composer Henry Purcell. It recounts the love of the Queen of Carthage and a Trojan hero and the despair when he leaves her.

Bluebeard's Castle

An opera by Hungarian composer Bartok about a man and his wife Judith coming home to his castle for the first time.

The Magic Flute

An opera by Mozart about Prince Tamino rescuing the Queen of the Night's daughter Pamina.

The Marriage of Figaro

An opera by Mozart in 1786 about title character and Susanna getting married despite the efforts of Count Almaviva to seduce her.

Appalachian Spring

An orchestral suite by Copland; Premiered at the Library of Congress in 1944.

Pancreas

An organ in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.

Coenzymes

An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactions; helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g., a vitamin, ATP, NAD+

Farmers' Alliance

An organization of farmers founded in the late 1870s that worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, proposed that the government loan money to farmers at low interest rates, and create a warehouse to store their crops

Trust

An organization or board that manages assets of other companies

Woodstock Music Festival

An outdoor music festival at rural New York farm in 1969, it featured a lineup of popular counterculture performers and was attended by 500,000 people.

Hudson River School

An outgrowth of the Romantic movement, this was the first native school of painting in the United States. It was strongly nationalistic both in its proud celebration of the natural beauty of the American landscape and in the desire of the artists to become independent of European schools of painting. It's symbol is a broken tree stump and the early leaders of this school were Thomas Doughty, Asher Durand, and Thomas Cole.

Stoicism

Ancient Greek school that idealized freedom from emotions; Founded by Zeno of Citium; thinkers include Epictetus

San Martin

Argentine general who liberated Argentina and Chile from Spain; Won battle of San Lorenzo; Crossing of Andes allowed victory in Battles of Chacabuco and Maipu

John F. Kennedy

At 43, this man was the youngest candidate ever elected president. He was also the first Roman Catholic to serve, and he spoke of "the torch being passed to a new generation" and promised to lead the nation into a "New Frontier." The press loved his news conferences and some later likened his administration to the mythical kingdom of Camelot and the court of King Arthur, the subject of a popular Broadway musical.

Jeff Sessions

Attorney general under Trump's cabinet who was previously a senator of Alabama

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

Attractive force between unlike molecules

Gregor Mendel

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)

Queen Victoria

Awarded medal to Josiah Henson for cabinets in Crystal Palace exhibit in 1842.

Baker v. Carr

Before, many states included at least one house of their legislatures that strongly favored rural areas to the disadvantage of cities. In this case, the Warren Court declared this practice unconstitutional and established the principle of "one man, one vote," meaning that election districts would have to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all citizens.

Richard Connell

Best remembered for the short stories "A Friend of Napoleon" and "The Most Dangerous Game"; won the O. Henry Memorial Prize and nominated for his original story in 1942 for the film "Meet John Doe."

Dawes Severalty Act

Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes

John Cabot

Born Giovanni Caboto, this Genoese born Venetian did his exploring in North America in the service of England and had a son named Sebastian

Puccini

Born into a family of musicians and composers, he became the leading Italian composer of the generation. His works include Tosca, La Boheme, and Madame Butterfly.

Spanish military flag

Burgundy cross flag

Election of 2000

Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

Dick Cheney

Bush's Vice President and a Wyoming representative who was attacked numerous times for his considerable power given to him by the President and his policy-making.

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Ether

C-O-C; a pleasant smelling volatile liquid that is highly flammable that is used as an anesthetic and as a solvent or intermediate in industrial processes

Sucrose

C12H22O11

Prague

Capital of Czech Republic

Saigon

Captial of South Vietnam, capture of this city marks the conclusion of the civil war in 1975

Julius Caesar

Casca, Brutus, Cassius

White-collar workers

Category of workers employed in offices, sales, or professional positions

Prader-Willi Syndrome

Caused by a lack of genetic material in the 15 pair of chromosomes. Usually inherited from the father. The leading genetic cause of obesity. The degree of mental retardation varies, but is usually in the mild range. People with this syndrome do not respond well to sudden changes in their routine. It can also result in low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development, cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and a chronic feeling of hunger that can lead to excessive eating and life-threatening obesity.

Lewis structure

Chemical structure with bonds as straight lines, lone pairs as dots, atoms drawn out

Irrawaddy River

Chief river of Myanmar, one of the most important rice-growing regions

Tamburlaine

Christopher Marlowe's play loosely based on the Central Asian emperor that challenges the idea that humans are locked into an oppressive moral system and suggests that a new type of humanity is possible, which will break through these boundaries.

Battle of Shiloh

Confederate forces suprised union troops & drove them across the Tennesee river; union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war. It allowed Grant to begin a massive operation in the Mississippi valley later that year. The battle is named after a small church in the vicinity, which ironically translates to "place of peace" or "heavenly place."

Reconstruction Acts

1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.

Loving v. Virginia

1867 court case that declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism in school

The Good Earth

1931 novel by Pearl S. Buck that dramatizes a Chinese Village before World War I about Wang Lung and his future wife, a slave, O-Lan.

The Grapes of Wrath

1939 novel by Steinbeck set during the Great Depression focusing on the Joads, a poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Oklahoma home and set out for California. Along with thousands of other "Okies", they seek jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

Cash and Carry Policy

1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam: advocated "Vietnamization" (replace US troops with Vietnamese), but also bombed Cambodia/Laos, created a "credibility gap," Paris Peace Accords ended direct US involvement; economy-took US off gold standard (currency valued by strength of economy); created the Environmental Protection Agency, was president during first moon landing; SALT I and new policy of detente between US and Soviet Union; Watergate scandal: became first and only president to resign

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year, which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Phyllis Schlafly

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Paris Peace Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War.

Johann Gauss

19th century mathematician who added the integers from 1 to 100 within seconds by a flash of mathematical insights.

Pre-Raphaelitism

19th century, primarily English movement based ostensibly on undoing innovations by the painter Raphael. Many were both painters and poets. Notable authors: Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of an election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Sir Francis Drake

1st Englishman to sail around the world and the 2nd person in history on his ship the Golden Hind. He raided the Spanish, saved some Roanoke colonists, became mayor of Plymouth and served in Parliament.

How many electrons does each orbital have?

2

Executive Order 9066

2/19/42; 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification) due to coming down with the Spanish flu, won Nobel Peace Prize

La Boheme

4 Act Opera by Puccini. Based on Henri Murger's novel.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by an attorney general in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and communists and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

The Martian Chronicles

A 1950s science fiction short story collection by Ray Bradbury that chronicles the colonization of Mars. It shows the conflicts between the colonists and aliens.

Go Tell It on the Mountain

A 1953 semi-autobiography by James Baldwin. It tells the story of John Grimes in 1930s Harlem and his relationship with his family and church.

The Crisis of the Third Century

A 50 year period where Rome almost collapsed due to a plague, civil war, and economic depression; It ended due to the military victories of Aurelian and with the ascension of Diocletian and his implemation of reforms in 284, including the Tetrarchy

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Tybalt

A Capulet, Juliet's cousin on her mother's side. Vain, fashionable, supremely aware of courtesy and the lack of it, he becomes aggressive, violent, and quick to draw his sword when he feels his pride has been injured. Once drawn, his sword is something to be feared. He loathes Montagues.

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that human beings are naturally good and free, and can rely on their instincts. Believed that the government should exist to protect common good and be a democracy. He also wrote the social contract and said that if the government violated it, it would become a tyranny.

Angst

A Freudian term for anxiety, fear, or dread

National Recovery Act

A New Deal legislation that focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. Business leaders and government planners worked together to set fair labor practices and working conditions

Replication forks

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.

Tetanus

A bacterial disease that causes sustained muscular contraction resulting from a rapid series of nerve impulses. It is contracted through cuts and wounds that become contaminated.

subtropical desert

A biome prevailing at approximately 30° N and 30° S, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation.

Martin Luther King Jr.

A campaign to honor him with a federal holiday began in 1968 and became law in 1983

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Deletion

A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA

Redox Reaction

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

Crazy Horse

A chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn

The Secret Garden

A children's novel written by Frances Hodgson Burnett published in 1911 about Mary Lennox, a sickly 10 year old who was born in India to wealthy British parents who never wanted her making her spoiled.

Turner syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Symptoms include heart and kidney abnormalities, excess fluid collection on the back of neck or other parts of the body, delayed or no puberty, learning disabilities, and short fingers and toes.

Nebula

A cloud of gas in outer space, visible in the night sky as either an indistinct patch or dark silhouette against other luminous material.

Horizontal integration

A company eventually buys out all its competitors until there is effectively no competition left

polar cell

A convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60 degrees N and 60 degrees S and sinks at the poles, 90 degrees N and 90 degrees S

Thomas Nast

A famous editorial cartoonist in the nineteenth century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption, which helped people realize the immorality of some politicians.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast containing pigment, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Elizabethan Era

A flourishing period in English literature, particularly drama, that coincided with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and included writers such as Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, and Edmund Spenser.

Harlem Renaissance

A flowering of African-American literature, art, and music during the 1920s in New York City. W. E. B. DuBois's The Souls of Black Folk anticipated the movement, which included Alain Locke's anthology The New Negro, Zora Neale Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, and the poetry of Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen. African American poets, novelists, and thinkers, often employing elements of blues and folklore in the 1920's. Notable authors: Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman, Claude McKay

Taiga

A forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons

Candide

A french satire written by Voltaire about the title character living a sheltered life in an Edenic Paradise.

Fragile X Syndrome

A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks.

Magical Realism

A genre of fiction in which elements of fantasy, myth, or the supernatural are included in a narrative that is otherwise objective and realistic

Gothic fiction

A genre that creates terror and suspense, usually set in an isolated castle, mansion, or monastery populated by mysterious or threatening individuals.

terrestrial biome

A geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land

Supernova

A gigantic explosion in which a massive star collapses and throws its outer layers into space

Actin

A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.

Lake poets

A group of Romantic poets from the English Lake District who wrote about nature and the sublime. Notable authors are William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

Biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

Oneida Community

A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.

Polio

A highly contagious infectious disease of the spinal cord and nervous caused by a filterable virus, and spread through contact with feces and infected droplets.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A highly contagious virus that causes an infection of the upper and lower respiratory system.

J.P. Morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation

Huntington's disease

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.

Tay-Sachs disease

A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth.

Jack Kerouac

A key author of the Beat movement whose best selling novel, On the Road helped define the movement with it's featured frenzied prose and plotless ramblings.

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike (example of how government always sided with employers over workers in the Gilded Age). The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Gyre

A large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere

Symbolism

A late 19th-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts seeking to represent absolute truths through language and metaphorical images, mainly as a reaction against naturalism and realism.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

A law that if two systems are separately found to be in thermal equilibrium with a third system, the first two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other; that is, all three systems are at the same temperature.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Sound

A long inlet that separates offshore islands from the mainland

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Mayan Civilization

A member of a major pre-Columbian civilization of the Yucatán Peninsula that reached its peak in the 9th century a.d. and produced magnificent ceremonial cities with pyramids, a sophisticated mathematical and calendar system, hieroglyphic writing, and fine sculpture, painting, and ceramics.

Zimmerman Telegram

A message that Germany sent to Mexico, soliciting them to go to war with the United States, and in return they'd help them regain the land lost in the Mexican-American war. This was the last straw that led Woodrow Wilson to get involved in World War I.

Buffer

A mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base that allows for the maintenance of a fairly narrow range of pH even while another reaction is producing acids or bases. It can react with either acid or base to remove the acid or base from solution. The functional pH range of these are described in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Of Mice and Men

A novel written by John Steinbeck in 1937 about George Milton and Lennie Small who are two misplaced migrant ranch workers who move around in California in search for a job during the Great Depression.

War and Peace

A novel written by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy about 5 families.

Call of the Wild by Jack London

A pampered dog adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master who treats him right.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Dawes plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Abscisic acid

A plant hormone that brings about dormancy in buds, mantains dormancy in seeds, and brings about stomatal closing, tuning responses to abiotic stresses, and has remarkable impacts on plant defense on various pathogens.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Nativism

A policy of protecting the interests of native born folks over the interests of immigrants

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Royal Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation to where the colonists couldn't move and expand to the west of the Appalachian mountains. That was preserved for the Native Americans.

The Dead by James Joyce

A professor and part-time book reviewer attends a Christmastime party thrown by his aunts, at which he dances with a fellow teacher and delivers a brief speech. As the party is breaking up, he witnesses his wife listening to a song, and the intensity of her focus on the music causes him to feel sentimental and lustful. In a hotel room later, he is devastated to discover that he has misunderstood his wife's feelings; she is still getting over her previous lover who died. He realizes that she has never felt similarly passionate about their marriage. He feels alone and profoundly mortal, but spiritually connected for the first time with others.

Gyrase

A prokaryotic enzyme used to twist the single circular chromosome of prokaryotes upon itself to form supercoils. Supercoiling helps to compact prokaryotic DNA and make it sturdier.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Tariff of 1828

A protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.

Spike protein

A protein sticking out from the surface of the virus. Usually interacts with host cells.

Glycoprotein

A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.

Korean War

A proxy war of the Cold War Era, US intervened on one side, while Communist China protected the other; the armistice restored the original boundaries at the end of this conflict

May Day

A public holiday usually celebrated on May 1st that commemorates the historic struggles and gains made by workers and the labor movement

Phoebe Apperson Hearst

A radical philanthropist and crusader for the womens' suffrage movement that strongly advocated education for the poor by funding public schools.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

Kuiper Belt

A region of the solar system that is just beyond the orbit of Neptune and that contains small bodies made mostly of ice

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Pacific Railroad Act

A series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a "transcontinental railroad" in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

The Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Stonewall Riots

A series of spontaneous demonstrations by members of the LGBTQ+ community in response to a police raid in New York City that served as a catalyst for the gay rights movement in the United States and all around the world.

allosteric site

A specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site.

Codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Representative Republic

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions based on the law and/or constitution.

tRNA

A type of RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between the nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.

mRNA

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

Pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Asexual reproduction

A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.

Sexual reproduction

A type of reproduction where two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of two parents

Mumps

A viral infection that affects the salivary glands that's easily preventable by a vaccine, belongs to a family of viruses known as paramyxoviruses

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Invented the parachute, ornithopter, triple barrel cannon, diving suit, etc. Known for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

Francisco Pizarro

According to legend, he was a swineherd before he conquered the Incas and founded Lima before being murdered by his followers

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Vietnam War

Contains Operation Frequent Wind and the evacuation of Saigon; The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment; Vietcong resistance;

Ampere's Law

Corrected by Maxwell, who added displacement current into the equation. Name this law, named after its discoverer (who also is the namesake of the SI unit of current).

Patroklos

Cousin of Achilles; dresses as Achilles in order to fight in Trojan War, mistakenly killed by Hector.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Carrie Nation

Founded WCTU to outlaw selling/drinking alcohol. She was married to an abusive man that she killed with an axe and she didn't get punished for it. She formed a group that walked into bars with hatchets and hacked at liquor barrels until they spilled their contents onto the floor

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York and the Western territory

Jovita Carranza

Founder and president of the JCR Group, a consulting firm serving corporations and NGOs on issues of business development and profit and loss of management; lecturer, columnist and commentator on political and business issues; Administrator of the Small Business Administration under President Trump.

Louisiana Purchase

France had a colony in Haiti, and starting in 1791, the Haitian government revolted against the French. As a result of that Jefferson saw opportunity to gain navigation rights on the Mississippi River and New Orleans that was in the middle of the French territory. James Monroe went over to France with $2 million to secure those rights, but Napoleon saw little use for the entire territory after the loss of Haiti, and told Monroe that he could have it for $15 million.

Henry IV (Capetian Dynasty)

French King; Married Marie de Medici; Assassinated in 1610; immediate predecessor of Louis the XIII; issued the Edict of Nantes.

Louis XIII

French King; his Chief Prime Minister was Richelieu

Frederick Bartholdi

French architect who designed the Statue of Liberty

Baron de Montesquieu

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving freedom. This greatly influenced writers of the US Constitution. He greatly admired British form of government.

Geneva Conference of 1954

French wanted out of Vietnam , the agreement signed by Ho Chi Minh France divided Vietnam on the 17th parallel, confining Minh's government to the North. In the South, an independent government was headed by Diem.

Oliver Cromwell

Gained prominence at the Battle of Marston Moor; served as Lord Protector between Charles I and Charles II

Aphrodite

Goddess of love and beauty; known for the dove, apple, scallop shell, and mirror; Unwilling wife of Hephaestus; had affairs with Ares. Born of sea foam

Hestia

Goddess of the hearth; patron goddess of home, sacrificial flame, and family meal; Tended the fire in the Hall of Olympus. A virgin goddess

Artemis

Goddess of the hunt and wilderness; known for (with Apollo) bringing disease and plague, as well as the bow-and-quiver; A virgin goddess; turned Acteon into a stag for viewing her bathing

Athena

Goddess of wisdom and defensive war; also patron of weaving and pottery; Known for the aegis and spear, the owl, and the olive tree; A virgin goddess

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

Great Depression; father teaches kids to practice empathy; kids fascinated with spooky house, where neighbor hasn't left for 3 years, who leaves gifts for them inside tree. Father defends black man accused of rape and faces down lynch mob. Jury convicts him and he is later shot after trying to escape from prison.

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Beat Generation

Group highlighted by writers and artist who stressed spontaneity and spirituality instead of apathy and conformity. Notable authors include Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Ken Kesey, and Gregory Corso

Know-Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.

Know-Nothing Party

Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. Thought of throwing the Washington monument in to the Potomac River. They were also known as the American Party.

Class

Group of similar orders

The Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe. Notable members are F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, and Ernest Hemingway.

Measles

Highly contagious skin disease caused by a virus in family Paramyxoviridae. The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract or the conjunctiva, causing severe sometimes permanent pneumonia, seizures, brain damage, and even death.

Rotavirus

Highly contagious virus that infects nearly all young children and is one of the most common and serious cases of diarrhea in the US.

Auxins

Hormones involved in plant-cell elongation and division, shoot and bud growth, embryonic development, apical dominance, and transition to flowering. They promote the growth and development of plants at low concentrations.

6

How many electrons can fit into a p-orbital?

2

How many electrons can fit into an s-orbital?

101325

How many pascals are in an atmosphere?

760

How many torrs are in an atmosphere?

14.7

How many units of psi are in an atmosphere?

Heteroatoms DO NOT include

Hydrogen and carbon

La Salle

In 1682 he claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France; 5 years later, his own men killed him in Texas

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on this namesake item, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

My Lai Massacre

In 1968 American troops massacred women and children in this namesake Vietnamese village; this deepened American people's disgust for the Vietnam War.

Prague Spring

In 1968, Czechoslovakia, under Alexander Dubcek, began a program of reform. Dubcek promised civil liberties, democratic political reforms, and a more independent political system. The Soviet Union invaded the country and put down the short-lived period of freedom.

Nicaragua Affair

In 1979, this namesake country became communist under the Sandinista government as a result of a coup. The United States funded and trained a military group known as the Contras to overthrow the government.

Wounded Knee Massacre

In December 1890, Army troops captured some of Sitting Bull's followers and took them to a camp. 300 Sioux men, women, and children were killed

Third Law of Thermodynamics

In chemical systems, the tendency would be toward greater entropy unless energy reverses this process

Prince Henry the Navigator

In the 15th century, this Portuguese prince established a school of navigation at Sagres, his castle where he developed the caravel

Lucius Verus

In the modern-day, this emperor was best known for the popular film Gladiator as the father of Commodus, whose decision to pass over his son as successor serves as the point of departure for the film's plot

Tortilla Flat by John Steinbeck

In the town that the story takes place in, lives a group of thieves, drunkards, ruffians, and vagabonds. The main character's grandfather dies and leaves him two houses.

Texas v. Johnson

In this Supreme Court case, it was decided that flag burning constitutes a form of "symbolic speech" that is protected by the First Amendment.

Albert Herring by Benjamin Britten

In this opera, the mistress Lady Billows is organizing the annual May Day festival and has gathered all the important people in the village to elect the May Queen. She is disappointed because none of them seem to be worthy of the crown, and it is decided that a May King should be selected instead: a quiet and timid man that is the title character. The title character gets drunk and runs away seeking adventure and everyone is convinced that he is dead, until he surprisingly returns at the end and stands up against his mother.

S Phase

In this phase of the cell cycle, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates the centrosome.

Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare

In this play, Viola and her identical twin brother Sebastian have been shipwrecked, and each believes the other to be drowned. Viola disguises herself as a young man and under the name of Cesario, gets a job as the servant for the Duke, Orsino. She falls in love with Orsino, who is in love with Olivia, who is in love with Viola's disguise. This love triangle is complicated by the fact that neither Orsino nor Olivia knows Viola is a woman. The mounting identity crisis culminates in the final scene, when Viola finds herself surrounded by people who each have a different idea of who she is and are unaware of who she actually is. Sebastian makes an unexpected appearance, effectively saving her and allowing her to shed all of the roles she has accumulated throughout the play.

Peter Grimes by Benjamin Britten

In this play, a boy apprenticed to the fisherman of the title character died at sea. An inquest is being held to determine the cause of death. After hearing the title character's testimony, the coroner, Mr. Swallow finds that the boy died in "accidental circumstances" and warns the title character not to get another apprentice.

King Lear by Shakespeare

In this play, a king divides his kingdom among two daughters who flatter him and banishes the third one who loves him. His eldest daughters both then reject him at their homes, so the king goes mad and wanders through a storm.

The Tempest by Shakespeare

In this play, a powerful magician conjures up a storm and torments the survivors of a shipwreck including the King of Naples, and the magician's treacherous brother. The magician's slave masters plots to rid himself of his master but is thwarted by his servant.

Othello by Shakespeare

In this play, one character has secret jealousy and resentment towards the protagonist because he suspects that he has been cheating with his wife. He manipulates the protagonist into thinking that the protagonist's own wife is the unfaithful. The main character allows jealousy to consume him, strangles his wife to death, and kills himself.

IUPAC

International body that represents chemistry and related sciences and technologies. World authority on chemical nomenclature terminology, standardized methods for measurement, and many other critically evaluated data.

Torricelli

Invented the barometer

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars, became a mathematician after accidentally attending a geometry lecture

Luzon

Largest Island in the Philippines

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana

Bernardo O'Higgins

Leader of Chilean independence; illegitimate son of Irish-Spanish father and Chilean mother; defeat at Rancagua; exiled from Argentina; served as Chile's Supreme Director until 1823

Jerry Falwell

Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools; founded the Moral Majority; argued that the separation of church and state was the cause of moral decay

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene militarily if they felt that their economic interests were threatened.

Narcissus

Man who fell in love with his reflection; leads to the term Narcissism

Port Huron Statement

Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

Persephone

Daughter of Demeter; Wife of Hades; Ate pomegranate and must remain in the Underworld six months of every year

14th amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Richard III

Defeated at Bosworth Field in the war of the Roses.

Euphrates River

Defines the western border of Mesopotamia; home to Fallujah and Babylon; Longer of the 2 rivers

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Pinochet

Dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990; Overthrowed Allende; Died awaiting trial in 2006; Colorado Boys

Gina Haspel

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency under President Trump; has attracted controversy for her role as chief of a CIA black site in Thailand in 2002 in which prisoners were tortured with so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques," including water boarding.

Hertz

Discovered electromagnetic waves

Linus Pauling

Discovered the alpha helix structure of proteins, thought DNA was triple stranded, used Tinkertoys to discover the structure of DNA, was once stopped at an airport in New York and had his passport confiscated because he was spreading pacifist opinions

The Jew of Malta

Drama about a Jewish merchant Barabas whose masssive fortune is taken by the governor to pay tribute to the Turks. Barabas uses his daughter Abigail to spark a jealous feud that leads to a duel in which the governor's son Lodowick is killed.

Cosmological Constant

Einstein's self-termed "biggest blunder"; the name of the constant he developed to keep the universe at a steady rate (as opposed to expanding) in his equations

Modern Republicanism

Eisenhower's approach to

Wuthering Heights

Emily Bronte's only novel. Author is Charlotte's sister. The plot is about Lockwood, a wealthy young man who rents Thrushcross Grange in Yorkshire. His landlord is Heathcliff who has a mistress named Catherine.

Vespasian

Emperor of Rome and founder of the Flavian dynasty who consolidated Roman rule in Germany and Britain and reformed the army and brought prosperity to the empire

Separation of Powers

Enables the various branches of the government to check and balance the power of others

Edward VIII

English King; held the throne less than a year; a constitutional crisis occurred after his decision about Wallis Simpson; his brother Prince Albert assumed the throne after his abdication

James I of England / James VI of Scotland

English King; in 1615, urged John Donne to become an Anglican Priest; Became King of Scotland in 1567 then became first Stuart King of England in 1603; died in 1625; First permanent settlement in America is named after him; mother was Mary Queen of Scots

Tony Blair

English Prime Minister; received Congressional Gold Medal in 2003

Michael Faraday

English chemist who discovered that substances dissolved in water conduct electric currents.

The Messiah

English-language oratorio composed in 1741 by George Frideric Handel, with a scriptural text compiled by Charles Jennens from the King James Bible, and from the version of the Psalms included with the Book of Common Prayer.

Little Women by Louisa May Alcott

Novel by American Louisa May Alcott in 1868 about sisters Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy March from childhood to womanhood during American Civil War.

Northanger Abbey

Novel by Jane Austen not published until after death in 1817 with Persuasion. Main character is Catherine.

Sense and Sensibility

Novel by Jane Austen published in 1811 about Dashwood sisters, Elinor and Marianne.

Animal Farm

Novel written by George Orwell in 1945 about the events leading up to the Russian Revolution in 1917 and then on into the Stalinist Era of the Soviet Union.

Ribonuclease

Nucleic acid digesting enzyme that breaks down ribonucleic acid to produce nucleotides

Edmund

Of all of King Lear's villains, he is the most complex and sympathetic. He is a consummate schemer, a Machiavellian character eager to seize any opportunity and willing to do anything to achieve his goals. His serial treachery is a conscious rebellion against the social order that has denied him the same status as Gloucester's illegitimate son Edgar. His two sisters Goneril and Regan died for him, and he orders Cordelia's death.

Watson and the Shark

Oil painting by John Singleton Copley depicting the rescue of an English boy from an attack from this namesake animal in Cuba. Scholars suggest that this painting represents the struggle between forces of good and evil, or a political allegory of the American Revolution. This painting is located in the National Gallery of Art.

As You Like It

Oliver, Orlando, Duke Frederick, Rosalind, Jacques

Lusitania Crisis

On May 7th, 1915, German torpedoes hit and sank a British passenger liner and killed 128 Americans. Woodrow Wilson sent Germany a strongly worded diplomatic message warning that Germany would be held to "strict accountability" if it continued its policy of sinking unarmed ships. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan objected to this message as too warlike and resigned from the president's cabinet.

Marbury v. Madison

On his way out of office, John Adams appointed Federalist judges to fill sixteen new spots in the Supreme Court. Thomas Jefferson wasn't happy with this decision, and the Supreme Court proclaimed that they were the final interpreter of the constitution and declared the Judiciary Act unconstitutional. This established the concept of Judicial Review.

Sumer

One of the first civilizations to arise in Mesopotamia; this civilization was a collection of city-states including Eridu, Uruk, and Ur. Created cuneiform, the first known writing system, which was made by putting wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets.

Rigoletto

Opera in 3 parts by Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi. First of the operatic masterpieces by Verdi. Story about Duke of Mantua, a hunchbacked jester, and beautiful daughter Gilda.

WEB DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted immediate social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in criminal proceedings. Warren Court's judicial activism in criminal rights.

Dmitry Mendeleev

Organized the periodic table according to atomic mass, succeeded where others failed because he recognized that there were unknown elements yet to be discovered

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. Wrote The House of the Seven Gables and The Scarlet Letter, which shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".

Michael Cassio

Othello's lieutenant who is a young and inexperienced soldier; becomes implicated in a drunken brawl on Cyprus and losing his place as a lieutenant; tricks Othello into killing Desdemona

Boyle's Law

P1V1=P2V2

John Roberts

Name the 17th chief justice of the United States that was nominated by George W. Bush on September 6th, 2005 to fill the seat of William Rehnquist. His notable achievements include the Affordable Care Acts cases King v. Burrell and National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius and the plurality opinion in the racial classification in school admissions case Parents Involved v. Seattle.

Ernest Rutherford

Name the British physicist who showed an atom's positive charge was centralized in the nucleus (as opposed to what was theorized in J.J. Thomson's "Plum-Pudding" Model) by firing particles at a thin sheet of gold.

Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy

Name the author and title of this novel where a man goes to sleep in 1887 only to wake up in 2000 and find that American had been transformed into a socialist utopia where capitalism had been crushed and everyone's needs had been met

Photoelectric Effect

Name the effect which Einstein's quantum theory of light attempts to explain.

Melville Fuller

Name the eighth Chief Justice of the United States that had many cases involving trusts and segregation such as Plessy v. Ferguson and Mueller v. Oregon

Roger Taney

Name the fifth Supreme Court Justice that was for the Dred Scott decision that was also the first Roman Catholic to serve on the court. He was appointed attorney general of Maryland in 1827, and attorney general of the United States by Andrew Jackson in 1828. He was an outspoken leader against the national bank, and recommended that government funds be with withdrawn from the bank and be deposited into state banks.

John Marshall

Name the fourth Supreme Court Justice that was responsible for constructing and defending both the foundation of judicial power and the principle of American federalism. He is best known for promoting judicial review in the Marbury v. Madison case.

Titian

Name the greatest painter of 16th century Venice, and the first painter to have a mainly international clientele. During his long career, he experimented with many different styles of painting which embody the development of art during his epoch. Best known for The Rape of Europa, Portrait of a Man, Bacchus and Ariadne, Venus of Urbino, and Assumption of the Virgin.

Edward White

Name the ninth Chief Justice of the United States that was nominated by Grover Cleveland and later nominated by William Taft. Prior to joining, he was a Louisiana senator.

Desdemona

Name the protagonist of this Shakespearean play who is the daughter of the Venetian senator Brabanzio. While in many ways stereotypically pure and meek, she is also determined and self-possessed. At the end, she is strangled and suffocated by her husband because he is manipulated into thinking she cheated on him. Married to Othello.

Othello

Name the protagonist of this namesake Shakespearean play who is a black Christian moor in the Venetian army. He strangles his wife to death after being manipulated into thinking she was cheating on him, and he commits suicide shortly after.

Edwin Hubble

Name the scientist who proved that other galaxies existed beyond the edge of the Milky Way

Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman

Name the scientists who co-discovered the existence of ribozymes (RNA molecules that catalyze chemical reactions)

John Rutledge

Name the second chief justice that was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that strongly supported the protection of and the concept of a strong central government . He was also chosen as a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress and to the Continental Congress. He chaired the committee that framed the South Carolina constitution and elected president of the state's General Assembly and served as governor in 1779.

Oliver Ellsworth

Name the third Supreme Court Justice from Connecticut, who was also the main author of the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established the structure and jurisdiction of the federal court system and created the attorney general position.

Cenozoic Era

Name the third of the major eras of Earth's history beginning about 66 million years ago and extending to the present. It was the interval of time during which continents assumed their modern configuration and geographic positions during which Earth's flora and fauna evolved toward those of the present.

Iago

Name the villain of a Shakespearean play who his most fascinating for his utter lack of convincing motivation for his actions. He suspects that Othello slept with his wife, and manipulates him into killing Desdemona and eventually himself.

Centrioles

Name these paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. They play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell's skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell

Goneril and Regan

Name these two daughters of King Lear who are largely indistinguishable in their villainy and spite, and flatter their father in the opening scene of the play, only to leave him out in a storm.

Metalloids

Name these type of elements that are semiconductors and may lose or gain electrons in forming bonds. They make up the "staircase" part of the periodic table

Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky

Name this 10 movement piece by Mussorgsky in honor of his friend Vladimir Hartmann, a painter that died from an aneurysm at age 39. He wrote it in 35 minutes, in 1874, and it's based on Hartmann's drawings and watercolors. It's intended to encapsulate the idea of a viewer walking through a gallery.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Name this 20th century American short-story writer and novelist that completed four novels and more than 150 short stories in his lifetime. He was the poet laureate of the Jazz Age, a term he popularized to convey the World War I era's newfound prosperity, consumerism, and shifting sexual mores. He is best known for his novels Tender is the Night, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, and The Great Gatsby.

Philip Johnson

Name this American architect who was awarded the first Pritzker Prize, best known for his works of modern and postmodern architecture including The Glass House, Seagram Building, 550 Madison Avenue, Christ Cathedral, and the AT&T building in New York. He is known for saying, "Architecture is the art of knowing how to waste space."

Flannery O'Connor

Name this American author best known for her Southern Gothic style in her short story "A Good Man is Hard to Find."

L. Frank Baum

Name this American author best known for his children's books, particularly the Wonderful Wizard of Oz and its sequels.

John Updike

Name this American author best known for his series that depicts three months in the life of a 26 year-old former basketball player named Harry Angstrom who is trapped in a loveless marriage and a boring sales job, and attempts to escape from the constraints of his life. The books are called Rabbit Run, Rabbit is Rich, and Rabbit at Rest.

Scott Joplin

Name this American composer and pianist that was known as the "king of ragtime" at the turn of the 20th century. He wrote a couple operas: A Guest of Honor and Treemonisha, along with classic piano music, Maple Leaf Rag and The Entertainer.

Jerry Brown

Name this American lawyer, author, and politician who served as the 34th and 39th governor of California from 1975 to 1983 and 2011 to 2019.

J.D. Salinger

Name this American novelist who was drafted into WWII in 1942, where he served as an interrogator, questioning them in English and French. He had a successful and distinguished military career, landing at Utah Beach on D-Day and fighting in the Battle of the Bulge near the end of the war. His book won critical acclaim and devoted admirers, especially among the post WWII generation of college students, The Catcher in the Rye.

Stephen Vincent Benét

Name this American poet, novelist, and short story writer that won the O. Henry Story Prize and two Pulitzer prizes for the posthumously-published Western Star, the first part of an epic poem based on American history. He suffered a heart attack and died at 44. He was best known for John Brown's Body, a narrative poem on the Civil War.

Salmon Chase

Name this American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as Chief Justice of the United States. He was responsible for managing the finances of the Union during the Civil War and was instrumental in establishing the national banking system and issuing proper currency.

Ambrose Bierce

Name this American short story writer, journalist, poet, and Civil War veteran, whose work was typically war and supernatural stories. His motto was "nothing matters" and is often thought of as bitter. He died at Kennesaw Mountain when he was shot in the head by. musket ball. He was best known for his book that was named as "100 Greatest Masterpieces of American Literature", The Devil's Dictionary.

O'Henry

Name this American writer most famous for his short stories, which romanticized the commonplace life of people in New York City. His stories often had a dry humorous style and surprise endings, a device that had become identified with his name. He was imprisoned for embezzlement and wrote some short stories in prison. His most famous works were The Gift of the Magi, The Last Leaf, The Ransom of Red Chief, and After Twenty Years.

Francis Ferdinand

Name this Austrian archduke that was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist, which sparked World War I

Johann Strauss II

Name this Austrian composer who wrote more than 400 waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, and other dance tunes, as well as several operettas and a ballet. In his lifetime, he was known as "The Waltz King." His most famous work was The Blue Danube.

Jupiter Symphony

Name this C minor orchestral work by Mozart known for its good humor, exuberant energy, and an unusually grand scale for a symphony of the classical period. These qualities likely earned the nickname of the symphony, inspired by the chief god by the ancient Roman pantheon.

Moonlight Sonata

Name this C-minor piece by Beethoven dedicated to Countess Cardi that got his name from a review in which a poet likened the first movement to a boat floating at night on Switzerland's Lake Lucerne.

Harlan Stone

Name this Chief Justice that said, "Courts are not the agency of government that must be assured to have the capacity to govern."

Charles Hughes

Name this Chief Justice who was the author of numerous books including Foreign Relations, The Pathway of Peace, The Supreme Court of the United States, and the Pan-American Peace Plans. He proposed a 10-year moratorium on the construction of major new warships at the Washington Conference

John Dalton

Name this English chemist to create an atomic theory that claimed all elements were built out of variable numbers of hydrogen atoms. As part of this theory, he created a scale of atomic weight based on the hydrogen atom.

Gustav Holst

Name this English composer and music teacher whose pioneering methods entailed a rediscovery of the English madrigals that were influential in musical education in many schools. that is most famous for his orchestral suite The Planets.

Edward Elgar

Name this English composer whose best known Enigma Composition, the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, concertos for violin and cello, and the two symphonies.

Botticelli

Name this Florentine Renaissance painter and draughtsman who was one of the most esteemed artists in Italy. He burned many of his own paintings after being influenced by powerful sermons that accused the city of Florence of being corrupt and materialistic. He is most famous for Madonna and Child, Man of Sorrows, Primavera, Venus and Mars, and The Birth of Venus.

Bizet

Name this French composer that was best known for his operas, The Pearl Fishers, Carmen.

Rodin

Name this French sculptor known for creating several iconic works including The Age of Bronze, The Thinker, and the Burghers of Calais.

Schumann

Name this German Romantic composer renowned particularly for his piano music and orchestral music. Many of his piano pieces were dedicated to his wife Clara, and his most famous works include Carnaval, Symphonic Studies, Kindersznen, Kreisleriana, Dichterliebe, and Fantasie in C. He was known for infusing his music with characters through motifs, as well as references to works of literature.

Handel

Name this German-born English composer of the Baroque era, who was particularly known for his operas, oratorios, and instrumental compositions. He was nicknamed "The Great Bear" because of his size, nature, and way of walking. He played the violin, organ, and harpsichord. Some of his most famous oratorios are Water Music Suites, Arrival of Queen of Sheba, Israel in Egypt, and Messiah.

Eileen Gray

Name this Irish architect and furniture designer that created an iconic seaside villa in France with no architectural training.

Donatello

Name this Italian Renaissance artist noted especially for his sculptures in marble, bronze, and wood. His sculpted figures were some of the first since antiquity to represent anatomy correctly and to suggest a sense of individuality. He is best known for the second sculpture of David.

Id est

Name this Latin phrase found in textbooks which is abbreviated i.e. and means "that is" when translated into English

Dmitri Mendeleev

Name this Russian chemist that ordered the known elements on the periodic table.

A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O'Connor

Name this Southern gothic short story about a family of six which, on its way driving to Florida, gets wiped out by an escaped convict who calls himself the Misfit.

IM Pei

Name this architect best known for designing the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the east building of the National Gallery of Art in Washington and the Louvre's Glass Pyramid, who was in high demand by real estate developers, CEOs, and art museum boards for his designs.

John Roebling

Name this architect who invented a wire rope in order to improve upon the bulkier and weak hemp fiber rope being used to haul canal boats, and he was best known for building the Brooklyn Bridge of New York City.

Modest Mussorgsky

Name this artist most famous for his operas and songs that suited the Russian language. His most famous works are The Great Gate of Kiev, Boris Gudunov, Pictures at an Exhibition, and an overture called Night on a Bald Mountain.

Elena Kagan

Name this associate justice of the Supreme Court that was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 10, 2010 and has served since August 7, 2010. She became the first woman to serve as solicitor general of the United States and the following year she was confirmed to the Supreme Court, where she was the fourth woman to hold that position. At 50 years old, she became the youngest member of the current court and the only justice on the bench who had no previous judicial experience. On June 25, she was one of the six justices to uphold a critical component of the 2010 Affordable Care Act—often referred to as Obamacare—in King v. Burwell.

Edgar Lee Masters

Name this author of 40 books of poetry and prose, best remembered for a sequence of 200 free-verse epitaphs depicting American life spoken from a town cemetery, the Spoon River Anthology. He also wrote Silence, Alfred Moir, George Gray, A.D Blood, Fiddler Jones, Anne Rutledge, Amanda Barker, and Alexander Throckmorton.

Edwin Arlington Robinson

Name this author of short dramatic poems concerning the people in a small New England village, Tilbury Town. He won the first Pulitzer prize ever awarded to poetry. The most famous poem he wrote is Richard Cory, which recalls the Panic of 1893, an economic depression during which impoverished people struggled to survive on meager rations..

John Grisham

Name this best-selling author known for his legal thrillers including The Firm, The Pelican Brief, A Time to Kill, and The Runaway Jury.

Chromosomes

Name this cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. They consist of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

Centrosome

Name this cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division. It is located near the nucleus that divides and migrates to opposite poles of the cell during mitosis.

Banquo

Name this character from Macbeth, who is his Macbeth's best friend. He appears as a ghost at a banquet the Macbeths give at their castle.

Natasha Rostov

Name this character from War and Peace who is portrayed as a beautiful, funny, musical, and accomplished teenager that becomes a happily married mother of four at the end. She is Pierre's lover.

Bloomsbury Group

Name this circle of artists, writers, and intellectuals including Virginia Woolf, Vanessa Bell, Thoby Stephen, Clive Bell, Leonard Woolf, Lytton Strachey, and Saxon Sydney-Turner that influenced British literature.

Dubliners by James Joyce

Name this collection of 15 short stories, divided into 4 groups, which represent phases of human life: childhood, adolescence, mature life, and public life. It represents a naturalistic depiction of Irish middle class life in the early years of the 20th century.

Stephen Foster

Name this composer known as the "father of American music" known primarily for his parlor and minstrel music during the Romantic period. He wrote more than 200 songs including, "Oh!", "Beautiful Dreamer", and "Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair." There is a bronze sculpture of him located in Pittsburgh.

Andrew Lloyd Webber

Name this composer known for his stage and film adaptations of his musicals Jesus Christ Superstar, Cats, Evita, and The Phantom of the Opera.

Mozart

Name this composer of a number of symphonies and sonatas, and of several successful operas including The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and The Magic Flute. His last symphony - the Jupiter symphony - is perhaps his most famous.

Prokofiev

Name this contemporary composer of film music and ballets Romeo and Juliet, the First and Fifth Symphonies, the Third Piano Concerto, the Second Violin Concerto, the "War Sonatas" for piano, and Peter and the Wolf.

Lake Baikal

Name this deepest freshwater lake in the world that is nicknamed "The Pearl of Siberia".

Doppler effect

Name this effect that describes the increase or decrease in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as the sound and the observer move closer or farther away from each other. The effect causes sudden change in pitch noticeable in a passing siren, as well as red-shifting seen by astronomers.

Cross of Gold by William Jennings Bryan

Name this famous speech and the speaker that advocated the unlimited coinage of silver, with a ratio of 16 oz of silver to 1 oz of gold.

Ariel

Name this fictional spirit who works in the service of a powerful magician, who found him trapped in a pine tree and freed him. He convinces the magician to stop using his magic and reconcile with his enemies. From the Tempest.

Peter and the Wolf

Name this film about a solitary boy who is locked out of the woods by his protective grandfather, his only friend a duck. He is bullied in town. When a wolf menaces the duck, as well as his grandfather's cat, and an ill-flying bird the boy has befriended, he tries to defeat the wolf. Music composed by Prokofiev.

Prophase

Name this first step of mitosis, where the chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the spindle begins to form. The nucleolus disappears but the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate.

Petrarch

Name this fourteenth-century Renaissance poet and scholar best known for his sonnets, lyrical poetry, and his rediscovery of the letters of Cicero. He is regarded as one of the early humanists, the father of Humanism, and the father of the Renaissance.

Post transition metals

Name this group of elements that are softer and less conductive than transition metals, and include lead, bismuth, and aluminum.

Halogens

Name this group of elements that are very chemically reactive and often combine with alkali metals. Common elements in this group are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

Alkali metals

Name this group of elements that are very soft and react strongly with water. Most of these metals exist in nature as salts because they readily bind to nonmetals.

Alkaline-earth metals

Name this group of elements that have two electrons in the outer shell, and often form metal ions in salts.

Lanthanides

Name this group of elements that will rarely be encountered in a lab or in nature. There are 14 of these elements, from 57 to 70.

Biltmore House

Name this historic house museum and tourist attraction in Asheville, North Carolina. It was designed by Richard Morris Hunt and is America's largest private estate, spanning 175,000 square feet and contains 35 bedrooms and 43 bathrooms.

Frederick the Great (Frederick II)

Name this king of Prussia from 1740 to 1772. His most significant accomplishments include military success in the Silesian wars, his reorganization of the Prussian army, the first partition of Poland, and his patronage of arts and the Enlightenment.

Morrison Waite

Name this man who was appointed 7th Chief Justice in 1874. He was from Ohio, private study of law with his father, a whig and instrumental in organizing the Republican party of Ohio, was appointed to serve as one of the U.S.'s attorneys in the arbitration to settle the alabama claims against England, in SC known to be a "plain" writer, his most famous opinion was Munn v. Illinois, served until 1888

The Raft of the Medusa

Painting by French artist Gericault that depicts aftermath of wreck of naval frigate Meduse off the coast of Mauritania.

School of Athens

Painting by Italian Renaissance artist Raphael.

The Scream

Painting by Norwegian Edvard Munch featuring a bald man screaming on bridge in orange sky.

Spanish Flu

Pandemic that spread around the world in 1918, killing more than 50 million people

Mount Pinatubo

Part of a chain of composite volcanoes on the west coast of Luzon, Philippines; in June 1991, it erupted for 9 hours; vented sulfuric dioxide into the atmosphere. Cooled global temperatures by 0.5 degrees celsius.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Fred Vinson

Name this man who was born in 1890, and appointed 13th chief justice by President Truman in 1946. He was from Kentucky had the highest academic record ever at Centre College. He was a city and district attorney before being elected to congress as a democrat. He gained FDR's favor by supporting New Deal programs, appointed to the U.S. court of appeals, secretary of the treasury, friendship w/ Truman and experience in all 3 branches of gov. He landed him chief justice seat and his most noteworthy opinion was in the steel seizure case. He served until 1953 and died of a heart attack in the middle of Brown proceedings in 1953.

Richard Cory

Name this poem by Edwin Arlington Robinson which recalls the Panic of 1893, an economic depression during which impoverished people struggled to survive on meager rations. It tells the story of a wealthy man who often strolls the streets of a poverty-stricken town whose residents often seem to envy his seeming glory. However, the protagonist kills himself, putting a bullet through his head, and the speaker notes that the townspeople "went without meat and cursed the bread."

Andrew Jackson

Name this president that passed the Force Bill, which gave him the authority to send troops to enforce federal law in South Carolina, vetoed the recharger of the National Bank of the United States, passed the Indian Removal Act, and forced Indian tribes westward through the Trail of Tears.

Huckel's rule

Name this rule in chemistry that applies to carbon-based molecules that states that there must be 4n+2 atoms in the ring, where n is any integer, to create resonance.

Catch-22 by Joseph Heller

Name this satirical war novel, that takes place near the end of WWII. An Air Force Captain and bombarder Yossarian is stationed with his squadron near the Italian coast of the Mediterranean Sea, where he and his friends endure a nightmarish, absurd existence defined by bureaucracy and violence. When he became the United States bombarder, he was told that he only had to fly a certain number of missions until he could return home. He becomes mad because his life is in constant danger and spends a lot of time in war hospitals faking injuries. This works until he meets one doctor, who is the first person to explain a concept which is the namesake title of the novel. The concept is a paradoxical situation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules. An example of this type of situation in the book is that a person can become discharged if they are insane, but when Yossarian claims he is insane, he is denied because a sane person would obviously claim they are insane to avoid dangerous bombing missions. At the end, Yossarian makes the decision to leave once and for all.

Exclusion Principle

Name this scientific principle: Only two electrons can occupy a given orbital, and both must have opposite spins.

Ernest Rutherford

Name this scientist that discovered protons and neutrons, and proposed the planetary model. He was also famous for his Gold Foil experiment.

Metaphase

Name this second stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Silesian Wars

Name this series of three wars that were fought in the mid 18th century between Prussia and Habsburg Australia for control of a Central European region.

Pyruvate oxidation

Name this step in cellular respiration where each pyruvate molecule goes into the mitochondrial matrix (the innermost compartment of mitochondria). In the mitochondria, the pyruvate is oxidized and converted into two acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and 2 NADH is produced.

Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving

Name this story about a man who falls asleep in the mountains for 20 years because he drinks a mysterious and powerful liquor that is offered him by an equally strange group of men

The Planets

Name this symphony by Gustav Holst that includes 7 movements: The Bringer of War, The Bringer of Peace, The Winged Messenger, The Bringer of Jollity, The Bringer of Old Age, The Magician, and The Mystic.

Amphipathic

Name this term for a molecule that clearly has a polar component and a non polar component. An example of this is the phospholipid bilayer.

Ionic radius trend

Name this term for the relative size of an atom if it turns into a charged ion.

The Rape of Lucretia by Benjamin Britten

Name this two-act opera that revolves around a bet made between 3 Roman officers, Collatinus, Junius, and Prince Tarquinius, while they are at war with Greece. To prove that Collatinus's wife is not loyal, Tarquinius shows up at her door and asks her for wine and lodging. Later that night, when she is half asleep, Tarquinius kisses her, and she kisses him back, believing it is Collatinus. At the end of the play, she is upfront with Collatinus about what happened, and he insists it will not change their marriage.

Debye

Name this unit of measurement that describes charge differences in a molecule

John C. Calhoun

Name this vice president that developed the doctrine of nullification

Indus River

Namesake river of India, harbored one of the world's earliest civilizations (Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa)

Utopians

People that strived to have an ideal society, where there was a self-sufficient community in which all work was shared and all property was owned in common. There would be no difference between rich and poor

Muckrakers

People who worked for reform and change in the late 1800 and early 1900s

Platyhelminthes

Phylum of flatworms and tapeworms

Election of 1972

Placed Nixon against Democrat George McGovern, with the former being the embodiment of the radical movements Nixon's "silent majority" of middle-class Americans opposed, resulting in a landslide victory for Nixon

Stamp Act of 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies

John Ratcliffe

Politician and attorney who served as the Director of National Intelligence from 2020 to 2021 under president Trump. He previously served as the US representative under Texas's 4th district from 2015 to 2020.

The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas

The captain of the protagonist's ship dies, and he successfully leads the crew and cargo home to Marseilles, France. There are two men on the ship that are severely jealous of him, and they decide that they will frame the protagonist for treason, by planting an incriminating letter showing support for Napoleon. He is sentenced to prison for life and remains there for 14 years until he meets a wealthy prisoner who helps him figure out a way to dig an escape route, and gives him directions to a buried treasure. He uses the riches to hatch a plan to take revenge on the people who framed him, gradually ruining their lives. At the end, the protagonist chooses to seek a new existence and marries a former Greek slave.

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid

Elasticity

The chemical property that allows a solid body to return to its original shape after an outside force is removed

Sack of Rome

The city was attacked by the Visigoths, led by Alaric I. Signified the decline of the namesake Empire

Single stranded binding proteins

Proteins that act as scaffolding, holding two DNA strands apart during replication

Hippolyta

Queen of the Amazonians; gave Hercules her belt for one of his labors

Hera

Queen of the Gods; goddess of marriage, known for extreme jealousy and revenge, especially on Zeus' mortal lovers; Wife and sister of Zeus, mother of Hephaestus

Queen Beatrice

Queen of the Netherlands who succeeded to the throne in 1980 after the abdication of her mother Queen Juliana

Competitive inhibitors

Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites.

Cambrian Explosion

Refers to an interval of time approximately 541 million years ago when practically all major animal phyla started appearing in the fossil record.

Nueces River

River that Mexico claimed as the Texas-Mexico boundary, crossed by Taylor's troops in 1846

Tigris River

River that formed the eastern border of Mesopotamia, that was the home of the ancient Sumer and Akkad

Brahmaputra River

River that runs 1,800 miles from its source in the Tibetan Himalayas, forms with Ganges to to form world largest delta

Pride and Prejudice

Romance novel by Jane Austen in 1813. Protagonist Elizabeth Bennett and love interest Mr. Darcy.

Election of 1980

Ronald Reagan won over Jimmy Carter because of the Iranian hostage crisis and America's stagflation.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. This led to various presidents sending troops to Haiti, Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua.

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen

Zeus

Ruler of the Gods; God of the Sky; known for his lightning bolt, as well as numerous liaisons with mortal women, including Io and Leta; Husband and brother of Hera

Decembrist Uprising

Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession

What was one thing that every Progressive agreed on?

Society, on some level, was deteriorating and the only cure was significant government intervention

Gerald Ford

Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

Perseus

Son of Danae and Zeus; Killed Medusa

Henry II of the House of Plantagenet

Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet; Married Eleanor of Aquitaine; First Plantagenet king of England in 1154 until 1189; his knights murdered Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral

Bellerophon

Son of Poseidon; tamed Pegasus killed the Chimera

El Greco

Spanish painter (born in Greece) remembered for his religious works characterized by elongated human forms and dramatic use of color (1541-1614). Best known for The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, the Holy Trinity, and Christ Blessing.

Bethel School District v. Fraser

Supreme Court case that ruled that school officials did not violate a student's free speech and due process rights when he was disciplined for making a lewd and vulgar speech at a school assembly

Engle v. Vitale

Supreme Court case that ruled voluntary prayer in public schools violated the US Constitution's First Amendment prohibition of a state establishment of religion

Transcription

Synthesis of a RNA molecule from a DNA template

Ionization energy

The amount of energy an atom must absorb to let go of an electron

Bond energy

The amount of energy needed to break a covalent bond

Phylogenetics

The analysis of evolutionary, or ancestral relationships between taxa

State of Nature

The basis of natural rights philosophy; the condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws.

Aida by Giuseppe Verdi

The composer of this opera was almost sixty years old and was planning to retire, but was asked by the viceroy of Egypt to write an opera for the opening of the Cairo Opera House. In this opera, the daughter of the Ethiopian king is a slave at the Egyptian court, and the Ethiopian warriors attack Egypt to free her. Radames, her secret lover, is appointed commander of the Egyptians. The princess is torn between her love for Radames and between her love for her fatherland. Radames agrees to flee with her to Ethiopia, and is sentenced to death by being locked into the pyramid vault. The princess sneaks inside the pyramid to die with him and they say goodbye to the world.

Dipole moment

The directional charge in a polar molecule

Pikes Peak

The discovery of gold in 1858 which sent minors on a frantic rush to the Dakota territory, Montana, and Colorado.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis.

Sikhism

The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam. There are 3 core tenets: meditation upon and devotion to the Creator, truthful living, and service to humanity. People that practice this religion don't cut their hair, drink alcohol, or eat meat.

Windsor Family

The family that has ruled Great Britain since 1917

Reaganomics

The federal economic polices of the Reagan administration, elected in 1981. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Gemini

The first spacewalks took place during this set of missions

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Bavaria

The largest German state by area. Landlocked in southeastern Germany.

Benjamin

The last born of Jacob's twelve sons in the Bible. He was also the progenitor of an Israelite tribe.

stratosphere

The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50 km (10-31 miles) above the surface of Earth.

Students for a Democratic Society

The leader of this movement was Tom Hayden. Port Huron Statement (declaration of beliefs): "We are the people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed in universities, looking uncomfortable to the world we inherit." Also, the idea of "participatory democracy" was upheld.

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

The Volga River

The longest river in Europe. Flows through Central Russia into the Caspian Sea. Is widely known as Russia's national river.

Dracula by Bram Stoker

The main character finds himself prisoner in the castle of a vampire after coming to conclude a real estate transaction. His fiancée's friend Lucy gets bitten by a vampire, and while trying to revive her, a wolf breaks into the castle and attacks her. Instead of dying however, she turns into a vampire herself and the main character plunges a stake through her heart while she is sleeping. Then they cut off her head and stuff her mouth with garlic. Next the main character and some of his friends pledge to destroy the other vampire in the castle, and piece together everyone's journal entries to create a narrative that will lead them to him. The vampire is destroyed at the end.

As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner

The main characters' mother is very ill and is expected to die soon. Her dying wish is to be buried in Jefferson, so the family travels there, and are forced to cross a river due to a broken bridge. One of the kids is pregnant and tries to buy an abortion drug, but the boy working behind the counter tricks her into exchanging sexual services for what she realizes is not an abortion drug.

Saturation point

The maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature.

Enthalpy

The measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system

Epic of Gilgamesh

The most famous extant literary work from ancient Mesopotamia, it tells the story of one man's quest for immortality, where he encounters creatures and kings, and perform deeds that anger the gods.

Iran-Iraq War

The namesake Middle East country invaded its neighbor on 22 September 1980 following a long history of border disputes and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long suppressed Shia majority influenced by the Iranian Revolution in this War.

My Antonia by Willa Cather

The novel tells the stories of an orphaned boy from Virginia, and the elder daughter in a family of Bohemian immigrants, who are each brought as children to be pioneers in Nebraska towards the end of the 19th century

Ethylene

The only gaseous plant hormone. Among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening.

Pullman Strike

The owner of a company that manufactured sleeping cars for trains cut the wages of his workers when the Panic of 1893 hit. He fired all of his workers that tried to bargain with him, which caused them to go on strike. They hooked up the company's cars to trains carrying federal mail.

Victorian Era

The period of English history between the passage of the first Reform Bill (1832) and the death of Queen Victoria (reigned 1837-1901). Though remembered for strict social, political, and sexual conservatism and frequent clashes between religion and science, the period also saw prolific literary activity and significant social reform and criticism. Notable novelists include the Bronte sisters, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, William Makepeace Thackeray, Anthony Trollope, and Thomas Hardy, while prominent poets include Matthew Arnold; Robert Browning; Elizabeth Barrett Browning; Gerard Manley Hopkins; Alfred, Lord Tennyson; and Christina Rossetti. Notable Victorian nonfiction writers include Walter Pater, John Ruskin, and Charles Darwin, who penned the famous On the Origin of Species

turgor pressure

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugars.

Nuclear fusion

The process by which stars generate energy

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Transcription

The process where RNA polymerase connects complementary RNA bases to the DNA to form a single-stranded messenger RNA molecule. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm, where it attaches to a ribosome. Ribosomes build proteins.

Mesons

What is the name given to hadrons comprised of two (2) quarks bound together?

Brownian Motion

What is the name given to the chaotic motion of floating particles, explained by Einstein in terms of an atomic theory of matter?

Bret Harte

Wrote humorous short stories about the American West featuring miners, gamblers, and other Romantic figures of the California Gold Rush, popularized the use of regional dialects as a literary device, famous for The Luck of Roaring Camp

Dada Movement

Zurich, Switzerland; anti-art movement in which society didn't deserve art after creation of WWI, meant to provoke, spontaneous performances

A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway

The protagonist of this novel is an ambulance driver during World War I, who falls in love with a nurse's aide, Catherine. She is grieving the death of her fiancé, and longs for love so deeply that she will settle for the illusion of it. After being wounded on the battlefield, he is recommended to stay in the hospital for six months, but he refuses and gets operated on immediately. Later on in the book, he is diagnosed with jaundice and is accused of bringing the disease upon himself through excessive drinking. In this novel, the protagonist shoots an engineer who refuses to help him get his car unstuck out of the mud, and he later escapes the front to live a happy life with Catherine. Catherine delivers a stillborn baby boy and later dies of a hemorrhage.

The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams

The protagonist of this play is an aspiring poet who works in a shoe warehouse to support his family. His father ran off years ago and, except for one postcard, has not been heard from since. His mother is ashamed of his sister Laura, who is painfully shy and wears a brace on her leg. Her most prized possession is a collection of glass animal figurines. She enrolls her into business school, and she drops out. Her mother decides that Laura's last hope must lie in marriage, and begins selling magazines to earn the extra money that will attract suitors for her. When she meets her first suitor, she realizes that was her high school crush. They get to know each other and end up kissing, but he apologizes, saying that he was already engaged.

A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway

The protagonist, an ambulance driver during World War I, meets and develops a relationship with an English nurse named Catherine Barkley after he is badly injured during the war, and she becomes pregnant in the hospital but refuses to marry him. After a period of recovery and returning to the war, he successfully escapes execution from the Italian military police and reunites with Catherine. Catherine gives birth to a stillborn baby boy and dies of a hemorrhage.

Relative dating

The science of determining the order of past events without necessarily determining their absolute age

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Isaac

The second of the patriarchs of Israel, the only son of Abraham and Sarah, and the only father of Esrau and Jacob. Although Sarah was past the age of childbearing, God promised Abraham and Sarah that they would have a son, and this person was born. He married Rebekah

Icarus

The son of the master craftsman Daedalus. His father gave him wings to escape King Menos of Crete. He ignored instructions not to fly too close to the sun, and fell to his death.

Malvolio

The straitlaced steward—or head servant—in the household of Lady Olivia. He is very efficient but also very self-righteous, and he has a poor opinion of drinking, singing, and fun. His priggishness and haughty attitude earn him the enmity of Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Maria, who play a cruel trick on him, making him believe that Olivia is in love with him. In his fantasies about marrying his mistress, he reveals a powerful ambition to rise above his social class.

Reservation System

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

Mount Mitchell

The tallest peak west of the Mississippi, this mountain, found in North Carolina, was the subject of a debate over its altitude between its namesake and Thomas Clingman, leading Elisha Mitchell to attempt another ascent in which he fell to his death.

McCarthyism

The term associated with the namesake man who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Pacific theater

The war in the Pacific, most islands were involved, Japan tried to take these islands and sent 65 bombing raids all the way to Australia.

Southern Manifesto

The was a document written by legislators opposed to integration in schools. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration by closing down schools, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.

Vitamin K

There is no evidence of toxicity at any level in this vitamin.

Alein and Sedition Acts

These acts made it easy to deport and non-citizen in the United States, and made it illegal to criticize the government

Microtubule

These cellular structures are microscopic hollow tubes that are part of a cell's cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that extends through the cell, gives the cell shape, and keeps its organelles in place.

Sioux Wars

These were spectacular clashes between Native Americans and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into their land, which broke their treaty with the Indians. They were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn. Many of the Indians were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence

Henry Hudson

This 17th century English sea captain gave his name to a large North American bay, a river & a strait while serving the Dutch. Among his ships were the Hopewell, Discovery, and Half Moon and he was set adrift by mutiny in 1611.

If by Rudyard Kipling

This 1895 poem was written as a tribute to the author's son, Leander Starr Jameson, which advised him to live with restraint, moderation, and composure. The speaker says that he should "always keep his wits about him", "never overreacting", "being confident without being vain", "accepting hardships without dwelling on them", and "behaving with dignity."

Naseby

a battle in 1645 that settled the outcome of the first English Civil War as the Parliamentarians won a major victory over the Royalists

woodland/shrubland

a biome characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters

tropical seasonal forest/savanna

a biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons

temperate seasonal forest

a biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 39 inches of precipitation annually

Boomtown

a community experiencing a sudden growth in business or population

Hypervitaminosis A

a condition caused by an excess of a vitamin whereby blurred vision, liver abnormalities, and reduced bone strength occur

Savant Syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

Down syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

hadley cell

a convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south

ferrell cell

a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between hadley cells and polar cells

Alger Hiss Case

a court case involving a U.S. State Department official accused of passing secrets to the Soviet Union, that contributed to a growing fear of subversion during the early Cold War; in 1950 a federal grand jury convicted Hiss of perjury, but his guilt in regard to espionage was not proven

Williams syndrome

a genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but surprisingly good use of language relative to their other abilities

Glycolipid

a lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

Marshall Plan

a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.

iambic pentameter

a poetic meter that is made up of 5 stressed syllables each followed by an unstressed syllable used in Shakespeare's plays

Glasnost

a policy of the Soviet government allowing freer discussion of social problems

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Focus on the Family

a radio program created by James Dobson. One of the programs was called Dare to Discipline which was the anti-Benjamin Spock child manual. A direct challenge to liberal values of the baby boomer generation such as gay rights

rain shadow

a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

tropical rainforest

a warm and wet biome found between 20 degrees N and 20 degrees S of the equator, with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation

Bill Clinton

This 42nd president of the United States was elected in 1992 and re-elected in 1996, becoming the first democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to serve two terms in office. He came to the White House with an ambitious domestic policy agenda centered on economic growth and immediately took steps to reduce the federal budget deficit. His second term was characterized by scandal, as he was impeached for lying to Congress and the American people about an extramarital affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Despite the affair, he left the White House with the highest approval rating of any US president in the post-World War II era.

Mary Cassatt

This American artist is famous for her impressionist paintings depicting everyday women and children of the late 19th century. In one of her paintings, The Child's Bath, she added compositional components of Japanese art.

Phyllis Wheatley

This American author was considered the first African-American author of a published book of poetry, and second woman to publish a book of poems. She is most famous for "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral" and "On Being Brought from Africa to America," and was a slave for most of her life. These poems helped the cause of the abolition movement by showing that African Americans were equally capable, creative, intelligent human beings who benefited from an education.

William Faulkner

This American author wrote numerous novels, screenplays, poems, and short stories. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949 for his "powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel." His work was influenced by his experience living with southern culture, during the Civil War, societal norms about slavery, and white male roles. Stylistically, he is best known for his complex sentence structure and the psychologically complex thoughts of his characters. Today he is best remembered for his novels Sanctuary, A Rose for Emily,The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, and Absalom Absalom!

Aaron Copeland

This American composer of the 1930's and 1940's wrote the ballets Billy the Kid and Rodeo, Fanfare for the Common Man, Third Symphony, and Pulitzer Prize winning Appalachian Spring.

John Steinbeck

This American novelist was born in Salinas, California won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1940, and the Nobel Prize in literature in 1962 for realistic and imaginative writings. He served as a war correspondent during World War II. His works often portrayed restless migrants moving west to begin new lives, which helped raise awareness for political activist movements. One characteristic of his writing style was his use of social commentary, and vivid inspiring imagery. His most famous novel portrayed the injustice dealt to many migrants on the road during the Great Depression and the plight of millions of Americans during the dust bowl. Name the author of Tortilla Flat, Cannery Row, and East of Eden.

Gutzon Borglum

This American sculptor is best known for his colossal sculpture of the faces of four US presidents on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota. q

Toni Morrison

This American writer is best known for her examination of black female experience and received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. She wrote plays, novels, and children's books and won the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama. She was the first African-American to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Famous novels by her include Beloved, The Bluest Eye, The Song of Solomon, Sula, Jazz, and Recitatif.

Edmond Halley

This British astronomer correctly predicted that a comet would appear 16 years after his death, that comet with a 76 year period now bears his name

Qin Dynasty

This Chinese Dynasty was best known for its engineering marvels, including a complex system of 4000 miles of one road and one highway, the Straight Road.

Sui Dynasty

This Chinese dynasty is most famous for unifying China under one rule after the Period of Disunion.

Han Dynasty

This Chinese dynasty was best known for starting the Silk Road Trade and connecting China with Central Asia and Euopre

Chumash

This Far West Native American Group gathered, hunted, and fished, living in a somewhat permanent settlement in present day Santa Barbara. They built villages capable of sustaining nearly a thousand people and participated in regional trade networks up and down the coast.

Lavoisier

This French chemist first defined an element as a fundamental substance that could not be broken down by chemical means, and wrote the Treatise on Chemical Elements.

Alexander the Great

This Greek ruler was born to Philip II and his wife Olympus, and was sent to study with Aristotle at the age of thirteen. Aristotle taught him that the Greeks were naturally slaves, encouraging his thirst for conquest. He contributed to his father's famous victory over Thebes and Athens at Chaenorea. Many have assumed that he was responsible for his father's assassination after he married Cleopatra. He is mainly known for the Persian expedition, and his conquest of Phoenicia, Egypt, and Babylon. For a while, he was the undisputed king of Asia and would not be satisfied until he had personally vanquished the entire continent. Many historians speculate he was murdered due to his favorable treatment of the Persians.

Caravaggio

This Italian painter introduced a powerful realism into his paintings of biblical scenes. For models he used cruel peasant types and then dramatized them by means of harsh light and violent contrasts. His best known works of art are Sick Bacchus, The Musicians, Head of the Medusa, The Conversion of St. Paul, The Entombment of Christ, The Beheading of St. John, and The Seven Works of Mercy.

Ernest Hemingway

This Lost Generation American journalist, novelist, short story writer, and sportsman won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, and his famous works include The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and The Old Man and the Sea.

Vasco de Gama

This Portuguese explorer commanded the first fleet to reach India from Europe in 1498 and was given the title Admiral of the Indian Sea and on Christmas Day, 1497 this Portuguese navigator sighted & named Natal in South Africa.

Anne Bradstreet

This Puritan author from Northampton, England was the first woman to be recognized as an accomplished New World Poet. She wrote to educate her children, share the hardships she faced with them and how she coped with her struggles. She is famous for saying "Let us say our sex is void of reason, know tis a slander now, but once is treason," and writing about the time when her family's house burned down.

Nero

This Roman Emperor was best known for the persecution of Christians, murdering his own wife and mother, and his passion for music. He is also famously known for playing the fiddle while Rome burned in a great fire.

Elagabalus

This Roman emperor developed a reputation among his contemporaries for extreme eccentricity, decadence, zealotry, and sexual promiscuity. This tradition has persisted, and among writers of the early modern age he suffered one of the worst reputations among Roman emperor.

Titus

This Roman emperor is best known for completing the Colosseum and his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the eruption of Mount Vernon in AD 79, and a fire in 80. After barely two years of office, he died of a fever.

Domitian

This Roman emperor was best known for the reign of terror under which prominent members of the Senate lived during his last years.

Diocletian

This Roman emperor was initially a soldier, but he made reforms not only in the Roman military, but also in its financial system, administration, religion, architecture, and changed rules of ruling the Empire. One of the most important achievements was the Tetrarchy.

Septimus Severus

This Roman emperor's reign was best known for the militarization of the government, growing Oriental influences in society, a high development of civil law

General Kutuzov

This Russian general wished to avoid a direct confrontation with French forces. Instead, he wanted to lead the French army deeper and deeper into Russia, forcing a winter campaign, and starve the invaders using scorched earth policty. After the Battle of Borodino, he stops at a church procession and kneels to a holy icon, demonstrating a humility of which Napoleon certainly would be incapable. Name this character from War and Peace.

Escobedo v. Illinois

This Supreme Court case determined that suspects had the right to have a lawyer present during questioning by the police

District of Columbia v. Heller

This Supreme Court case held that the Second Amendment guarantees an individual right to possess a firearms independent of service in a state militia and to use firearms for traditionally lawful purposes, including self-defense within the home.

McDonald v. Chicago

This Supreme Court case ruled that since the Fourteenth Amendment ensured that the entirety of the Constitution applied to a state's inhabitants, this namesake city could not restrict its citizens' rights to keep and bear arms by denying them the right to legally purchase a handgun for "lawful purposes."

Highway Act

This act authorized the construction of 42,000 miles of interstate highways linking all of the nations' major cities.

Economic Recovery Act of 1981

This act cut income taxes by 25% over the next three years, and it provided tax cuts for the wealthy

Foraker Act

This act established Puerto Rico as an unorganized U.S. territory. Puerto Ricans were not given U.S. citizenship, but the U.S. president appointed the island's governor and governing council.

Self-Determination Act of 1975

This act gave Native Americans greater control of their land, education, and law enforcement.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

This act gave World War II veterans the opportunity to go to college, which was paid by the government, and allowed them to take out low interest loans to buy houses

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

This act was signed by president Herbert Hoover, which raised US tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods.

Norman Rockwell

This artist is most famous for the cover illustrations of everyday life he created for The Saturday Evening Post Magazine over nearly five decades. His style was exaggerated realism but with a hint of caricature. Among the best known of his works include Rosie the Riveter, The Problem We All Live With, Saying Grace, and the Four Freedoms series.

Joyce Carol Oates

This author is best known for saying "Where are you going, where have you been?"; writing style includes naturalism, existentialism, social realism, detective stories, epic chronicle, and romance; teaches at Princeton; wrote 60 novels as well as multiple short story collections, plays, and a memoir; most notable works are A Garden of Earthly Delights, The Falls, and Them

D.H. Lawrence

This author is regarded as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. He published many novels during his lifetime including Sons and Lovers and Women in Love, but is best known for his infamous Lady Chatterley's Lover.

Translation

This biological process takes place in the cytoplasm, transfer RNA that carry amino acids on them come together and make proteins. The mRNA is so important because it directs which tRNAs come in and which amino acids are transferred. The tRNAs are looking for complementary bases, and once they find their complementary base on the RNA, they transfer their amino acid

A Perfect Day for Bananafish by JD Salinger

This book begins in a hotel room in Florida, where the protagonist is talking to her anxious mother on the phone about her husband's reckless behavior, who believes he was discharged from the military hospital prematurely. Instead of going to parties at the hotel, her husband hangs out by the beach and plays the piano. He is close to a little three-year-old girl named Sybil, who comes to visit him at the beach, and scares her off one day after kissing her foot. The story ends with him grabbing a gun out of his suitcase and killing himself.

The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein

This book follows the lives of an apple tree and a boy who develop a relationship with one another. The tree is very generous and the boy evolves into a spoiled teenager, and finally an elderly man. Despite the fact the boy ages in the story, the tree addresses him as "The Boy" his whole life.

The Catcher in the Rye by JD Salinger

This book is set around the 1950s, and begins with the main character receiving treatment in a mental hospital. He is currently in his fourth school after failing out of three other ones. He attacks his roommate for dating his old girlfriend, and decides to leave school early, stay in a hotel, and not tell his parents. After his sister accuses him of not liking anything or having ambition in life, he says that he has a fantasy about rescuing young children that fall off cliffs.

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

This book is set during the French Revolution and shows the injustice that led up to it, along with the consequences. In many ways, it is a Christian allegory about sacrifice and spiritual redemption. It tells the story of the a doctor, his 18 yearlong imprisonment in the Bastille in Paris, and his release to live in London with his daughter whom he had never met. In this story, a treason trial also takes place, where a man is accused of passing on English secrets to France. The witnesses' credibility falls apart when his lookalike, is spotted in the crowd. The two men are acquitted and soon come to dislike each other because they are competing for the same woman's attention. Revolutionaries refer to each other as "Jacques" as a code name, and a lady secretly is knitting a coded record of everyone the Revolutionaries must kill.

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

This book opens in a hatchery, where thousands of nearly identical embryos are produced, classically conditioned, and separated into five different castes. Children are regularly engaged in sexual activities, with the idea that each individual belongs to everyone else. The government aims to remove strong emotions, desires, and human relationships from society. Two of the main characters visit the Savage Reservation, where people live life like today, and brings a "savage" with them to live in the World State.

The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane

This book takes place during the American Civil War, about a teenager that enlists in the Union army in the hopes of fulfilling his dreams of glory. Shortly after enlisting, the reality of his decision sets in. He experiences tedious waiting, not immediate glory and he flees the battlefield. When he learns that the Union actually won the battle, shame over his cowardice leads him to lie to his friend and the other soldiers, saying that he has been injured in a battle. However, when he learns that his unit will be leading a charge on the enemy, Henry takes the opportunity to face his fears and redeem himself.

Animal Farm by George Orwell

This book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, the rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon.

The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner

This book tells the story of the Compson children, whose father was an alcoholic and their mother was more concerned with her image and family name, than the well-being of her children. Due to this, they were raised by a servant Dilsey. The daughter Caddy became very promiscuous, their son Benji is unable to adapt to change, their other son Quinton is obsessed with family honor and haunted by the endless ticking of time, and the other son Jason was a racist cynic. Caddy gets pregnant and although her father was an alcoholic, he tries to reason with Quinton the loss of her virginity wasn't a big deal. Quinton goes to Harvard and commits suicide after finishing his first year.

Dan Brouillete

This cabinet member was a veteran and former tank commander with the US Army's highly decorated 11th Armed Calvary regiment. He has been awarded Distinguished Public Service awards by both the US secretary of defense and the US secretary of state. Name Trump's first Secretary of Energy.

Gibbons v. Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshall, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Miranda v. Arizona

This case ruled that suspects of a crime could not be questioned until they had been read their rights. This led to the namesake warning where police officers could tell a suspect something like "you have the right to remain silent, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one would be provided to you."

Svidrigailov

This character from Crime and Punishment is Dunya's depraved former employer. He appears to believe, almost until the end of the novel, that he can make Dunya love him. The death of his wife, Marfa, has made him generous, but he is generally a threatening presence to both Dunya and Raskolnikov.

Yelena

This character is portrayed as a mysterious, beautiful, shallow woman who does nothing more than idly sleep, eat, and charm others. She abandoned a budding music career to marry her husband, with whom she remains out of habit. She suffers from a sense of self-estrangement and alienation. Name this character from Uncle Vanya.

Astrov

This character is portrayed as a philosopher, marked by extended, brooding, introspective speeches. He is overworked and ruined by provincial life, and finds himself numb to the world. He works as a local doctor and has plans of forest conservation. Name this character from Uncle Vanya.

Polonius

This character is portrayed as a proud and concerned father and advises his daughter Ophelia to avoid Hamlet because he's worried about her. After hearing about his murder, his son Laertes pursues revenge and Ophelia feels so struck with grief that he goes mad. He sends a spy to follow his son and uses his daughter as bait to trick Hamlet.

Platon Karataev

This character is portrayed as living in the present, literally forgetting what happened a few minutes earlier. He also has an affinity with animals and spouts Russian proverbs that resound with wisdom. Name this character in War and Peace that is one of the few peasants in the novel.

King Lear

This character's basic flaws at the beginning of the play is that he wants to be treated as a king and enjoy the title, but he doesn't want to fulfill a king's obligations of governing for the good of his subjects. He favors his two daughters who flatter him vs. the one that actually loves him and divides his kingdom between them. Later he comes to cherish the daughter that actually loves him, to the point that he would rather live in prison with her than rule as a king again.

The Polar Express by Chris Van Allsburg

This children's book is based on themes of believing and the magic of Christmas, and tells the story of himself as a young boy on one special Christmas Eve. He is troubled by a friend's words who doesn't believe in Santa, and he boards a magical train and meets other children with the same feelings. The conductor leads the way for them to get back that childhood view of Santa and finally, Santa proves himself to be real.

Nye Commission

This committee revealed the corruption of American arms manufacturers, some of whom had been supplying Fascist governments with weapons, convincing America to be neutral during the beginning of World War II

Gustav Mahler

This composer was best known during his own lifetime as one of the leading orchestral and operatic conductors of the day, but has since come to be acknowledged as one of the most important post-romantic composers. His work is often focused on death and the afterlife, and he is most famous for Seventh Symphony and Resurrection Symphony.

McArdle's disease

This disease causes a deficiency of muscle phosphorylase, which is an important substance needed to break down glycogen in your muscle cells. It causes fatigue and muscle pain during exercise, dark urine, and life-threatening kidney problems.

Commodus

This emperor was best known for his obsession with Hercules. He had his likeliness displayed across the empire wearing a lion skin after one of the labors of Hercules who slew the Nemean lion. In the final year of his reign, 192 A.D., the Senate was forced to declare him a god and proclaim him ''Conqueror of the World.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

This encouraged farmers to reduce production and thereby boost prices by offering to pay government subsidies for every acre they plowed under.

The Odyssey by Homer

This epic poem tells the story of this namesake character, who struggled for 10 years to return home after the Trojan War. While the main character battles mystical creatures and faces the wraths of the gods, his wife Penelope and son Telemachus stave off suitors vying for Penelope's hand and Ithaca's throne long enough for the protagonist to return.

Paleocene Epoch

This epoch immediately followed the extinction of dinosaurs. The Earth's climate was warmer than today, but cooler and drier than the epochs immediately preceding and following it. Europe and North America were connected, as were Asia and North America at times.

Pleistocene Epoch

This epoch is best known as a time during which extensive ice sheets and other glaciers formed repeatedly on the landmasses that is been informally referred to as the "Great Ice Age."

Pliocene Epoch

This epoch is best known for the development of ice caps, the drying of the Mediterranean, and the joining of the Americas.

Faraday

This famous scientist is best known for his contributions to the understanding of electricity and electrochemistry, and is known as the Father of Electricity. He used a candle to explain the respiration, combustion, or the composition of air, water, or gases. He discovered electromagnetic induction, benzene, electrolysis, oil lamps, electric generator, and the electric motor.

Stiva Oblonsky

This fictional character cheats on his wife with his children's governess in the beginning of the novel, and continues to sleep with other women even after he apologizes. He lives for the moment, thinking about responsibility only later, demonstrated by his constant financial problems. He is never punished for his wrongdoings or improves his behavior. Name this character from Anna Karenina.

Andrew Bolkonski

This fictional character has a highly intelligent and analytical mind, and he is extremely devoted to his country, returning to active duty after being nearly killed in the battle of Austerlitz and spending months helping write a new civil code for Russia. He is also portrayed as detached, and is unable to form deep and lasting connections with others. Name this character from War and Peace.

Alexei Karenin

This fictional character is a government official and portrayed to have little personality of his own, reads contemporary poetry and books on Roman history, and makes appearances at all the right parties. His entire existence consists of professional obligations with little room for personal whim and passion. Name this character from Anna Karenina.

Claudius

This fictional character is bent on maintaining his own power, and is a corrupt politician whose main ability is to manipulate others through his skillful use of language. His speech is compared to poison being poured in the ear - the method he used to murder his brother. Name the main antagonist in the play Hamlet.

Anna Karenina

This fictional character is portrayed as a beautiful, passionate, independent and educated wife of a cold and passionless government official. She is a reader of English novels, writes children's books, and a strong feminist. She refuses the exile to which she has been condemned, and attends the town opera when she knows very well she will be met with scorn and derision. She is deeply devoted to her family and children. Name the protagonist from the namesake novel by Leo Tolstoy.

Vanya

This fictional character is portrayed as a bitter, aging man who has wasted his life in toil for his brother-in-law. He explicitly points out the miserable nature of the other character's lives. He is obsessed with his wasted years and becomes jealous of the local professor because of his beautiful wife. He constantly finds himself silenced, dismissed, and rejected throughout the play, and commits suicide at the end. Name this character from this namesake play by Anton Chekhov.

Alexei Vronsky

This fictional character is portrayed as a handsome, wealthy, and charming man who is willing to abandon professional status in pursuit of love. He commits to a hospital-building project, showing a Romantic passion for carrying out an individual vision of good. Name this character from Anna Karenina.

Konstantin Levin

This fictional character is portrayed as independent and socially awkward who fits into none of the obvious classifications of Russian society. He straddles the issue of Russia's fate as a western nation; he distrusts liberals who wish to westernize Russia, but also recognizes the utility of western technology and agricultural science. He befriends peasants despite his nobility and does his own thing, rather than adopting any group's prefabricated views. Name this character from Anna Karenina.

Hamlet

This fictional character is portrayed as melancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncle's scheming and disgust for his mother's sexuality. He tells other characters that there is more to him than meets the eye, and speaks as if there's something important he's not saying or isn't aware of. He is plagued with questions about the afterlife and becomes obsessed with proving his uncle's guilt before trying to act when he killed his father. At a number of points in the play, he contemplates his own death and even the option of suicide. He feigns madness to kill Claudius. He is the prince of Denmark, and is the son of Queen Gertrude and the present king, Claudius.

Sonya

This fictional character is quiet, timid, and easily embarrassed, but she is also extremely devout to her family. She prostitutes herself for the sake of making money for her family, due to his father's heavy drinking habits. She becomes concerned for the soul and mental well-being of a delirious murderer. Name this character from Crime and Punishment.

Viola

This fictional character is shipwrecked with her twin brother, and each sibling believes the other to be drowned. She disguises herself as a man and gets a job as a servant under the Duke, whom she falls in love with. The Duke falls in love with another woman, and the woman falls in love with this character's disguise. Name the protagonist from Twelfth Night.

Gertrude

This fictional character is the beautiful queen of Denmark who is defined by her desire for station and affection, as well as by her tendency to use men to fulfill instinct for self-preservation. She never exhibits the ability to think critically about her situation, but seems merely to move instinctively toward seemingly safe choices. Name this character from Hamlet who is the wife of Claudius.

Macbeth

This fictional character is the general of Scotland and is told by three witches that he will become king. His ambition leads him to stage a coup and plot a series of murders to secure the throne, and goes through moments of terrible guilt and succumbs to depression. As things fall apart for him at the end of the play, he seems almost relieved with the English army at his gates to finally return to life as a warrior, and displays a kind of reckless bravado as his enemies surround him and drag him down. He dies in combat.

Miranda

This fictional character is the meek and emotional daughter of a corrupt magician, and is the only female to appear on stage of this Shakespearean play. She marries Ferdinand. Name this character from The Tempest.

Dunya

This fictional character is the sister of Raskolinov who is portrayed as intelligent, beautiful, strong-willed, self-sacrificing, and kind. Name this character from Crime and Punishment.

Caliban

This fictional character is the slave of a powerful magician who is described as having a grotesque appearance, and the only real native of the island to appear in the play. In the first speech of the play, he insists that the magician stole the island from him, which parallels with the fact that the magician was usurped by his brother. He plots to kill the magician, but is thwarted by his servant. He attempts to rape the magician's daughter. Name this character from The Tempest.

Gonzalo

This fictional character serves as a counselor to the King of Naples and helped a magician and his daughter escape Milan. He attempts to get to get the other characters to act kindly to one another. He is portrayed as naïve and an object of ridicule sometimes. Name this character from The Tempest.

Prospero

This fictional character was a magician and the Duke of Milan who was wronged by his usurping brother. He conjures up a storm and torments the survivors of a shipwreck, including his brother and the King of Naples. He is cruel to his servants and slave, calling upon spirits to pinch him when he curses. In his final speech, he likens himself to a playwright by asking the audience for applause. Name this character from The Tempest.

Samuel Champlain

This founder of Quebec and father or New France also discovered the large lake named for him and Cape Cod in the early 1600s

Kleinfelter's Syndrome

This genetic condition results when a boy is born with an extra copy of the x-chromosome. Males born with this syndrome may have low testosterone, reduced muscle mass and facial hair, and little sperm.

Patau syndrome

This genetic disorder is caused by 3 copies of chromosome 13. It disrupts normal development, causing multiple and complex organ defects.

Edward syndrome

This genetic disorder is caused by 3 copies of chromosome 18, instead of 2. Symptoms include small and abnormally shaped head and jaw, long overlapping fingers and underdeveloped fingernails, scrunched fists, low-set ears, arched spine, abnormally shaped chest, crossed legs, and umbilical hernia

Angelman Syndrome

This genetic disorder is caused by a deletion of the 15th chromosome, causes delayed development, problems with speech and balance, intellectual disability, and seizures. People with this syndrome often smile and laugh frequently, and have happy, excitable personalities. Also called "Happy Puppet syndrome"

Dutch

This group of Europeans established fur trading centers on the Hudson River, and their goals for colonizing were to benefit economically. They were protestants but showed little effort in converting the Natives to Christianity, and established New Amsterdam, a hub of trade that attracted large populations of traders, merchants, fishermen, and farmers

Sickle cell disease

This group of disorders is caused by a mutation in both copies of a person's HBB gene and causes the red blood cells to contort and die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells, and can block blood flow, causing pain.

French

This group of people located on the mainland of Europe were more interested in trade than they were in conquest, especially for fish and fur. They established trading settlements around North America, and in order to advance their economic goals, some married Native Americans to keep kinship alive between significant Native trading partners. They introduced iron cooking tools and manufactured claw.

Black Mountain Poets

This group of poets stressed the process of writing poetry rather than the finished poem. Notable authors include Charles Olson and Denise Levertov.

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

This idea states that it is impossible to tell exactly where an electron is, because it will move by the time you figure out its location.

TATA Box

This is a DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and decoded. It is a type of promoter sequence, which specifies to other molecules where transcription begins.

Von Gierke's Disease

This is a condition in which the body cannot break down glycogen. It is also called Type I glycogen storage disease (GSD I)

Theia

This is a hypothesized ancient planet in the early solar system that collided with the Earth around 4.5 billion years ago with some of the resulting ejected debris gathering to form the moon.

Electronegativity

This is a measurement of how attractive an atom is to any other electrons available to it from other atoms.

Aleutian Range

This is a mountain range stretching along the Alaska Peninsula in southwestern Alaska. It is notable for its large number of active volcanoes, and is an almost entirely roadless wilderness. This range passes through Katmai National Park, which is only accessible by boat or plane.

Gaucher disease

This is a rare genetic disorder characterized by missing an enzyme that breaks down lipids, which build up in certain organs. Major symptoms include enlargement of the liver and spleen, a low number of red blood cells, easy bruising, lung disease, and bone abnormalities such as arthritis.

rRNA

This is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells, carrying protein synthesis.

Pompe Disease

This is an inherited disorder caused by the buildup of a complex sugar called glycogen in the body's cells, damaging muscle and nerve cells throughout the body

Marfan syndrome

This is an inherited disorder that affects connective tissue and affects the heart, eyes, blood vessels, and bones. Features of this syndrome include a tall and slender build, disproportionately long arms and fingers, a breastbone that protrudes outwards or dips inward, a high arched palate and crowded teeth, heart murmurs, extreme nearsightedness, an abnormally curved spine, and flat feet.

Orchard

This is an intentional plantation of trees and shrubs that is maintained for food production, especially fruit and nut trees.

World Trade Organization

This is an international body that enforces agreements that reduces barriers to international trade; successor to the GATT

Pennsylvanian Period

This is recognized as a time of significant advance and retreat by shallow seas. Many nonmarine areas near the Equator became coal swamps during the Pennsylvanian

G1

This is the first growth period of the cell cycle during interphase, in which the cell grows and cytoplasmic organelles are replicated

Betsy DeVos

This lady is known for her support for school choice, school voucher systems, and charter schools. She was Republican national committeewoman of Michigan from 1992 to 1997 and served as chair of the Michigan Republican party from 1996 to 2000, with re-election to the post in 2003. Name the secretary of education under President Trump.

Patriot Acts

This law passed after 9/11 expanded the tools used to fight terrorism and improved communication between law enforcement and intelligence agencies. It also increased the government's permission to enact surveillance upon its citizens from listening to their phone calls and reading emails

Espionage Act

This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Literature of the Absurd

This literary genre focuses on the meaninglessness of the universe and humanity's attempt to make sense of it. Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot is one of the most celebrated works in this genre.

Naturalism

This literary movement began in the late nineteenth century, which began as a branch of literary realism. Writers in this movement were often criticized for being pessimistic and concentrating on the darker aspects of life. Usually, authors maintain an impersonal tone and disinterested point of view and embrace determinism.

Dark Romanticism

This literary movement focused on the dark, evil aspects of human nature. Notable authors include Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and George Lippard.

Aestheticism

This movement was a late nineteenth century movement that championed pure beauty and 'art for art's sake' emphasizing the visual and sensual qualities of art and design over practical, moral or narrative considerations. Oscar Wilde was considered the founder of this movement.

Sears, Roebuck, and Co.

This namesake owner created the company and sold different types of products and created catalogs to order from

Truman Doctrine

This namesake president's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology

Mcculoch v. Maryland

This namesake state tried to tax the Bank of the United States, claiming that the constitution did not give the federal government the right to create a bank. However, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution gave the federal government certain implied powers that are not specifically stated.

The Cave by Jose Saramago

This narrative is about a potter named Cipriano Algor, as well as his daughter Marta and her husband Marcal. In this story, there is a center, which decides everything: what sells and what doesn't sell. Cipriano had always made pottery for the center, but one day, the Center decides not to buy it anymore, leaving him out of business. This turn of events forces Cipriano to move in with Marta and her husband at the Center, which he does not want to do. Before long, the mysterious sound of digging can be heard beneath the Center, and the family discovers a cave that changes their lives forever.

Pierre Bezukhov

This novel character comes back from France to see his father dying from a series of strokes, and inherits all of his vast wealth and estates. He is portrayed as awkward and strange, and his father's favorite child. Later, he is ruled by his sex drive and is easily talked into marrying a woman that promptly cheats on him. He duels with her lover, managing to wound him and get away unhurt. After this, he feels extremely guilty and becomes a Freemason, trying to become a better person, and tries to improve the lives of his serfs. He enlists to fight in the Napoleonic wars, and saves the lives of a French officer, a little girl trapped in her home when it was on fire, and a woman almost raped. He feels destined to kill Napoleon. When he returns home, he marries Natasha and they have four children. Name this character from War and Peace.

War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells

This novel chronicles the events of a martian invasion as experienced by an unidentified male narrator and his brother.

Billy Budd by Herman Melville

This novel concerns a young merchant sailor who was forced to serve on a British naval vessel, the HMS Indomitable. There, he finds a well-meaning captain but an evil-hearted master-at-arms John Claggart who is determined to destroy the handsome new recruit. The title character kills his master-at-arms and is hanged to death. His legend becomes recorded and institutionalized in naval circles, and he is worshipped by many.

The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway

This novel follows a group of young American and British expatriates as they wander through Europe in the mid-1920s. They are all members of the cynical and disillusioned Lost Generation, who came of age during World War I.

War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells

This novel is about the invasion of Earth by martians, whose resources on mars are running out. A mysterious cylinder lands on earth one day, and martians crawl out of it. While he and other scientists try to communicate with the martians, they use a heat ray to incinerate anything in its path, burning them. The military gets involved, and the martians begin destroying the buildings of people. Panic ensues when people learn that the martians have released a toxic black smoke. A priest and a man flee on a boat, and the priest kills a man during a fight. The martians take the man's body. The martians die at the end, due to a viral infection.

The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath

This novel opens with "It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted the Rosenbergs."

The Color Purple by Alice Walker

This novel opens with the line, "You better not ever tell nobody but God. It'll kill your mammy."

Gravity's Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon

This novel takes place during the last few months of World War II and the months that follow. The characters are trying to track down German V-2 rockets, and they discover that missiles hit every place where the general has had sex. British medical officers try to castrate him, but he escapes.

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

This novel tells the story of French Doctor Manette, his 18-year long imprisonment of the Bastille in Paris, and his release to live in London with his daughter Lucie whom he had never met. The story is set against the conditions that led up to the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.

The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

This novel written during the Progressive era exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meatpacking industry

Raskolinov

This novel's fictional character's fundamental trait is alienation from human society. His pride and intellectualism lead him to disdain the rest of humanity, and believe he is part of an elite "superman" echelon and can consequently transgress accepted moral standards. However, the guilt that torments him after he murders two old ladies serve as proof that he is not superior to the rest of humanity. He grapples with the decision to confess to his crime for most of the novel.

Baryon number

This number tells the exact amount of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Gloriana by Benjamin Britten

This opera depicts the relationship between Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Essex, and was composed for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953, in the royal opera house in London.

Hansel and Gretel by Englebert Humperdinck

This opera is about a brother and sister abandoned in a forest, where they fall into the hands of a witch who lives in a house made of gingerbread, cake, and candy. The cannibalistic witch intends to fatten the children before eventually eating them, but the sister outwits the witch and kills her.

Kansas Freedmen's Aid Society

This organization provided temporary shelter, employment, monetary aid, and assistance to black migrants in resettling in various Kansas countries. To help house the influx of African migrants, they built and maintained a temporary shelter called the Barracks, located in Topeka

Women's Christian Temperance Union

This organization was dedicated to the idea of the 18th Amendment - the Amendment that banned the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol.

Colored Relief Board

This organization was empowered to collect donations to aid the Exodusters and act on their behalf. Politically, it asked the federal government to intervene in the South to improve conditions for former slaves.

National Womens' Suffrage Association

This organization was formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony with the purpose of securing women the right to vote

The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere

This painting was created by Grant Wood, and it depicts this namesake American patriot during his travel on horseback. This artist wished to preserve American folklore and forge a national identity through art and history.

Portrait of Madame X

This painting's artist shows single white wisps of paint suggesting jewelry and a table has a smooth surface but gargoyles intricately carved on its legs,which end in lion paws. After it was unveiled the artist painted over a shoulder strap to raise it and make it look more secure. Central figure has unnaturally narrow waistline and the line of her arm continues into the table she rests her hand on. Name this 7 ft. Painting of Virginie Gautreau wearing a plunging black dress while she looks to the left; a painting by John Sargent.

Interphase

This phase is when the cell is not dividing. During this stage, DNA is replicated, organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. This phase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.

Matthew Brady

This photographer is often referred to as the father of photojournalism and is most well known for his documentation of the Civil War. He invented daguerreotype cases and opened his first studio in New York City, with a second in Washington DC. One of his most famous works is The Dead of Antietam.

Uranus

This planet has the coldest planetary atmosphere in our solar system and has an odd tilt in its axis that places its poles where the equator lies on most planets. Name this ice giant that has the third largest planetary radius in our solar system.

Mercury

This planet has the fastest orbital period of any other planet, no known satellites, and its surface temperatures vary greatly due to it having almost no atmosphere

Saturn

This planet takes its name from the Roman god of agriculture. Name this planet that has 53 named moons and hundreds of moonlets.

Long Day's Journey into Night by Eugene O'Neill

This play is considered to be the writer's magnum opus and one of the finest American plays of the 20th century. It takes place in only one day in the seaside Connecticut home of the Tyrones, Monte Cristo Cottage. The story deals with the mother's addiction to morphine, the family's addiction to whiskey, the father's miserliness, the older brother's licentiousness, and younger brother's tuberculosis.

Uncle Vanya by Anton Chekhov

This play portrays the visit of an elderly professor and his glamorous second wife Yelena, to the rural estate that supports their urban lifestyle. The brother of the professor's late first wife and the local doctor both fall under Yelena's spell, while bemoaning their provincial existence. The professor's daughter suffers from unrequited feelings for the doctor. Matters are brought to a crisis when the professor announces his intentions to sell the estate, with the view of investing the proceeds to achieve a higher income for himself and his wife.

The Iceman Cometh by Eugene O'Neill

This play takes place in 1912, and opens in a saloon, where the majority of customers are asleep on the tables. The main character has completely given up on his dreams, awaiting death, and encourages the others to also give up their own pipe dreams and embrace their harsh realities. As he makes his case for letting go of all delusions, secrets of his own past are revealed, like how he murdered his wife in her sleep to put her out of her misery.

Our Town by Thornton Wilder

This play tells the story of the fictional American small town of Grover's Corners between 1901 and 1913 through the everyday lives of its citizens. Main characters are Professor Willard, Joe Crowell, Doc Gibbs, Howie Newsome, Webb, Emily Webb, Wally Webb

Reagan Doctrine

This pledged that the United States would support any regime that was anti-communist

Divine Comedy by Dante

This poem is an allegorical imagining of the Soul's journey to God, and a famous line is "Abandon all hope, ye who enter here," which describes the protagonist's descent into hell or "Inferno." He witnesses obscene punishments distinct to each of its nine realms: limbo, lust, greed, gluttony, wrath, heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery- where sinners are trapped under the watchful eyes of Satan himself. In the next act, the protagonist scales the Mount of Purgatory and ascends the nine celestial spheres of heaven with the love of his life. Not only is this poem a religious allegory, but it's also a commentary on Italian politics.

John Brown's Body by Stephen Vincent Benét

This poem is told from the perspective of an abolitionist, who speaks about the influence of Thoreau and Emerson on another fellow abolitionist that believes he has been chosen by god to free slaves, and leads a troop of raiders to seize the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. Federal troops under Robert E. Lee surrendered in subdued him and his party in fifteen minutes

Alex Azar

This politician led the development of HHS regulations, government US efforts to encourage worldwide pharmaceutical and medical device innovation, and was in charge of the HHS response to an initiative implemented by George W. Bush to improve government performance. Name the Secretary of Department of Health and Human Services under President Trump.

Eugene Scalia

This politician was described by The New York Times as a "skilled lawyer with broadly conservative, pro-business, and anti-regulatory agenda." He studied abroad in Switzerland during his junior year of college, and graduated as valedictorian of his undergraduate class with a bachelor's degree in history. During his tenure in the Department of Labor under President Trump, he reversed Obama-era labor and employment regulations.

Herbert Hoover

This president strongly condemned programs that put the government in debt and opposed many of Roosevelt's New Deal Efforts. He went into retirement after nearly two decades of active service in humanitarian and executive services and authored several books on government and political affairs. Name this 31st president.

Compromise of 1820

This proposal admitted Missouri in as a slave state, and Maine in as a free state. To solve the issue of future expansion, they decided that the 36'30 parallel would separate free territory from slave territory.

Willa Cather

This regional writer's themes focus on the lives of immigrant pioneers, the effect of a harsh environment on character, and the interaction of native and immigrant cultures. She used simple language and a straightforward tone, and she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, a novel set during World War I. She was raised as a baptist and later converted to Episcopalianism, and never married. Her pen name was William, and her most famous works are The Great Plains Trilogy, My Antonia, O! Pioneers, Death Come for the Archbishop, and The Song of the Lark.

Kate Chopin

This regional writer's themes focus on the lives of women attempting to navigate the social mores of the 19th century and the repression of women as a result of the roles society has defined for them; wrote short stories such as Bayou Folk, A Night in Acadie, Desiree's Baby, The Storm, and The Story of an Hour; most famous for her novel, The Awakening

Dred Scott v. Sanford

This ruling said that all African Americans, both slaves and free, were not legal citizens of the United States. This meant they could not sue in federal court. It came about when a slave tried to sue for his freedom when his owner moved him to a free state and back to a slave state. The Fourteenth Amendment turned this decision around.

Alexander Fleming

This scientist discovered penicillin in 1928 after accidentally getting mold on his petri dishes.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Laura by Petrarch

This sonnet expresses the poet's love for this namesake woman that is the title of this poem, likening it to the arrival of spring and happiness in the world. His love is not returned, however, and it brings him great sorrow. The poet wrote a considerable amount of his unrequited love for her in addition to this particular poem.

Oxidative phosphorylation

This stage of cellular respiration involves the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the NADH and FADH2 made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, turning back into NAD+ and FAD. As electrons move down the chain, energy is released and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase. At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.

Gas

This state of matter has small masses and larger volumes, and can be compressed and expanded.

Calvin Cycle

This step of photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast, and the reactions happen in the stroma, a fluid outside of the thylakoids. Carbon dioxide enters through the stomata, and is fixed with the help of enzymes. The inorganic carbon dioxide is changed into a more usable organic form, and the ATP produced from the light dependent reaction will act as a currency for this step. The NADPH will supply reducing power by adding high energy electrons to the process.

The Monkey's Paw by WW Jacobs

This story centers on Mr. and Mrs. White, who acquires a mysterious talisman that grants its possessor three wishes. They find their world turned upside down after his first wish results in the death of their son, and they attempt to resurrect him with their second wish.

The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper

This story tells of brutal battles with the Iroquois and their French allies during the Hundred Years' war, cruel captures, narrow escapes and advantages.

The Prince and the Pauper by Mark Twain

This story tells the tale of two boys who trade clothing one afternoon, and as a result, they trade lives as well. One of the boys is very poor and is forced by his father to go out and beg daily, and is severely beaten if he returns home empty-handed, while the other boy is the long-awaited male heir to the throne of England. The prince's family become convinced that their son has gone mad, and when his father dies, the pauper becomes king. The prince wanders around begging for food and a place to stay, while trying to run away from the pauper's father. He is almost stabbed to death by a hermit when he is found to be the son of the king

Velocardiofacial syndrome

This syndrome is a genetic, autosomal dominant condition, estimated at 1 per 4000 live births. It is caused by a missing small part of chromosome 22. It has a number of common features including a cleft palates, heart abnormalities, and many others.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

This syndrome is caused by a defect in collagen proteins, which make connective tissue weaker. Symptoms include overly flexible joints that can dislocate, translucent and elastic skin, and easy bruising. In some cases, there may be dilation and even rupture of major blood vessels.

Osteogenesis imperfecta

This syndrome is caused by a faulty gene that affects the body's ability to produce collagen, and is characterized by fragile bones that break easily.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Equilibrium

This term is a situation in which economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences, the values of economic variables will not change.

Atomic radius / Van der Waals radius

This term is often described as the closest distance you can get to an atom without bonding to it.

Kinetic-Molecular Theory

This theory describes the behavior of gases in terms of particles in motion. It states that gases have no definite volume or shape, no intermolecular forces, particles are constantly moving randomly, and that the average speed of a gas particle is 200 mph.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast of the Mississippi River.

Treaty of Paris 1898

This treaty ended the Spanish-American war, and stated that America would get Guam, Puerto Rico, and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Treaty of Westphalia

This treaty ended the Thirty Years War in 1648 and granted the right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion- either Protestant or Catholic.

Treaty of Ghent

This treaty ended the War of 1812, and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner and it set up a commission to determine the disputed US/Canada border.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

This treaty resolved several border issues between the United States and British North American colonies, and banned slave trade on the ocean.

Jay's Treaty

This treaty said that the British were to pay for American ships that they seized in 1793, Americans had to pay British merchant debts owed from before the revolution, and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley.

Pinckney's Treaty

This treaty was ratified between Spain and the United States, which defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed them navigation rights on the Mississippi river, and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

This treaty was signed in 1817, and the US and British set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.

Start I Treaty

This treaty would reduce the number of nuclear weapons in the world

Creek

This tribe was known for their American Indian baskets, sculptures, and glazed pottery. When they had to move to Oklahoma, they couldn't get the materials they used for some of their traditional crafts, so they concentrated more on other crafts such as beadwork.

Sylvia Plath

This troubled author and confessional poet used gloomy and dejected themes for her poetry, such as death and destruction. She penned the moving verses of Ariel (1966) and a disturbing novel The Bell Jar (1963). Her career was cut short when she took her own life in 1963.

Transfer RNA

This type of RNA molecule consists of folded molecules which decode and transport amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to the ribosome. It is located in the cytoplasm.

Absolute dating

This type of dating measures the physical properties of an object themselves, and uses these measurements to calculate its age.

London Dispersion Forces

This type of intermolecular force occurs between nonpolar covalent molecules. As electrons move around the nucleus, there are instances when the electrons are in uneven distribution, creating temporary charges.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

This type of intermolecular force occurs in polar molecules with polar bonds. The higher the electronegativity difference, the stronger the force is.

Cavalier Poetry

This type of poetry's main thematic concern is pleasure. Many poems favor living in the moment and erotic in nature. The tone is light and it focuses on cultural life that aristocrats had. Notable authors were Richard Lovelace and William Davenant.

Torr

This unit is equivalent to mmHg, and is named after the inventor of the barometer

Vitamin E

This vitamin acts as an antioxidant, helping protect cells from the damage caused by free radicals.

Vitamin K

This vitamin helps make various proteins that are needed for blood clotting and the building of bones.

Vitamin D

This vitamin is involved in calcium absorption, immune function, and protecting bone, muscle, and heart health. It occurs naturally in food and your body can also produce it when your skin is exposed to sunlight.

Blue Boy

Thomas Gainsborough painting depicting Jonathan Buttall.

Absalom, Absalom! by William Faulkner

Thomas Sutpen comes to Jefferson, Mississippi with a group of slaves and a French architect in tow. He has two kids, Henry and Judith. Henry goes off to college and befriends a fellow student, Charles. Charles falls in love with Judith. Sutpen realizes that Charles is actually his own son and Henry and Judith's half brother. When war breaks out, Sutpen enlists and fights with the Confederates. He murders Charles for committing incest, and his daughter sets fire to the house and murders herself and Henry. In this story, the author features a character from a separate novel.

Oranos

Titan of the Sky; husband of Gaia; original lord of creation; castrated and deposed by Kronos, his son (Atlas holds him on his shoulders so he doesn't touch the earth)

Gaia

Titan; Earth Goddess, wife of Oranos, mother of all living things; tellurium named after her

Kronos

Titan; Zeus' Father; husband of Rhea, slain by Zeus

Seneca Falls Convention

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

George Custer

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn

Battle of Agincourt

an English victory against a larger French army in the Hundred Years' War; notable for the use of the English longbow, which Henry used in very large numbers; The battle was also immortalised by William Shakespeare as the centrepiece of his play Henry V

Rabies

an acute viral infection that is most commonly transmitted to humans by the bite or saliva of an infected animal, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death

War of Jenkin's Ear

conflict between Great Britain and Spain; name comes from an exhibited body part in the British Parliament

Napoleonic Wars

continuation of wars sparked by French Revolution, revolutionized European armies, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe, but collapsed rapidly after France's invasion of Russia

oligotrophic

describes a lake with a low level of productivity

Ronald Reagan

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed this namesake principle, which described the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

Boer War

fought between the British empire and the Orange Free State and South African Republic; the namesake settlers successfully resist British annexation of the Transvaal Republic; 1899-1902

Choanaflagellates

free living unicellular and colonial eukaryotes considered to be the closest living relative to animals

Civil Service Commission

government agency created by the Pendleton Act of 1883 to fill federal jobs on the basis of merit

Sir Lawrence Bragg

head of Cavendish Laboratory, one of the forefathers of x-ray crystallography, youngest person to win the Nobel Prize in science with his father

Congenital heart disease

heart abnormality present at birth

Frans Ferdinand

heir to Austria-Hungary throne who was assinated, event started WWI

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Huntington disease

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

Ligand

ion or neutral molecule that bonds to a central atom by donating electrons

Kierkegaard's aesthetic stage of life

is a futile fight against boredom, characterized by the pursuit of pleasure, especially sensuous pleasure

Seige of Orleans

marked a turning point in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This was Joan of Arc's first major[1] military victory and the first major French success to follow the crushing defeat at Agincourt in 1415

Dark energy

matter that does not give off electromagnetic radiation but is quite abundant in the universe

Annelida

phylum of segmented worms

George H.W. Bush

president during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%

100 Years' War

prolonged conflict between two royal houses for the French throne; two primary contenders were the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou; ended in the expulsion of the Plantagenets; 1337-1453

interrogative pronoun

pronoun that asks a question; examples: who, whom, whose, what, which

Battle of the Thames

resulted in the death of the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, and the destruction of the Native American coalition that he led; also known as the Battle of Moraviantown

War of the Roses

series of dynastic civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster and York.; 1453-1487

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Tiberius

son-in-law of Augustus who became a suspicious tyrannical Emperor of Rome after a brilliant military career (42 BC to AD 37)

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

Battle of Hastings

the decisive Norman victory in the Norman Conquest of England. It was fought between the Norman army of William the Conqueror, and the English army led by Harold Godwinson; The famous Bayeux Tapestry depicts the events before and during the battle

Coulomb's Law

the electrostatic force between two ions in an ionic bond; states that the force of attraction or repulsion of two ions is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them (law)

intertropical convergence zone

the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two hadley cells to converge

Zhou Dynasty

the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced, they developed a feudal society in China, but slowly lost power to local warlords. Part of this dynasty was known as the spring and autumn period. This dynasty was also divided into eastern and western parts.

House of Representatives

the lower house of Congress, consisting of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population

Market Revolution

the major change in the US economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves

Andromeda Galaxy

the most distant object visible with the naked eye

intertidal zone

the narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide

albedo

the percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface

latent heat release

the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water

littoral zone

the shallow zone of oil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and emergent plants grow

Cold War

the term "iron curtain" stems from this war of arms development between US and Russia; the term proxy war is also developed for several outbreaks of violence in this time

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

James Watson

1953. Built first accepted DNA model explaining specific structure and properties of DNA.

Dandelion Wine

1957 novel by Ray Bradbury about the fictional town of Green Town, Illinois. Main character is Douglas Spauldig who is a 12 year old boy.

Zodiac

A band of 13 constellations around the sky through which the Sun appears to move throughout the year.

Genus

A group of similar species

Clade

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Louis XVI

A lock of this French King's hair was sold for $5,536; beheaded on January 21, 1793; first to use the three colors of the tricolor to represent France in 1789.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam

The Birth of Venus

A painting by Botticelli depicting a fully grown Venus arriving to the shore on a clam.

Alzheimer's disease

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Chad Wolf

Acting Secretary of Homeland Security under President Trump

Tycho Brohe

Danish astronomer that got his nose cut off during a debate over mathematics

Dalton

Developed the Law of Partial Pressures

Antony and Cleopatra

Enobarbus, Charmian, Iras

Atalanta

Famous huntress; slew the Calydonian Boar

Punic Wars

Rome vs. Carthage; Includes Hannibals' crossing of the Alps; Carthage destroyed as a result

Tdap

Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis Vaccine

Diphtheria

an acute bacterial infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract; caused by a thick sheet of gray matter covering the back of the throat

Protease

enzyme that digests protein

Erwin Schrodinger

made the electron cloud model

Battle of Bosworth Field

was Lancastrian Henry Tudor's defeat of Yorkist Richard III, ending the Plantagenet dynasty to begin a new Tudor dynasty. Historically, the battle is considered to have marked the end of the Wars of the Roses as well as the Middle Ages in England

Philadelphia Convention

12 colonies send delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation; Delegates soon agree the United States needs a new Constitution

tundra

A cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation.

Crime and Punishment by Dostoyevsky

A novel about a poor student who kills two old women, because he believes he is beyond the bounds of good and evil. This psychological novel examines Raskolnikov's anguished mind before, during and after the crime.

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Shirley Jackson

Name this American horror novelist and short story writer best known for We Have Always Lived in the Castle and The Lottery, which she wrote in a single morning.

Claudio Monteverdi

Name this Italian musician who is considered the creator of opera.

Greenback Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

Bartolomio Dias

The first European to round Africa's southern tip, he found Cape Agulhas, Africa's southernmost point

Coral reef

The most diverse marine biome on earth, found in warm shallow waters beyond the shoreline

Glass Seagal Act

This act increased regulation of the banks and funded individual bank deposits

Commerce Act of 1886

This act required railroad rates to be reasonable and established a federal agency to reinforce justice and reasonableness.

Social Security Act

This act worked in partnership with states to provide unemployment insurance to workers, aid to the disabled, aid to the blind, and aid to families with dependent children.

North American Free Trade Agreement

This agreement gradually eliminated most tariffs and other trade barriers on products and services passing between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

13th Amendment

This amendment abolished slavery

Indian Ocean

This area possessed the biggest network of sea-based trade in the postclassical period prior to the rise of Atlantic-based trade, contains 19.8% of all the world's ocean water, and is the 3rd largest ocean. Consists of 38 countries in Europe, Australia, and Africa. Contains the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal,

Andy Warhol

This artist is often referred to as the "pope of pop art", and he died of cardiac arrest caused by gallbladder surgery. His most famous works are Marilyn Diptych, Campbell's Soup Cans, Coca-Cola, and Shot Marilyns.

Sherwood Anderson

This author's most notable work is Winesburg, Ohio, and in his memoir he wrote "Hands", in the opening story, which was the first "real" story he ever wrote. This writer is best known for subjective and self-revealing works.

Jack the Ripper

An unidentified English murderer in the 19th century near Whitechapel that was often referred to as the Leather Apron. He was caught by researchers who tested blood and semen found on a shawl near the body of a mutilated woman. His most gruesome victim had an empty abdominal cavity, breasts and facial features were cut off, and severed from her neck to her spine. Her dismembered organs and body parts were placed in different areas around the room and her heart was missing.

Peloponnesian Wars

Ancient Greek military conflict, fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta

Battle of Montmartre

fought between Allied forces and the forces of Napoleon's French Empire. The Allies were victorious, entering Paris, and as a result, Napoleon was soon forced to abdicate

Kingdom

large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla

Benthic zone

the muddy bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean

Dark Matter

type of matter which includes MACHOS and WIMPs, predicted by the Einstein-de Sitter model

Hydrogen bonds

This type of intermolecular force occurs in polar covalent molecules when the electronegativity difference is very large, and the atoms are very small. It is found in DNA.

Vitamin A

This vitamin is important to vision, growth, cell division, reproduction, and immunity. It also helps the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs work properly. Often found in meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products.

Sturm und Drang

This was a literary movement influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, which was characterized by the expression of emotional unrest and a rejection of neoclassical literary norms. Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Wether is the most enduring work of this movement, which greatly influenced the Romantic movement.

Romanticism

This was a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. It celebrated nature and saw it as a source of infinite beauty, focused on spirituality, and idealized women.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

Confessional Movement

This was one of many artistic movements in post-war-twentieth century America. Poets wrote in direct, colloquial speech rhythms and used images that reflected intense psychological experiences. It frequently deals with taboo topics such as sex, addiction, mental health, and familial relationships.

American Romanticism Movement

This was the first full-fledged literary movement that developed in the US. It was made up by a group of authors who wrote and published between 1820 and 1860, where the US was still finding its feet as a new nation.

Ohio River

This was the gateway to the west prior to the Louisiana purchase

Choctaw

This was the second largest tribe in the southeastern US that was known for their rapid incorporation of modernity, developing a written language and transitioned to yeoman farming methods, and having European-American lifestyles incorporated in their society.

Battle of Bunker Hill

also known as the battle of Breed's Hill, part of the Seige of Boston between Generals Putnam and Howe; While the result was a victory for the British, they suffered their greatest losses of the entire war: over 800 wounded and 226 killed

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Cholera

an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food, bacteria colonizes the small intestine and produces toxins which is responsible for a rapid loss of body fluids leading to dehydration, hypovolemic shock, and death.

NATO

an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

estuary

an area along the coast where the fresh water of rivers mixes with salt water from the ocean

Substitutent

an atom or nonbonding pair of electrons surrounding a central atom

Analogous traits

arise when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways

Light pollution

brightening of the night sky caused by street lights and other man-made sources, which has a disruptive effect on natural cycles and inhibits the observation of stars and planets.

Start codon

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein

Hershey-Chase Experiment

confirmed that DNA is the genetic material because only radiolabeled DNA could be found in bacteriophage-infected bacteria

Norovirus

a contagious gastrointestinal illness commonly referred to as a stomach bug; most common cause of gastroenteritis in the US

Gulf

a deep inlet of the sea almost surrounded by land, with a narrow mouth.

Autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

Great Society

a domestic program in the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson that instituted federally sponsored social welfare programs.

Aromatic compounds

a family of cyclic organic compounds whose functional group is a benzene ring

troposphere

a layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of earth, extending up to approximately 10 miles

Triglyceride

a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

freshwater wetland

an aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation

Trypsin

an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine

Permafrost

an impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil

Environmental Protection Agency

an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and addressing environmental concerns

Gentleman's Agreement

an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 by Woodrow Wilson to promote cooperation and peace among nations

thermohaline circulation

an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water

Heteroatom

any atom other than carbon or hydrogen in an organic molecule

Friedrich Wohler

attempted to make an "inorganic" salt, ammonium cyanite, by mixing solns of ammonium ions(NH4+) and cyanate ions (CNO-) but instead made urea, an organic compound present in the urine of animals; also known as the father of organic chemistry

War of Austrian Succession; King George's War

began under the pretext that Maria Theresa of Austria was ineligible to succeed to the Habsburg throne; war ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Intolerable Acts

series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

Queen Anne's War

several European powers combined to stop a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch; concluded by the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714).

Micro RNA

small RNA molecules, usually 22 nucleotides long, that silence the expression of specific mRNAs either by inhibiting translation or promoting degradation found in plants, animals, and viruses

Boris Godunov

An opera by Mussorgsky in Russia about the Russian Tsar during the Time of Troubles.

Tosca

An opera by Puccini set in Rome about the Kingdom of Naples's control over Rome threatened by Napoleon's invasion of Italy.

Aida

An opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi set in Egypt.

Sonny Perdue

Secretary of Agriculture in Trump's cabinet, veterinarian, businessman, politician, and university administrator and former governor of Georgia

Carl Linnaeus

"Father of Taxonomy"; established his classification of living things; famous for animal naming system of binomial nomenclature

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Zika

A virus that is spread to people primarily through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. It can be transmitted by pregnant women to developing babies, and infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other birth defects.

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Gibbs free energy

The energy of a system that is available to do work at a constant temperature and pressure. You can calculate this by

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001 after the 9/11 attacks

Hermes

The messenger god; patron god of roads, travelers, husbandry, and trade; known for winged boots, cap of invisibility, cattle, and the Shepard's pipe

Treaty of Fort Laramie

1851 treaty that restricted Indians to specific areas away from the major trails

Tributary

A stream or river that flows into a larger river

Cofactors

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis

All's Well that Ends Well

Bertram, Cont of Tousillon, Helena

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition, wanted to create a buffer zone between Russia and Germany

Artificial selection

Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits

King George III

British King who reigned during the Revolutionary War, losing the 13 American colonies; a British play is based off of him called The Madness of the Title Character

Nemo

Captain of the Nautilus in Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea

Core

Central region of a star, planet, or galaxy

Pedro I

Emperor of Brazil from 1822 to 1831; Son of King John VI of Portugal; Declared independence from Portugal with Cry of Ipiranga

Richard I

English King of who came to power in 1189 ; any time previous is referenced as "since time immemorial"

Forest Reserve Act

allowed president to set aside forest reserves from land in public domain

Henry Bessemer

Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel

The Danube River

Europe's second longest river and flows through 10 countries. Empties into the Black Sea.

Rufus King

Federalist candidate who was defeated by Monroe in the election of 1816. Advocate of the abolition of slavery.

Louis XIV

French King, "The Sun King"; Invaded the Netherlands in 1672, opposed by William III, renounced the Edict of Nantes in 1685.

Catherine II (The Great)

German Princess; Married Peter III; became empress of Russia from 1762-1796; changed her name from Sophie; called "The Modern Messalina"

Ring of the Nibelungen Cycle

German-language epic music dramas composed by Wagner. Characters are based off of Norse sagas.

Halley's Comet

Giotto, a spacecraft launched in 1985, was used to take a close-up photograph of what?

Phylum

Group of closely related classes

Order

Group of similar families

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Denali

Highest mountain in North America; Located in South Central Alaska; Frederick Cook faked ascent

Gout

Hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints

What were the two Japanese cities that the atomic bomb was dropped on?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Louis XV

His mistress was Madame de Pompadour; defeated by Frederick the Great at the Battle of Rossbach in 1757; said "After us, the deluge"

The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas by Ursula K. Le Guin

In this short story, the narrator depicts a summer festival in a utopian city, whose prosperity depends on a perpetual misery of a single child.

10

How many electrons can fit into a d-orbital?

14

How many electrons can fit into a f-orbital?

Discriminatory Freight Rates

In the late nineteenth-century United States, farmers sought federal relief from distress caused by..

Six Day War

Israel defeated the armies of the neighboring states of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria; At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights

War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy

It delineates in graphic detail events leading up to Napoleon's invasion of Russia, and the impact of the Napoleonic era on Tsarist society, as seen through the eyes of five Russian aristocratic families.

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter; incorporated an individual style noted for its clarity, rich color, realistic emotion, and effortless composition; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens. He is also known for the Madonnas and his large figure compositions in the Vatican.

William of Orange (William III)

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland who opposed King Louis XIV when he invaded the Netherlands in 1642; deposed King James II; Married Mary II

Francis I

King of France defeated at the Battle of Pavia in 1525; Said "Of all I had, only honor remains, and my life which has been spared"

Charles V

King of Spain who in 1525 defeats King Francis I in the Battle of Pavia.

Kierkegaard's ethical stage of life

Living by law of morals, choosing to have opinions on it

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

DiGeorge Syndrome

Maldevelopment of 3 and 4 pharyngeal pouches, fascial dysmorphia, cardiac shunt, lack of T-cells, undeveloped paracortex

Pygmalion

Man who created a statue of Aphrodite and fell in love with it; Aphrodite gave it life in the form of Galatea as a reward for his faithfulness, giving him a wife

Griswold v. Connecticut

Married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment

WPA

Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

Cacausus Mountains

Mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe, and stretch between the Black and Caspian sea. These mountains are known for their high amount of snowfall.

Thaleia

Muse of Comedy

Forty-miners

Nickname for those who traveled to California during the Gold Rush

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Methionine

The amino acid coded for by the start codon AUG

Sirius

The brightest star in the night sky; also known as the Dog Star

Senate

The part of the bicameral Congress where representatives are split evenly between states

Codon

Three nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

Lyme disease

Tick-borne disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

Helios

Titan god of the Sun; Pulls his chariot over Earth each day, the wheels were the Sun.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Tombs lie in the Royal Chapel of Granada's cathedral, gained possession of Grenada in 1492; commissioned Columbus to find a route in India.

Battle of Trenton

Took place after General George Washinton's crossing of the Delaware; The hazardous crossing in adverse weather allowed Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned in the namesake town

Lusitania Crisis

Torpedoing and sinking of a British passenger liner; Wilson responded by sending Germany a strongly worded diplomatic warning if it continued sinking unarmed ships. Secretary of State left office due to this.

Ozone

Triatomic pale blue gas

Polypeptides

a polymer of amino acids

Dynasty

a powerful family or group of rulers that maintains its position or power for some time

Popular sovreignty

a principle which states that all government power comes from the people

Haploid

A cell containing one set of chromosomes

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Hector

Hero of the Trojans; killed by Achilles nearing the end of the Trojan War

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in this namesake city on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S.

Meteorite

A meteoroid that passes through the atmosphere and hits Earth's surface

Altai Mountains

A mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, and Mongolia converge, and where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have on their headwaters.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Baud

A unit of electricity signaling speed equal to one pulse per second

Andrew Wheeler

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under President Trump who criticized limits on greenhouse gas emissions and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Frederick Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants

Orville Fabus

Arkansas governor that called in the state's national guard to prevent black students from entering Little Rock High School

Carl Sagan

Author of 1960 dissertation "Physical Studies of the Planets" (later found to be flawed), and the novel Contact

Jacques Cartier

Born in Brittany, he voyaged to Canada & discovered the St. Lawrence River where he founded Montreal.

Galilean Moons

Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Io

Aufbau Principle

Give scientific principle: As protons are added to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons must also be added to the lowest energy orbital.

Systolic, Diastolic

Give the names for the first and second numbers in a blood pressure reading

Eros

God of love and eroticism; Son of Aphrodite; lover of Psyche.

Settlement houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid and education to the poor, especially immigrants

Holding companies

Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company. Can be used to establish a monopoly.

Apollo

God of music, healing, prophecy, and oracles; Known for the laurel wreath, raven, and lyre. Son of Leto and Zeus; twin of Artemis. Slew the serpent python at the Oracle of Delphi.

Pan

God of shepards and flocks; appears as satyr. Known for chasing nymphs and playing his namesake pipes

Hephaestus

God of the forge and fire; known for hammer and tongs and the donkey. Husband of Aphrodite and forged Zeus' lightning bolts.

Poseidon

God of the sea and earthquakes, also patron god of horses. Known for trident and chariots; Famous offspring: Polyphemus, Bellerophon, and Theseus

Hades

God of the underworld; Husband of Persephone. Also patron god of funeral rites, mining, and riches. Known for the pomegranate.

Ares

God of war, battle-lust and manly courage; known for spear, armor, and the snake.

Tehran Conference

First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war

James Garfield

Name the president that was assassinated by a person that didn't get a government position they wanted. This set a precedent for the Civil Service Commission and Pendleton Act of 1881

Anaphase

Name the third stage of mitosis, where the chromosomes have separated and the daughter chromosomes move to the poles of the cell.

Deuterium

Name this isotope of hydrogen that has two neutrons.

Omaha Platform

Name this program adopted at the formative convention of the Populist party that suggested a federal loans system that allowed farmers to get the money they needed. It called for an elimination of private banks and proposed federal storage facilities for farmers' crops.

Chandrasekhar Limit

Name this quantity (1.4 solar masses), which is the point at which white dwarfs become supernovae.

Chickasaw

Native American people who lived in the upper MS area; negotiated a treaty for better supplies, but still many died on their movement to the West

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

Sir Walter Raleigh

Nicknamed "Knight of the Cloak", This English courtier introduced the potato to Ireland & popularized tobacco smoking in Britain and was executed in 1618. He set up the Roanoke colony, explored Guyana and the Orinoco River and wrote "History of the World" in the Tower of London.

Name this group of elements that don't tend to react with anything because their valence shells are completely filled.

Noble gases

Hypnosis

Psychology: it produces hypermnesia, in which "repressed" memories might be recalled. Coined by James Braid, popularized by Friedrich Mesmer

Barber of Seville

Rossini about character Figaro.

Alexander I

Russian Tsar from 1801-1825

Alexander II

Russian Tsar from 1855-1881

Alexander III

Russian Tsar from 1881-1894

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Mike Pompeo

Secretary of State under President Trump.

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

William Barr

US attorney general who served in the administrations of George W. Bush and Trump, wrote the memoir One Damn Thing After Another: Memoirs of an Attorney General

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan known as "El Libertador" for freeing South America from Spanish War. Authored Cartagena Manifesto and Decree of War to the Death; Won Battle of Carabobo; Led Gran Colombia

Bracero Program

World War II program that allowed American businesses to hire thousands of temporary guest workers from Mexico.

Antisense RNA

a single-stranded RNA molecule complementary to, and thus targeted against, an mRNA of interest to block its translation

Schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment, while prices rise

coral bleaching

a phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

chemosynthesis

a process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide

profundal zone

a region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes

Hadrian

This Roman emperor was best known for building his namesake wall, which marked the limit of Britannia. He energetically pursued his own Imperial ideals and personal interests, visiting almost every province of the Empire, accompanied by an Imperial retinue of specialists and administrators.

Caracalla

This Roman emperor was best known for the baths he built in Rome, which carry his name, and for an edict which granted full Roman citizenship to nearly all the free inhabitants of the empire, thus fulfilling centuries of legal progress

Alexander Severus

This Roman emperor was the last emperor of the Several dynasty. He reigned over the Roman Empire from 222 to 235. His reign was marked by civil wars, foreign invasion, and collapse of the monetary economy.

Mungo Park

This Scottish explorer discovered the Niger River.

Francisco de Coronado

This Spanish explorer looked throughout the American Southwest for the 7 Cities of Cibola

United States v. Butler

This Supreme Court Case declared the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional.

Tinker v. Des Moines

This Supreme Court case ruled students' rights to free speech in public schools after a teenager and a group of students decided to wear black armbands to school to protest the war in Vietnam.

Citizens United v. FEC

This Supreme Court case ruled that corporations could be banned from making electioneering communications, and upheld that the reporting and disclaimer requirements for independent expenditures and electioneering communications.

Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard

This Supreme Court case ruled that this namesake college doesn't discriminate against Asian-American applicants, reaffirming the importance of race-conscious admissions in helping construct diverse campuses.

Wisconsin v. Yoder

This Supreme Court case ruled that this namesake state's compulsory attendance law was as unconstitutional as applied to the Amish, because it violated their First Amendment right to exercise freedom of religion.

Yates v. United States

This Supreme Court case said that the First Amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a clear and present danger to the safety of the country.

Board of Education v. Earls

This Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of mandatory drug testing by public schools of students participating in extracurricular activities.

Wagner Act

This act established the legal right of most workers to join labor unions and to bargain collectively with their employers. It also prohibited employers from engaging in unfair labor practices.

Curtis Act of 1898

This amendment to the 1887 Dawes Act brought about the allotment process of lands of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Indian Territory.

Neimann-Pick disease

This is a rare inherited disease that affects the body's ability to metabolize fat within cells. These cells malfunction and over time, die. It can affect the brain, nerves, liver, spleen, bone marrow, and in severe cases, lungs.

Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes

supreme court justice that ruled that one's freedom of speech and other civil liberties not absolute and could be curtailed

Alienation

the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness

temperate rainforest

a coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation

Homologous traits

features that are inherited from a common ancestor

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings

An autobiography written by Maya Angelou in 1969 about racism in Arkansas. Won the National Book Award in 1970.

Queen Anne

First monarch of Great Britain, 1707-1714.

William Baffin

In 1615 this explorer who has a large island & bay named for him searched for the Northwest Passage

Ophelia

Polonius's daughter, a beautiful young woman with whom Hamlet has been in love. She is a sweet and innocent young girl, who obeys her father and her brother, Laertes. Dependent on men to tell her how to behave, she gives in to Polonius's schemes to spy on Hamlet. Even in her lapse into madness and death, she remains maidenly, singing songs about flowers and finally drowning in the river amid the flower garlands she had gathered.

Young Americans for Freedom

The largest student political organization in the country, whose conservative members defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam.

Charles III (The Fat)

The last Carolingian Emperor; Son of Louis the German

Integral

The space under a graph of an equation; the reverse of a derivative

AUG

This codon codes for methionine and serves as an initiation site, where translation begins

Vega

brightest blue summer star; the old north star; in the constellation Lyra

Battle of New Orleans

final major battle of the War of 1812.[1] American forces, with General Andrew Jackson in command, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing the namesake city and America's vast western lands

Battle of Lepanto

five hour naval battle between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire; Victory gave the Holy League temporary control over the Mediterranean, protected Rome from invasion, and prevented the Ottomans from advancing into Europe

Ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Inhibitors

An agent that slows or interferes with a chemical action

Social Contract

An idea that says that the power to govern is in the hands of the people and they willingly give over some of that power to create a government capable of protecting their natural rights.

King James II

Deposed in the Glorious Revolution in 1688-1689

Oswald Avery

Discovered that the nucleic acid in DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of bacteria to the next.

Brown Dwarf

"Failed" star; Star not massive enough to sustain nuclear fusion.

Diploid

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent

Solar nebula

A large cloud of gas and dust such as the one that formed our solar system

Patronage system

A political system in which government programs and benefits are awarded based on political loyalty to a party or politician

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops

Malcom X

African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination

Election of 1816

Election when Rufus King was brutally defeated by Monroe. Rufus King was a strong advocate for the abolition of slavery. His loss signified the 'death' of the federalist party

Hart-Celler Act

Eliminated the national origins quota system for immigration established by laws in 1921 and 1924; led to radical change in the origins of immigrants to the United States, with Asians and Latin Americans outnumbering Europeans.

Georges Lemaitre

Proposed the Big Bang Theory

Actinides

Name this group of elements which occur naturally in amounts you can mine. They are radioactive, and numbered 89 to 103.

Tritium

Name this isotope of hydrogen that has three neutrons.

Paleozoic Era

Name this major interval of geologic time that began 541 million years ago with the Cambrian explosion, an extraordinary diversification of marine animals, and ended 252 million years ago with the end-Permian extinction, the greatest extinction event in Earth history.

La Traviata

Name this opera by Giuseppe Verdi that tells the tragic tale of Parisian courtesan Violeta, who attempts to leave the life she knows behind, in an attempt to find true love.

Vertical integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Lipase

pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats

Photoautotroph

organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds

United Farm Workers

organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chevez

Topoisomerase

corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

Amatory fiction

Romantic fiction written in the 17th century and 18th century, primarily written by women. Notable authors include Eliza Haywood and Delarivier Manley.

Symphony Pathetique (No. 6)

Tchaikovsky's last symphony whose name was misinterpreted to French; was meant to be The Passionate Symphony

The Big Dipper

familiar shape within the constellation Ursa Major which contains the seven pointer stars

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Sounder

Novel written by William Armstrong in 1969 about an African-American boy living with sharecropper family. Dog is only name used. Father is imprisoned for stealing ham.

Battle of Actium

Octavian vs. Mark Antony and Cleopatra; fought on the Ionian Sea; led to Octavian's crowing and title of First Citizen

Trade Expansion Act

October, 1962 - The Act gave the President the power to reduce tariffs in order to promote trade. Kennedy could lower some tariffs by as much as 50%, and, in some cases, he could eliminate them.

The Seven Acts of Mercy

Oil painting by Italian painter Caravaggio, which symbolically described values of Catholicism through a set of compassionate acts concerning the material needs of others, such as feeding the hungry, giving drinks to the thirsty, to clothe the naked, to give shelter to travelers, to visit the sick, to visit the imprisoned, and to bury the dead.

Io

One of the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo; its name comes from a figure in Greek mythology who was seduced by Zeus and turned into a heifer to protect her from Hera.

Don Giovanni

Opera by Mozart about Don Juan, and ninth on a list of most-performed operas.

William Tell

Opera by Rossini which was his last; Depicts a storm as well as a vivacious finale "The March of the Swiss Soldiers"

La Traviata

Opera by Verdi based on the Lady of Camellias. Main character is named Violetta.

First World War Poets

Poets who documented both the Idealism and the horrors of World War I and the period in which it took place. Notable authors include Siegfried Sasson, Rupert Brooke

Strategic Defense Initiative

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer space. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Postmodernism

Post-World War I intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.

Robber barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price

Declaration of Sentiments

Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men at the Seneca Falls Convention. It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.

John Birch Society

Right-wing group named for an American missionary to China who had been executed by Communist troops. They opposed the liberal tendencies of the Great Society programs, and attempted to impeach Earl Warren for his liberal, "Communist" actions in the Supreme Court.

Jordan River

Rises in Syria and flows into Lake Merom through the Sea of Galilee, and into the Dead Sea.

Claudius

Roman Emperor from 41 to 54 AD that was best known for successfully expanding Rome into Britain and parts of Africa and the Middle East.

Caligula

Roman Emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest insanity; began seizing the states of many people in power by falsely accusing, fining, and even killing them.

Vespasian

Roman emperor had a reign of political stability and funded a vast Roman building program which included the Temple of Peace, the Colosseum, and the restoration of the Capital.

Augustus

Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC. After years of civil war in Rome, his rule was a time of peace called the Pax Romana. He began the conquest of Britain and rebuilt much of the city of Rome.

Destroyers for Bases

Roosevelt's compromise for helping Britain as he could not sell Britain US destroyers without defying the Neutrality Act; Britain received 50 old but still serviceable US destroyers in exchange for giving the US the right to build military bases on British Islands in the Caribbean.

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, this act, also known as the GI Bill, provided veterans of the Second World War funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing.

World War I

15 mil killed; involved Entente vs. Central Powers; incited by the Asassination of Franz Ferdinand; ended by the Treaty of Versailles

XYY syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome. Symptoms include an autism diagnosis, attention difficulties, delayed motor skill development, delayed or difficult speech, emotional or behavioral issues, hand trembling or involuntary muscle movements, and weak muscle tone.

Cytokinins

A class of plant hormones that slow down aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance.

Gibberellins

A class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and stimulate fruit development.

Grandfather Clause

A clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Grand Committee

A committee at the Constitutional Convention that worked out the compromise on representation; chosen to settle disputes between power in states led by Benjamin Franklin.

Diabetes

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar. Symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst or hunger, and weight changes.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given equal representation to all states, regardless of population size.

Ebola

A contagious viral disease originating in Africa. It is transmitted by blood and body fluids and causes body organs and vessels to leak blood, usually resulting in death.

Tom Clancy

A contemporary American novelist who writes detailed stories of military or spy missions. Two of his many novels are Hunt for Red October and Patriot Games.

Checkpoint

A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go ahead signals regulate the cycle

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Pyrenees Mountains

A mountain range that extends along the border between France and Spain and separates the Iberian peninsula from the rest of Europe. This landscape includes forested mountains, green valleys, dramatic gorges, pristine lakes, and rushing rivers with big towns along it.

Imagism

A movement in early 20th-century English and American poetry which sought clarity of expression through the use of precise images. The movement derived in part from the aesthetic philosophy of T. E. Hulme and involved Ezra Pound, James Joyce, Amy Lowell, and others.

Political machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on the consent of the governed.

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery in Western territories

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots that originated in Los Angeles between White soldiers stationed in the cities and Latinos.

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

Alcatraz

A supermax island prison for inmates in the San Francisco Bay Area and part of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons until its closing; also known as "the rock"

Jack London

A young California writer and adventurer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels, Call of the Wild, The Sea Wolf, White Fang, and other literary and journalistic accomplishments.

Jack London

A young California writer and adventurer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels. His most famous novel is of the dog Buck, who sheds the virtues of a civilized life and reverts to a wild state and thus survives in the Canadian wilderness during the Klondike gold rush.

Jane Eyre

An 1847 novel by Charlotte Bronte published under the pen name Currer Bell. The novel depicts a heroine who falls in love with Mr. Rochester.

Ulysses S. Grant

An American general and the eighteenth president of the United States that achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the Civil War. He also created a policy aimed at assimilating Native Americans into mainstream society.

Transcendentalism

An American philosophical and spiritual movement, based in New England, that focused on the primacy of the individual conscience and rejected materialism in favor of closer communion with nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self-Reliance" and Henry David Thoreau's Walden are famous works of this movement. 19th century American movement: poetry and philosophy concerned with self-reliance, independence from modern technology. notable authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz

An American's children's novel by L. Frank Baum.

Salutary Neglect

An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies

Michelangelo

An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. His work was infused with a psychological intensity and emotional realism that had never been seen before and often caused quite a bit of controversy. His nose was broken by a rival artist, and he completed artworks for nine different Catholic popes. He created new mixtures of plaster to make them last longer before drying out. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Hemophilia

An X-linked recessive disorder in which blood fails to clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding if injured.

Gold Standard Act

An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign.

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Alfred Russel Wallace

British naturalist who developed a hypothesis of natural selection similar to Darwin's

Menelaus

Brother of Agamemnon; king of Sparta. Paris stole his wife Helen to Troy, begins the Trojan War.

Agamemnon

Brother of Menelaus; King of Mycenae, assembles 1000 ships for his brother to retrieve Helen. Killed by his wife Clymenestra upon his return.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Henry VII (Tudor)

First king of the house of Tudor from 1485-1509; attained the throne by killing Richard III at Bosworth Field; Married Elizabeth I, daughter of Edward IV, uniting York and Lancaster

Tender is the Night

Fitzgerald's final completed novel, whose title is taken from John Keats's poem "Ode to a Nightingale" about couple Dick and Nicole Diver.

Japanese encephalitis

Flavivirus; found in Asia and the Western Pacific; can cause altered consciouness and seizures in children, a vaccine is used in China

Russo-Japanese War

Ended by the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by Teddy Roosevelt; Russia invades Manchuria, loses to Japan

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Henry VIII

English King; Had Sir Thomas More beheaded for refusing to accept him as head of English Church in 1535; 6 wives

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings.

William Whewell

English polymath scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science that is best known for coining the term "uniformitarianism"

Hercules

Hero committed by Hera to complete the Twelve Labors after killing his wife and children in a fit of rage. Trials included killing the Nemean Lion, the Hydra, the Stymphalion Birds, retreving Cerberus, the Golden Apples of the Hesperides, and others.

Achilles

Hero of Troy; invulnerable except for heel. He kills Hector but is killed by Paris.

Odysseus

Hero of the Trojan war; Invented the idea of the Trojan horse, responsible for the victory of the siege of Troy. Incurred Poseidon's Wrath after blinding Polyphemus, leading to a twenty year voyage home in the Odyssey, by Homer

Battle of Tours

European forces under Charles Martel successfully defend against an Umayyad Arab army; the decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam, a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone

Election of 1828

Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming our 7th President

Ansel Addams

This is one of America's most famous photographers and is known for his stunning black and white photos of the American wilderness and his passion for conservation. Some of his best known works are Monolith, The Face of Half Dome, Yosemite Valley, Thunderstorm, Moonrise, and Hernandez.

Nucleolus

This is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to facilitate ribosome biogenesis, through the processing and assembly of rRNA into pre-ribosomal particles.

G2 Phase

This is the part of the cell cycle where centrioles replicate, the cell prepares for mitosis, and new cell parts are made.

Archean

This is the second geologic eon of Earth's history, representing the time from 4000 to 2500 million years ago. The Earth's crust ad cooled enough for continents to form and for the earliest known life to start.

Krebs cycle

This is the second stage of cellular respiration, which requires oxygen. Carbon dioxide is released, and 2 ATP molecules, 6 FADH, and 2 FADH2 are produced.

Ngo Dinh Diem

South Vietnamese president that was corrupt and didn't believe in elections, anti-communist, and persecuted Buddhists, died in a coup

King Philip II

Spanish King; invaded the British Isles in the late 16th century due to Elizabeth I being Protestant; marked the defeat of the Spanish Armada

Mount Everest

Tallest mountain in the world; First climber Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953 (China and Nepal)

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Metamorphosis by Kafka

The opening line of this novel is "As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect."

Weather

The short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and wind speed.

Pueblo People

These Native Americans lived around present day Utah and Colorado who spent their time planting and harvesting beans, squash, and maize. They were known for their advanced irrigation systems, small urban centers made of bricks, and magnificent cliff dwellings

Pyloric stenosis

Thickening of GI lining on the duodenum causing vomiting

Treaty of Tordesillas

This 1494 treaty neatly divided the New World into land, resources, and people claimed by Spain and Portugal by an imaginary line cutting through eastern Brazil.

Cabeza de Vaca

This 16th C. explorer whose name means "head of a cow" led a small band of men from Florida to Mexico

Julian

This 4th Century Roman Empire was known as "The Apostate" for favoring Paganism to Christianity

Hypervitaminosis D

This condition is caused by an excess of a vitamin which results in loss of appetite, weight loss, irregular heartbeat, frequent urination, and increased calcium levels in the blood

Dual Representational Theory

This describes our ability to attribute characteristics and meanings to things that don't actually possess them.

Phenylketonuria

This disease is caused by a defect in the gene that helps create the enzyme needed to break down phenylalanine. It can lead to brain damage, intellectual disabilities, behavioral symptoms, or seizures.

Cystic fibrosis

This disease is caused by a faulty gene that affects the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. This, along with recurrent infections, can result in a build-up of thick, sticky mucus in the body's tubes and passageways - particularly the lungs and digestive system.

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

This disease is x-linked recessive, causes neurological and behavioral abnormalities, and the overproduction of uric in the body. It occurs almost exclusively in males. Symptoms include inflammatory arthritis, kidney stones, bladder stones, and moderate cognitive disability.

Trajan

This emperor was best known for his extensive public building program, which reshaped the city of Rome and left numerous enduring landmarks. Early in his reign, he annexed the Nabateean Kingdom, creating the province of Arabia Petraea.

Antonius Pius

This emperor was most famous for the Pax Romana, a time of peace and prosperity in the Roman Empire.

Nerva

This emperor was the first of "five good emperors" and was the first to adopt an heir who wasn't part of his biological family. He built aqueducts, worked on the transport system, and built granaries to improve the food supply

Holocene Epoch

This epoch is known as the "Age of Man." During this period, the climate has seen some warming and cooling including the Little Ice Age, and large mammals have gone extinct.

Oligocene Epoch

This epoch is often considered an important time of transition, a link between the archaic world to more modern ecosystems

Eocene Epoch

This epoch saw the replacement of older mammalian orders by modern ones. Hoofed animals appeared, including the Eohippus, ancestral rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Early bats, rabbits, beavers, rats, and mice also evolved.

Permian Extinction

This event was characterized by the elimination of over 95% of marine and 70% of terrestrial species.

Mucopolysaccharidoses

This family of genetic conditions causes sugar to be excreted in urine. Most cases are diagnosed after a child is 12 months old. Symptoms include coarse or rough facial features, dwarfism, dysplasia, and regressive brain damage.

Meselson-Stahl Experiment

This famous experiment grew bacteria for one generation with heavy nitrogen, transferred the bacteria to a medium with nitrogen for several generations then later separated the DNA by centrifugation and the DNA showed to have split between the DNA strands proving semiconservative replication

Freud

This famous psychologist was most famous for inventing and developing the technique of psychoanalysis, the structure of the unconscious, and influencing scientific and popular conceptions of human nature

Thames

This famous river flows through the heart of London, and is the chief river of Southern England.

Iran-Contra Affair

This involved high officials in the Reagan administration secretly selling arms to Iran (in return for the release of Western hostages in the Middle East) and illegally using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Nerva

This Roman emperor was the first of the "five good emperors" and was the first to adopt an heir who wasn't part of his biological family. He built aqueducts, worked on the transport system, and built granaries to improve the food supply.

Antimatter

mass consisting of antiparticles of normal substances

Tenements

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded

Bush v. Gore

Use of 14th Amendment's equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the election of 2000.

Battle of Thermopylae

Vastly outnumbered, the Greeks held up the Persians for seven days in total in the namesake pass; Leonidas vs. Xerxes I

Shingles

Viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves; caused by chickenpox and stays inactive in the body and can reactivate years or even decades later.

Vitamin B

Vitamin found in foods like liver and carrots whose deficiency causes night blindness.

The Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Metazoa

multicellular animals

INF Agreement

With this agreement, Reagan and Gorbachev agreed to remove and destroy all intermediate-range missiles in order to end the Cold War.

John Bardeen

Won Nobel Prizes for research with semiconductors and superconductivity

Magnitudes

Word to describe brightness of stars

DeMoivre's Theorem

[r(cosx+isinx)]^n=r^n(cos(nx)+isin(nx))

Atlas Mountains

a mountain range in northern Africa between the Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert spanning Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.

Isooctane

a liquid hydrocarbon present in petroleum. It serves as a standard in the system of octane numbers

Volatility

a measure of how readily a substance vaporizes

Guerilla

a member of an independent band of soldiers that engages in raids and surprise attacks

Inuit

a member of the Arctic native peoples of North America; once known as Eskimo

Battle of Trafalgar

a sea battle fought between the British Navy and the fleets of the French Navy and Spanish Navy, during the War of the Third Coalition; British ships led by Admiral Lord Nelson defeated French and Spanish ships under French Admiral Pierre Villeneuve

Anticodon

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

French and Indian War; 7 years' War

arose from the heated colonial struggle between the British Empire and French Empire, as well as control of Prussia; G.B. + Prussia vs. France, Austria, and Russia; ended with G.B. / Prussian victory

Dalton's Law

at constant volume and temperature, the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases

Battle of Waterloo

forces of the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte and Michel Ney were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition and an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington; subject of an ABBA song

Battle of Manzikert

fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq forces led by Alp Arslan; the most decisive defeat of the Byzantine Empire; capture of the Byzantine Emperor Diogenes; prepared the way for Turkish settlement in Anatolia

30 Years' War

fought primarily (though not exclusively) in Germany;religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire; included the Bohemian Revolt; ended by the Peace of Westphalia; 1618-1648

Force Bill

gave the president power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose

atmospheric convection current

global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of earth

CD4

glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells that is essential for cell interaction and activation. Exploited by the HIV virus to bind to helper T cells.

Keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

Battle of Salamis

naval battle fought between an Alliance of Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia; the naval counterpart of the Battle of Thermopylae, Themistocles led the Athenian fleet to victory

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI

Battle of Yorktown

proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender of Cornwallis's army prompted British negotiations

Battle of Marathon

watershed in the Greco-Persian wars, supposedly a messenger ran over twenty miles to bring news of the victory to Athens; inspires this namesake race

New Federalism

system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states

Enclaves

territories or communities with a distinct ethnicity, often developing during the mass migration to big cities in the 19th century. Examples, "China Towns," "Little Italies" etc

Arcturus

the 4th brightest star and the brightest star in the constellation Bootes

Protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

adiabatic heating

the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of earth and decreases in volume

photic zone

the upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis

Melanin

A pigment that gives the skin its color

Precession

A slow motion of Earth's axis that traces out a cone over a period of 26,000 years

Rio Grande River

America believed this to be the border between Texas and Mexico.

Choral Symphony (No. 9)

Beethoven's symphony including Ode to Joy.

Robert Fowler

British physicist that proposed the zeroth law of thermodynamics

Glucose

C6H12O6

Hematite

Fe2O3

Hydrogen

Most abundant element in the universe?

Clean Air Act

Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants

Upwelling

The upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents

Lewis Acid

What is the alternative name given to electrophiles (reactivity can be explained using the HSAB theory)?

Inez Millholland

a suffragist, labor lawyer, World War I correspondent, and public speaker who greatly influenced the women's movement in America. She was active in the National Woman's Party and a key participant in the Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913. Dies at beginning of movie; Died on tour from intestinal problems. Died in 1916 of pernicious anemia during a speaking tour

mangrove swamp

a swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts and contains salt-tolerant trees with roots submerged in water

Family

a taxonomic group containing one or more genera

Mormonism

a term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is practiced around the world, but is concentrated in Utah.

Rubella

a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash, also called "German Measles"

Capture of Fort Ticonderoga

captured by a small force of American Patriots led by Ethan Allen and Colonel Benedict Arnold. They surprised and captured, without significant injury or incident, the small British garrison at the fort; July 1777

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts that symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s.

Battle of Saratoga

decisive American victories in the American Revolutionary War, resulting in the surrender of an entire British army of over 6,000 men invading New York from Canada; A major result was that France entered the conflict on behalf of the Americans

Macduff

A Scottish nobleman hostile to Macbeth's kingship from the start. He eventually becomes a leader of the crusade to unseat Macbeth. The crusade's mission is to place the rightful king, Malcolm, on the throne, but he also desires vengeance for Macbeth's murder of his own wife and young son.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the a steel company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. He strongly believed that the rich had a philanthropic duty to give money back to others in society, which he expressed in his book "The Gospel of Wealth." He also funded public libraries, universities, and concert halls.

The Muses

9 goddesses of music, dance, and song.

Pictures at an Exhibition

A 10 piece suite by Mussorgsky composed for the piano in 1874

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Ahaggar Mountains

Mountain range located in southern Algeria

HIV

A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.

Pigments

Colored chemical compounds that absorb light

King Priam

King of Troy

Al-Sufi

Saw Andromeda. Thought it was a cloud, so he named it "Little Cloud".

Centromere

This structure holds two chromosomes together.

Activators

increase the activity of enzymes

Acetone

(CH3)2CO; A colorless, inflammable liquid; miscible with water, alcohol, and ether; and has a sweetish odor or burning taste. It is used as a solvent and to remove nail polish.

Mollusca

(snails, clams, squids, octopuses) have a soft body that in many species is protected by a hard shell

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the Mexican-American war

Contras

A Nicaraguan rebel group that got financial support from the CIA. This group was formed as a response to the overthrowing of Anastazio Somoza Debayle

Rasputin

A Russian Mystic and self-proclaimed holy man who befriended Nicholas II.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans

Limited government

A government whose powers are defined by a constitution.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on thus namesake ship and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Pontiac's Rebellion

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottawa chief that opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area.

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Emma

1815 Novel by Jane Austen about a girl who plays matchmaker and ends up marrying Mr. Knightley after trying to pair him up.

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, passed two acts that purified meat, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Went after trusts, formed the "Bull Moose Party", wanted to build the Panama canal, and make our Navy ( military stronger ), proposed the Square Deal, advocated for conservation

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

John Singer Sargent

1856 - 1925 A painter known for his portraits. He is usually thought of as an American artist, although he lived most of his life in Europe. Sargent's portraits subtly capture the individuality & personality of the sitters. In a time when the art world was focused on impressionism & emphasizing artistic individuality, Sargent emphasized his own form of Realism & regularly did commissioned portraits of the wealthy. Most famous paintings is Portrait of Madame X.

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. Became president after McKinley was assassinated. Famous saying is "speak softly and carry a big stick." 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. Most famous settlement house was Hull House.

Battle of Vicksburg

1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade.

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

Washington Naval Conference

1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Herman Muller

1927: scientist who noticed exposing fruit flies to x-rays often resulted in mutated offspring

National Velvet

1935 Novel by Enid Bagnold about the story of a 14-year old girl named Velvet Brown who rides her horse to victory in the Grand National steeplechase. Her horse is named The Piebald.

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential

The Catcher in the the Rye

1951 Novel by Salinger about Holden Caulfield undergoing treatment at an institution telling a story about when he was 16 and his time at Pencey Prep

Farenheit 451

1953 novel by Ray Bradbury about a dystopian society where books are outlawed and firemen burn any found. Main characters are Guy Montag, Mildred, and Clarisse McClellan.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

1961 failed invasion of Cuba by a CIA-led force of Cuban exiles

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in this namesake country

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Barry Goldwater

1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history

Yellow River

3,400 mile long river; China's second-longest; Name comes from extraordinary amount of loess (average of 57 pounds per cubic yard); Grand Canal connects it to Yangtze

Speed of light

3.00 x 10^8 m/s

Tuskegee Airmen

332 African-American Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes during World War II.

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war. Banned discrimination on the United States armed forces.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents during World War II. They stated that the US couldn't sell weapons or provide loans to belligerent countries, or travel on ships from warring nations.

George W. Bush

43rd president of the US who began a campaign toward energy self-sufficiency and against terrorism in 2001

Planck's constant

6.626 x 10^-34

Alaskan Range

600-mile long arc of mountains that stretches all the way from the Alaska-Canada border all the way to the Alaskan peninsula. This range is highest at its mid-section, a vast region of towering peaks and massive glaciers that lies within Denali National Park and Preserve

World War II

70 million killed; Axis vs. Allies; ended on V-E Day. Trench warfare and Blitzkreig were important tactics of this war.

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. He succeeded in uniting the majority of western and central Europe, spread Christianity through Europe, was King of the Franks, and fostered the cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance

Battle of Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

How the Other Half Lives

A book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in this namesake complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Schecter v. the United States, 1935

A decision by the Supreme Court of the US that declared regulations of the poultry industry that were part of the New Deal unconstitutional. This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal, unconstitutional.

Cri du chat syndrome

A deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 associated with an array of congenital malformations, the most characteristic of which is an infant cry that resembles a meowing cat.

Telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Malaria

A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood

Epoch

A division of time that is a subdivision of a period and is itself subdivided into ages, corresponding to a series in chronostratigraphy

Metaphysical Poets

A group of 17th century poets who focused on philosophical issues. Their work combined indirect language with complex images, paradoxes, and conceits. Robert Herrick, Abraham Cowley, John Donne, and Andrew Marvel are examples.

Neoclassicism

A literary movement, inspired by the rediscovery of classical works of ancient Greece and Rome that emphasized balance, restraint, and order. It roughly coincided with the Enlightenment, which espoused reason over passion. Notable writers include Edmund Burke, John Dryden, Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, and Jonathan Swift.

Stream of Consciousness

A literary style in which a character's thoughts, feelings, and reactions are depicted in a continuous flow uninterrupted by objective description or conventional dialogue. James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Marcel Proust are notable authors.

1984 by George Orwell

A man loses his identity while living under a repressive regime. Winston Smith is a government employee whose job involves the writing of history in a manner that casts his fictional country's leaders in a charitable life. His trysts with Julia provide his only measure of enjoyment, but lawmakers frown upon the relationship - and in this closely monitored society, there is no escape from Big Brother.

Schenk v. United States (1919)

A man was arrested for distributing flyers that urged young men to resist the draft. The Court upheld this restriction of civil liberties, saying that freedom of speech is not absolute.

salt marsh

A marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found along the coast in temperate climates.

Exoduster Movement

A mass migration of Southern black people into the West following the Civil War

Three Mile Island Crisis

A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase

Gloucester

A nobleman loyal to King Lear whose rank, earl, is below that of duke. The first thing we learn about him is that he is an adulterer, having fathered a bastard son, Edmund. His fate is in many ways parallel to that of Lear: he misjudges which of his children to trust. He appears weak and ineffectual in the early acts, when he is unable to prevent Lear from being turned out of his own house, but he later demonstrates that he is also capable of great bravery.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Orsino

A powerful nobleman in the country of Illyria. He is lovesick for the beautiful Lady Olivia, but becomes more and more fond of his handsome new page boy, Cesario, who is actually a woman—Viola. He is a vehicle through which the play explores the absurdity of love: a supreme egotist, he mopes around complaining how heartsick he is over Olivia, when it is clear that he is chiefly in love with the idea of being in love and enjoys making a spectacle of himself. His attraction to the ostensibly male Cesario injects sexual ambiguity into his character.

Maximum parsimony

A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts.

El Nino Southern Oscillation

A reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific

Sir Alexander Mackenzie

A river is named for this man born in Scotland in 1764, the first European known to have crossed Canada and has its longest river named after him

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

The Spanish Tragedy

A sensational hit when it was first performed, this work pioneered and popularized the gory genre known as the revenge tragedy. The play is set in the wake of a war between Spain and Portugal. Play is about spanish soldier, Don Andrea who was killed by the Portuguese prince Balthazar, whose ghost returns.

AIDS

A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.

Taylorism

A set of ideas, also referred to as "scientific management," involving simple, coordinated operations in industry.

Granger Laws

A set of laws designed to address railroad discrimination against small farmers, covering issues like freight rates and railroad rebates

The Planets

A seven-movement orchestral suite by the English composer Gustav Holst, written between 1914 and 1916. Each movement of the suite is named after a planet of the Solar System and its corresponding astrological character as defined by Holst.

Fridtjof Nansen

A sled is named after this Norwegian explorer who crossed Greenland in an attempt to find the North Pole.

Buffer

A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution

Oort Cloud

A spherical region of comets that surrounds the solar system

Townshend Acts

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

Aquaporins

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane

Jackson Pollock

A twentieth-century American painter, famous for creating abstract paintings by dripping or pouring paint on a canvas in complex swirls and spatters, which is sometimes called "action painting." His notable works are Mural on Indian Red Ground, Autumn Rhythm, Convergence, Blue Poles, and The Deep.

Homestead Act of 1862

Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30

Taft-Hartley Act

Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Labor-Management Relations Act

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia

The Comedy of Errors

Aegeon, Antipholus, Dromio

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

GATT

International trade organization that encourages free trade by lowering tariffs and other trade restrictions

National Republicans

After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty

Agreement between the US and the revolutionary government granting America the right to build the canal

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States, and established the location of the southern border

Socialism

All the means of production in a society should be owned and regulated by the community and benefit everyone more or less equally

EE Cummings

Although known for his poetry, his first book was a novel. In 1917, he went to France in the early days of World War I to volunteer for the Norton Harjes Ambulance Service. He is known for "Anyone lived in a pretty how town", "Next of Course God America I", and "The Cambridge Ladies Who Lived in Furnished Souls". Known for his unconventional use of punctuation and capitalization.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

24th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) that eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.

Emily Dickenson

American 19th century poet; most of her 1,800 poems published after her death; known for her bold original verse with the use of extensive dashes, dots, unconventional capitalization, vivid imagery, and idiosyncratic vocabulary; most famous work is "Hope is the Thing with Feathers"; father was a United States senator; Calvinist; known for saying "If I can stop one heart from breaking, I shall not live in vain."; wrote poems about death and the afterlife; suffered from iritis

Washington Irving

American Author who wrote an extensive biography about George Washington and short stories "Legend Of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle"

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Lead lawyer for the NAACP who argued for the Brown v. Board of Education decision before the court.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Kurt Vonnegut

American novelist and essayist in the 1960s that was known for his satirical literary style as well as the science fiction elements in much of his work that earned him many accolades including a place in TIME magazine's list of the 100 best English language novels written since 1923; briefly worked as a reporter for Sports Illustrated; survived the bombing of Dresden during WWII by hiding in a meat locker; has an asteroid named after him; last words "I thank you for your attention and I'm outta here"; style tends to be minimalist and dry, utilizing short sentences and avoiding run-on sentences; employs themes of pacifism, social equality, and the need for common decency through subject matters of war, technology, sexuality, and violence; penned the classic books Cat's Cradle, Slaughterhouse Five, and Breakfast of Champions.

Stephen Crane

American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears; wrote The Open Boat, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, The Blue Hotel, and the Red Badge of Courage

John Singleton Copley

American realist painter who did portraits of Paul Revere and John Hancock before fleeing to England to avoid the American Revolution (1738-1815); most famous for Watson and the Shark

PT Barnum

American showman who employed sensational forms of presentation and publicity to popularize such amusements as the public museums, the musical concert, and the three-ring circus.

Pneumonia

An inflammation of lung tissue, wherer the alveoli in the affected areas fill with fluid

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

An inherited disorder of progressive muscular weakness typically in boys; characteristics include frequent falling, difficulty getting up, trouble running and jumping, waddling gait, walking on toes, large calf muscles, muscle pain and stiffness, and learning disabilities

Astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Madame Butterfly

An opera by Puccini about a Japanese geisha woman married to Pinkerton.

Brave New World by Aldous Huxley

An outsider raised on the Reservation tries and fails to find love in the World State, a place where people are robbed of their humanity and sedated with the drug soma. Emotions and individuality are conditioned out of children at a very young age, and there are no lasting relationships because "everyone belongs to every one else."

Muhammad

Arab prophet, religious, social, and political leader and the founder of the world religion of Islam.

Elastic Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

William Taft

As U.S. president from 1909 to 1913 and chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1921 to 1930, he became the only man in history to hold the highest post in both the executive and judicial branches of the U.S. government

Assimilationist Movement

Assimilationist Movement An attempt to put an end to distinct Indian cultures through education vocational training and Christianizing them.

Ely Samuel Parker

Assisted Lewis Henry Morgan in Writing League of the Iroquois. Fought him the Civil War alongside Ulysses S. Grant. Became Commissioner for the Bureau of Indian Affairs

The Rite of Spring

Ballet and orchestral concert by Russian Stravinsky.

Erik the Red

Banned from Iceland for 3 years after being convicted of manslaughter, this son of Thorvald headed to Greenland in 982.

Fidelio

Beethoven's only opera about Leonore, dressed as a prison guard and rescues husband from death.

Pastoral Symphony (No. 6)

Beethoven's symphony. Said it is more the expression of feeling than painting.

Charles II

British King; asked to remove his Roman Catholic brother from the line of succession; his supporters were nicknamed Tories, who favored hereditary succession; succeeded James II of England

Hernando de Soto

Beginning near Tampa Bay in 1539, this man led the first European exploration to see the Mississippi. He fought alongside Pizarro in Peru before becoming a governor of Cuba.

Atlanta Compromise

Belief that black and white settlers were equally responsible for making social and economic progress in their region

Matthew Flinders

Between 1801 & 1803 he became the first person to circumnavigate Australia

Hexane

C6H14

Carbonyl

C=O

Dichloromethane

CH2Cl2

Carboxyl

COOH

CAM photosynthesis

Carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions that allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night

Hib Disease

Caused by bacterium that enters the body through the lungs or blood stream and that can result in meningitis. Affects mostly babies and children younger than 5 years old.

Chicken pox

Caused by the highly contagious varicella zoster virus, spread by coughing and sneezing, and by direct contact with skin lesions.

Peptides

Chains of amino acids that can function as neurotransmitters or hormones.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations, argued that white Anglo-Saxon Americans were committing "race suicide" by allowing so many members of "inferior blooded races" to intermingle with them

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Ether

Characterized by an oxygen atom linking 2 hyrdocarbon groups - epoxides are cyclic compounds of these;

Mekong River

Chief river of Southeast Asia, forms much of the Laos-Thailand border, enters South China Sea in southern Vietnam

Kierkegaard's religious stage of life

Choosing faith in preference to aesthetic and "reasons call of duty"

Congregationalism

Church system set up by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony wherein each local church served as the center of its own community

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or precious condition of servitude

Black Bodies

Class of objects that absorb all electromagnetic radiation (supported and modeled by the Stefan-Boltzmann law)

Compromise of 1877

Compromise that enables Hayes to take office in return for the end of Reconstruction

James Mattis

Commanded the US Joint Forces Command and concurrently served as NATO's supreme allied v commander transformation; commanded 1st battalion in the Persian Gulf War and awarded a Bronze Star; led task 58, a maneuver in the Afghanistan War; Secretary of Defense under president Trump

John J. Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

The Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

The New Right

Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. He was also known for inventing Lincoln Logs and designed more than 4000 stained glass panels and lamps. Most famous work was Fallingwater, a private home in Pennsylvania, and the Guggenheim museum in New York City. He also wrote several books on architecture as well.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Jason

Retrieved the Golden Fleece with Argonauts; Married Medea, a witch who eventually killed her children in jealousy

Meningitis

Dangerous infection that leads to severe swelling of the tissues of the outer lining of the brain and spinal cord, or infection of the bloodstream

Bohr

Danish physicist famous for discovering the Aufbau principle, came up with the planetary model and won a Nobel Prize for his work in finding the structure of an atom

Beta Thalassemia

Disease in which insufficient beta-globin chains are produced and there is an excess of alpha chains. It reduces the production of hemoglobin, leading to a lack of oxygen in many parts of the body

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

eutrophic

Describes a lake with a high level of productivity

Isotonic

Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

Insular Cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Stroessner

Dictator of Paraguay from 1954 to 1989; ruled Paraguay with an iron fist, and was backed by the CIA for his anti-communist purges; Came to power by overthrowing Federico Chávez in 1954 and assuming leadership of his Colorado Party.

Procter & Gamble

During the Civil War, this company received contracts to supply the Union army with soap and candles. It was founded in 1837 and still headquartered in Cincinnati today.

Hadean Era

During this time, the solar system was forming within a cloud of dust and gas known as the solar nebula, which eventually spawned asteroids, comets, moons, and planets.

New Amsterdam

Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherland. This later became "New York City"

New World Symphony (No. 9)

Dvorak's most popular symphony; Neil Armstrong took a copy on the Apollo 11 mission to the moon.

Eris

Dwarf planet in our solar system, takes 560 Earth years to orbit the sun, is slightly more massive than Pluto, is farther from the sun than Pluto, is known to have a moon

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Amylase

Enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

DNA polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Lactase

Enzyme that breaks down lactose into smaller parts that our body can digest

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Mapp v. Ohio

Established the exclusionary rule was applicable to the states (evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court)

Executive Order 9981

Establishes equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all race, religions, or national origins

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Ben Carson

Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins, secretary of housing and urban development under Donald Trump,

Orpheus

Famous lyre player and singer; journeyed to the Underworld to retrieve his wife from Hades

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Oliver H. Kelley

Father of the National Grange Movement

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

Henry IV of the House of Lancaster

First King of the House of Lancaster; English; 1399-1413; often known as (title) of Bolingbroke; won the throne by defeated Richard II in 1399

Taft-Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy of President William Howard Taft, which favored increased American investment in the world as the major method for increasing American influence and stability abroad; in some parts of the world, such as in Latin America, the increased American influence was resented.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

New Deal Coalition

Forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Accretion Disc

Forms around a black hole and is made of material being sucked towards the event horizon

Ms. Magazine

Founded by Gloria Steinem and several other women, provided viewpoints of feminist issues and familiarized its audience with the arguments and issues of the women's movement.

La Boheme by Puccini

Four struggling bohemians - a poet, a painter, and a musician, and a philosopher are living in Paris, when one freezing Christmas Eve, a girl Mimi knocks on their door looking for candle light, and she and the poet Rodolfo fall in love. Later, Mimi falls ill with a deadly sickness, and Rodolfo starts being mean to her, knowing that he can do nothing to help because of his abject poverty. She dies in Rodolfo's arms.

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver

Henry II of the House of Valois

French King; Married Catherine of Medici

High modernism

Generally considered the golden age of modernist literature, this period saw the publication of James Joyce's Ulysses, T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land, Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway, and Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time. It was characterized by an unfaltering confidence in science and technology as means to reorder the social and natural world.

Dionysis

God of wine and revelry; known for the thyrsos (a pine-cone tipped staff), the leopard, and the fruit vine. Rituals often orgiastic and wild in nature.

Nike

Goddess of Victory

Demeter

Goddess of seasons and the harvest; Mother of Persephone. Reason for summer and winter being the abduction of Persephone.

Emma Lazarus

Granddaughter of German Jews; wrote "The New Colossus"; wanted immigrants to come to America; glad to accept them and welcome them into the country

Hipparchus

Greek astronomer and mathematician who discovered the precession of equinoxes and made the first known star chart and is said to have invented trigonometry and the system of magnitudes.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

Hernando Cortes

He conquered the Aztecs in 1521 and became the 1st captain general of New Spain

Edward Hopper

He is generally considered the foremost realist painter of 20th century America, and is best known for his oil paintings, which often convey a sense of melancholy or isolation, depicting the emotions of Americans during both the World Wars and the Great Depression. He also did watercolor and printmaking. His most famous piece is Nighthawks.

William Buckley

He launched the conservative National Magazine in 1955; founded Young Americans for Freedom in 1960; and started a conservative TV talk show, Firing Line, in 1966.

Vivian Fuchs

He led the first known expedition across Anarctica.

Captain John Smith

He published a history of Virginia & New England in 1624, after escaping from Turks, Indians & pirates partly thanking Pocahontas. He was also president of Jamestown and had an accident with gunpowder

Stephen Wiltshire

He suffers from autism, but also has the ability to draw extensive landscapes from memory.

Joseph Pulitzer

He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party.

Ponce de Leon

He was buried in San Juan under a stone that read "Beneath this stone repose the bones of the valiant lion..." after he was killed by natives in Florida. After his terms as governor of Puerto Rico, he went looking for the Fountain of Youth and instead discovered Florida in 1513.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

He was standing on Darien Peak on the isthmus of Panama with his dog when he became the first European to see the Pacific

Bull Connor

He was the chief of police of Birmingham, Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. His use of excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation.

Constantine the Great

He went on to become the first Christian Roman emperor in history. He reunited a divided empire under a single emperor and scored some important wins against some fierce enemies like the Franks, the Alemanni, the Goths, and the Sarmatians. He also reoccupied some of the long-lost Roman provinces. He created his own capital and named it after himself, which went on to become the capital of the Byzantine Empire for centuries.

Henry George

He wrote Progress and Poverty in 1879, which made him famous as an opponent of the evils of modern capitalism

East of Eden by John Steinbeck

In this book, Charles Trask tries to kill his brother Adam, because he resents the fact that their father has always favored him. Adam's father tries to force him to join the army, but he hates it after serving for a decade, and ends up becoming a hobo for ten years. Later on, one of the characters, Cathy burns down her house and fakes her own death in the process. Adam develops a passion for refrigeration.

Immigrant and Nationality Act

Immigration legislation passed in 1965 that abolished the national-origins quota, eliminating national origin, race, and ancestry as a basis for immigration and giving preference to relatives of U.S. citizens and individuals with specialized skills

Commedia Dell'arte

Improvisational comedy first developed in Renaissance Italy that involved stock characters and centered around a set scenario. The elements of farce and buffoonery, as well as its standard characters and plot intrigues, have had a tremendous influence on Western comedy, and can still be seen in contemporary drama and television sitcoms.

Amerigo Vespucci

In 1499 and 1501, in the service of Portugal, this Florentine sailed for the new world that Martin Waldseemuller named for him

Giovanni da Verrazano

In 1524 this Florentine navigator became the first European to visit the New York area

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bill and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back to the reservation. Custer and hall his men died, and this battle is also known as Custer's last stand.

Cherokee

In response to the rapid expansion by the United States, this native tribal group formed a national government, sought to modernize their society, but were forcibly relocated in the 1830s.

Cat on a Hot Tin Roof by Tennessee Williams

In this novel, the protagonist's father is dying from cancer and he doesn't know it, but all of his children do. They plan to give him the big reveal at his birthday party. The protagonist also catches sight of her husband staring at another woman, which causes her to cry and call herself a name, which is the title of this book.

Start II Treaty

In this treaty, the United States offered funds to Russia to shore up their unstable economy after the collapse.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function.

Thalassemia

Inherited defect in the ability to produce hemoglobin, usually seen in persons of Mediterranean background.

War on Terror

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, which aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world. This began with the demand to the Afghanistan government to hand over Osama Bin Laden

Neutron Star

Instead of forming a black hole, a star may become this if it has insufficient mass

Red Scare

Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas in the United States after the Russian Revolution

Little Albert

John B. Watson provided empirical evidence of classical conditioning (such as Pavlov's experiments) when he conducted an experiment on what 11-month-old infant?

Berlin Airlift

Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into this namesake city after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into it

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Superfluidity

Known as the lambda, temperature threshold for its occurance can be found on a graph of specific heat capacity versus temperature, property of helium-4

ATP synthase

Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP

Hubble Space Telescope

Large space telescope able to see farther than any other telescope at the end of the 20th century

Navigation Acts

Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over. He also started the Socialist Party of America in 1901

Boss Tweed

Leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

James Lawson

Leader of the SNCC who helped to integrate lunch counters by teaching activists to use the sit-in.

Cordelia

Lear's youngest daughter, disowned by her father for refusing to flatter him. She is held in extremely high regard by all of the good characters in the play—the king of France marries her for her virtue alone, overlooking her lack of dowry. She remains loyal to Lear despite his cruelty toward her, forgives him, and displays a mild and forbearing temperament even toward her evil sisters, Goneril and Regan. Despite her obvious virtues, her reticence makes her motivations difficult to read, as in her refusal to declare her love for her father at the beginning of the play.

Occam's Razor

Logical maxim stating that simpler explanations of phenomena are to be preferred: expressed by Aquinas and Newton

Yangtze River

Longest river in China and Asia, 3rd longest in the world, empties into South China Sea, construction of the Three Gorges Dam (largest in world) is being built on this river

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two nonfiction works, famous and objective and terse prose style, notable works include A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, and The Old Man and the Sea

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature, published seven novels, six short story collections, and two nonfiction works, most famous quote is "The world breaks everyone and afterward many are strong at the broken places," notable works include A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and Old Man and the Sea.

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Impala

Medium sized antelope found in eastern and southern Africa; shares its name with model of car made by Chevrolet.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Haymarket Square Riot

Members of the Knights of Labor gathered in Chicago to celebrate the May Day labor movement, peacefully protesting for an 8-hour workday. However, at one point, a bomb exploded, which was later discovered that it probably came from an anarchist completely unaffiliated with the Knights. The American public associated the bombing with the Knights and the sentiment regarding labor unions shifted, being seen as violent and radical.

phytoplankton

Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems

Telophase

Name the final stage of mitosis, where the daughter nuclei begin to form, chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane begins to reform, and the nucleolus reappears

Adirondacks

Mountain range in upstate New York that is separated from the Green Mountains of Vermont by Lake George and Lake Champlain.

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Ourania

Muse of Astronomy

Terpsikhore

Muse of Choral Song and Dance

Erato

Muse of Erotic Poetry

Clio

Muse of History

Polyhymnia

Muse of Religious Hymns

Melpomene

Muse of Tragedy

Calliope

Muse of epic poetry

Euterpe

Muse of lyric poetry

Inner transition metal group

Name for the collection of actinides and lanthanides

Sodbusters

Name given to Great Plains farmers because they had to break through so much thick soil in order to farm

Bronze

Name of an alloy of tin and copper

Precambrian Era

Name the earliest part of Earth's history where continents developed, our modern atmosphere developed, while early life evolved and flourished.

The Great Gate of Kiev

Name this piece by Mussorgsky that was inspired by Hartmann's sketch of a huge monumental gate he designed to commemorate the fact that Alexander II had survived an assassination attempt.

Knights of Labor

National labor union that opened its membership to anyone that wanted to join. It main goals were the destruction of trusts and monopolies, as well as the abolition of child labor

Anti-Saloon League

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

American Protective Association

Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s

American Protective Association

Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

Levittown

New York suburb where postwar builders pioneered the techniques of mass home construction

The Age of Warring States

Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.

Invasion of Pearl Harbor

On December 7th, Japanese planes flew over this naval base in Hawaii and unleashed terrible destruction on it; causing the death of over 2400 Americans.

Bolero

Orchestral piece by Ravel originally composed as a ballet commissioned by Russian actress and dancer Ida Rubenstein.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British.

National Grange Movement

Organized by Oliver H. Kelley primarily as a social and educational organization for farmers and their families. By the 1870s however, it organized economic ventures and took political action to defend members against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads.

Saul Bellow

Perhaps the foremost among the American novelists who came into prominence after WWII, 1976 this Nobel Prize winner is a part of the novelistic mainstream. His books have the rich flavor of his urban Jewish upbringing, and are full of blatant cultural and historical references. Henderson the Rain King and Herzog are his two most famous works. He is also the author of The Last Analysis, and a short play called Under the Weather.

Permian Period

Period from 286 million through 245 million years ago. Deserts become larger in tropical regions. The supercontinent Pangaea forms as all continents joined together. Reptiles become dominant on land. Warm-blooded reptiles appear. Mass extinction of many marine invertebrates, including trilobites.

Pahlavi

Persia's new leader, Reza Shah Pahlavi like Kemal in Turkey, set out to modernize his country. He established public schools, built roads and railroads,promoted industrial growth, and extended women's rights. Unlike Kemal, Pahlavi kept all power in his own hands. He changed the name of the country from the Greek name Persia to the traditional name Iran.

War on Poverty

President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

Juan Peron

President of Argentina from 1946 to 1955 and 1973-1974; Married to actress Eva Duarte; succeeded by third wife Isabel

Allende

President of Chile from 1970 to 1973; First Marxist head of state to be democratically elected in Latin America; Overthrown and killed by a coup supported by CIA

Hugo Chavez

President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013; Fifth Republic Movement

Paris

Prince of Troy, stole Helen from Menelaus; chose Aphrodite as the most beautiful of the three goddesses; Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite and in turn she granted him the most beautiful woman in the world

Cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen to make ATP

Libby

Professor at University of Chicago who developed radiocarbon dating in 1949

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Single Tax Movement

Proposed by Henry George in 1879, a 100% tax on any increase in the value of real estate - was designed to keep property values low and therefore limit the accumulation of wealth while spreading opportunity more broadly in the society

Kent State Massacre

Protests to the war that lead to National Guard being called in and shot students because they burned the ROTC building

Hamlet

Queen Gertrude, Polonius, Laertes, King Claudius, Ophelia, Horatio, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern

Isabella

Queen of Castile who married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, unifying most of what is now Spain.

Mary I (Tudor)

Queen of England 1553-1558; Said "When I am dead and opened, you shall find Calais lying in my heart."

Messenger RNA

RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Transcontinental railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Betelgeuse

Red supergiant star in the Orion Constellation located in the Northern Hemisphere

Assyria

Region along the Upper Tigris River; Major cities Assur and Nineveh

Babylonia

Region of lower Mesopotamia; Amorite, Kassite, Chaldean dynasties; Nebuchadnezzar II built Hanging Gardens

Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts

Regulated relationships between settlers and Native Americans, and made provisions for fair dealings.

Van der Waal forces

Relatively weak bonds that exist between molecules, also known as intermolecular forces

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

Election of 1920

Republican, Warren G. Harding, with V.P. running mate Coolidge, beat Democrat, Governor James Cox, with V.P. running mate, FDR. The issues were WW I, the post-war economy and the League of Nations.

Election of 1900

Republican, William McKinley defeated Democrat, Williams Bryan. The issue was imperialism.

Tenure of Office Act

Required the president to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees in the Cabinet

Pascal

SI unit of pressure

Napoleon Bonaparte

Said "From the sublime to the ridiculous is but a step" on his return from Moscow after his defeat in 1812; nicknamed "The Little Corporal"

Abraham Lincoln

Saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; won without a single southern electoral vote; was assassinated by Booth

Rosalind

Scientist who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations, a precursor to modern capitalism

Shang Dynasty

Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

Lower Saxony

Second largest German state by area in Northwest Germany. Borders the North Sea.

Helium

Second most abundant element in the universe?

K2

Second tallest mountain in the world; K stands for Karakoram; Second highest fatality Rate (Pakistan and China)

Wilbur Ross

Secretary of Commerce under president Trump, banker known for acquiring and restructuring failed companies in industries such as steel, coal, telecommunications, and textiles, later selling them for a profit after operations improved, a record that earned him the moniker "King of Bankruptcy."

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle

V-J Day

September 2, 1945

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Al Gore

Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College

Al Gore

Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College. Brought climate change to popular attention by touring the country and producing video content, arguing that Americas' usage of fossil fuel energy was increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, heating up the planet

Carmen by George Bizet

Set in Brazil around the year 1830, this opera deals with the love and jealousy of Don José, who is lured from his duty as a soldier and his beloved Micaëla by a gypsy factory girl. A knife fight breaks out between the gypsy girl and another woman, where José is ordered to arrest her. She ends up seducing him and escapes, which results in Jose's arrest. He is later induced to join the smugglers which the gypsy girl is associated with, and runs away with them after starting a fight with his boss. Jealousy and animosity ensues later on when she makes clear her preference for bullfighter Escamillo. The last act, outside the bull-ring in Seville, brings Escamillo to the arena, accompanied by Carmen, there stabbed to death by Don José, who has been awaiting her arrival.

Pendleton Act of 1881

Set up by the Civil Service Commission, it created a system where federal jobs were awarded based on competitive exams.

Hull House

Settlement home founded by Jane Addams that was designed as a welfare agency for needy families. It provided social and educational opportunities for working class people in the neighborhood as well as improving some of the conditions caused by poverty

Lady Macbeth

She is often described as one of Shakespeare's most frightening and famous female characters who is very ambitious and manipulated her husband into staging a coup. At one point, she wishes she were not a woman so that she could do it herself, and her husband implies she is a masculine soul inhabiting a female's body. Afterwards, she begins a slow slide into madness and is reduced to sleepwalking through the castle, and eventually commits suicide. Name this character from Macbeth.

Alice Walker

She was very involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Her fiction focuses on African-American women living in a world of male domination. She is blind in one eye, had the first interracial marriage in Mississippi, and helped the world rediscover Zora Neale Hurston. She won a Pulitzer Prize for her novel "The Color Purple"

Barbary Wars

Since the 1970's the United States government had paid a tribute to a group of pirates in North Africa in exchange for protection of American merchant ships. However, Jefferson ceased the payment, and the pirates began attacking the ships. As things began to escalate towards war, Jefferson's administration negotiated a reduced payment.

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Theseus

Son of Poseidon; sent to Crete and killed the Minotaur in the labyrinth

Antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents

John Adams

Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." America's first Vice-President and second President

Chromatin

Substance within a chromosome consisting of DNA and proteins. The major proteins in this substance are histones, which help package the DNA into a compact form that fits into the cell nucleus.

King James II

Succeeded Charles II on the English throne in 1685

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

Trojan War

Supposedly started over the kidnapping of Helen, a thousand ships waged a ten year war on the name-sake city-state

Miranda v. Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Jakob Berzelius

Swedish chemist who introduced the system of chemical symbols and formulas, established the law of constant proportions, discovering the elements Cerium and Selenium, and with being the first to isolate silicon and thorium.

Svante Arrhenius

Swedish chemist who proposed molecular definitions of acids and bases, and proposed the idea of electrical conductivity being linked to the concentrations of ions in a solution.

Symphonie Fantastique

Symphony by French composer Berlioz in the early Romantic Period. Described as first musical expedition into psychedelia because of dream like state.

Mugwump

Term for a reform-minded politician that did not want to participate in the patronage game

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

Stephen King

The American novelist who has written many popular horror stories such as "Cujo", "It", "The Tommyknockers".

James Monroe

The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

49th Parallel

The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel. The boundary along this extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.

New Jersey v. TLO

The Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on searches and seizures is not solely limited to the actions of the law enforcement personnel. It also applies to the conduct of public school officials.

Panama Canal

The United States built this canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. The first attempt to build this was by France, which failed. Roosevelt attempted to get Colombia to allow the United States to build the canal, but Colombia rejects it. He decides to secretly support the movement for Panamanian independence from Colombia and the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gives the US the right to build it.

Double V Campaign

The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain "a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad."

Postcolonial Literature

The body of literature written by authors with roots in countries that were once colonies established by European nations. It often involves the discussion of experiences such as slavery, migration, suppression, and resistance, difference, race, and gender. Prominent works include China Achebe's "Things Fall Apart", V.S Naipul's "A House for Mr. Biswas", and Salman Rushdie's "Midnight's Children"

Leif Ericson

The brother of this leader Thorvald, is believed to be the first known European to have died in the Americas. By presidential proclamation, October 9 is set aside to honor this Viking & all Americans of Nordic heritage. In the 990s this son of Erik the Red brought Christianity to Greenland and founded Vinland.

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Induced fit

The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Worcester v. Georgia

The court ruled that the Cherokee nation was a distinct community in which Georgia had no rights to impose state laws within their boundaries

aphotic zone

The deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis

Election of 1968

The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments

Cosmic Background Radiation

The electromagnetic radiation left over from the big bang, also referred to as "the fingerprint of the universe"

Akkadian Empire

The first empire in the world, and consisted of Sumerians and title-speaking Semites; Founded by Sargon the Great, who conquered all of Mesopotamia in the 24th and 23rd centuries BC.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy

The first sentence of this novel is "Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." The story centers on an extramarital affair between the protagonist and a dashing calvary officer that scandalizes the social circles of Saint Petersburg and forces the young lovers to flee to Italy in a search for happiness, but after they return to Russia, their lives further unravel.

Ganges River

The holiest river of Hinduism; flows into Bay of Bengal; Extremely polluted

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their sons

Ghost Dance Movement

The last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands, came through as a religious movement

Linus Pauling

The only person to win 2 individual Nobel prizes; famous for studying molecules and biological chemistry (proteins)

Chordata

The phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates.

Eutectic Point

The point at which a mixture of 2 or more elements has a lower melting point than any of its constituents. (A mixture at this point will freeze coherently at a given temperature)

Turgor pressure

The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.

Cnidaria

phylum of jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

Middle English

The transitional period between Anglo- Saxon and modern English. The cultural upheaval that followed the Norman Conquest of England, in 1066, saw a flowering of secular literature, including ballads, chivalric romances, allegorical poems, and a variety of religious plays. Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales is the most celebrated work of this period.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Uncertainty Principle

There is a limit to which we can know the position and momentum of a particle at a given time.

Jim Crow Laws

These laws mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America and in some others, beginning in the 1870s.

Dengue virus

These viruses are spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. Although symptoms can be mild, the severe form of the virus can be life-threatening within a few hours.

Coronaviruses

These viruses have ribonucleic acid (RNA) as their genetic material and have many projections called spike proteins that make it look like a crown. This family of viruses causes many forms of the common cold.

Vitus Bering

This Danish explorer discovered Alaska for Russia in 1741

Pearl S. Buck

This West Virginia native formally received the Nobel prize for literature from King Gustaf of Sweden on December 10, 1938; first American woman to win both a Pulitzer and Nobel prize; portrayed Chinese peasant life and the lives of her parents; key supporter of the Civil Rights Movement; most famous for East Wind, West Wind, Sons, A House Divided, and The Good Earth.

Sebastian

This fictional character survives a shipwreck with his identical twin sister Viola, who disguises herself in a variety of different roles and winds up in an identity crisis where she is surrounded by different people who have a different idea of who she is, unaware of who she actually is. He effectively saves her, allowing her to shed these roles she had accumulated throughout the play and be herself again.

Peter Hardeman Burnett

This former governor of California ordered the removal or extinction of the Native population during the Gold Rush, and paid bounties to white settlers in exchange for Indian scalps.

Transition metals

This group of elements includes 38 different elements and lie in the middle of the periodic table.

Blindness by Jose Saramago

This is the story of an unexplained mass epidemic of blindness afflicting nearly everyone in an unnamed city, and the social breakdown that swiftly follows. It follows the misfortune of a handful of unnamed characters that have to stay in a filthy asylum where they and other blind people have been quarantined. Faced with starvation, internees battle each other and burn down the asylum. Law and order, social services, government, schools, etc., no longer function. Families have been separated and cannot find one another. People squat in abandoned buildings and scrounge for food. The doctor and his wife and their new "family" eventually make a permanent home in the doctor's house and are establishing a new order to their lives when the blindness lifts from the city en masse just as suddenly and inexplicably as it struck.

Mount Anguilla

This island in the eastern Caribbean is a British overseas territory. It is the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles and lies about 12 miles north of the island of Saint Martin and 60 miles west of Saint Kitts.

Atlantic Ocean

This large body of water served as the highway for explorers, early settlers, and later immigrants

James W. Marshall

This man found gold in the Sacramento Valley in 1848 and set off the gold rush

Iberian Peninsula

This peninsula is a mountainous region upon which Spain and Portugal are located.

Ordovician Period

This period is best known for its diverse marine invertebrates, including graptolites, trilobites, brachiopods, and conodonts.

Silurian Period

This period represents the evolution and diversification of fish

Mississippian Period

This period represents the last time limestone was deposited by widespread seas on the North American continent.

Devonian Period

This period saw the development of roots, seeds, leaves, and woody tissues that provided the means for species diversification growth into larger trees, and finally the development of the first forests.

James K. Polk

This president secured Oregon, splitting it with the British at the 49th parallel

The Devil and Daniel Webster by Stephen Vincent Benét

This short story begins with a poor farmer with bad luck that is tempted to sell his soul to the devil for some good fortune. The next day, a stranger named Mr. Scratch visits him and offers him seven years of prosperity in return for his soul, which he agrees. The protagonist begs for another three years, which pass in turn, and Mr. Scratch refuses him any more extensions. He then takes his case to the most famous lawyer in the world, where the trial is at midnight. Famous figures show up as the jury, such as a Wampanoag chief, a rival of the Plymouth pilgrims, and a pirate.

Treaty of Paris 1763

This treaty ended the French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, New Orleans, and west of Mississippi to Spain.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Surrealism

This was a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I where artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself.

Xia Dynasty

This was the earliest known dynasty. There is no written evidence of this early time period, but artifacts have been found. The people of this time were farmers and made pottery.

Year of the Four Emperors

This was the first civil war of the Roman emperors, during which Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian ruled in succession. It is considered an important interval from the Julio-Claudians, the first dynasty, to the Flavian dynasty.

Maya Angelou

This world-famous author is a poet, dancer, singer, activist, and scholar, best known for her unique and pioneering autobiographical writing style. She wrote two cookbooks and could speak six languages. She was awarded the National Medal of Art in 2000, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2010. She won 3 Grammy Awards for her spoken-word albums, and won the Spingarn Medal by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1994. She has also written poetry and scripts for films and acted in the movie Roots. She read one of her poems, "On the Pulse of Morning" at the inauguration of Bill Clinton as President of the United States. This African American writer's autobiography is I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings.

Edith Wharton

This writer grew up in a socially mobile New York family; her life centered on social affairs, balls, and fashion. She used conventions of realism and naturalism to depict the trapped and controlled life of a woman in upper-class America. She wrote over 40 books in 40 years, including authoritative works on architecture, gardens, interior design, and travel. Her writing style is called social realism. She is most famous for Roman Fever, Ethan Frome, The Age of Innocence, and the House of Mirth.

Prometheus

Titan god of forethought and crafty counsel; crafted man and stole fire for them; Bound to a rock where a vulture would eat his liver each day as punishment

Hecate

Titan goddess of Chaos

Selene

Titan goddess of the moon

Ghost town

Town that has been abandoned due to lack of economic activity

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican-American war, granting the US control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million.

mRNA

Type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome; used in Covid-19 vaccines.

rRNA

Type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

Free Radicals

Type of atom which is unstable, whose propogation with in unpaired election is stopped using antioxidants (found by Gomberg in 1900 at U of M)

Simple diffusion

Type of passive transport that doesn't involve a direct input of energy or assistance by carrier proteins.

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Sun Belt

U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.

stop codon

UAG, UAA, or UGA; the codon that ends all RNA translation

Christopher Miller

US Secretary of Defense under Trump's cabinet

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south

UNESCO

United Nations agency that promotes international collaboration on culture, education, and science and preserves world heritage sites

Winfield Scott

United States general who was a hero of the War of 1812 and who defeated Santa Anna in the Mexican War (1786-1866)

Religious Right

United States political faction that advocates social and political conservativism, school prayer, and federal aid for religious groups and schools

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels that challenged fundamental issues of his time such as racism, evolving landscapes, class barriers, access to education, and more. At the age of 21, he became a club steamboat pilot. He was known for saying "America is built on a tilt, and everything loose slides to California." He was influenced by his upbringing in the hometown of Hannibal and the people he met along the way. He is considered the Father of American Literature. His most famous works are The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calvarus Country, Life on the Mississippi, A Connecticut Yankee on King Arthur's Court, The Prince and the Pauper, and Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn.

Mark Twain

United States writer, humorist, riverboat pilot, journalist, lecturer, entrepreneur, and inventor; invented a board game called Memory-Builder, a game board aimed at developing memory for dates and facts, best known for the Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, The Diary of Adam and Eve, and his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910).

Free radicals

Unstable molecules that cause biochemical aging, especially wrinkling and sagging of the skin.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist that created the Standard Oil Company. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Bacon's Rebellion

Western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with this namesake man as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when he died of an illness.

Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous

What are the three periods of the Mesozoic era?

Great Basin Region

What is the land between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains ranges called?

Baryons

What is the name given to hadrons comprised of three (3) quarks bound together?

Appamattox

Where Robert E Lee surrenders the Confederacy and ends the Civil War

Rhea

Wife of Kronos, birthed the six main Olympian gods and goddesses, including Zeus.

Atomic radii and ionic radii

Which periodic trends decrease across a period and increase down a group?

Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo

While in the service of Spain in 1542, this Portuguese explorer discovered San Diego Bay & Catalina Island in California

Millikan

Who was able to measure the charge on an electron (albeit with an .5% error) through his oil-drop experiment?

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

The Stranger

Written by French writer, Albert Camus in 1942, this novel about a French Algerian Meursault who learns of his mother's death through telegram.

Peter Pan

Written by Scottish novelist J.M Barrie about a boy who can fly and never ages.

Archimedes

Wrote "On Floating Bodies," "Method of Mechanical Theorems", and "The Sphere and the Cylinder"

Second Law of Thermodynamics

You can't transfer any energy from a system with lower energy into one with higher energy without adding something energetic to the system

Judiciary Act

a 1789 law that created the structure of the Supreme Court and set up a system of district courts and circuit courts for the nation

Battle of the Nile

a British fleet under Rear-Admiral Horatio Nelson surprised and largely destroyed a French fleet anchored near Alexandria, stranding Napoleon's army in Egypt

HPV

a STD that can cause genital warts, cervical cancer, or be asymptomatic

temperate grassland/cold desert

a biome characterized by cold harsh winters and hot dry summers

limnetic zone

a zone of open water in lakes and ponds

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Battle of Austerlitz

also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of Napoleon's greatest victories, effectively destroying the Third Coalition against the French Empire; decisively defeated a Russo-Austrian army, commanded by Tsar Alexander I

Amphiphilic molecule

substance that contains both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic region in its structure

War of 1812

between the United States of America and the British Empire; over trade restrictions, impressment, and British support of Native Americans

Polymerase

brings about the formation of a particular polymer, especially DNA or RNA; assembles nucleotides and works in pairs to create two DNA strands from one original DNA molecule

Roger Taney

chief justice of the supreme court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional

Chron disease

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon

Mexican-American War

conflict between US and Mexico over annexation of Texas; Santa Anna led the Mexicans against Zachary Taylor's forces; led to the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Neural tube defects

congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system

Whigs

conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster

House of Burgessess

created in 1619, (in Virginia) the first representative assembly in the American colonies. Could pass laws and set taxes.

open ocean

deep ocean water located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom

mesotrophic

describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity

Miscible

describes liquids that dissolve in one another in all proportions

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel

designed the interior armature for the Statue of Liberty, as well as his own famous tower

Denaturization

destruction of the normal shape of the protein, no longer matches shape of the substrate; caused by changes in pH and high temperature

John J. Raskob

developer of the Empire State Building

Great Basin People

early people groups who lived west of the Rocky Mountains and east of the Sierra Nevada mountains in what is today the western United States. They included such groups as the Paiute and Shoshone.

Sugar Act

law passed by the British Parliament setting taxes on molasses and sugar imported by the colonies

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII

Dwight D. Eisenhower

leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2, leader of troops in Africa and commander in DDay invasion, elected president, president during integration of Little Rock Central High School, known for the Domino Theory

Spanish-American War

military conflict between US and Spain over Cuba; included the battle of San Juan Hill.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Battle of the Alamo

most famous battle of the Texas Revolution; Santa Anna led a seige of this fort, leading to the death of Davy Crockett

Bull Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA]

Quarks

particles which have 1/3 the charge of an electron, and have six "flavors", each has a color, and they are never found singularly

National Industrial Recovery Act

permitted all workers to join unions of their choice, allowed workers to bargain collectively for wage increases and benefits, allowed workers to go on strike to try to force employers to meet their demands

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Thuban

pole star when the pyramids were under construction, about 4,800 years ago; in the constellation of Draco the Dragon

Echinodermata

radially symmetrical marine invertebrates including e.g. starfish and sea urchins and sea cucumbers

aquatic biome

region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow

Crimean War

subject of the Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson, fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other

Condensed structural formula

structural molecular formula showing the general arrangement of atoms but without showing all the covalent bonds

Queen Liliuokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests

Adaptation

the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment

Warren Court

the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

Opium Wars

the climax of a trade dispute between China and the British Empire. British smuggling of the namesake drug from India into China in defiance of China's drug laws erupted into open warfare; the Treaty of Nanjing and the Treaty of Tianjin was a result

adiabatic cooling

the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands

Polaris

the current star to which the North Celestial Pole of Earth points; also called the "North Star".

coriolis effect

the deflection of an object´s path due to the rotation of earth

Cleft palate

the failure of the palate to close during the early development of the fetus

Battle of Lexington and Concord

the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War; "the shot heard round the world"; The namesake Minute Man, by Daniel Chester French, represents this battle

Arthropoda

the phylum to which jointed-legged invertebrates belong, including insects, arachnids and crustaceans

Graham's Law

the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass

Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn

these are the 5 visable planets without a telescope

Second Treatise of Civil Government

written by John Locke, it contains the blueprint principles found in the Declaration of Independence.

The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan

written by a journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Battle of Lake Erie

'We have met the enemy and they are ours' was the most famous quote by Naval Officer Perry at this battle on the namesake Great Lake

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed.

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

. Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut

In this book, the main character is studying to be an optometrist, until he is drafted into the army during World War II. He is thrown into the Battle of Bulge in Belgium and is immediately taken prisoner behind German lines. To escape reality, he convinces himself that he is time traveling, and the story is told zipping back and forth among different moments of his life. During a carpet bombing, he and his other fellow POWs survive in an airtight meat locker. They emerge to find a moonscape of destruction, where they are forced to excavate corpses from the rubble. After the war, he has a nervous breakdown and commits himself to a veteran's hospital and receives shock treatments. He has another breakdown while hearing a barbershop quartet because it triggers a memory of the war. The night after his daughter's wedding, he is kidnapped by two-foot-high aliens who resemble upside-down toilet plungers, who says he are called Tralfamadorians. They take him in their flying saucer and mate him with a movie actress. She, like him, has been brought from earth to live under a transparent geodesic dome in a zoo where Tralfamadorians can observe extraterrestrial curiosities. When he returns to earth, he rides in a plane that crashed into a mountain, and he is the only one that survives

New York Times v. Sullivan

In this case, civil rights leaders ran a full-page ad to help raise funds for the movement. The ad describes what it called "an unprecedented wave of terror" of police actions against peaceful demonstrators in Montgomery, Alabama. Most of what it described as accurate, but some of the charges in the ad were not true. The newspaper was sued by a policeman for libel, saying that it damaged his reputation in the community. In an unanimous decision, the Supreme Court decided that individuals must prove that the defamatory statements were made with "actual malice" and reckless disregard for the truth.

Brandenberg v. Ohio

In this case, the Supreme Court established that speech advocating illegal conduct is protected under the First Amendment, unless the speech is likely to incite imminent lawless action.

Near v. Minnesota

In this case, the Supreme Court held that prior restraint on publication violated the first amendment.

University of California v. Bakke

In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a university's use of racial quotas in its administration process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of affirmative action to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.

US v. Nixon

In this case, the Supreme Court said that this namesake president had to turn over tapes regarding the Watergate Scandal. This ruling set the precedent that the president is not above the law and set limits to the power of the president.

Brown v. Board of Education

In this case, the court ruled that having separate public schools for black students and white students was unconstitutional. This made segregation in public schools illegal and paved the way to end racial segregation in general.

Election of 1824

In this election, the Democratic-Republican split into two factions: the National Republicans and the Democrats. No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Miocene Epoch

In this epoch, land-dwelling mammals were essentially modern ; many archaic groups were extinct

Miller-Urey Experiment

In this experiment, electrons delivered an electric current that simulated lightning into a gas filled chamber, and this ran for one week. The scientists discovered that several organic amino acids had formed spontaneously from raw materials. The findings were so significant that it kickstarted an entirely new field of study: prebiotic chemistry.

Spoken Word

In this literary movement, writers used their speaking voice to present stories, poetry, and monologues in the 1980's in urban centers of the United States. Notable authors are Spalding Gray, Laurie Anderson, Pedro Pietri, Piri Thomas, and Giannina Broschi

American Indian Movement (1968)

In this movement, Native Americans took over Alcatraz Island to symbolize the land that had been taken away from them, and as a result, they received greater control over education, economic development, and they also filed suits for restitution.

Go Set a Watchman by Harper Lee

In this novel, the main character's father is suffering from arthritis and moves back to her hometown and reconnects with her childhood friend, who wants to marry her. Later, she finds a racist pamphlet among her father's papers and she is horrified to discover him attending a town meeting that promotes segregation and white supremacy, even though he previously defended a black man in court on trial for rape during her childhood. She packs her things in a blinding rage to leave, but decides to stay after her father praises her for relying on her own morals and standing up for what's right.

The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway

In this novel, the narrator tells the story of a group of disillusioned expatriates living in post WWI Europe, searching for meaning as they travel, drink, and party. The protagonist sustains an injury that made him impotent, causing his girlfriend to break up with him. His fellow writer and companion falls in love with his ex-girlfriend, and they vie for her attention, but she ends up falling for a prominent bullfighter instead. The protagonist's ex-girlfriend later sends an urgent telegram, regretting the fact that she broke up with him, but he rebuffs her efforts.

The Island of Dr. Moreau by HG Wells

In this novel, the protagonist has barely survived the sinking of a ship, escaping on a dinghy with two other guys. Low on food, water, and sanity, the other two dudes fight each other and fall into the ocean and get eaten by a shark. The protagonist drifts for days before being rescued by a passing ship and taken to the driver's island. The next day, the captain begins experimenting on wild carnivorous animals, hoping to turn them into humans. However, the protagonist thinks the opposite has happened; that humans have been turned into animals, and tries to escape the island.

Indian Appropriations Act

Indigenous nations were no longer considered sovereign nations and the federal government ceased making treaties with indigenous communities. The excerpted law made it easier for the federal government to remove indigenous people from their land and relocate them to reservations because the federal government considered them "wards" of the United States.

Antony and Cleopatra by Shakespeare

In this play, one of the three rulers of the Roman Empire hurriedly returns from an affair with the Egyptian queen to help deal with Pompey, who has threatened to raise an army to rebel against the triumvirate. To defeat Pompey, Caesar tells the main character to marry Caesar's sister, who will solidify their loyalty to one another, even though he loves the queen. The triumvirs meet Pompey and settle their differences without going to battle; Pompey agrees to keep peace in exchange for rule over Sicily and Sardinia. However, Caesar breaks the truce, wages war against Pompey, and defeats him. After using Lepidus's army to secure a victory, he accuses him of treason, imprisons him, and confiscates his property. The main character returns to Egypt to find his lover and raises a large army to fight Caesar, who retaliates. The main character's army loses the battle, and he whips his lover after she considers betraying him after Caesar promises her a fair hearing. After losing another battle, he vows to kill his lover, and in order to protect herself, she locks herself up in her home and sends word that she has committed suicide. Determined to join her in the afterlife, he also kills himself. His lover actually kills herself after Caesar tries to hold her prisoner.

Hamlet by Shakespeare

In this play, the ghost of the King of Denmark tells his son to avenge his murder by killing the new king, who is also his uncle. He feigns madness, contemplating life and death, and seeks revenge. His uncle, fearing for his life, also devises plots to kill his nephew.

Macbeth by William Shakespeare

In this play, three witches tell the Scottish general that he will be King of Scotland. Encouraged by his wife, the title character stages a coup and kills more people out of paranoia. Civil war erupts to overthrow him, resulting in more death.

Election of 1964

In this presidential election, Democrats Lyndon Johnson and Hubert Humphrey ran against the very conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. Johnson and Humphrey easily won, capturing 61 percent of the popular vote.

Glycolosis

In this step of cellular respiration, glucose undergoes a series of chemical transformations and gets converted into two molecules of pyruvate. In these reactions, ATP is made and NAD+ is converted to NADH.

light-dependent reactions

In this step of photosynthesis, light is captured by the thylakoids, and water is split into its constituent electrons, protons, and oxygen. ATP and NADPH is also produced

The Tale of Genji by Shikibu

In this story, the Emperor's mistresses are jealous of a woman that he prefers over them, and torment her, which causes her to become deathly ill after giving birth. Her son is handsome, even more attractive than the crowned prince, which worries his mother. The Emperor decides not to name the boy a crown prince and make him a commoner instead. Later, the protagonist becomes infatuated with a girl because she reminds him of her mother, and also kidnaps a child that resembles her too, whom he gets married to. The story ends with an art critiquing contest, and it is the oldest novel in Japan.

A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

In this story, the first chapter tells how an English tourist meets a stranger who tells him part of his story and gives him a manuscript of the rest of his strange tale. Toward the end, after the tourist finishes reading the manuscript, he searches for the stranger, only to find him dying and calling out for his wife and daughter. The stranger is referred to as "The Boss", and has an aptitude for fixing and inventing mechanical equipment. He was hit by a crowbar so hard that he passed out, and when he awakened, he was taken prisoner to a castle in Camelot. He is sentenced to death by King Arthur, and tricks him by making him think that he is blotting out the sun, when it's actually a solar eclipse. This solidifies his position in the country, and he blows up Merlin's tower using explosives. He is demanded to go on courageous quests, one of them being to free 44 princesses from one-eyed giants that turned them into pigs. Later, he is taken prisoner again and is forced to become a slave on death row, until he is rescued by an army of knights. After returning to Camelot, he has a child named Hello-Central. The story ends with the Boss being cast under a spell that makes him sleep for hundreds of years.

As You Like It by Shakespeare

In this story, the main character Orlando is mistreated by his greedy brother, Oliver, who successfully hurts him in an upcoming wrestling match. Later on, he falls in love with the niece of Duke Frederick (his late father's enemy), Rosalind. Rosalind is banished from her home which causes her to travel to the forest of Ardenne with her cousin and the court jester, Touchstone. To ensure her safety, Rosalind disguises herself as a man called Ganymede, and makes Orlando pretend to be in love with her, not knowing that she is disguised. Furious at the disappearance of his daughter and niece, Duke Frederick sends Oliver out to kill Orlando. Upon finding out this news, Orlando also travels to the safety of the forest. At the end, Duke Frederick comes upon a holy man who convinces him to put aside his worldly concerns and return the throne to Duke Senior.

Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

In this story, the mother of five daughters tries to marry them off to secure their futures. The arrival of a rich bachelor who rents the neighboring estate gives her hope that one of her daughters might contract an advantageous marriage, because "it is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of good fortune, must be in want of a wife." The bachelor's friend, Mr. Darcy declines to dance with one of the daughters, Elizabeth because she is "not handsome enough," which deeply offends her. Despite this first impression, Mr. Darcy deeply begins to find himself drawn to her as they continue to encounter each other, appreciating her wit and frankness. However, Elizabeth develops hatred towards Mr. Darcy after he prevents her sister and fiancé from getting married.

Dracula by Bram Stoker

In this story, using folk remedies and Christian symbols, a band of men succeeds in killing a powerful, centuries-old vampire. Jonathan Harker, a young London solicitor travels to Transylvania to help a rich nobleman purchase an estate in England. He soon finds himself a prisoner in the castle, and discovers that the nobleman has an uncanny ability for talking to wolves. One evening he decides to find an escape route only to be discovers and nearly devoured to death by three sexy vampire ladies, and comes down with a severe case of brain fever. His fiancée mysteriously starts losing blood, and doctors stab her heart and cut off her head to kill any vampires.

Wavoka

Indian prophet that led the Ghost Dance movement