AcDec Art Section 1: Art Fundamentals

academic, artwork, meaning, qualities, function, aesthetics, art criticism

INTRODUCTION TO ART HISTORY Art history is an ______________ discipline dedicated to the reconstruction of the social, cultural, and economic contexts in which an _____________ was created. The basic goal of this work is to arrive at an understanding of art and its _______________ in its historical moment, taking into consideration the formal _______________ of a work of art, the ___________ of a work of art in its original context, the goals and intentions of the artist and the patron of the work of art, the social position and perspectives of the audience in the work's original time and place, and many other related questions. Art history is closely related to other disciplines such as anthropology, history, and sociology. In addition, art history sometimes overlaps with the fields of ______________ AKA the philosophical inquiry into the nature and expression of beauty; and ______________ which is the explanation of current art events to the general public via the press.

visual, meaning, aesthetic, fine art, craft, posters, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Pope, Worker, fixed

Methods and Inquiries of Art History Art historians today generally define "art" very broadly and include in their inquiries almost any kind of ________ material that is created by people and invested with special ______________ and/or valued for its _____________ appeal. In the past, art historians often limited their focus to what was called "___________," which generally included paintings, prints, drawings, sculpture, and architecture, usually produced specifically for appreciation by an audience who also understood these objects as works of art. Today we define art much more broadly, also taking into consideration objects that in the past were dismissed as "_____": textiles, pottery, and body art such as tattoos, for example. Art historians also consider objects that might not be considered art by their intended audience, including mass-produced _________ and advertisements and even the design of ordinary household items like telephone, forks, and the living room sofa. Art historians acknowledge that the meaning of a work of art can shift over time and that an artwork may be perceived differently by viewers who approach it from different perspectives. To give one hypothetical example, ______________'s paintings on the ceiling of the _____________________- would have certainly been significant in different ways in the eyes of 1) the _______, who commissioned the work and who had sophisticated theological knowledge and nearly exclusive access to this private space within the Vatican and 2) a __________ who was charged with cleaning the floors of the chapel and whose level of literacy was probably quite low. Differences such as social status, education, physical access to a work of art, religious background, race, and gender have an impact on the construction of the meaning of a work of art. In other words, the meaning of a work of art is not ___________________; it is sometimes open to multiple interpretations taking into consideration factors such as historical context.

Nubia, south

Nubian Art The kingdom of _______ lay to the __________ of Egypt and covered a large area of Africa. As contemporary historians become increasingly interested in revising and expanding art history, more knowledge about this great African civilization is being uncovered. Indeed, it is now known that there was a period in the history of Egypt when Nubia ruled the area, and the Pharaohs of that era were Nubian. While there are few collections that feature Nubian works, this may well soon change as revisions to the story of art continue.

flat plane, depth, basic, pencil, pen, charcoal, rocks, paper lines, hard, soft, charcoal

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES Two-dimensional art processes and techniques are those that are created on a ______________. They have height and width, but not significant _______. Artworks that have depth, as well as height and width, and that exist in space, are three-dimensional. PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Drawing Drawing is arguably the most ________ of art processes. Most of us have been drawing since we could hold some tools and make marks on a surface. The most common drawing media are ________, _____ and ink, __________, crayon, and felt-tip pens. Artists can choose from a variety of surfaces upon which to draw. Early artists used walls of ________, and though some artists today continue to draw on walls, most use some kind of _________—from the white paper of common sketchbooks to a wide variety of manufactured and handmade papers. Papers may be smooth or rough, white or in a wide range of colors. Drawing tools may be black, colored, or white. Drawing is primarily based on the use of _________. Lines created by drawing media can vary dramatically in quality. _______ pencils will make thin, light lines while _________ pencils will make thicker lines that may vary considerably in value from lighter to very dark. _______________ is so soft that the color of the paper used will show through in places where the strokes are applied lightly. Each drawing tool or medium has its own unique qualities, and experimenting with a variety of drawing media is a good way to gain an understanding of their similarities and differences

locally, post-and-lintel, wooden slab, parthenon, arch, vault, dome, Colosseum, concrete

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Architecture Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings. People in every culture and geographic area have designed shelters that meet their needs for protection. As people have imagined structures for a variety of communal and personal uses, they have developed various methods of construction to realize their ideas. Specialists in designing structures have become known as architects. In early times, materials that could be found __________ were used for building. Sticks, mud, grass, animal skins, ice, and wood were used in different climatic areas. Later, brick and stone were also used. An important architectural development was the use of the ___________________ construction technique in which a long stone or ______________________- is placed horizontally across upright posts. The famous Greek ______________ is an example of post-and-lintel construction. This method is still commonly used today, with steel and wood being the favored materials. Other key developments in architecture include the ________, the __________, and the __________. Each of these is a variation of the same concept that allowed for greater height and more interior open space inside a building. The Romans were great engineers, and the _________________ in Rome provides a fine example of vaulted construction. The Romans developed ____________ as a building material, which they used in building aqueducts, great baths, and other public works projects.

skeletal, buttresses, stained-glass, flying, vaulted, Industrial Revolution, 1851, Crystal Palace, Eiffel Tower, Antoni Gaudi, organic, commercial, residential

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Architecture, cont. In the medieval period, a ________ building style developed that alternated between strong _____________ and thin walls with ________________ windows, which admitted more light and color into the building. Many medieval cathedrals provide classic examples of this method. The addition of ___________ buttresses—external arches that counterbalanced the outward thrust of the high, ___________ ceilings—allowed for even more height and window openings. During the ___________________, many new materials and processes for building were developed. In ____ the ______________, so named because it consisted mainly of glass walls that were held in place by a framework of slim, iron rods, was built for the world's fair in London. ____________________ in Paris, an amazing and beautiful monument, is primarily a framework of wrought iron. ___________________ (1852-1926) created ingenious buildings of cut stone in Spain in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Without any flat surfaces or straight lines, Gaudi's buildings are very ___________ in appearance. While we usually think of buildings as being more modular, having a regular and geometric shape, many architects have challenged this notion and have searched for aesthetically interesting designs and new materials to move beyond the idea of a building as merely being a box-shaped construction. steel and concrete have become the favored materials for large public, ______________, and multi-family housing while wood and brick continue to be commonly used for ____________ homes. While many buildings are designed by builders using more standardized plans, leading architects continue to explore new and exciting designs and materials.

utilitarian, pottery, clay, slip

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Craft and Folk Art Craft, folk art, and popular art are all debated terms applied to a variety of art forms across cultures. In many cases, these terms are used to discuss art forms that are largely ______________. Through time and across cultures, people have often sought to make the objects they use more distinctive or beautiful. Consequently, pottery, jewelry, fibers, and glass and wooden objects have come to be recognized as art forms even though they may have a utilitarian purpose. A discussion of craft or folk art raises many questions about the nature of art and the aesthetic pursuit. _____________ is a medium based upon the use of natural materials. ______, dug from the ground, is the essential material. Many types of pots can be built using hands and simple tools. A basic pot can be formed from a ball of clay by punching the thumb into the center of the ball and pinching the clay between the thumb and fingers. Clay can also be rolled out into coils with the palm of he hand, and these coils can then be stacked up to form a clay vessel. Depending on the diameter of the coils, pots built in this way can be of enormous size or made on a tiny, dainty scale. Slab-built pots are made by rolling out clay and cutting carefully measured pieces, which are then assembled by applying liquid clay, called _________, to the edges that are to be joined.

potter's clay, thrown, thin, air, kiln, moisture, ceramic

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Craft and Folk Art, cont. The ____________________ was used in many ancient cultures and continues to be used by artists today. Using the potter's wheel, the potter forms the basic shapes of the pot by manipulating the ball of clay as it turns on the wheel. When a potter uses a potter's wheel to create pots, these pots are described as being "____________." Throwing allows for particularly ____-walled pots in a wide variety of shapes. Many potters combine hand-built and thrown forms to create beautiful objects that may or may not be functional. Once the clay form has _____-dried, the _______, a specialized oven, is loaded and fired. In the kiln, all remaining _____________ is driven out of the clay, and a chemical change takes place. The pots harden permanently. Then, _____________ made of clay and minerals that provide color may be applied to the surface of the pots, and the pots are fired once again. The glazes melt, forming a glassy, waterproof surface on the pots that is both decorative and useful. The surface of a ______________ piece can also be decorated with applied clay designs or with decorations incised or carved into the surface of the piece.

Action, Color Field, Mark Rothko, Josef Albers, naturalism, Jasper Johns, Rpbert Rauschenberg, combines, Bed, Monogram, Pop Art

Abstraction Abstract Expressionist works tended to fall into two types: ______________ Painting, which employed dramatic brushstrokes or Pollock's innovative dripping technique, or _____________________ paintings, which featured broad areas of color and simple, often geometric forms. ________________ and ________________ are two well-known color field artists. In response to the non-objective style of Abstract Expressionism, other artists began to return to _________________, producing works that, though they may appear in some ways similar to those of the abstractionists, focused on ordinary consumer objects. _____________________ (b. 1930) created a series of works that featured common things such as flags, numbers, maps, and letters. _________________________ (1925-2008) created sculptures from the cast-off objects he found around him to create what he called "_________________." He hung his own bedclothes on the wall like a canvas and painted them [_______ (1955)], and one of his most famous works, _______________ (1959), consists of numerous "found" items, including a stuffed goat, a tire, a police barrier, the heel of a shoe, a tennis ball, and paint. This use of everyday objects in artistic works had a decided influence on the next big movement in art—___________..

World War II, propaganda, Harold Rosenberg, Clement Greenberg, Abstract Expressionists, Kandinsky's Dictum, Willem de Kooning, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline, Jackson Pollock

Abstraction During _____________________, organized movements in art came to a virtual standstill. Art was produced, but attention was really on the war. Many artists did in fact serve in the military, and often art was designed to serve as ________________ in support of the war effort. When the war was over and Europe was recovering, a new center for the international art world emerged. The action had shifted to New York, and it would be decades before the artistic centers in England, France, Italy, and Germany would regain something that approximated the prominence of New York. During the 1950s, the art scene in New York was dominated by the ideas and writings of critics such as ___________________ and ________________________. These critics had a tremendous influence on the development of art styles. Greenberg chose to promote a particular view of art and was an advocate for artists who were further developing abstraction. Beginning in the 1940s, ________________________________ artists followed ______________________ that art, like music, could be free from the limitations of pictorial subject matter. These artists aimed at the direct presentation of feeling with an emphasis on dramatic colors and sweeping brushstrokes. The Abstract Expressionist movement, which included the artists __________________________ (1904-97), ________________ (1908-84), and _______________________ (1910-62), reached its pinnacle with the work of _______________________ (1912-56). Pollock eventually abandoned even the use of his paintbrush and instead dripped his paint directly onto the canvas.

Mesolithic period, rock, Spain, 7000, human, Lascaux, dominate

Ancient Civilizations: Art of the Middle Stone Age During the Middle Stone Age (________________________) the climate warmed, and a culture developed that produced art similar in some ways to the cave paintings of the Paleolithic Period. With the warming of temperatures during this era, cave dwellers moved out of their caves and began using ________ shelters, as evidenced by the various paintings that have been discovered at such locations in eastern _________. Therehas been much scholarly debate regarding the datingof these paintings, but it is generally estimated that they were created from around ____________ bce until 4000 bce. The rock shelter paintings, like the cave paintings that preceded them, demonstrate the skill of their creators in the depiction of animal figures. What sets the rock shelter paintings apart from the cave paintings is their depiction of the ______________ figure. Except for one human figure found in the paintings at ______________, cave paintings did not include any human beings. The rockshelter paintings, however, portray human beings, both alone and in groups, and there seems to be an emphasis on scenes in which human beings _______________ animals.

Chauvet Cave, France, 1994, Upper Paleolithic Period, yellow, red ochre, black charcoal, cavemen, artists, tradition, Venus, of Willendorf, 27000, 4

Ancient Civilizations: Art of the Old Stone Age Although older cave paintings have been discovered elsewhere, the oldest works of art that we will consider are the cave paintings found in ___________________ in southeastern __________. These paintings, discovered in ______, date from c. 30,000 bce and thus are placed in the Old Stone Age (___________________________). It should be noted that art historians use the best available information to date works of art from the distant past. Except for minimal use of ___________, the paintings and engravings in Chauvet Cave were created using __________ and __________________ and depict animals such as horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalos, and mammoths. Additional cave paintings have been discovered in other parts of France and in Spain, with those in Lascaux and Altamira being the most famous. The art in these caves takes the form of large colored drawings of animals such as horses, bears, lions, bison, and mammoths, and the paintings include several outlines of human hands. The earliest scholarship on these drawings considered them to be the spontaneous scribbling of primitive _______________. However, with further study, it became apparent that the various groups of drawings had been created by skilled ____________ working within an established _______________. Though we cannot be sure it is possible that these works were created as a part of hunting ceremonies or other ritual behaviors. Another well-known group of artworks from the Old Stone Age are small stone female figures that have exaggerated bellies, breasts, and pubic areas. The best known of these figures is the ___________ (or Woman) _______________ (c. _________-25,000 bce), which is about _____ and one-eighth inches high. In contrast to the exaggerated female features of the body, the facial features of the statue are undefined, the arms are barely visible, and the feet are missing. Scholars contend that these statues were fertility figures although it is not known precisely how they were used.

660, Archaic Period, marble, limestone, frontal, realistic, ionic, doric, silhouetted, Corinthian, black

Ancient Greek Art From around ____ to 475 bce, during the __________________, the Greeks, influenced by the stone sculptures of Egypt and Mesopotamia, created sculptures carved in _________ and ____________. These freestanding figures borrowed the _________ pose used in Egyptian art, but were more dynamic and placed greater emphasis on depicting ___________ human features. Temples were also built during this time period using columns in the early _________ and __________ decorative styles. Vase painting was another notable art form and was done in many different styles. Some vases portrayed black _________________ figures, while those in the ________________ style set figures against a floral, ornamented background. Athenian-style vases used black figures, but were more linear and larger in scale. Red-figure vases, with red figures standing out against a __________ background, were also common.

Middle, Parthenon, 447, Persians, 480, Late, Peloponnesian, Corinthian, Hellenistic, Asia Minor, Venus De Milo, Laocoon Group

Ancient Greek Art, cont. The ______________ Classical Period witnessed important advances in architecture as is evident in the temples of this time period. The temple called the ________________, restored in _____ bce after being destroyed by the ___________ in _____ bce, is one of the most admired works of all ages, and the use of columns as exemplified in the Parthenon has been a principal feature of Western architecture for more than two thousand years. Architecture declined during the ________ Classical Period as Athens was defeated in the ____________________ War. Temples in this era were still built using simple Doric columns, but the use of highly decorative ______________ columns became more and more popular. The _________________ Period saw an increasing influence from Eastern civilizations as Greek styles blended with those of ________________. Notable works of this time period include freestanding sculptures such as the ________________ and the _____________________, which are master works designed to present ideals of beauty.

Athens, Classical, Early, Doric, solemnity, simplicity, before, after, contrapposto

Ancient Greek Art, cont. The best-known ancient Greek art is that from the city-state of _________ from the _________________ Period. During the ________ Classical Period, temples were typically built with sturdy, ________ columns. Unfortunately, much of the sculpture from this period has not survived, but luckily Roman copies have provided us with agood deal of information on these ancient works. The sculpture of the Early Classical Period was characterized by its _________________, strength, and _______________ of form and most often focused on a figure or scene either in the moment __________ or the moment ___________ an important action. Significant advances were made in sculptural techniques, as the stiff frontal postures of the Archaic Period were largely abandoned in favor of more complex and life-like figures and positions. Greek statuary evolved from a stiff, frontal presentation like that of the Egyptians to an increasingly natural-looking figure. A pose called "__________________________," or counter positioning, was invented to show the body to its best advantage. In contrapposto, the standing figure is posed with its weight shifted onto one leg, for a more relaxed, naturalistic appearance. Greek sculpture set the model for thousands of years in Western art, and the Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical artists of the fifteenth through early nineteenth centuries aspired to equal the perfection displayed by the surviving Greek statues.

Tigris, Euphrates, 4000, Religion, center, Ziggurats, 2344, Sargon, Akkad, king, 2150, Guti, Neo, Ur, economic

Ancient Mesopotamian Art The civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia in the valley between the _________ and ________________ Rivers developed writing and arts in parallel with Egypt. Unfortunately, the Mesopotamian civilizations formed in a valley that lacked the natural barriers of deserts and mountains that protected Egypt, so they went through a lot of conquest and destruction -- also they used perishable materials, leaving less examples of art. From around _______ bce, the Sumerians in Mesopotamia created impressive sculptures and buildings. ____________ was a central aspect of Sumerian life, and the Sumerians built massive temples at the ____________ of their cities. These evolved over time into the stepped pyramids called _________________. Around ______ bce, the cities of Sumer came under the rule of __________ of ____________. Although the Akkadians spoke a different language from the Sumerians, they assimilated Sumerian culture. With the Akkadian dynasty, loyalty to the city-state was supplanted by loyalty to the _______, and consequently the art of this period tends to reflect an emphasis on the monarchy, with Akkadian rulers depicted in freestanding and relief sculptures. Around _______ bce, Akkadian rule came to an end as the _______, barbarous mountaineers, invaded and took control. About fifty years later, however, the cities of Sumer were able to reassert control, and a ______-Sumerian ruler was established as the King of ______. Perhaps the greatest known works of this era were the ziggurats that were built at the city centers. The ziggurats functioned primarily as temples but also served as administrative and ___________ centers

Babylonians, 1792, Hammurabi, The Code of Hammurabi, Louvre, stele, Shamash, Northern, Assyrians, 900, 600, relief carvings, 538, neo, hanging gardens of babylon, Temple of Bel, Ishtar Gate

Ancient Mesopotamian Art, cont. The next important civilization in Mesopotamia was that of the __________________. For centuries Mesopotamia had witnessed the coexistence of several independent city-states, but around _______ bce, ________________, king of the city-state of Babylonia, was able to centralize power. Hammurabi left an enduring legacy in that he codified Babylonian law—___________________________ is the oldest legal code known in its entirety. The best-known artwork from this period, preserved in the ___________ Museum, is related to this code of law; it is a stone _______ onto which Hammurabi's code is carved with a sculpture in high relief at the top that depicts Hammurabi receiving inspiration for his code of law from the sun-god, ______________. While the Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian cultures grew in ______________ Mesopotamia, the _______________ dominated in the north. From about _____ bce to around ____ bce, the Assyrians were the most powerful civilization in the Near East. Among the most notable of Assyrian artworks are ______________, which often depict battles, sieges, hunts, and other important events. Throughout the seventh century bce, the Assyrian hold on power weakened, and from c. 612-_____ bce, Babylonia once again became the dominant force in the region. It was during this ______-Babylonian period that the famous _________________________________ were constructed. Another important construction at this time was the gateway to the great ziggurat of the ___________________, called the _______________, which is considered one of the greatest works of architecture in which figures—in this case animal figures—are superimposed on a walled surface.

Neolithic Period, rings, stones, Europe, 4000, 17, 50, megaliths, Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, 2100, concentric, sarsen, bluestones, post, lintel, heel, midsummer

Art of the New Stone Age The art forms most often linked with the New Stone Age (_____________________) are _______ or rows of rough-hewn ________ located in Western ______________. These formations have been dated as early as ________ bce. The stones used were often exceedingly large—as much as ______ feet in height and _____ tons in weight. Indeed, the sheer size of these works led historians to call the stones _____________, meaning "great stones," and the culture that created these works is often termed "megalithic." The most well known of these rock arrangements is the one found at ___________________ on ______________________ in ____________, England. Stonehenge is believed to have been built in many phases around ______ bce. Stonehenge features _______________ rings made with ___________ (a form of sandstone) stones and smaller "________________"—rocks indigenous to the region. The outermost ring is comprised of huge sarsen stones in _______ and __________ construction—two upright piece stopped with a crosspiece, or lintel. The next ring is composed of bluestones, which encircle a horseshoe-shaped row of five lintel-topped sarsen stones—these are the largest ones used at Stonehenge, with some weighing as much as fifty tons. Outside the formation, to the northeast, is the vertically placed "______-stone." If one stands in the center of the rings and looks outward, this "heel-stone" marks the point at which the sun rises on the _______________ solstice.

Sub-saharan, Namibia, Nok, 200, Nigeria, terracotta, Yoruba, Benin, Edo, bronze, oba, British

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NONWESTERN ART: African and Oceanic Art As a result of the relationships between Egypt and the Mediterranean world, the ancient arts of northern Africa are often incorporated into the history of Western art. Usually the art of ________________ Africa is treated separately from that of northern Africa because of the regions' very different histories. A close look at all areas of the continent reveals that impressive art traditions emerged in west, central, east, and southern Africa quite early. Some of the oldest examples are cave paintings in what is now ___________. In West Africa, the ______ civilization flourished from c. 900 bce to _____ ce. Located in what is present-day ____________, this impressive civilization produced fantastically life-like ___________ sculptures, many of which were probably portraits of political and religious leaders. It is possible that the early Nok civilization had an influence on later cultural groups such as the ___________. Another important historical tradition from Nigeria relates to the ________ Kingdom, which first emerged around 900 ce when the ______ people settled in the area. The kingdom became further consolidated with shifts in leadership in the eleventh century. Much of the remaining art from the Benin Kingdom was produced in association with a rich life at the royal court. Cast __________ portrait heads were intended for ancestral altars, and a variety of objects were made to reinforce the tremendous power of the _____, or Benin king. Countless treasures from the Benin Kingdom were destroyed or confiscated by the ___________ in the 1897 raid on the royal palace. As a result, many more of these objects from historic Benin can be found in museums in Europe and the United States than in Nigeria.

Oceania, polynesia, melanesia, microsia, tattooing, Asmat, warfare, head, wooden shields, masks, spirits, Maori

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NONWESTERN ART: African and Oceanic Art, cont. Similar issues occur in relation to the arts of _____________. This is the collective name for the thousands of islands that constitute ______________, _______________, and _______________. As is the case with Africa, many perishable objects dating back for centuries have been lost to us due to the use of fragile materials in a sometimes hostile climate. In Polynesia, _____________ and other body arts were important ways of expressing social stature. Clearly these art forms are lost with the death of the tattooed person and were preserved only through engravings made by visitors to the islands prior to the invention of photography. Some of the most important art traditions of the _______ cultural group of Melanesia relate to _____________. Traditionally the Asmat engaged in _____-hunting practices, but these traditions have died out. Enormous carved __________________ decorated with beautiful black, red, and white abstract patterns were traditionally used for protection in raids among groups throughout the area; today these shields are seen as cultural symbols, but they no longer serve the same function in war. Carved _________ were a central part of Melanesian cultures. In many cases, these were used in ceremonies that involved summoning the ___________ of ancestors to honor the dead. As is the case with African art traditions, much is lost when these objects are viewed in museum collections. Rich traditions continue to develop throughout Oceania today, especially as groups such as the _________ of New Zealand seek cultural renewal by reviving old traditions in a new context. Many people from traditional cultural groups that have been threatened by colonization recognize that art offers vibrant possibilities for expressing and reinforcing cultural identity.

preservation, perishable, European, pagan, functional, Dan, Bwa, masks

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NONWESTERN ART: African and Oceanic Art, cont. While art objects in a variety of media have been created by many different African cultural groups, our study of them has been limited in many cases by the lack of necessary conditions for __________________. While there are some objects in metal and clay, the use of fiber and wood, which are quite ___________, has resulted in relatively few artifacts being preserved. Unfortunately, much African art was also destroyed by early ____________ traders and colonial settlers on the continent. Westerners often viewed much of what they found in Africa as dangerous and threatening to the colonial pursuit, perceiving artworks as _______ symbols that should be destroyed rather than preserved. Hence, a wealth of cultural artifacts has been lost. The objects that were preserved were often collected as archaeological artifacts and, in most cases, important contextual information was lost. It is only relatively recently that art historians have begun to explore the rich variety of artworks and aesthetic systems of African cultures. In many cases, traditional African arts challenge the Western concept of art for art's sake—_________________ baskets, ceramics, and textiles, for example, are some of the most prized material objects for many African cultural groups. When we look at African art in a museum, a great deal of contextual information that is crucial to our understanding of the object is lost. Many African cultural groups, such as the ___ and the _____, are well-known for their impressive _______. These though, are not meant to be seen in isolation as they are typically displayed when in art museums. Instead, masks are usually integrated into the performance, coupled with a full-body costume and accompanied by music, dance, jokes, festivities, and a great meal shared with friends and family. It is difficult, of course, to recreate all of this in a museum context!

4th, Great Wall, utilitarian, tombs, Qin, bronze, Buddhism, Tang, Golden Age, Ceramic, ink drawings, The People's Republic of China, 1944,

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NONWESTERN ART: Asian: Chinese Art The works considered here might be categorized as "traditional." Civilization and art have been present in China for thousands of years, and some archaeological finds in China rival those in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Remains of painted wares have been found that date back to the _____ millennium bce. Perhaps the most famous work of ancient Chinese art is the ______________, which was constructed over the course of centuries and covers thousands of miles. Of course this wall, now considered an enduring work of art and admired both for its engineering and aesthetic appeal, originally had a _________________- function. This is an example of how meaning and function can change over time. In fact, many of the works we will examine here were created for a specific purpose but are now seen as works of art in a different context. The dynasties or kingdoms that ruled for long periods of time had an impact on the history of art in China. In many cases, these rulers left elaborate __________ that contained many objects that have become great treasures of art. One of the most amazing works from the early period of Chinese art history is the monument to the first emperor to unite the kingdom—the Emperor of _______ (c. 210 bce). He had a full army of soldiers and their equipment, including their horses, created life-size in clay and buried as part of his tomb. The technical ability demonstrated in these sculptures and the life-like detail of the soldiers and their horses are quite astonishing. The dynasties succeeding Qin built grand walled cities with huge palaces and tombs. These dynasties are noted for __________ statues and ceremonial vessels. These vessels are covered with intricate designs, and the methods of casting are still not completely understood. The introduction of ________________ from India had a profound effect on Chinese arts and culture. During the reign of the _________ Dynasty (618-907 ce), often referred to as China's ________________________, artists produced some of the greatest works of _______________ sculpture ever made. Traditional Chinese art also placed great value on _____________________-. Many scrolls are meant for contemplation, and th

1600 Buddhist, Greek, Hinduism, Shiva

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NONWESTERN ART: Asian: Traditional Indian Art India is an extremely diverse nation in which more than _______ different languages and dialects are currently spoken, and India is home to a variety of religious and cultural traditions. India's artistic traditions are among the oldest in the world, and here we will only be able to touch on one or two aspects of India's rich artistic heritage. The influence of _____________ traditions is strong, of course, but what often astonishes people unfamiliar with the art of India is the influence of __________ art on the classical images of Buddha. India has ruins of great early civilizations that rival those of Egypt and Mesoamerica, and the sensuous style of Indian sculptures has had an enduring impact on art over the centuries. Much Indian art reflects the tremendous influence of ______________. This religion, with its many gods and goddesses, gave rise to a lovely, lively, and sinuous style. Images of ________, who dances gracefully with his multiple arms, are particularly striking.

Japan, Buddhism, Impressionist, France, Linear, isometric, color, printmaking

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NONWESTERN ART: Asian: Traditional Japanese Art The island kingdom of ________, though tiny in size, has had a great influence on the international art world. Japan was closed to the West for the majority of its history, and this allowed Japanese art to remain relatively consistent and traditional. As with China, the history of Japan is one of succeeding dynasties, with each one leaving its mark in a series of succeeding styles. Also, as with China, _________________ was imported to Japan and became an important focus in the traditional arts. The strength of Japan's artistic traditions remained even when the country became more open to Western cultures. During the rise of the ___________________ movement in Europe, Japan sent a group of artists to study in _________. These artists returned to Japan and introduced the ideas they had encountered in the West, and so, for a short time at the end of the nineteenth century, there was a group of artists in Japan who used __________ perspective and the colors and subjects of Impressionism. However, what is noteworthy is that the Japanese soon rejected these ideas and returned to the _____________ perspective and flat areas of _________ favored by Japanese traditions. Although Japanese artists created excellent works in painting, architecture, crafts, and sculpture, it is for their ______________ that Japanese artists are best known in the Western world. Japanese prints had a profound influence on Western art, as French artists began to imitate the prints that they began to collect in the late nineteenth century. The flat colors and overhead viewpoint of these prints were adopted by many French artists during this period.

archaeological, anthropological, Toltec, Olmec, Maya, Inca, Aztec, The Pyramid of the Sun, Mayan, clay, 12000, pueblo

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NONWESTERN ART: The Americas For many years art historians classified much of the art of North and South America as products of simple craftsmanship. These artifacts were not truly considered works of art and therefore were kept solely in _______________ and ___________________ museums. However, renewed interest and new studies of these works have added considerably to our understanding and appreciation of the art of the first Americans, and objects from these cultures are becoming more and more common in the collections of art museums. Great civilizations grew and flourished in the Americas, including the __________, _________, ______, ______, and _____________. Great pyramids, rivaling those of Egypt, rose as the central features of large cities, of which the _____________________________ in Mexico is one of the best known. The decorative carvings on the _________ ruins continue to amaze us, and in addition to architectural marvels, statues in ______ and stone, as well as fine textiles and jewelry, remain as reminders of the glories of these civilizations. While there is evidence of early people in many areas of present-day Canada and the United States dating back nearly _____ years, several of the conditions that we identified earlier as being necessary for preservation were not present. As a result, the majority of artifacts from these cultures are only from the last two thousand years. During the later centuries of the prehistoric period, the Native Americans of the Southwest demonstrated remarkable architectural skills in the building of _____________ complexes. These dwellings often consisted of well over a hundred rooms laid out in multiple stories.

artifacts, stone, metal, clay, dry, papyrus, tombs, humid, preserved

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE ART OFTHE WESTERN WORLD Much of what we know of the earliest life on earth has been revealed through a study of the objects or ______________ that remain from early cultures. In many cases, the objects that remain are those made of enduring materials such as ______, _______, or fired ________, as opposed to those made of perishable materials like wood or fibers. Environmental conditions also have a major impact on preservation. The hot _______ climate of the desert in Egypt, for example, enabled the preservation of even delicate materials like ______________, and the sealed atmosphere of Egyptian caves and ________ likewise helped to preserve the objects contained within them for our wonder and enjoyment centuries later. In contrast, the ____________ climate of West Africa means that objects made of perishable materials have had little chance of survival over the course of decades, not to mention centuries. It is important to recognize that the civilizations that are most often studied in art history courses are not necessarily those where the most or the best art was made. Rather, they are the civilizations whose art has been ________________ and whose art has been discovered. Too often the story at the unexplored sites has been one of exploitation and destruction, as people carelessly take artifacts to sell them on the international market in antiquities.

Baroque, 16th, 18th, static, energy, empires, jesuits, emotion, faith, divine right, Maria Theresa, Peter, Catherine, King Louis XIV, Enlightenment, Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Baroque Art The term "___________" is generally used to refer to artworks produced from the late ______ century through the mid-____ century. Baroque styles differed from those of the Renaissance in that Baroque artworks tended to be less _______ than Renaissance examples; the Baroque is characterized by a greater sense of movement and ___________. The political structure of Europe during the Baroque era also differed from that of the Renaissance. Whereas the Renaissance witnessed wars between cities, the Baroque era saw conflicts between _____________. During this time, the Church was determined to preserve its dominance in Spain and Italy, and orders like the _____________ were founded to convert the peoples of other areas. Baroque art appealed largely to the ________________, and thus, these artists, influenced by the Counter-Reformation, aimed at dramatic and moving appeals to _______. The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe were a time when society was governed by a ruling class that viewed its power as a _________________. Some of the most powerful sovereigns ever to rule are from this period. Empress __________________ of Austria, ________ the Great and _____________ the Great of Russia, and ___________________ of France dominated the lives of the people of their countries. It was a time that saw the ongoing concentration of power and wealth into the hands of a few, until the results eventually became intolerable for the majority of the people. While a small minority of the population lived in great luxury, the lives of ordinary people were generally quite difficult, and eventually this disparity gave rise to protests like those found in the writings of _______________________ authors, __________________________ in particular. Ironically, however, it was the patronage of the wealthy ruling class that gave rise to the great works of art of the period.

The Salon, Academie royale de peinture et de sculpture, Academy, King Philip IV, Diego Velasquez, patches, impressionism

Baroque Art, cont. An important feature of Louis XIV's court that was to influence art well into the nineteenth century was the system of choosing and supporting artists called _____________. This annual exhibition established a set of rules for judging art that is still influential in the art world today. It was also under the rule of Louis XIV that the _________________________________________, often referred to simply as the "___________________," was established, and it soon came to be a means for imposing aesthetic standards and principles of taste To the south, the Spanish court of ____________________ of Spain tried to emulate the court of France, and his court painter, ___________________________ (1599-1660), was a contemporary of Bernini. Velázquez's method of building his figures from ________ of color, rather than starting from a drawing, became a model for many later artists. In fact, Velázquez's work had an influence on the movement we call ________________________.

simplicity, chiaroscuro, Caravaggio, 1610, caravaggesque, realism

Baroque Art, cont. As we might expect, the art of the Baroque period moved away from the classic ________________ and calm that was so characteristic of Renaissance works. The word "baroque" has come to represent the richness of color and ornamentation that heightened the energy and emotion that were characteristic of the great works of art of this period. The emphasis was on ________________ works that presented imagery in the most dramatic way possible. Baroque painters made use of _________________, using exaggerated contrasts between light and dark to create a theatrical kind of lighting that made the subject appear to be in a spotlight. ____________________ (1571-_______), an Italian Baroque painter, was renowned for his dramatic use of light and dark, and his technique influenced many artists who followed. Caravaggio's work is so important that artworks using extremes of dark and light are often termed "__________________________." Caravaggio's work is also notable for its provocative degree of ______________. For example, Caravaggio portrayed the Virgin Mary and the apostles not as noble figures in classical garb as they had traditionally been represented, but instead depicted themas poor and simple folks in threadbare garments. His use of actual lower-class individuals as models for his work helped him achieve this effect. It is no wonder that several patrons of Caravaggio's canvases rejected them for this reason.

Flanders, Peter Paul Rubens, 1640, Rembrandt Van Rjin, 1669, draftsmen, The Night Watch, Sortie of Captain Banning Cocq's Company of the Civic Guard, France, Versailles, 1669, chateaux, orangerie, sun king

Baroque Art, cont. The importance of the Baroque style extended beyond Italy. In ____________, _____________________________ (1577-_____) established a huge workshop and produced works of great energy and color that became models for many artists. In the mid-seventeenth century, _____________________ (1606-______), a ________ artist, created some of the best-known works from the Baroque period. Rembrandt is recognized not only as a painter and printmaker, but also as one of the greatest ____________ ever. Perhaps his best-known work is __________________ (1642), more properly known as ______________________________________________________. Like many other group portraits of the time, each member of the company depicted paid a certain sum to be included in the painting. Rembrandt chose to break with tradition and grouped the members of the company in a way that gave more attention to some members than to others. This break with tradition, as well as other problems in his life, ultimately caused the decline of his career. Though Rembrandt died in poverty, the self-portraits of his later years are considered to be some of the greatest studies of the inner life of the sitter ever to be painted. It might be argued that the Baroque period reached ts peak in __________________. There, Louis XIV had come to power, and his long reign was marked by a blossoming of French culture. Louis XIV united all of France and built a lavish palace at ______________ beginning in ________. The palace and its grounds covered about two thousand acres and included various grand ___________ and gardens. There was a stable, capable of housing hundreds of horses, and a grand _______________, or greenhouse, for the king's orange trees. Eventually there was also a zoo and a system of fountains and waterfalls that included a grand canal large enough for the staging of mock sea battles. The opulence and power of this "___________________," around whom the world of the court revolved, became a model that contemporaneous monarchs tried to emulate.

Artemisia Gentileschi, Old Testament, Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1680, 17, theater, The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Cornaro Chapel, stained-glass, gold

Baroque Art, cont. With recent revisions of art history, a woman named ___________________________ (1593?-1652?) has also joined the ranks of important Baroque artists. Gentileschi, the daughter of a painter, had the unusual opportunity to study in her father's studio. She is particularly known for her remarkable adaptation of Carravaggio's techniques. Her works include self-portraits and paintings of _________________________ women. The most important Baroque artist, ____________________________ (1598-______), the son of a sculptor, was a child prodigy who received recognition from the Pope at age _____. Bernini did his most significant workin sculpture, but he was also a talented architect, painter, and draftsman. He worked as a designer in the ________________, and many of his works reflect the influence of his theatrical background. His most important masterpiece, _______________________________ (1647-52), is set into the altar of the ______________________. The space includes a concealed __________________ window that bathes the figure of the saint in dramatic _______ lighting, as if she were on a stage. Bernini treated his medium in a new way as well. He did not adhere to the classical calm and natural flow of drapery around the figure that had been used in the past. Instead, Bernini pushed the use of marble to new limits and tried to make stone look like real fabric and even clouds.

Roman Empire, Byzantium, mosiac, ceramic, Christian, Ravenna, Italy, Hagia Sophia, 532, Constantinople, medieval, Church, noble, clergy, latin, vellum, parchment, Book of Kells, Coronation Gospels, 800

Byzantine and Medieval Art With the fall of the _____________________, the connections between its parts disintegrated, and what was once a vast empire evolved into separate and often warring kingdoms. But even as the Empire collapsed in Western Europe, it continued in ______________. The art that is best known from this Eastern culture was _______ work, in which small ____________ stones or glass were set into a ground material to create large murals. It is an art that is largely _____________ in content and can best be studied in the glimmering, shining mosaic walls of the great churches of ______________. Although Ravenna is in present-day ______, it was then under Byzantine control. In terms of Byzantine architecture, the __________________ (_____-537 ce), built in __________________, is still considered one of the greatest architectural achievements in history. The _____________ period witnessed a great deal of civil strife, and consequently the art of this era was preserved largely by the ___________. During these times, the majority of the population was illiterate; formal education was largely limited to the ______ class and the __________. The international language was ________, and books were hand copied on ___________ or _____________. The preservation and production of books was largely confined to monasteries, where the monks spent time copying and illustrating the books in their collections, which were so valuable that they were chained to the tables where they were read. These illuminated manuscripts were remarkable works of art and helped facilitate the exchange of artistic ideas between northern and southern Europe. Among the many notable examples are the ___________________ (late eighth or early ninth century) and the ____________________________ (c. _____-810).

Early, 375, Germanic, metalwork, geometric, jewelry, Vikings, wood, ships, Anglo, Saxon, Cetlic, Hiberno-Saxon, Churches, arch, Romanesque, Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, 1070, barrel vault, vault

Byzantine and Medieval Art, cont. Notable from the __________ medieval period (c. _____-1025) is the art of nomadic ______________ peoples, particularly their __________. The metal arts of this time period were abstract, decorative, and _______________ and often took the form of small-scale, portable ____________ or ornaments made of bronze, silver, or gold and covered with patterns of jewels. Artifacts from this era also exist from the seafaring culture of the ____________ in Scandinavia. While metalwork was popular with the Germanic peoples, _________ was the most important medium to the Vikings, who carved artistic designs and sculptures on their ________. As a result of Viking invasions, the artistic styles of the Vikings eventually merged with those found in __________-________ England and ___________ Ireland. The resultant style is often termed __________________. In later medieval art, the architecture of _______________ became a dominant art form. Every city, town, and village had a church at its center, and the largest of these are masterpieces of art that often took more than a century to complete. The earliest churches of this period used a Roman __________ as the basis of their design, and so the style used is called ________________. One famous example is ___________________ in ______________, France (c._____-1120). Romanesque churches were stone vaulted buildings that often replaced earlier churches that had highly flammable wooden roofs. Romanesque churches are usually formed of a tunnel of arches called a _______________________. A ___________ is an arch-shaped structure that is used as a ceiling or as a support to a roof. Massive walls had to be built to support the heavy stone arches of the Romanesque style. Consequently, window and door openings were usually kept quite small and were often decorated with carvings and relief sculpture.

Gothic, 12th, churches, pointed, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, stained glass, chartes cathedral

Byzantine and Medieval Art, cont. The ______________ style developed in the first half of the _______ century and remained popular into the sixteenth century. Though this style was used for some secular buildings, it was largely applied to the construction of _______________. One characteristic of the Gothic style was the use of ______________ arches, which gave an upward, soaring sense to Gothic interiors. Another important element of the Gothic style was the addition of ______________________, a framework of thin stone ribs or arches built under the intersection of the vaulted sections of the ceiling. A key innovation came in the early Gothic period when architects learned that the downward and outward pressure created by the arches of the barrel vault could be counteracted by the use of ____________________________—additional bracing material and arches placed on the exterior of the building. This advance allowed for larger windows, many of which were filled with beautiful

Hue, red, blue, yellow, secondary, orange, green, violet, 6, tertiary, color wheel, sir Isaac Newton, value, neutrals, intensity, neutral

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Color Color surrounds us wherever we go and is a compelling element in art. ______ is simply the name of the color. There are three primary colors—_____, ______, and ________—from which all other colors are produced. _______________ colors are formed from the mixture of two primary colors: red and yellow make __________; yellow and blue make _________; blue and red make __________. There are ____ ____________ colors, made by combining a primary and an adjacent secondary color: red and violet make red-violet; violet and blue make violet-blue; blue and green make blue-green; green and yellow make yellow-green; yellow and orange make yellow-orange; orange and red make red-orange. The organization of these hues into a visual scheme, known as the ________________, dates from the eighteenth century, though the underlying concepts were developed by _______________________ in the seventeenth century. The color wheel isa useful tool for predicting the results of mixing hues. Two important variables affecting color are the amount of light that is reflected and the purity of the color. The term "_________" is often used when discussing the lightness or darkness of a color or of gray. Values in artwork may be primarily dark or primarily light or may be contrasting from dark to light. The artist's use of value contributes to the expressive quality of the artwork. In mixing colors, artists create a lighter hue by adding white to the color. Adding white to red, for example, makes a lighter red or pink. Artists create darker hues by adding black to the color. Adding black to red, for example, makes a dark red. A few words about black and white are necessary at this point. Black and white are not hues; they are called _______________. When mixing black and white, artists can create a continuum of grays. _______________ refers to the brightness or purity of a color. The unmixed primary colors, being pure in color, are generally considered to be the most intense colors. If pure colors are mixed, they become less intense. Adding black or gray to the color will reduce its intensity. Adding color to its complement lowers the intensity of the color, making it dull or__________ in t

emotional, relativity, warm, cool, advance, recede, movement, local, optical, arbitrary

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Color, cont. Artists often use specific color schemes to produce particular visual or ___________ effects. In the nineteenth century, scientists discovered the _____________ of color; they determined that a given shade of red will look brighter or darker, more or less intense, depending on what other (similar or contrasting) colors are placed next to it. Thus, colors do not have a ______ or immutable character or value. In discussing art and color, we often speak of ______ colors and _______ colors. These color associations are culturally constructed and are not absolute. In the context of Western art, warm colors include red, orange, and yellow and are referred to as such because we associate them with the warmth of the sun, the heat of a roaring fire, or the dry grass of a late summer day. Cool colors—green, blue, and violet—remind us of cool forests, mountain lakes, and snow. Artists often use warm and cool colors to create space in the artwork. Warm colors seem to ___________ toward the viewer while cool colors appear to __________. By employing contrasts of warm and cool colors, artists can create a sense of _________________ as the viewer's eyes move over the surface of the artwork. Color may be local, arbitrary, or optical. _______ color refers to the "true" color of an object or area as seen in normal daylight, irrespective of the effects of distance or reflections from other objects. For instance, in a work using local color, a grassy field would be green despite the fact that it may, in reality, appear bluish from a distance. ___________ color refers to the effect that special lighting has on the color of objects. Consider how colors change in moonlight, at daybreak, in candlelight, or in artificial lighting. Artists who use _______________ colors choose colors for their emotional or aesthetic impact. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, artists have come to use arbitrary color schemes more and more often.

organization, space, Rhythm, repetition, motif, pattern, regular

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Composition Composition refers to the artist's _______________ of the elements of art, whether in two- or three-dimensional works. When speaking of a painting, the composition refers to the arrangement of these elements on the picture plane. In the case of architecture, composition is a word used to describe the organization of these elements in _______. _____________ is the principle that we associate with movement or pattern. Artists create a sense of movement in their artwork through the _____________ of elements such as line, shape, color, and texture. It can cause the viewer's eye to move rhythmically across and around the composition. Some flow smoothly, while others are more jarring. The artist directs the movement of our eye through the use of repeated elements. __________ and ___________ are two aspects of repetition. The first is a single element of a pattern. For example, in a quilt design, one or more motifs are repeated to create an overall pattern. A ____________ involves the repetition of certain elements—color or line—or motifs within a work of art. Many patterns feature regular repetition. Shapes or motifs may be repeated in a number of ways to create ________ patterns. Some kind of grid system will underlie a regular pattern. Checkerboards offer an example of a regular pattern.

Contrast, focal, dominant, Proportion, human, Scale, size, naturalistic, attention

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Composition, cont. _____________ of color, value, shape, size, line, or texture creates interest to the eye. An element that contrasts with the rest of the composition will create a _________ point where the eye tends to rest. This focal point appears more _________________, more important than other parts of the composition. In this way, the artist may guide the viewer to an understanding of meaning. __________________ refers to the size relationships among the parts of a composition. Our sense of proportion is based upon our __________ scale. ________ refers to the dimensional relation of the parts of a work to the work in its entirety, and can refer to the overall size of an artwork. Size attracts our interest. The vast scale of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel creates a sense of awe. The detail of a tiny painting or of illuminations in medieval manuscripts intrigues us. Artists consider the purpose and place of their art when determining the appropriate scale for the work. Scale also refers to the relative ______ of elements within the artwork. In a __________________ work, we expect that the relative sizes of the objects depicted will appear as they actually are in life. In some cases, artists intentionally make one person or object in their composition larger to draw our ____________ to that person or object.

Balance, symmetrical, centerfold, central axis, approximate, asymmetrical, position fulcrum

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Composition, cont. _______________ refers to the equal distribution of visual weight in a work of art. There are a number of techniques that artists use to create balance. The easiest to comprehend is ______________ balance—a balance achieved when elements of the composition are repeated exactly on both sides of the central axis. If you fold a paper in half vertically and one side of the ___________________ is a mirror image of the other side, then you have an example of symmetrical balance. Many formal styles of architecture make use of symmetry with columns, wings, and windows arrayed equally on either side of the central entrance. Artworks in which the __________________ is horizontal and equal visual weight is placed above and below that axis also exhibit symmetrical balance. To avoid the rigidity and monotony that may accompany a symmetrical composition, many artists employ _______________ symmetry. In this kind of balance, shapes or objects are slightly varied on either side of the central axis. _______________ balance is a visual balance that is achieved through the organization of unlike objects. Even though asymmetrical balance may appear to be more informal than symmetrical balance, it is actually a more complex compositional task. There are several ways that asymmetrical balance can be achieved. The first is by the ____________ of objects. Think of two people of unequal weight on a seesaw. To maintain a balance, the lighter person must sit far out on the end of the seesaw while the heavier person must sit close to the _________. Similarly, an artist may create balance by placing the heavier, more solid object close to the center of the artwork while placing smaller objects farther away from the center.

accurate, 2500, greek, 7 1/2, chin, changing, exaggerated

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Composition, cont. When representing the human face and figure realistically, artists strive to use ___________ proportions. The standards for the relationship of the various parts of the human face and body were established nearly _______ years ago during the Classical Period of __________ sculpture. The Greeks believed that the human figure was the measure of all things. As a consequence, all structures were designed in proportions relative to human proportions, and specific rules were established. For example, the ideal human figure was determined to be ________ heads high. The features of the human face could be correctly placed according to these rules: the corners of the eyes fall on a line halfway between the ______ and the top of the head, the bottom of the nose falls halfway between the chin and the corners of the eyes, and the bottom of the lips falls halfway between the chin and the bottom of the nose. However, many artists at different times have altered these proportions to reflect ____________ ideals of beauty. At other times, artists have ___________ or distorted proportions for an expressive effect.

basic, path, space, direction, implied, physically, stable, upward, peace, action

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Line The line is the most ________ of art elements. Any kind of mark-making tool—a finger, pencil, paint, etc.—can be used to create a line on a surface. The strict definition of a line is the _________ of a point moving through __________. But beyond this technical definition, lines have a variety of characteristics such as length, width, and ___________. Lines may appear hard or soft, bold or indistinct, uniform or varying in width. Sometimes lines are not solid but consist of a series of interrupted dots or lines that the eye connects to create an _______________ line. Think of prints in the sand or snow that imply the path of a person or animal. Sometimes we see the edges of objects as lines. The corners of rooms, the edges of doors, and the line where two colors meet all provide examples of how edges may be seen as lines. Artists use lines to express ideas or feelings ___________. Horizontal and vertical lines create a ________ and static feeling. Vertical lines cause the eye to move ___________. Medieval churches were created with very high arched ceilings, designed to raise the eyes of the people upward toward heaven to promote a feeling of spirituality. Horizontal lines, such as the line of the horizon, suggest a feeling of _________ and tranquility while curving and jagged lines create a sense of __________. Though the use of lines is perhaps most essential and noticeable in drawing and some kinds of printmaking, all artists use lines in their artwork in some way.

depth, contours, volume, lower, closer, aerial, atmospheric, contrast

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Perspective The creation of perspective or the illusion of ________ is another important use of space in two-dimensional artworks. There are many effective techniques that artists can use to create an illusion of three-dimensionality. They may use shading and highlighting on the ______________—the visible borders—of objects to replicate the manner in which light shining on objects lends those objects a sense of _________ and space. An artist can also create a sense of depth in an artwork by placing objects or figures ____________ on the picture plane to make them appear closer to the viewer. Or, one can do the reverse and place objects and figures higher on the plane to make them appear farther away from the viewer. Artists can also manipulate the size of objects to create a sense of perspective—larger objects will appear _________ to the viewer than smaller objects. An artist can also have closer objects overlap objects that are farther away to indicate depth and distance. Moreover, the artist can make objects appear closer to the viewer by giving them greater detail than objects that are farther away—replicating the manner in which our eyes are able to perceive more detail in objects that are nearer to us. __________ perspective, also called __________________- perspective, is a technique that takes into account the ways that fog, smoke, and airborne particles change the appearance of things when they are viewed from a distance. When an artist uses this technique, objects that are farther away will appear lighter and more neutral in color and will lack _____________ of color or value.

illusion, linear, horizon, vanishing points, checkerboard, parallel

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Perspective, cont. Frequently, when we think of perspective, we think of the mathematical techniques that were developed during the Renaissance which can be used to create the __________ of space. Such techniques create what is called ________ perspective because this perspective is founded on the visual phenomenon that as lines recede into the distance, they appear to converge and eventually vanish at a point on the ____________. In employing linear perspective, the artist establishes one or more __________________ on the real or imagined horizon of the artwork. Then, lines are carefully drawn to ensure a precise and extremely realistic depiction of interior and exterior scenes. Thus, in drawing a black and white ________________ floor (a frequent feature in Renaissance interior paintings), the horizontal lines of the tiles are drawn as ___________, but the vertical lines—which we know are also parallel in reality—appear to converge or come together in a systematic way as they recede toward the back wall of the interior.

area, three, shading, perspective, geometric, organic, irregular, order, movement, Space, organization, positive, figure, negative, open, freestanding, relief

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Shape and Form Shape and form are two elements of art that are closely related to one another. Shape is what defines the two-dimensional __________ of an object, whereas forms are objects that are ________-dimensional, having length, width, and depth. For example, a square is a shape, but a cube is a form. When one draws an apple that in nature is a form, one draws a shape that represents the apple. If one creates an apple out of clay, that clay apple is a form. In a two-dimensional artwork, an artist may try to create the illusion of form through the use of ____________, foreshortening, __________, and other techniques. Shapes and forms may be _____________, such as circles/spheres and squares/cubes. These geometric shapes and forms can be defined mathematically and are precise and regular. Some shapes and forms are described as being "__________" since living things tend to be freeform and _____________ in shape or form. A geometric shape or form can convey a sense of _______ and stability, while organic shapes and forms tend to express ______________ and rhythm. _____________ is an element of art related to the organization of objects and the areas around them. The objects, shapes, or forms in an artwork occupy what is termed _____________ space. Sometimes these objects, shapes, or forms may be called the ________________. The area around these objects, shapes, or forms represents ________________ space. In three-dimensional forms, negative space may surround the forms or may be created as a result of _______ spaces within the forms. Three-dimensional artworks include, among other forms, architecture, ceramic objects, and sculpture. The two primary types of sculpture are _________________, or fully in the round, and ___________, meaning that the sculpture projects from a surface or background of which it is a part. Such sculptures may be in high relief—projecting boldly from the surface—or bas (low) relief—projecting only slightly from the surface of the sculpture.

touched, tactile, actual, visual, contrast, shiny, matte, brushstrokes

ELEMENTS OF ART: Formal Qualities of Art: Texture Texture refers to how things feel or how we think they would feel if ___________. From a young age we explore the surfaces of things and store away these ________ experiences in our memory. When we see new objects or artworks, we call upon our previous experiences to determine the quality of the surface texture. In the context of art, we make reference to two kinds of texture: actual and visual. Some artists use _______ textures in their art, whether it is stone, wood, metal, or some other substance. Artists who work in two-dimensional media create ________ texture—an illusion of a textured surface—in their artwork. For example, an artist may wish to simulate the actual texture of a straw hat, a glass vase, or an orange. Textures may be created by using patterns of lines or shapes that suggest texture. An artist can use the ___________ of light and dark on a surface to create a texture that appears rough. Conversely, the absence of such a contrast will evoke a smooth texture. ________ surfaces appear to reflect light while ______ surfaces appear soft and dull. In addition to using the aforementioned techniques to create visual texture, painters can create actual texture with their ________________.

gallery, outdoors, Christo, Jeanne-Claude, Earthworks, Land, Environmental, Europe, cloth, California, plastic, gates, Micheal Heizer, Robert Smithson

Earthworks, Installations, and Performance One intriguing development in the contemporary art world since the 1970s is that art is no longer limited to ____________ or museum spaces, and many important works of art are departures from traditional formats. Some artists have taken their work to a new scale and have developed their artworks in new venues, often _______________. In this way, artists also challenge conventional ideas about art and its function. An artist known by the single name __________ (1935-2020), working together with his partner __________________ (1935-2009), is responsible for creating much interest in these kinds of ___________________ (also known as _______ art or ___________ art). Beginning in _____________, Christo startled the world with the idea that landscape or architecture is something that can be packaged. He wrapped several well-known monuments in _________, built a twenty-four-mile-long cloth fence in _______________, surrounded eleven Florida islands with pink ___________, and set up orange fabric __________ on pathways throughout Central Park. These works, which require years and even decades of preparation, are as much about the process as they are about the finished product, and it is for this reason that Christo's partner, Jeanne-Claude, played such an important role. While Christo designs the projects, Jeanne-Claude handled many of the logistical details that must be addressed to carry out the work. Their partnership raises important questions about the concept of the individual genius of the artist and how he or she works. Other artists associated with Earthworks are ____________________ (b.1944) and _________________________ (1938-73).

Postmodern, traditional, modernist, Philip Johnson, International, form, decoration, AT&T Building, 550 Madison Avenue

Earthworks, Installations, and Performance, cont. __________________ art arose in reaction to the modernist styles, and not surprisingly, it takes many forms across a variety of media. Postmodern works tend to reintroduce _________________ elements or to exaggerate _______________ techniques by using them to the extreme. Postmodern works often return to earlier styles, periods, and references and often question the mores and beliefs of contemporary society. A leading proponent of Postmodernism in architecture is ____________________________ (1906-2005), who at one time was known as one of the leading modern architects of the __________________ style. For decades, architecture had largely been dominated by the Bauhaus idea of _________ following function, and sleek towers of steel sheathed in glass were the standard for large buildings. But, in 1970, Johnson suggested the radical idea that one of the functions of art was ___________________, and with the _____________________________ (1984; now _________________________), he added a finial to the top of the standard office tower. Today, artists around the world work in an endless variety of media and styles. One can no longer say that any particular city, country, or even continent is the "center" of the art world. The next section of this guide provides a brief overview of "nonwestern" art, but we should note that the categories of Western and nonwestern in the world of contemporary art are becoming obsolete with the emergence of transnational artists in an increasingly mobile and interconnected world.

3000, 332, Alexander the Great, Giza, Nefertiti, hierarchal, Palette of King Narmer, King Narmer, fractional representation

Egyptian Art Ancient Egyptian civilization is generally dated from c. ______ bce, following the predynastic period, through _____ bce, when Egypt was conquered by _______________________. Recognizable works include the great monuments of ancient Egypt: the Sphinx, the great pyramids at ______, the larger-than-life-sized statues of the pharaohs, and the portrait head of queen ______________. Much Egyptian art emphasizes a style called _______________ scale, which uses the status of figures or objects to determine their relative sizes within an artwork. Hierarchical scale is exemplified in the ________________________, a relic from the Old Kingdom. This slab of stone, which may have been used as a ceremonial palette for mixing cosmetics, presents ________________ centrally, and he is depicted as being considerably larger than the other figures. In the main image on the palette, Narmer is seen holding the hair of a fallen enemy, with his arm raised in preparation for delivering a deathblow. In the lowest section of the palette, below the king and his enemy, are two smaller figures of defeated enemies. The organization of the figures, their relative sizes, and their poses recurred in most of the ancient Egyptian art that followed. Figures are presented so that each part of the body is shown as clearly as possible, in a technique known as "________________________________________." The head is in profile with the eye in frontal view, the torso is in full frontal view, and the lower body, legs, and feet are in profile. This formula became a standard style that endured for centuries as the typical way of representing people in Egyptian art.

preservation, mummification, entombment, Tutankhanum, 1922, burial mask

Egyptian Art, cont. We know a great deal about the art of Egypt because excellent conditions for ____________________ were present in much of Egypt. In addition, the burial customs of the Egyptians, which decreed ___________________ and ________________ with lavish furnishings, symbolic servants, and jewelry, resulted in rich stores of objects and images. The most famous of the Egyptian tombs is that of the boy king, _________________. By the twentieth century, most of the ancient Egyptian tombs of the Pharaohs had been broken into and robbed of the materials inside. However, this tomb, because it was cleverly hidden, remained almost completely intact until _______. When it was opened, the excavators found a treasure-trove of objects, all superbly made of rich materials. Among the most famous of the objects is the king's ______________. Found in the innermost layer of the king's sarcophagus, rested on the mummy's face and shoulders. It is made of gold and is decorated with blueglass and semiprecious stones. The mask presents an idealized portrait of the young king.

Ertuscan, transition, Italy, tomb, brick, wood, ceramic, sarcophagus, baked clay, bronze, paintings

Etruscan Art The art of the ___________ civilization is seen as a _______________ from the ideals of Greece to the pragmatic concerns of the Romans. Etruscan civilization arose in what is now ______ in the first millennium bce. Like other cultures we have examined, this one is known largely from the arts of ______ decoration. Nothing remains of Etruscan buildings as these were constructed of ______ and ________. However, __________ models depict temples with tiled, gabled roofs supported by columns in the fashion of the Greeks. Extant Etruscan artifacts also include _________________ lids and other art forms made of _______________, as well as objects that display the Etruscans' talent in ____________ work. The only __________________ that remain from the Etruscan culture are those found on the walls and ceilings of tombs. These were done in bright, flat colors, and they show figures playing music and dancing as part of funeral celebrations.

Aegean, Aegean, Crete, Aegean, Cycladic, Cyclades, geometric, pottery, marble, Minoan, Crete, 2000

Greek and Roman Art: Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean Art The __________ island cultures were very important as precursors of the Greeks in terms of art production. Three major cultures flourished on the islands in the ______________ Sea, on _______, and along the ___________ coast. The earliest of these cultures, the _____________ culture, flourished from about ________ to 2000 bce in the ________________, a group of islands in the Aegean. Archaeologists still have many unanswered questions about Cycladic culture, but the simplified, _______________ nude female figures from this area are highly appealing to modern sensibilities. In addition to these sculptures, the Cycladic culture produced decorated pieces of _____________ as well as __________ bowls and jars. Eventually, the Cycladic culture was supplanted by the ___________ culture, which developed on the island of _________ and reached its pinnacle in the _________ b.c.e

Knossos, Minotaur, royal palace, snake, naturalistic, frescoes, pottery, 4, Mycenaen, Maycenae, tombs, gold, goldsmithing, relief sculptures

Greek and Roman Art: Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean Art, cont. The Minoan culture centered around the city of _____________ on Crete, where the legend of the _____________—the creature believed to be half man and half bull who devoured those who entered his maze—is supposed to have taken place. The maze was actually the _________________, a sprawling complex that has since been excavated. The art of these island people depicts sea life and includes statues of a female _______ goddess. The Minoans created artworks that were characterized by a ________________ pictorial style. Their paintings took two major forms: ___________ painted on palace walls and ___________ designs. The architectural achievements of the Minoans were also impressive, as they built _____ major palaces, all completely unfortified and designed in alight, flexible, and organic style. The collapse of the Minoan civilization coincided with the pinnacle of ________________ culture, and as a result, many historians believe the Minoans were destroyed by the Mycenaeans. The Mycenaean culture was centered around the city of _____________ on the Greek mainland. The Mycenaeans built elaborate _______, and their burial practices allowed for a large number of objects to be preserved. The objects that are best known are made of _______ and show astonishing levels of mastery in ___________________. Additionally, the Mycenaeans demonstrated much skill in their use of ___________________________.

Fiber, Weaving, knitting, crocheting, quilting, glass, silica, glass, color, glassblowing, stained glass, wood, north coast indians

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Craft and Folk Art, cont. _______ arts include both woven and non woven materials. _____________ has a long history in the production of materials for clothing and other household needs. Some weaving techniques use a loom while others rely on simple ____________, knitting, or ________________. _____________ is another important craft form that is practiced by popular as well as fine artists. Archaeological evidence indicates that glass was first made in the Middle East in the third millennium bce. ________ is most often made of __________, which is derived from ________, flint, or quartz, combined with other raw materials. The introduction of additional minerals adds ____________. The development of ________________ enabled the formation of glass vessels such as vases, drinking glasses, and perfume bottles.___________________ became a dominant art form in the medieval period and was used to create the dramatic windows of cathedrals. By the end of the nineteenth century, stained glass had also become popular for lampshades and windows in residential homes. ___________ has been used to make functional objects such as furniture, boxes, boats, and homes. _________________________ carve boxes and house boards with traditional designs. People all over the world have made wooden boats in varying practical and aesthetic forms. Today, artists make all kinds of objects from wood. Such objects may be functional, but first and foremost, they aim to be aesthetically pleasing. Functional objects like tables and chairs assume the status of art when the design is unique, the craftsmanship superb, and the visual effect beautiful. Sometimes these objects may no longer be functional, but become art for art's sake.

pressure, darker, lighter, shading, hatching, crosshatching, blended, stippling, ink, thinned, opaque, translucent, color, pastels, blended, fixative

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Drawing With drawing pencils or charcoals, a change in ____________ will cause a change in value. More pressure creates __________ values; lighter pressure creates __________ values. ______________ can also be used to change values. Artists use the techniques of __________ and ________________ to shade objects and create an illusion of three-dimensionality. Hatching consists of placing lines closely side by side. Crosshatching is a process in which lines are crisscrossed to create shading. Many drawing media can be ____________ to change their value and enhance shading. Another technique for shading is ____________. With this technique, the artist creates different values by making a pattern of dots. The distance between the dots determines how dark the shading will be—the more densely clustered the dots, the darker the shading. When an artist uses ______ as a drawing medium, the ink can be ____________ to create a wash of lighter value in which the paper shows through to lighten the effect. Undiluted ink is ____________; it is not transparent, and it completely covers the underlying paper. But water can be added to make the ink ______________. _____________ may be introduced into a drawing with the use of ___________ or colored pencils. The same techniques used with black media are used with colored media. The artist using color must consider the effects of color and line in an artwork. Colored pastels became popular in the 1700s. These soft sticks of color can be readily ___________ to create delicate tints and shades, and they are particularly popular for portraiture. The major drawback of pastels is that they are very fragile, and pastel drawings must be cared for quite gently. Often, the surface of a pastel drawing is sprayed with a ______________ to reduce the risk of smearing. Colored pencils are more durable than pastels, but like pastels, they may be layered to create blended colors.

Collage, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, 1912, Robert Rauschenberg, 2008, silkscreen, Joseph Cornell, 1972, Masks

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Mixed Media Mixed media is the name given to a category of artworks in which the artist uses several art media, sometimes in conjunction with found materials such as fabric, rope, broken dishes, newspaper, or children's toys. Mixed media works can be either two- or three-dimensional. ___________ is a kind of mixed media in which artists combine various materials such as photographs, unusual papers, theater tickets, and virtually any other materials that can be adhered to a surface. Artists will select materials for their texture, color, or other aesthetic properties or for their symbolic meaning. _______________ and ____________________ are credited with introducing this medium to the high-art sphere around ____. The artist _____________________________ (1925-_____) is well known for his mixed media pieces that combine ______________ images with paint. Some artists create assemblages using all found objects, both two- and three-dimensional, in their compositions. ___________________________ (1903-_______) was a twentieth-century artist who filled open boxes with a variety of objects that visually created symbolic and metaphoric statements. Among traditional and non-Western cultural groups, masks, ceremonial costumes, and other objects often employ mixed media. __________ may be carved of wood and embellished with grasses, beads, and paint.

Pigment, binder, solvent, natural, powdered, binder, solvent, consistency

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Painting Painting encompasses a wide variety of media and techniques. Paint is usually composed of three different materials: ___________, ____________, and ___________. The first is a finely ground material that may be natural or synthetic. _______________ pigment includes clays, gemstones, and minerals, as well as plant and insect materials that make color when _________________. These are mixed with a ___________ that holds the grains of pigment together and allows the paint to adhere to a surface. Egg yolks, linseed oil, and wax can all be used as binders. A _____________ such as water or oil can be added to change the _______________ of the paint or alter its drying time. As with drawing, painters can apply the media to a variety of surfaces such as boards, paper, canvas, and plaster walls. Paint can be applied to a surface with many different tools. We usually think of paintbrushes as the tools used to apply paint, but fingers, sticks, palette knives, and anything else that an artist imagines will make the desired kind of applicator may be used.

Encaustic, iron, Gouache, watercolor, lightest, darker, acrylic, layers

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Painting, cont. In ancient Egypt, grave markers were painted with wax-based paints called ________________. In this paint, colored molten wax is fused with the surface via the application of hot _______. The fact that Egyptian markers have survived through the ages indicates the durability of the encaustic medium. Some painters today have returned to this ancient, traditional process. ____________ is a water-based opaque paint that is similar to school-quality tempera, but of higher quality. It has more body and dries more slowly than watercolor. It is a good medium for creating bright colors and meticulous details and is often used for design and fine artwork. The most common water-based paint is _________. They are transparent, a quality that dictates the manner in which they are used. The white of the paper upon which the artist paints is a major factor in watercolor. White paint is rarely used in watercolors. Instead, to make tints, the artist adds more water to the paint. The _____________ colors are applied first, and then the ___________ colors, working from background to foreground, from broad areas to areas of detail. Watercolor is not forgiving of mistakes, so watercolor artists must plan carefully and practice diligently. A recent development in paint is _________ paint. Made from synthetic materials, plastics, and polymers, acrylics were developed after World War II. Acrylics are very versatile. They do not require the slow, careful building up of successive ___________ with long drying periods in between as do oils. Acrylics are, however, unable to achieve some of the subtleties of which oil paints are capable. For artists who have developed allergies to oil paint and turpentine, acrylics offer a valuable alternative.

Fresco, water, plaster, buon fresco, fresco secco, dry, pompeii, Diego Rivera, Oil, tempera, egg, tonality, glazes, impasto

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Painting, cont. One specialized technique of painting that has a long history is the ___________. This technique is usually used to paint on walls or ceilings. In creating a fresco, the artist mixes pure powdered pigments with ________ and applies them to a wet ________ ground. The paint is permanently bound in the plaster, so the artist must plan carefully because he or she will not be able to make changes after the fact. This kind of fresco is termed ______________ ("true" fresco). If an artist uses the technique called ________________, he or she will apply paints to _____ rather than wet plaster. Frescoes have been found in the ruins of ________ and in many medieval and Renaissance churches. ______________, the famous Mexican muralist of the early twentieth century, used this technique for his murals in Mexico and the United States. When we think of painting, _____ painting usually comes to mind first. Oil paints were not widely used until the 1500s, and prior to that time, ____________ was the most commonly used paint, which is a water-based paint. Many of us remember using tempera paint in elementary school. Traditional tempera paint, which uses ____ as a binder, has been used by fine artists throughout history. Tempera painting requires great skill, and there are limitations to this medium. Tempera colors dry quickly, and so they cannot be blended once they are applied to a surface. Tempera also has a narrow ________ range—colors are either light or dark—and it cannot achieve the close imitation of natural effects that oil paints can. Nonetheless, the positive qualities of tempera are evidenced by the many ancient tempera paintings that still retain their clear and brilliant colors. Oil paints are much more versatile than tempera paints. Oil paints can be easily mixed, and they may be thinned to build up layers of delicate ___________—thin transparent or semi-transparent layers that are applied over another color to alter it slightly. The translucency of glazes permits, for instance, a crimson layer underneath to shine through a yellow layer on top and can thus create brilliant, luminous effects that are impossible to achieve with tempera. Oils can be applied thickly or in

viewers, permanence, commercialization

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Performance Performance art is art in which the artist engages in some kind of performance, sometimes involving the _______________. Like environmental art, performance art lacks the ________________ of more traditional genres of art. Videos or photographs of the performance maybe the only remaining documentation of the event. In our world of canned, sterile, and constantly repeated media spectacles, performance art offers a means for recovering unique, unrepeatable human experiences. Since performances cannot be sold as objects, this art form has also been viewed by many as an escape from the increasing _____________________ of art. True to the inventiveness of the artistic spirit, artists continue to explore new ideas, new materials, and new processes to express their unique perspectives and ideas. Such creative works continually challenge us to reconsider our own conceptions and definitions of the term "art."

likeness, realism, film

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Photography Photography was developed during the mid-nineteenth century, and it soon became a very popular way to document ________________ of people and scenes. The development of photography had a decided impact on other genres of art. As the use of photography grew, painters at first felt pressured to compete with the camera by achieving a higher degree of ____________. Ultimately, however, artists felt less of a need to confine themselves to naturalistic styles of painting and were encouraged to explore various forms of art that were entirely beyond the reach of photography. Although not originally considered an art form, photography has gradually assumed legitimacy within the art world that has only grown in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The medium of photography is in constant flux as new technology becomes available. In addition to still photography, ______, and video art are also used as art forms.

printing plate, matrix, Ink, relief, wood, linoleum, woodcarving, inked, brayer, burnisher

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Printmaking Printmaking refers to a group of mechanically aided two-dimensional processes that permit the production of multiple original artworks. All of these processes use some sort of ________________ (a "__________") on which an image is created. ____ is applied to the plate, and the image is transferred to paper or another material. In ___________ printmaking, the artist cuts away parts from the surface of the plate. The matrix may be made of ________, ____________, or a synthetic material, and a number of tools, including _________________ or linoleum knives and gouges, can be used for cutting its surface. Once the plate has been cut, the remaining parts will stand out in relief. The relief sections may range from thin lines to broad fields, and it is these areas, when they are _________, that will produce the image. Wherever part of the plate is removed, the original color of the paper being printed upon remains. Ink is rolled over the surface of the plate with a ______________, and paper is placed over the inked plate. The plate and paper are then put into a press or rubbed with a ______________ to force the ink onto the paper.

Screen, t-shirts, silk-screening, stencil, newspapers

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Printmaking, cont. ________ prints are familiar to most of us since this is the process used to print most _________. In the __________________ process, a photograph or other image is transferred or adhered to a silk or synthetic fabric that has been stretched onto a frame. The image serves as a sort of ______________, blocking out areas of the permeable fabric. When ink is forced through the fabric using a _______________, at those areas not blocked by the stenciling, the image is transferred to the paper or fabric beneath. Because multiple originals can be made through printmaking processes, the cost of an individual print is considerably less than that of a painting. Printmaking techniques have been used in the print industry for illustrating _____________ and books since the development of the printing press in the fifteenth century.

Intaligo, incised, carving, engraving, etching, wax, acid, plate, press, lithograph, waxy, aluminum, water, ink, oil, press

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Printmaking, cont. __________ printmaking works in the opposite manner from relief printmaking. In the intaglio process, lines are __________ on the wood or soft metal plate. Line is an essential element in the intaglio process. _________ tools are used to cut lines into the surface of the plate in a process called _____________. Another intaglio process is ___________. In this process, the design is incised through a layer of _____ or varnish applied to the surface of a metal plate. After the incising, the plate is immersed in ____, which etches, or eats away, the exposed metal. Leaving the plate in the acid for a shorter time will make faint lines in the plate, while leaving the plate in for a longer time will make deeper grooves. After the plate is etched, the remaining wax or varnish is removed, and ink is forced into the etched areas of the warmed _____. Then, the ink on the surface of the plate is wiped off, and finally, paper is placed on the plate, and it is passed through a heavy ___________. The paper is forced into the etched, inked areas, and the ink transfers to the paper. In an etching, the printing process causes the printed areas to actually rise above the surface of the paper, giving a degree of dimension to the print. ________________ is a process in which the image is drawn with a ______ pencil or crayon directly on a plate, which can be made of stone, zinc, or ________________. The greasy image is hardened, and the plate is saturated with _________. Then, _____ is applied. The ink adheres only to the greasy image since _____ resists water. The image is picked up on the paper when the plate is moved through a ________. Lithography can be a complex and demanding process, but in contrast to woodcut and engraving, it does not require special professional training; anyone who can draw can make a lithograph.

carving, modeling, casting, construction, freestanding, reliefs, high, low, carving, chisels, modeling, unfired, mold, constructed

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Sculpture Sculpture is created in four basic ways: __________, ____________, ___________, and _______________. We usually think of sculpture as being __________________, like the Venus de Milo or Michelangelo's Pieta, but some sculptures are attached to surfaces such as doors, sarcophagi, altars, or church walls. Such ________ may be carved into the stone or wood of the structure itself, or they may be cast of metal and fixed to the surface of the structure. _____-relief sculpture projects significantly from the carrier surface, while _____-relief sculpture projects only slightly. Reliefs can only be seen from a limited range, whereas a freestanding sculpture can be seen from every angle. ____________ is a subtractive process in which some of the original material is removed. For example, a stone or wood sculpture can be made by chiseling and gouging away with ________, hammers, and files to bring the artist's imagined form into physical existence. The scale of carved sculptures can range considerably, from miniature figures that rest on the tip of a finger to monumental forms carved of living rock. ____________ is an additive process. A soft, workable material like _____, wax, plaster, or papier-mâché is formed by hand. Amounts of these materials can be added to the surface, and the surface can be shaped and decorated by hand or with simple tools. Sometimes an ___________ clay or wax sculpture can become the basis for a cast form. In this process, the original form is encased in plaster. When the plaster hardens, it is removed from the original form and retained for use as a ________. The mold can then be filled and thus used to create one or more casts of the original object. Sculptures may be cast in plaster, metal, and more recently, synthetic materials like plastic or polyester resins. Some sculpture is _______________ using a variety of methods. Metal sculpture can be welded from sheet metal or bent from wire. Some artists use paper, board, or wood that is cut and glued, nailed, or joined together by some other means and then possibly painted. Sometimes found objects are combined to create a new sculpture.

Environmental, earthworks, land

PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES: Sculpture, cont. Some sculptures can move or can have moving parts. For example, ___________________ (1898-____) created mobiles with forms suspended by wire which can be moved by wind or air currents. Other artists have used a wide variety of motors, pulleys, ropes, pumps, or other mechanical means to introduce movement to their sculptures. ________________________ art, also called _____________ or ____ art, is a newer category of art form that first emerged in the 1960s, and many works that fit in this category could be classified as sculpture. Environmental art is usually large in scale, is constructed on-site, and is usually not permanent. Environmental art occupies space that may be outside in the natural world or inside a gallery or museum. In either case, the artwork redefines the space in which it is installed. Sometimes, performance may be coupled with the actual installation, and often the viewer is, to some degree, drawn into and involved with the artwork. Often, an essential part of the work of environmental artists is the process of collaborating with the community and governmental agencies to gain approval for their proposed works. Environmental art is often designed to be impermanent or to change over time. Photographs provide us with more long-lasting documentation of these projects that are often designed to be fleeting in nature.

330, Iran, palace at Persepolis

Persian Art The Persian Empire (c. 538 bce-____ bce) flourished in what is present-day _______. The Persians were notable for their impressive architectural achievements, the most important of which was the ______________________, which was constructed of stone, brick, and wood and reflects the influence of Egyptian architecture.

pop-art, Andy Warhol, silkscreen, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Indiana, Minimalism, monochromatic, hard-edge, Frank Stella, David Smith, Dan Flavin, photo-realism, sfumato, Chuck Close, Duane Hanson, Gustave Corbet

Pop Art, Minimalism, and Photorealism 1960s _________, with its incorporation of images of mass culture, violated the traditional unspoken rules regarding what was appropriate subject matter for art. ____________________ (1928-87), the icon of pop art, achieved the kind of popularity usually reserved for rock stars. His soup cans, Brillo boxes, and images of movie stars were created with a factory-like ______________ approach that he used to mock the art world. ___________________________ (1923-97), another pop artist, adopted the imagery of comic books and recreated them on such a large scale that the pattern of dots used to print them was made massive. _________________________ (1928-2018) used stencils that had been originally used to produce commercial signs to create his own artistic messages. ____________________ sought to reduce art to its barest essentials, emphasizing simplification of form and often featuring _________________________ palettes. The invention of acrylic paint and the airbrush enabled Minimalist painters to achieve very precise outlines, which resulted in the term "___________ painting." The artist who is best known for these large, entirely non-objective paintings is __________________ (b.1936). The sculptors ____________________ (1906-65), who used stainless steel, and ___________________ (1933-96), who used neon tubing, also created large pieces that reflected this abstract minimalist sensibility. A Pop-inspired group of artists began to produce works that aimed to create a kind of super-realism or what came to be called ___________________. In these works, a hyper-real quality results from the depiction of the subject matter in sharp focus, as in a photograph. This technique offered a clear contrast to the use of _________________, developed in the Renaissance, which had added a haziness to the contour of painted objects. Photorealist artists _________________ (1940-2021), with his portraits, and ______________________ (1925-1996), with his witty sculptures of ordinary people, hearkened back to the Realism promoted by ___________________________.

Paul Cezanne, 1906, solid form, foreground, background, cube, sphere, cone, Cubism, post-impressionists, Georges Seurat, 1891, dots, complementary, optical mixing, static

Post-Impressionism and Other Late Nineteenth-Century Developments The artists who followed Impressionism, though influenced by the earlier artists, took various features of Impressionism in quite different directions. The most influential of these artists was _____________________ (1839-____). Dissatisfied with the lack of _________________ in Impressionist works, Cézanne set about redefining art in terms of form. He suggested that a painting could be structured as a series of planes with a clear __________________, middle ground, and ______________ and argued that the objects in the painting could all be reduced to their simplest underlying forms—a _____, a ________, or a ________. Here we should note the obvious influence that these ideas, presented first by Cézanne, later had on the development of ____________ in the early twentieth century. The ongoing search for more and more brilliant color was a unifying feature for many of the _______________________. The work of __________________ (1859-____) placed an emphasis on the scientific rules of color. Seurat applied his colors in small ______ of ____________________ colors that blended in the eye of the viewer in what is called ________________________. The results were vibrant, though the emphasis on technique also resulted in ________ compositions.

Dutch, Vincent Van Gogh, 1853, 1890, contrasting, direct, southern, brushwork, intense, emotions, Night Cafe, 1888, Paul Gaugin, 1903, stockbroker, Tahiti, colonialism

Post-Impressionism and Other Late Nineteenth-Century Developments, cont. As Seurat was attracting attention and Cézanne was formulating his rules for painting, a young __________ painter named ________________________ (_____-______) was studying art. Van Gogh, using theories of ___________________ color and very _______ application of paint, set about capturing the bright light of _____________ France. His vigorous ________________ and twisting forms were designed to capture an __________ response, and though his career was short, many of his works have become very well known. Van Gogh developed the idea that the artist's colors should not slavishly imitate the colors of the natural world, but should be intensified to portray inner human _______________. The intense and jarring yellows, greens, and reds in the poolroom of Van Gogh's ________________ (_____), which van Gogh considered a place of vice, illustrate this very influential idea. The search for intense light and clear color also marks the work of _____________________ (1848-_____), who is perhaps known as much for the story of his life as he is for his art. Though he was a successful ____________________, Gauguin left his wife and family while in his forties to pursue his art career. He worked for a short time with van Gogh in southern France but was still dissatisfied with his art. Searching for more intense color and a more "unschooled" style, he went to ___________, where he painted works that depict the island's lush, tropical setting and native people, as seen through the lens of ___________________.

Camera, paints, tubes, colonialism, japanese, Edgar Degas, 1917, photography, above, pre-Raphaelites, romantic, moralistic, nature, curves, Art Nouveau, lines

Post-Impressionism and Other Late Nineteenth-Century Developments, cont. At this juncture, it is important to note the outside influences that were affecting the changing art world. The invention of the ______________ called into question the very need to capture ordinary reality in art. Some of the most important inventions may seem quite mundane. The invention of chemically based __________ and the paint ________ allowed the Impressionists to paint outdoors easily for the first time. This was also a time of global exploration and ____________, and the objects brought back from around the world had a profound effect on the Impressionists and the artists who followed. Artists were intrigued by masks from ________, and many collected the _______________ prints that were used as packing for shipments of goods from the country. ______________ (1834-_____) was an Impressionist whose work exemplified these new influences. Degas often combined the snapshot style of ____________________ with a Japanese-like perspective from slightly ___________ his subject. In England, a group of artists dissatisfied with the effects of the Industrial Revolution banded together and became known as the ____________________. These artists created a style that attempted to return to the simpler forms of pre-Renaissance art. The Pre-Raphaelites created many quasi-religious works that often blended ______________, archaic, and _____________ elements. Their emphasis on _____________ and sweeping _________ paved the way for _____________________, which became popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It was a style of decoration, architecture, and design that was characterized by the depiction of leaves and flowers in flowing, sinuous _________.

Realism, ordinary, Gustave Corbet, 1877, road, The Stonebreakers, 1848, Honore Daumier, 1879, Jean Francois Millet, 1875,

Realism and Impressionism In many ways, ______________ was a reaction to Neoclassicism and Romanticism. The style was inspired by the idea that painting must illustrate all the features of its subjects, including the negative ones. It was also obligated to show the lives of ____________ people as subjects that were as important as the historical and religious themes that dominated the art exhibitions of the day. The artist who represented this movement most forcefully was _______________________ (1819-_____), a flamboyant and outgoing personality who outraged conventional audiences by showing a painting of ordinary workmen repairing a ________ at the official government-sponsored Salon. This work, called ________________________ (1849-50), also had political implications in the context of a wave of revolutions that spread across Europe beginning in _______. Realism can also be seen in the works of ________________________ (1808-_____) and __________________________ (1814-____).

Impressionism, Salon, Edouard Manet, 1883, Le Dejeuner sur L'herbe, Salon de Refuses, 1863, Academie de Beaux-Arts, Claude Monet, 1926, Impression, Sunrise, outside, paint, brush, canvas, light, complementary, Camille Pissaro, 1903, Alfred Sisley, 1899

Realism and Impressionism, cont _________________________ largely grew out of dissatisfaction with the rigid rules that had come to dominate the __________ held to recognize selected artists each year. ____________________ (1832-_____) is sometimes referred to as the first Impressionist. Although he refused to consider himself as one of the Impressionists, Manet's work, which showed light by juxtaposing bright, contrasting colors, nonetheless greatly inspired and influenced the generation of artists following him. Manet's painting _____________________________ (Luncheon on the Grass)(1863)—included in the __________________________ in _____, an exhibit of works rejected by the "official" Salon—was singled out for ridicule. The scandal surrounding this work resulted from its violation of the unwritten rule that the only appropriate nudes in contemporary art were classical figures or women in suitably exotic settings. In Luncheon on the Grass, Manet based his work on an engraving with a classical subject matter, but he showed contemporary clothed men with a nude woman as part of the group. This caused an uproar. While Manet continued to submit his work to the Salon, other artists who disagreed with the rigid artistic standards espoused by the _________________________________________ and favored by the Salon set about establishing Impressionism as a new style. A work by _________________________ (1840-______) was the source of the movement's name. Monet showed a work that he called _______________________ (1872), and the critics seized on this mere "impression" as a means by which to ridicule the movement. It was Monet who urged his fellow artists to work _____________, and these endeavors were aided by technical advances in ________ and __________ production that made the medium more portable. Impressionist artists put their colors directly on the ___________ with rapid strokes to capture the rapidly changing ________. Scientific studies of vision and color led to the discovery that shadows were not merely gray but that they reflected the _______________________ color of the object casting them. _________________________ (1830-_______) and _______________ (1839-_______) were two other Impressionists of not

Rococo, gaiety, frivolity, Jean Antoine-Watteau, 1721, fete gallante, Francois Boucher, 1770, Madame Pompadour, Louis XV, Honore Fragonard, 1806

Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism While the _____________ style might be seen as an extension of the Baroque period, it is quite different in form and content. Whereas the Baroque aimed to arouse grande motions, Rococo works were celebrations of ___________, romance, and the ______________ of the grand life at court, particularly the court at Versailles. The emphasis was on light-hearted decoration with the use of gold and pastel colors. Three artists who excelled at capturing the elegance and wit so valued by their aristocratic patrons are considered the greatest masters of the Rococo style. ________________________ (1684-_______) was the leader of a new generation and the innovator of a new genre of painting called the ____________________. Paintings of this genre generally depicted members of the nobility inelegant contemporary dress enjoying leisure time in the countryside. ____________________ (1703-_____) was influenced by Watteau's delicate style. He became the favorite painter of _________________________, mistress to _________________, and his works often transformed the characters of classical myth into scenes of courtly gallantry, with an emphasis on nubile nudes. ________________________________ (1732-______) was also promoted by Madame Pompadour. Fragonard studied with Boucher, and his works strongly reflect Boucher's influence.

Eugene Delacroix, 1863, Romanticisim, imaginative, dream, feeling, natural, Theodore Gericault, William Blake

Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism, cont. Ingres's rival (Ingres, the pupil of David), __________________________ (1798-______), was a proponent of _____________________. This style hearkened back to the emotional emphasis of the Baroque and had similar characteristics, though the subject matter was different. Whereas Neoclassical works emphasized line, order, and a cool detachment, Romantic painting tended to be highly ________________ and was characterized by an emotional and _______-like quality—the Romantics favored _____________ over reason. Romantic works are also characterized by their incorporation of exotic or melodramatic elements and often took awe-inspiring ______________ wonders as their subject matter. Delacroix's works are characteristic of the Romantic movement in that they centered on exotic themes and included foreign settings, violence involving animals, and historical subject matter. _________________________ (1791-1824) and ______________________ (1757-1827) were also important Romantic artists.

1789, France, democratic republic, Greece, Rome, Neoclassicism, Enlightenment, Jacques Louis David, 1825, Oath of the Horatii, 1784, Napoleon Bonaparte, propagandistic, Jean Dominique Ingres, 1867

Rococo, Neoclassicism, and Romanticism, cont. The Revolution of _______ in ______________ ushered in an era of great change throughout Europe, and the idea of a _________________________________ ruled by and for the people was reflected in the artwork of the time. In an attempt to hearken back to the democratic ideals of the ancient world, art of this period demonstrated a revival of interest in the art of classical _________ and _________. This style, called ____________________, emerged in the decades leading up to the Revolution and was also influenced by ________________ philosophy. The Neoclassical style, a direct challenge to the Rococo and its associations with the aristocracy, is epitomized in the work of _____________________________ (1748-_____), whose paintings, such as the ______________________ (______), illustrated republican virtues. Following the Revolution, David joined members of the new government as the master of ceremonies for the grand revolutionary mass rallies. Later he became a dedicated painter to ___________________________, and in this capacity he painted large _________________ canvases that would seem to undermine his earlier revolutionary ideals. A closer investigation of his work and his career reveals the complicated world of an artist and his patrons. The work of David's pupil, _________________________________ (1780-_____), shows the sharp outlines, unemotional figures, careful geometric composition, and rational order that are hallmarks of the Neoclassical style.

Early, Etruscan, 2nd, Greek, concrete, domed, arch, bridges, aqueducts, paved road, colosseum, 72, pantheon, 126

Roman Art The story of Rome is one of conquest and empire building. _________ Roman art reflected the influence of ______________ art. However, by the ______ century bce many Roman sculptures and other Roman artworks were variations of _________ works, and the standards for idealized presentations of Roman rulers were based on those of the Greeks. The Romans, however, made pioneering advancements in architecture and engineering. The Roman discovery of the equivalent of modern _______________ was a major contribution to architecture, as it enabled Roman builders to fill the spaces between their stone walls with rocks and rubble bound together by the concrete mixture. With this strong material, the Romans were able to construct huge ____________ buildings. They also pioneered the use of the curved ________, using this form to build ______________ and _______________. These structures were part of a ____________________ system, making communication and control very effective in the Empire. Two buildings that can still be seen in Rome, the ___________________ (___-80 ce) and the _______________ (c. _____ -128 ce), remain as monuments to the engineering genius of the Romans.

relief, funerary, tombs, Republic, idealistic

Roman Art, cont. The Romans created numerous sculptures. Often, colossal triumphal arches would be topped with ________ sculptures portraying Roman emperors or Roman military victories. The Romans also created relief sculptures for _____________ purposes. _________ and sarcophagi were decorated with reliefs. Some of these reliefs were simply decorative, but many others had narrative subject matter. The Romans also sculpted portraits, which ranged in size from tiny busts to huge statues. During the Roman _____________ it became common for members of a funeral procession to carry small carved images of the deceased family member. Later, statues in memory of great statesmen or other noble figures were erected in public areas. Both the funerary sculptures and the public statues did not present naturalistic depictions of their subjects. Rather, the Romans favored an ______________ style that highlighted Roman ideals. The art of the Romans not only had a tremendous influence on the art of the Middle Ages, but also had a notable impact on the art of the Renaissance and much of the art that followed.

Roman, Pliny the Elder, 23, 79, Natural History, Giorgio Vasari, 1511, 1574, The Lives of the Artists, Enlightenment, Johann Johachim, Winkckelmann, 1717, 1768, stylistic

The Development of Art History As an academic discipline, art history arose in the mid-eighteenth century. However, we can look at the work of much earlier writers to see how commentary on art has developed over time. The ancient ___________ historian ____________________ (_____-_____ ce) sought to analyze historical and contemporary art in his text ______________________. During the Renaissance, the author and artist _______________________ (_______-_________) gathered the biographies of great Italian artists, past and present, in _________________________________. Vasari's text provides us with insights into the changing roles of artists in society during this period and the developing concept of artistic genius. Modern art history was strongly influenced by eighteenth-century _______________ philosophy. ______________________________________ (_____-_______) was a German scholar who shifted away from Vasari's biographical emphasis to a rigorous study of ___________ development as related to historical context. Through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, art historians continued to develop approaches that placed increasing emphasis on an understanding of the interrelationship between the formal qualities of a work of art and its context.

biases, feminist, visual culture

The Development of Art History, cont. When considering contemporary views of art history as well as perspectives on art history from the past, it is important to keep in mind that all histories are individual stories and thus will inevitably reflect certain ___________. More recently, art history has been revised, particularly by ___________ historians, who have noted that the traditional version of art history has largely focused on white men. As a result of such revisions, art history has expanded its scope and has become a field that is broader, more international, more multicultural, and more inclusive than in the past. Moreover, now there is a full "______________," ranging from advertisement posters to film to photography and television imagery, that has come to view.

Henri Mattise, 1954, fauves, wild beast, 1908, Pablo Picasso, 1973, Georges Braque, 1963, cubism, single, fixed, angles, time, African, sentimental, abstract

The Emergence of Modernism As we move into the twentieth century, we see artists who were continually striving to discover new ways of presenting their ideas. Furthering the attempts the Post-Impressionists had made to extend the boundaries of color, a group of artists led by _______________________ (1869-____) used colors so intense that they violated the sensibilities of critics and the public alike. Taking their cue from van Gogh, these artists no longer thought their use of color needed to replicate color as seen in the real world. Their wild use of arbitrary color earned them the name of __________, or "_________________." Natural form was to be attacked with equal fervor, as can be seen in developments in Paris around ________. ____________________ (1881-______), in close collaboration with ______________________ (1882-_____), was at work developing a whole new system of art. Picasso and Braque broke down and analyzed form in new ways in the style that came to be known as _______________. Psychologists had explained that human experience is much richer than can be gathered from a traditional painting that shows a _________ view from a ________ vantage point. When we look at any given scene, we remember the scene as an overlay of visual impressions seen from different ______________ and moments in ______. Picasso and Braque were familiar with these theories, as indicated by their habit of breaking figures up into multiple overlapping perspectives. The Cubists were also influenced by ________________ art, which they imagined to be more intuitive and closer to nature than intellectualized European art. Cubist works reacted against the naturalistic, often __________________, artworks that were popular in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The Cubists favored __________ forms over lifelike figures.

Dada, Zurich, ridicule, Marcel Duchamp, LHOOQ, The Fountain, ready-mades, physically, choice, Bull's Head

The Emergence of Modernism, cont. During World War I and its aftermath, another movement arose that challenged established ideas about art. This movement, called _________, originated among a group of disaffected intellectuals living in ___________ and grew out of the angst of artists who were disillusioned with the war. Dada was an art that aimed to protest against everything in society and to lampoon and ____________ accepted values and norms. _________________________ created two works that have come to represent this amusing and irreverent view of the world. He added a mustache to a reproduction of the Mona Lisa and gave it an insulting title (______________, 1919), and he also exhibited a common porcelain urinal (____________, 1917). Duchamp, in fact, invented a new category of artworks that he referred to as _____________________. By taking an ordinary object and giving it a new context, Duchamp would create a work of art. In this way, Duchamp challenged traditional ideas about the way the artist functions—rather than __________________ making a work of art, an object became a work of art merely through the artist's _____________. Picasso created several works that may also be considered ready-mades. For example, in a famous work Picasso took an ordinary object—bicycle handlebars—and made them appear as bull horns when coupled with a bicycle seat (______________, 1943).

emotional, die brucke, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 1938, Emil Nolde, 1956, Norwegian, Edvard Munch, 1944, expressionism, Der Blaue Reiter, Vasily Kadinsky, 1944, abstraction, Kazimir Malevich, Piet Mondrian, De Stijl

The Emergence of Modernism, cont. In Germany, an art developed that emphasized _______________ responses. A group of artists calling themselves ________________, which included ______________________________ (1880-____) and _________________________ (1867-_____), took the brilliant arbitrary colors of the Fauvists and combined them with the intense feelings found in the work of the _________________ artist _________________________ (1863-________). This highly charged attempt to make the inner workings of the mind visible in art is known as ________________. Another Expressionist group in Germany, ___________________, was led by the Russian artist ____________________ (1866-_______), who around 1913 began to paint totally abstract pictures without any pictorial subject. Other pioneers of total __________________ were the Russian painter ___________________ (1878-1935) and the Dutch artist _________________________ (1872-1944), whose __________ canvases, consisting of flat fields of primary color, have become a hallmark of modern art.

Sigmund Freud, Surrealists, Salvador Dali, Rene Magritte, Joan Miro, Bauhaus, Nazis, 1933, Josef Albers

The Emergence of Modernism, cont. Some artists, influenced by the theories of _______________________, attempted to portray the inner workings of the mind in their artworks. This group of artists became known as the _____________ and included artists such as ______________ (1904-89), ________________________ (1898-1967), and _______________ (1893-1983). One of the most influential events in the history of art took place in Germany between the first and second world wars. A school of design called the ______________—a name that would become a byword of modern design—established standards for architecture and design that would have a profound influence on the world of art. This school made a bold attempt to reconcile industrial mass-manufacture with aesthetic form. Taking the view that form should follow function and should be true to the materials used, the faculty at the school designed a curriculum that continues to influence many contemporary schools of art. After the school was closed by the ________ in _________, many of the Bauhaus' faculty, including _________________ (1888-1976), a well-known painter, graphic artist, and designer, came to the United States and continued to teach. We can still recognize the Bauhaus influence in our contemporary society with its streamlined furnishings and buildings.

United States, First World War, New York, 1913, Armory Show, Bernard, February 17, March 15, Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, Picasso, Les Domoiselles d'Avignon, Brancusi, The Kiss, Harlem, black, jazz, Harlem Renaissance, Jacob Lawrence, Romare Bearden

The Emergence of Modernism, cont. The next events in our story of the history of art are important because they mark the beginnings of modern art in the ______________. It was these beginnings, coupled with the effects of the ________________________, that was partly responsible for the eventual shift of the center of the art world from Paris to ___________________. While the movements of modern art were sweeping Paris, the American scene remained largely unaffected until _____. The ______________________, arranged by the _________ Foundation and held from ______________ through _____________, of the aforementioned year was the first major showing of modern art in the U.S., and it caused a sensation. Artworks that were to become landmarks of various European art movements were a part of the Armory Show, and they had a profound and lasting effect on American art. _______________________________'s (1887-1968) ______________________________ (1912) and _______________'s ____________________________________ (1907) both shocked viewers with their challenging approaches to the figure and space. ______________'s (1876-1957) _______________, with its abstracted, block-like figures, and Kandinsky's non-objective paintings added to the outrage. While the effects of the European works in the Armory Show rippled through the American art world, there was also a quintessentially American movement underway. During the 1920s, ___________ became a center for ___________ creativity. Fueled by the popularity of _______, writers and artists joined musicians in a flowering of the arts that is called the _______________________. Though the movement lasted only a decade, it was an inspiration to many artists, including ________________, __________________, and other well-known artists of the next generation.

Formal, contextual, meaning, intrinsic, elements, outside, meaning, patronage, chronological, comparative

The Nature of Art Historical Inquiry: Methods and Inquiries of Art History Art historians generally analyze works of art in two ways that are distinct from one another, but also interrelated. These two modes of analysis are called __________ analysis and _______________ analysis. The First focuses on the visual qualities of the work of art itself. A basic assumption of this method is that the artist makes decisions related to the visual aspects of the artwork that can reveal to us something about its _______________. From this point of view, aspects of meaning are _______________ to the work of art. The formal qualities of works of art are known as the "____________ of art." This method requires excellent skills in observation and description. The second involves looking _______________ of the work of art in order to determine its ___________________. This involves examining not only the context in which the work was created, but also later contexts in which the work was and continues to be consumed. This method focuses on the cultural, social, religious, and economic context in which the work was produced. Art historians may examine issues of __________________, viewer access to the work, the physical location of the work in its original context, the cost of the work of art, the subject matter in relation to other artworks of the time period, and so on. Art history often emphasizes a _________________________ development with the assumption that within one cultural setting the work of one generation of artists will have an impact on the following generations. Art historians often use ___________________ studies of two different eras of art. Ex: Gothic Vs. Renaissance

Direct, reproductions, damaged, lost, written, archival, materials, interviews, oral, anthropology

The Nature of Art Historical Inquiry: Sources, Documents, and the Work of Art Historians Art historians often begin their analysis with a close examination of a work of art. _____________ examination of the work of art is ideal because much is lost when we look at a copy rather than an original object.. It is quite common, though, for art historians to settle for studying from ________________________ due to practical constraints. In some cases, works of art might be ____________________ or even _____ overtime, and so art historians rely on earlier descriptions to aid in their formal and contextual analysis. In addition to examining the work of art in question, art historians will also seek to understand any associated studies (sketches, preparatory models, etc.) and other works by the artist and his or her contemporaries. Art historians also use many ____________ sources in the quest for contextual information about a work of art, typically sources in libraries. ___________ sources may include items such as letters between the artist and patron, or other documents pertaining to the commission, and art criticism produced at the time the work of art was made. An art historian might also search for written documentation about the _________________ used to produce the work of art, such as their cost and source, and about the function of the artwork—how a particular sculpture was used in ritual practice, for example. Art historians also seek to situate the work in the context of the literature, music, theater, and history of the time period. Art historians may also rely on __________________ with artists and consumers of works of art. This is especially the case in cultures that rely more on ______ history than on written documents. Guided by the field of ________________________, some art historians also use methods such as participant observation to understand the context of a work of art.

15th, oil paints, Alps classical antiquity, 16th, Engravers, German

The Renaissance in Northern Europe During the ______ century, the artworks being produced in northern Europe were smaller in scale than those of contemporaneous artists to the south. However, the work of northern artists displayed a degree of realistic detail beyond what can be seen in works of the south, primarily due to their use of new ________________. While the Renaissance was occurring in Italy, much of European art north of the ______ was still Gothic in style. The influence of _______________________ was also much less of a factor in the north, as the northerners did not share Italy's cultural connection with ancient Rome and weren't close to their works. The art of northern Europe in the ______ century demonstrates a far greater awareness of the Italian Renaissance than that of the fifteenth century. Many artists traveled to Italy to study the great works of the Renaissance. ___________ copied some of the more notable Italian works, and thus spreading the ideas and styles of the Renaissance. Trade connections between upper-class _____________ merchants and merchants in Venice, a center of trade and art, provided another avenue of influence.

Germany, Matthias Grunewald, 1528, Albrecht Durer, 1528, Isenheim Altarpiece

The Renaissance in Northern Europe, cont. Though the influence of the Italian masters was notable, not all northern artists embraced the ideals and innovative techniques of the Renaissance, as many maintained a more traditional approach.. During the fifteenth century and into the early decades of the sixteenth century, areas of southern ______________- witnessed a flowering of artistic production. _____________________ (1475?-_____) and __________________ (1471-_____) are often considered the greatest artists of the Renaissance in northern Europe. Although only ten of Grünewald's works have survived, his influence has nonetheless been notable. Grünewald is known for his religious scenes and his depiction of Christ's crucifixion. ___________________________ (c. 1510-15), a work consisting of nine panels mounted on two sets of folding wings, is considered to be his greatest masterpiece.

Albrecht Durer, naturalistic, Italy, woodcuts, copper, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, Hans Holbein The Younger, 1543, King Henry the VIII

The Renaissance in Northern Europe, cont. ___________________ is perhaps the most famous artist of Reformation Germany. Dürer's early training was largely influenced by late Gothic works, but as the ideas of the Italian Renaissance spread northward in the sixteenth century, Dürer's work began to reflect some of these new influences. Dürer aimed to achieve a style that combined the ________________ detail favored by artists of the north with the theoretical ideas developed by Italian artists. He traveled to ______, studied the work of his Italian contemporaries, and brought his new knowledge back to Germany. Dürer wrote about theories of art and published many series of _____________ and ___________ engravings, such as ___________________________________ (c. 1498). ________________________________- (1497-_____) is another important artist of this era, and he is considered one of the greatest Renaissance portraitists. Though born in Germany, Holbein is best known for his work in England. He became court painter to ___________________________ of England, and his portrait of him shows not only his talent for presenting details, but also his abilityto capture the psychological character of his subjects. Holbein's works became the model and standard for English painting up through the nineteenth century.

Giotto di Bondone, 1267, frescoes, stage, emotional, economy, paper money, Medici, Italy, Classical

The Renaissance in Southern Europe Although we often tend to divide historical periods into a series of discrete and separate styles and events, in actuality, history is much more complicated and subtle. The transition from the later medieval period to the Renaissance provides a good example of this, as the styles from this period cannot be neatly identified as either Gothic or Renaissance, but rather involve a mix of the two. The artist most often mentioned in connection with this transitional time period is a Florentine named ___________________________ (______-1336/37), who is best known for his ________________. A key advance visible in Giotto's works is his use of a simple _____________________, achieved in large part by overlapping and modeling his figures in the round. This technique created the illusion of a ______ for his figures, giving the viewer a sense of looking into the event. Giotto's works were different from many Gothic works as he gave his figures powerful gestures and _________________ expressions. To our eyes, his paintings may not look entirely naturalistic, but his artistic innovations must have had quite an impact on viewers at the time, who were accustomed to the flat, unexpressive, and stylized figures of the Gothic style. Like the art of ancient Greece, the art of the Renaissance continues to have an impact on art today. It is interesting to note that a change in the _______________ played a key part in triggering the Renaissance. It was in this time period that ___________________ was first developed, and its use led, in part, to the vast fortunes accumulated by notables such as the ___________ family. These wealthy families were the major patrons of the arts during the Renaissance era. Another important factor was the fact that examples of Greek and Roman art were readily available in _______, and these ________________ works of art had a tremendous impact on the art of the Renaissance.

Donatello, 1466, modern sculpture, David, 1460, naturalism, expression, Botticelli, 1510, The Birth of Venus, 1488

The Renaissance in Southern Europe, cont. Among the most remarkable of Renaissance artists was ________________ (1389?-______), who is widely considered the founder of ___________________________. The influence of classical antiquity on his sculpture was strong, as evidenced by his best-known work, a bronze statue of __________ (c. 1420s-_______s). This work was the first known freestanding nude statue to have been cast since antiquity. Toward the end of his life, Donatello's sculptures reflected a greater emphasis on ________________ and the ____________________ of character and dramatic action. A generation later, the work of ______________ (1444?-______), particularly his best-known painting, ___________________ (c. ______), established an image of female beauty that has lasted through the centuries. His long-necked Venus with her languid pose and flowing hair was one of the first paintings of a full-length nude female since antiquity.

Michelangelo di Buonarotti, David, 1504, 1505, Pope Julius II, Moses, The Dying Slave, The Bound Slave, Sistine Chapel 1508, 1512, 700

The Renaissance in Southern Europe, cont. At the same time that Leonardo was working in Florence, another artist, ___________________________________, was at work on the piece that would establish his reputation as a sculptor. The city held a competition tohave a statue created from a massive piece of marble that it had acquired, only to discover that the marble was flawed. Taking this difficult piece, which had a large crack in the middle, Michelangelo turned it into his vision of ___________ (_______). The statue is larger than life-sized, as it was originally meant to be placed high on the façade of the cathedral in Florence. The beautiful carving was seen as the very embodiment of the spirit of Florence as a republic. Throughout his stormy career, Michelangelo created a large number of other important sculptures, but it is a painting that often comes to mind when people hear his name. In ________, __________________ commissioned Michelangelo to design his tomb. Michelangelo began sculpting great statues such as _______ (c. 1513-15), ____________________ (1513-16), and ___________________ (1513-16)to be included in the Pope's colossal tomb. However, in the midst of this commission, the Pope canceled the project for uncertain reasons. The cancellation of his work on the Pope's tomb was one of the greatest disappointments of Michelangelo's career, and he was sbitter and hesitant when Pope Julius II gave him another commission. This time, the artist was asked to decorate the ceiling of the ___________________. It took Michelangelo four years, from _____ to _______, to cover the ______ square yards of the ceiling, but the result was an astonishing tour de force.

Raphael Sanzio, 1483, 1520, Michelangelo, The School of Athens, Sistine Madonna

The Renaissance in Southern Europe, cont. One of the most influential painters of the High Renaissance was _______________________ (______-______). When he was a young painter, Raphael was brought to Rome,where Julius II gave him several commissions. During this period, Raphael learned much from _________________________, his older rival. Unlike his older counterpart, Raphael was not a loner, but employed numerous assistants to help him cover the Pope's official chambers with large, sumptuous frescoes, notably the ____________________ (c.1508-11), an homage to the great Greek philosophers and scientists. Raphael is considered the most influential painter of the Madonna. His masterworks, such as the ______________________ (c. 1513-14), created animage of the Virgin Mary that has endured in religious paintings throughout the centuries

Venice, Giorgione, 1510, The Tempest, Titian Vecelli, 1576, portraitist

The Renaissance in Southern Europe, cont. Rome and Florence were not the only locations to witness an incredible flowering in the arts. __________, too, became a center of artistic creativity. _________________ (1477/78-______) is credited with making innovations in the subject matter of landscapes, as he painted scenes not taken from the Bible or from classical or allegorical stories. Prior to Giorgione's painting __________________ (c.1508), artists had generally begun with the figures that were to be the subject matter of the painting and then added the background. However, in The Tempest the landscape became the subject of the painting—the figures depicted are of lesser importance than the storm that threatens them. _____________________ (c. 1488-______) was one of the most prolific of the Venetian painters. Titian is well known for his portraits of his patrons, and he is also recognized as having been the greatest colorist of the Renaissance artists. Titian was an innovative __________________. He used various elements of setting, such asa column or a curtain, as the backdrop for his portraits instead of an atmospheric neutral background, as had been the custom. The influence of Titian's use and arrangement of background elements can be seen in portraiture up through the twenty-first century.

High Renaissance, Leonardo Da Vinci, 1452, 1519, Michelangelo, 1475, 1564, Renaissance Man, locks, The Last Supper, 1498, Mona Lisa, 1505, sfumato, fumo

The Renaissance in Southern Europe, cont. The generation of artists that followed Botticelli are often referred to as ____________________________ artists. Two well-known artists of this time period, _____________________ (______-______) and ______________________ (_____-______), are the models for the term "_________________________________." Leonardo da Vinci is well known as an inventor, but also is recognized as an architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, scientist, and musician. His design for the __________ that control movements along canals from one level to another is still used today, and his drawings of submarines and helicopters have been found to be viable models. Two of his paintings, ________________________(c. 1495-_____) and the _____________ (c.1503-____), have become so well known that they are now icons of popular culture. Leonardo's key innovation in painting, which is readily apparent in the Mona Lisa, is the use of _____________. From the Italian word __________, meaning smoke, is the use of mellowed colors and a blurred outline. This method allows forms to blend subtly into one another without perceptible transitions.

Filippo Brunelleschi, 1446, dome, cathedral, double-shelled, linear, Massacio, 1428, aerial

The Renaissance in Southern Europe, cont. The second-place winner in the 1401 Florence competition was _______________________________ (1377-_______). After losing the competition, he concentrated on architecture and won a competition to complete the _________ of the ____________ in Florence, which had remained unfinished for many years because architects had not been able to construct the huge vault that was required to span the open space. Brunelleschi achieved this major engineering feat with the help of a ________________________ dome design that has been imitated by many later architects. Brunelleschi is also credited with developing _____________ (single vanishing point) perspective. ____________ (1401-_______), a Renaissance painter, is given credit for putting Brunelleschi's theory into practice, as he used both linear and _______________ perspective in his frescoes. The development of linear perspective had a tremendous and lasting influence on the world of art.

artisans, intellectual, florence, 1401, baptistery, Lorenzo Ghiberti, 1455, Isaac, 25, Gates of Paradise

The Renaissance in Southern Europe, cont. Until the time of the Renaissance, painters and sculptors were, in accordance with Greek traditions of art, considered ___________. That is, they were people who were viewed as being of lesser status because they worked with their hands. During the Renaissance, the role of artists in society changed, as great artists came to be recognized as ________________ figures. Consequently, artists were accorded a special place in society. An important event near the beginning of the Renaissance was a competition held in the city of _____________ in _____ for the design of the doors for the city's new ___________. The winner of that competition was _________________________ (1381?-______), who designed a door panel that had figures harkening back to those of classical Greece. Ghiberti's panel design depicts the sacrifice of _____________, in which Isaac appears as a classical Greek figure. Soon after the doors were installed, Ghiberti was asked to make a second set for another entrance to the cathedral. This second set took more than ______ years to complete. The doors were so magnificent that Michelangelo called them the "__________________________________," and they have been referred to by that name ever since.

Tintoretto, 1518, 1594, Mannerism, distortion, dramatic, chiaroscuro, Reformation, Protestants, counter-reformation, Dominikos Theotokopoulos, El Greco, 1576, Toledo

The Renaissance in Southern Europe, cont. __________________ (____-______), another great Venetian painter, is often linked with an artistic style called ________________ that grew in popularity in the late sixteenth century. Mannerist works are characterized by the _______________ of certain elements such as perspective or scale and are also recognizable by their use of acidic colors and the twisted positioning of their subjects. Although Tintoretto used some Mannerist pictorial techniques, his color schemes differed from those of the Mannerists. Tintoretto presented his figures from ____________ angles—it is said that he used small figures as models andarranged them and rearranged them until he had the most dramatic effect. He also used dramatic contrasts of light and dark, called ________________, to heighten the emotional impact of his subjects. Tintoretto's later works are marked by their spiritual subject matter, and use of sharp perspectives and contrasts anticipate Baroque era. One of the most important events impacting the history of sixteenth-century art was the _________________. ________________ criticized the opulence and corruption of the Catholic Church and called for its purification. For art, this meant a move away from the richly decorated churches and religious imagery of the Renaissance. The Church reacted by launching a ________________________, which emphasized, even more than before, lavish church decoration. One of the artists most closely associated with the Counter-Reformation is ______________________________, known as _______________. He was strongly influenced by Tintoretto's paintings, and he worked for a period of time in Titian's workshop in Venice. In _____, El Greco left Italy for _____________, Spain. El Greco is one of the most well known of the Mannerist painters, and his dramaticuse of elongated figures captured the religious fervor of the Counter-Reformation. The works of both El Greco and Tintoretto can be seen as transitional works bridging the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Baroque period.

organized, cities, ruling, inaccessible

Usually, art thrives in highly ________________ cultures with stable population centers—usually great __________—that house __________ classes who in turn support the work of artists. Also, if a civilization has a tradition of protecting its art in locations that are largely _______________, it is more likely that the works from that culture will surviveto a point where they are included in a study of art history. Many extant artifacts have come from burial chambers, caves, and tombs, where they have been protected by being naturally concealed.