ADN 125 Chapter 2: Theory, Research, and Evidence-Informed Practice

Which could be considered an example of a qualitative research project?

· A PhD nursing student is collecting data on how Somali immigrants perceive the care they receive in one community clinic. The nursing student is taping and analyzing interviews with clients that have been in the country and community 2 years or less and who have sought care at least once at this clinic.

What is a conceptual framework?

· A group of interrelated objects that follow a pattern

A nurse is reading a research article from a nursing journal. The nurse is aware that the opening paragraph summarizing the article and the research findings is a good place to start. What part of the article is the nurse reading?

· Abstract

A community health nurse has been visiting a diabetic client whose morning fasting glucose levels are constantly elevated. Upon further assessment, the nurse determines that the client's spouse does not understand how to prepare meals following the prescribed diabetic diet. Using Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory, how can the nurse help meet the needs of this client?

· Arrange an evaluation appointment with a dietitian.

A nurse subscribes to the Basic Needs theory. Which action by the nurse exemplifies this theory?

· Assisting the client to the bedside commode

A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a client in the clinic. The client states, "My nutritionist told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what?

· Authoritative knowledge

Knowledge gained from someone with a great deal of perceived experience is which type of knowledge?

· Authoritative knowledge

A nursing theorist studies health care systems in communities. Which statement accurately describes a characteristic of these systems?

· Boundaries separate health care systems both from each other and from the environment.

When looking at a model for evidence-based practice, what is the final step of the process?

· Evaluating practice change

What nursing activity forms the bridge between theory and practice?

· Evidence-based research

Which activity best helps the nurse apply theory to practice?

· Evidence-based research

A nurse researcher is examining the cause-and-effect relationship between the consumption of tap water containing minimal amounts of bleach, and the incidence of cancer in rats. The research is taking place in a laboratory setting. What type of quantitative research is being used based upon this description?

· Experimental research

Adaptation theory outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable.

· FALSE

Traditional knowledge comes from an expert and is accepted as truth based on the person's perceived expertise.

· FALSE

Who is considered to be the first nursing theorist who conceptualized nursing in terms of manipulating the environment?

· Florence Nightingale

In order for the nurse to be able to apply the knowledge that has been obtained in the formal education process, which theory would best break whole concepts into parts and then determine how the parts would work together as a whole?

· General systems theory

Which theory emphasizes the relationships between the whole and the parts, and describes how parts function and behave?

· General systems theory

The statement, "More frequent handwashing will significantly lower the rate of infection in hospitalized clients," is an example of what research component?

· Hypothesis

A nurse observes that the past five clients referred from a community clinic have been treated for drug and/or alcohol overdose. Based on this information, the nurse assumes that the clinic specializes in the treatment of substance use. This is an example of what type of reasoning?

· Inductive reasoning

The student nurse is combing through various medical websites searching for information to answer a research question for a class assignment. Which note(s) would indicate the nurse is referencing a reputable website? Select all that apply.

· List of references · Site reviewed last year · Author's email address

Which group of nurses would be least likely involved in direct research? Select all that apply.

· Novice nurses · Student nurses

Nurses in an ICU noticed that their clients required fewer interventions for pain when the ICU was quiet. They then asked a researcher to design a study about the effects of noise on the pain levels of hospitalized clients. How does this demonstrate the ultimate goal of expanding the nursing body of knowledge?

· Nursing research helps improve ways to promote and maintain health.

Which is most similar to a nursing model?

· Nursing theory

The focus of nursing is always on which of the four common concepts in nursing theory?

· Person

Quantitative research involves the concepts of basic and applied research.

· TRUE

The nurse is preparing to submit a research project to the institutional review board (IRB). The nurse understands that if the IRB were to reject the research project, it would most likely be for which reason?

· The project lacks sufficient safeguards to protect human subjects.

A group of concepts and the relationships among them is what?

· Theory

Nursing _______________differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices.

· theory

Which is a focus of medical research rather than nursing research?

· Drug metabolism

A nurse is planning to conduct a nursing research study and is seeking federal funding. Which institution would be most helpful for the nurse to contact regarding acquiring funding?

· National Institute of Nursing Research

Which theory describes, explains, predicts, and controls outcomes in nursing practice?

· Nursing theory

The second step in implementation of evidence-based practice includes systematic review. To complete a systematic review of the literature, what must the nurse do?

· Summarize findings from multiple studies that are related to a particular nursing practice.

The method by which one examines a general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas is known as deductive reasoning.

· TRUE

Four concepts common in nursing theory are the person, the environment, ______________, and nursing.

· health

Evidence-based care emphasizes decision making based on the best available evidence and:

· use of outcome studies to guide decisions.

A conceptual framework is defined as:

· a set of concepts and propositions.

A group of concepts that follow an understandable pattern makes up a _______________ framework or model.

· conceptual

One of the primary reasons for conducting nursing research is to:

· generate knowledge to guide practice.

What was the focus of nursing research during the first half of the twentieth century?

· Nursing education

Which activity systematically inquires about the problems encountered in nursing practice and into the modalities of client care?

· Nursing research

A nurse is planning to participate in a research project and is looking for information about what is already known about the topic. The nurse is involved in which step of the research process?

· Scientific literature review

1Nursing care activities that are supported by valid and reliable research is known as evidence-based practice.

· TRUE

A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "My grandmother always told me that I needed to include beans in my diet so that my muscles would grow." The information that the client is expressing is known as what?

· Traditional knowledge

A nurse is preparing to conduct a research study and uses the PICO format to develop the foreground question which is: "In adults, does reducing salt intake, compared to no change in salt intake, lower blood pressure?" The nurse identifies the "P" as:

· adults.

Theories that address nursing interventions and the consequences of those interventions are called ______________; they are designed to promote, control, and change clinical nursing practice.

· prescriptive

The National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) was established following a study in 1983. The center's purpose is to:

· promote research for health promotion.

A nurse develops the following foreground question using the PICOT format in preparation for a research study: "In overweight clients, how do chromium supplements compared to no supplements help with weight loss?" Which part of the question reflects the intervention?

· Chromium supplements

A group of objects with relationships is which?

· Concept

An abstract idea or object that relates to other abstract ideas or objects is which?

· Concept

What type of research study would a hospital conduct to explore clients' and families' perceptions of receiving care?

· Qualitative

A nurse is using quantitative research for a question related to nursing practice. When conducting the research, which aspect would the nurse need to keep in mind? Select all that apply.

· Concepts are fairly well-developed. · An existing body of literature is available. · Statistical processes are used to interpret the data.

A nurse researcher develops a foreground question in preparation for conducting a research study. The question is: "In clients with intravenous catheters, how does replacing administration sets every 72 hours (h) compared with other frequent intervals (24h, 48h, or 96h) decrease infection rates?" Applying the PICO framework, which part of the statement reflects the "O"?

· Decrease infection rates

The process of considering an idea as a whole and then dividing it into smaller, more specific ideas is which?

· Deductive reasoning

Place the steps of evidence-based practice in the correct order.

· Design a question related to a clinical area of interest. · Collect the most relevant and best evidence available. · Critically evaluate the collected evidence. · Integrate the evidence with clinical expertise, client preferences, and values as the decision is made to make a change. · Evaluate the decision or change.

Which are goals of nursing theory? (Select all that apply.)

· Provide knowledge and a rationale for client interventions · Provide a rationale for appropriate nursing actions in a given situation · Identify and define concepts that are important to nursing · Increase the nursing body of knowledge

The nurse researcher is aware that the type of variable that can be manipulated in a study is which type of variable?

· Independent

A nurse is writing an article for a nursing journal describing a study of the emergency protocols in a hospital emergency department. Which statements accurately describe elements of this process? Select all that apply.

· The introduction reviews the literature and states the purpose of the article. · The method section provides details of how the study was conducted. · The results are often presented in words, charts, tables, or graphs.

Which aspect of the nursing research process addresses a client's understanding of the potential risks and benefits of the study?

· Undergoing the informed consent process with the client

When describing how to formulate a hypothesis, which item would a nurse researcher identify as the focus of the study?

· Variables

From 1900 to 1940, research in nursing focused on:

· nursing education and teaching.

If a nurse describes a study of people and the nursing profession including studies of education, policy development, ethics, and nursing history, then what is the nurse defining?

· Nursing research

A group of nurses is planning to investigate the effectiveness of turning immobilized stroke clients more frequently in order to prevent skin breakdown. The team has begun by formulating a PICO question. Which element will the "O" in the team's PICO question refer to?

· Preventing skin breakdown

A nurse is discussing dietary issues with a Latino client in the clinic. The client states, "I read a research article about the importance of beans in the Latino diet. The findings from the study suggested that inclusion of meat and beans in the diet would help in the development of muscles and bones." The information that the client is expressing is known as what?

· Scientific knowledge

A novice nurse is sharing a newly published research article which outlines a different approach in preventing a wound infection after surgery with a colleague and states the nurse is going to try this new method. Which is the best response from the colleague?

· Wait until the method is analyzed to ensure it will be appropriate for their clients.

A nurse researcher is reviewing the Privacy Rule under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and finds information about handling protected health information (PHI). The nurse researcher would most likely find rules for which aspects of PHI? Select all that apply.

· Access · Usage · Sharing

Phenomenology is a type of ___________ research that describes experiences as they are lived by the subjects being studied.

· qualitative

A parent has brought a 6-year-old child into the clinic. The parent is concerned that the child does not seem to skip as well as the other children in the child's class. In planning assessments and care for this child, the nurse would be best served by choosing which theory as a foundation for decision making?

· Developmental theory

A nurse who works in a pediatric practice assesses the developmental level of children of various ages to determine their psychosocial development. These assessments are based on the work of:

· Erikson.

The scientific process and nursing research have the same methodologies for investigating and solving problems. Place the steps of the scientific process and nursing research in order.

· Identifying what one needs to know or is curious about · Deciding the approach to seeking the answer · Devising a plan · Implementing the plan · Assessing the outcomes

A nurse researcher is involved in an experimental research study. Which component would the nurse researcher manipulate?

· Independent variable

A nurse is reviewing nursing theory for usefulness in a home healthcare setting. Which is the appropriate application of Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Model in a home healthcare setting?

· Match the client's self-care needs with appropriate supportive interventions.

What is the central theme of Florence Nightingale's nursing theory?

· Meeting the personal needs of the client within the environment.

What is the best explanation for the way evidence-based practice (EBP) has changed the way nursing care is delivered?

· Nursing care now uses EBP as a means of ensuring quality care.

When a researcher begins to form plans for a research project, the researcher must decide on the method for conducting the research. The nurse researcher that plans to emphasize collection of narrative data and the analyses would select which of the following methods of research?

· Qualitative research