academic writer deleted ones

Which example shows the correct way to search for an exact phrase in a research database?

"traumatic brain injury"

Which example shows how to correctly cite multiple works in a parenthetical in-text citation?

(Austen, 1811, 1813; Steinbeck, 1952; Stoker, 1897)

Researchers publishing in APA journals should look to what resource to ensure that they are following ethical guidelines regarding data retention and sharing?

APA Ethics Code

Which of the following is an example of a descriptive-comparative research question?

Are people with graduate degrees better managers than people without them?

What recommendations should you follow when comparing multiple groups?

Avoid the word "normal" as a comparison because it stigmatizes individuals with differences; Avoid creating false hierarchies; Avoid automatically presenting information about socially dominant groups first

Why is it important to understand the kind of research question (e.g., relationship question, causality question) being asked in a study?

Because the research question helps readers understand whether the design is appropriate and thus whether the design is capable of answering the question.

In this matching question, drag each description on the left to the term on the right it describes. Match the descriptions to the search strategies they describe.

Boolean operator = allows you to specify the relationship between the keywords you enter Exact phrase search = finds exact matches using quotation marks Filtering = selects results based on criteria that you specify Source component search = searches parts of an identified source to find other helpful sources

Which of the following should you do to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism?

Cite all sources, even your own previous work.

What do researchers try to accomplish in descriptive research?

Establish that the sample or phenomenon selected is truly representative of a group that is presumed to be unique; Report the methods that they used to obtain the descriptive information (such as interview, observation, or questionnaire) and that those methods met the goals of objectivity and validity; Establish that the description is shared by members of the group; Provide evidence that this particular group is different, unique, or distinctive in specified ways

Which of the following should authors do before sharing their data?

Evaluate the data and delete any personal information that might make it possible to identify a participant; Address proprietary concerns of the researchers or sponsors of the research

Which of the following is not a multidisciplinary database that offers resources for several disciplines?

Hoovers

How does nonprobability sampling differ from probability sampling?

In nonprobability sampling, the chances of a unit being included in a study cannot be calculated; The findings from nonprobability sampling are more difficult to generalize

How does random assignment help avoid bias in research?

It assigns participants to groups using chance

What are advantages of using a reference management system?

It keeps you organized; It helps you avoid plagiarism by keeping track of the works you used; It helps you store sources for future papers; It allows you to collaborate with other authors using the same system

The sample used in research conducted to establish general principles should meet what criteria?

It should accurately represent the population being studied.

What are effective ways to write about people with specificity?

Mention only relevant details about a person, not every detail possible; Acknowledge relevant differences when they do exist; Provide more rather than less detail if unsure

__________________________ (such as "intelligence") require precise explanation of how they are used in the study.

Nonrepresentational words

Which example shows how to correctly cite a short quotation in parenthetical format?

Personality traits are thought to be "relatively stable across the lifespan" (Redford, 2019, p. 25).

Which of the following should you do if multiple works by the same author appear in your reference list?

Place the works in chronological order by publication date

Conducting research for the first time can feel overwhelming, but you will be more organized if you do which of the following?

Refine your research plan as you locate new sources; Focus on researching one idea or concept at a time

Which of the following should you do when presenting information from your sources?

Represent the state of the research clearly and honestly; If the research does not support your hypotheses, say so and explain why

What are the advantages of searching for sources in research databases?

Research databases have strict criteria for what sources are included; You gain access to content not available through internet search engines such as Google or Google Scholar.; Materials listed in the database but not available online may be available at your local library in hard copy or obtainable through interlibrary loan.

What is a key difference between scholarly research and personal research?

Scholarly research requires reliable sources, whereas personal research can rely on any sources

What should you do if you want to reproduce a table or figure from another work?

Secure permission to reprint the table or figure, if necessary, and provide a copyright attribution in the table or figure note

Which of the following are indicators that an author is authoritative and objective?

The author is affiliated with a university, hospital, research institute, or government agency; The author discloses conflicts of interest, such as personal financial gain that might arise from the research

What is volunteer bias?

The possibility that there is a systematic difference between people who volunteer to be in a study and those who do not, which impacts the generalizability of the results.

Experimental hypotheses have which characteristics?

They call for a test; They predict a difference between conditions

What are the advantages of using parenthetical citations?

They keep the focus on the material rather than on who produced it, They allow you to cite multiple works at a time, They allow you to integrate information from multiple sources

How can you improve your note-taking to avoid plagiarism?

Use reference management software to keep track of notes, Keep notes separate from your paper, Always include the source when copying and pasting

How can you determine the appropriate language to use when describing specific groups of people?

Use the terms people use to describe themselves; Consult self-advocacy groups to determine appropriate language choices.

Is the passive voice allowed in APA Style?

Yes, but try to use active voice when possible

Under the doctrine of fair use, you can reuse certain kinds of works without obtaining permission from the copyright holder as long as you provide a copyright attribution. What constitutes fair use?

Your purpose is scholarly comment, noncommercial research, or educational (e.g., you want to reproduce material in an academic paper); You want to reproduce facts or data (e.g., a chart or diagram); The reproduced portion is small in relation to the entire work (e.g., a chart within a report); Reproducing the work will not hurt the market or potential market for the original

When you write a list of three or more items, what punctuation (if any) should you use before the final item?

a comma (or a semicolon if an item already contains a comma)

Who is the best person to consult to see which databases you have access to through your school and which are recommended for your research area?

a librarian or library website

Which of the following are strategies for removing personally-identifying information from participant data?

altering specific characteristics; limiting description of specific characteristics; using composites

In most cases, in-text citations should contain what information?

author name, publication date

People tend to feel confident about this method for determining the truth because it usually comes from a respected authority, which lends it weight and a feeling of truthfulness.

authoritative pronouncement

In this matching question, drag each example on the left to the category on the right in which it belongs. Match the kind of source to its examples.

big-picture sources = textbook and encyclopedias broad but detailed sources = review articles and meta-analyses detailed and specific sources = journal articles that report individual studies and conference papers

Theories tend to be _________, whereas hypotheses are more ________ and thus more suitable for empirical study.

broad; narrow

Plagiarism occurs when you do which of the following?

change a few words from a copied passage without citing the source, reproduce quotations without using quotation marks or citing the source, restate someone else's idea in your own words without citing the source

It is important to carefully evaluate the text of sources to ensure they show what signs of trustworthiness?

citations that are recent and varied; information on how participants were recruited and assigned to experimental groups; understanding of the difference between causation and correlation

Which example shows how to correctly format an abbreviation that is introduced along with a citation?

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT; Iwamasa & Hays, 2019)

The integrity of descriptive research can be undermined if researchers draw conclusions without supportive evidence of what two things?

commonality; distinctiveness

What should you do if your work is flagged as containing plagiarism?

communicate calmly and honestly; review the academic integrity policies of your institution

When two or more preexisting groups are compared with regard to a dependent variable (a criterion measure), this comparison is referred to as __________.

comparative quasi-experimental research

A researcher can help avoid volunteer bias by making sure recruitment and study procedures are __________ and respect a participant's time and other obligations.

convenient

A(n) __________ is a brief statement providing details of the original work and naming the copyright holder.

copyright attribution

Which statements are related to the establishment of causation in scientific research?

demonstration of how one factor influences another through experimental control; treatment sufficient to bring about the effect of interest; advance setup of experimental conditions

The _________________ is the outcome that is observed to occur or change after the occurrence or variation of the manipulated variable in an experiment, or the effect that one wants to predict or explain in correlational research.

dependent variable

Match the descriptions to the types of sampling they describe.

direct sampling = researchers get data directly from participants archival sampling = researchers get data from published sources, such as census records

When writing about people with disabilities, what kind of language should you use?

either or both person-first or identity-first language, unless or until you know that a person or group prefers one approach—in which case, use the preferred approach

Researchers focus on a sample or subset of the population of interest when it is not feasible to study the ____________.

entire population

How can a researcher avoid bias related to dropping a participant from a study?

establish criteria for dropping participants prior to data collection

A defining characteristic of null hypotheses is that they predict a meaningful difference between control and experimental conditions.

false

You should include every source you find on a topic in your paper.

false

What kinds of words should be capitalized in an APA Style paper?

first word of a sentence, names of racial and ethnic groups, trade names and brand names, nouns followed by numerals or letters

Using a(n) _________ helps direct your research by identifying big-picture sources that can then be used to locate more specific and detailed sources on a particular topic.

funnel approach

Researchers are obligated to treat all study participants (both humans and nonhuman animals) in a __________ manner.

humane and ethical

The _____________ is the variable in an experiment that is specifically manipulated or is observed to occur before the outcome, to assess its effect or influence.

independent variable

What information is ethically important to include in an author note to an article?

information that was reported previously by the authors of the article; a statement regarding conflict of interest; acknowledgment of contributions made by others that did not constitute authorship

When you conduct a(n) ______, you have no guarantees of the scientific merit of the sources you find.

internet search

Which statements accurately describe probability sampling?

involves randomly selecting from a population; requires a well-defined population and an objective selection procedure; includes stratified samples, random samples, and cluster samples

Which of the following citation errors are usually not considered plagiarism if they are attributable to an editorial oversight?

misspelling an author's name, forgetting or mistyping an element in a reference list entry, citing a source in the text that does not have a corresponding reference list entry

Should you include an in-text citation if you have a copyright attribution for a work?

no

When does copyright protection on an article begin?

once the article is written or typed on a page

What kind of language should you use when writing about people with disabilities?

only person-first language (e.g., "person with paraplegia")

How must key terms in research be defined, in order to avoid confusion or ambiguity?

operationally

A reference list at the end of a journal article can be used to locate what additional sources?

other works written by the same author(s); scholarly papers on the topic of the article

Which of the following are required elements of a student title page?

paper title, author name, author affiliation, course number and name, instructor name, assignment due date, page number

Even highly qualified scientific experts are not immune to the influence of _______________.

personal experience

Which statements accurately describe correlational research?

predicts associations between variables; uses preexisting groups

How should you write the in-text citation for a work with three or more authors?

provide the name of the first author plus "et al." and the publication year

There are additional ethical considerations when sharing ____________ data because it often involves presenting raw data in the paper.

qualitative

APA Style consists of more than references and in-text citations. What other areas does APA Style address?

spelling and capitalization, number use, paraphrasing and quotation, ethical standards when planning and conducting research, journal article reporting standards (JARS), copyright and permission as relevant to reproducing, works such as images from the internet, publishing your work

Match the reprinted or adapted work with the location where you would put its copyright attribution.

table note= reprinted table figure note= adapted figure footnote to the text= long quotation (several hundred words)

All sections of an APA Style paper start on a new page, except for which section?

tables and figures may be embedded within the text after they are first mentioned

Who is responsible for ensuring that any errors in a published work are noted in a correction notice?

the author(s)

Visiting a library allows you access to resources not available online and librarians you can consult. However, there are disadvantages to searching for sources at a library that include which of the following?

the need to wait for materials requested through interlibrary loan; searches that might be limited to your library or library consortium

When acknowledging relevant differences, compare your sample in relation to which of the following?

the target population

What information should you include in the copyright attribution for a figure reproduced from a journal article, when permission is not needed?

title of the article; author of the article; year of publication of the article; periodical information (title, volume, issue, page, DOI) for the article; copyright year of the article; name of the copyright holder of the article

Which of the following are good reasons for developing a critical mindset in evaluating research?

to further scientific progress; to inform public policy; to promote human welfare; to inform clinical practice

When should you use direct quotations in your writing?

to reproduce an exact definition, when an author has said something memorably or succinctly, to respond to the way in which something was said and not just the idea behind it

Any conflict of interest, such as economic and commercial interests in a product or service discussed in a paper, should be disclosed in an author note.

true

Selective attrition bias is less likely to occur if a researcher conducts a cross-sectional study rather than a longitudinal study, in which subjects have to return multiple times.

true

Sources for scholarly research must meet high standards of credibility; for instance, the information in the source must apply to the specific population being studied.

true

The blind acceptance of research can result in significant personal and societal consequences.

true

The scientific method is the most valid way to arrive at the probable "truth," because it involves using empirical evidence derived from objective and systematic observations.

true

Using a broad keyword (e.g., "anxiety") in a search may return hundreds or thousands of results, many of which are not related to your topic.

true

Each source you use in a paper must meet standards of __________________.

trustworthiness and usefulness

Which statements describe correct ways to format your APA Style paper?

use a legible and widely available font, double space paper, use 1 inch margins on every side of your paper, indent paragraphs 0.5 from left margin

What pronoun should you use when you are writing about an individual whose gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context of your paper?

use the singular "they"

Which of the following are effective strategies to make your writing clearer?

use words and phrases consistently, use direct and declarative sentences, make logical comparisons by using parallel sentence structure

Which statements correctly describe how to present most numbers in an APA Style paper?

use words for zero through nine; use numerals for numbers 10 and above

When might a researcher decide to use a quasi-experimental research design?

when it is not practical to conduct a randomized experiment; when it is unethical to conduct a randomized experiment

When should you provide citations?

when providing background info, when defining key terms, when quoting another work, when paraphrasing another work

When should you use paraphrasing in your writing?

when summarizing relevant details; when synthesizing ideas from multiple sources

When should you use quotation marks with quotations from other works?

when the quotation is less than 40 words long

How many spaces should you use after a period at the end of a sentence in an APA Style paper?

1

Match the four reference elements to the order they should appear in an APA Style reference.

1 = author 2= date 3= title 4= source

A block quotation is used for a direct quotation that is ________ or more words in length.

40