Adolescence Multiple Choice
The process of individuation, in part, involves the realization that parents sometimes make mistakes, which is known as: A) transformation. B) detachment. C) deidealization. D) seeing parents as people.
C
The support, encouragement, and involvement of adults in the community necessary to facilitate youngsters' success in school is known as: A) cultural capital. B) financial capital. C) social capital. D) ethical capital.
C
The ways in which an individual thinks about and characterizes himself or herself is referred to as: A) self-esteem. B) self-consciousness. C) self-conceptions. D) self-image stability.
C
Under what circumstances is an adolescent most likely to behave in an inauthentic (false self) manner? A) with parents B) with close friends C) with a romantic interest D) with peers
C
Which of the following is defined as the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that have to do with performance in evaluative situations? A) school performance B) self-efficacy C) achievement D) intrinsic motivation
C
Which of the following statements regarding the sex differences in moral reasoning is true? A) it is a well-known fact that men are more moral in some contexts and women are more moral in other contexts B) many popular books have been based on scientific research that demonstrates that men and women think differently about ethical issues. C) studies have not supported the notion that men and women approach moral problems differently D) in general, women are more moral than men.
C
ompared to young adolescents with stable self-images, young adolescents with the most volatile self-image report having: A) lower levels of anxiety. B) lower levels of depression. C) higher levels of psychosomatic symptoms. D) lower levels of irritability.
C
According to psychoanalytic theorists such as Anna Freud, the process by which the adolescent achieves emotional autonomy by severing emotional ties with parents is known as: A) individuation. B) self-reliance. C) detachment. D) rebellion.
C) detachment
Which psychosocial term refers to individuals' capacity to govern their own behavior? A) identity B) independence C) rebellion D) autonomy
D) autonomy
In which area of functioning are adolescents likely to be the least independent? A) psychological B) social C) emotional D) economic
D) economic
The term used to describe adolescents who identify with more than one racial group is: A) racial socialization. B) biracial. C) multilingual. D) possible selves.
B
The type of autonomy that involves making one's own decisions and following through with them is known as: A) emotional autonomy. B) behavioral autonomy. C) value autonomy. D) physical autonomy.
B
Academic success is most likely to influence the self-esteem of adolescents who are: A) Asian. B) White. C) Black. D) Hispanic.
A
According to Erikson's theory, problems in identity development characterized by an incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self is called: A) identity diffusion. B) identity foreclosure. C) negative identity. D) identity disclosure.
A
According to Fuligni and Eccles, adolescents who are more peer-oriented than other adolescents are most likely to have what type of relationships with their parents? A) less positive B) more positive C) indifferent D) indulgent
A
According to the textbook, adolescents who feel discriminated against in school report feeling: A) less control over their academic achievement, which leads to feelings of depression B) empowered, which leads to a desire to over-achieve. C) more control over their academic achievement, which leads to working extra hard D) less engaged in school, which leads to a greater likelihood of seeking after school employment.
A
Across all ethnic groups, under what circumstances would students not achieve more? A) when they lack a sense of belonging to their school B) when they see the connection between academic accomplishment and future success C) when their friends value and support educational achievement D) when their parents are effective monitors of their children's behavior and schooling
A
Adolescents are more likely to conform to their peers' than their parents' opinions regarding which of the following? A) choices among leisure activities B) educational plans C) religious beliefs D) occupational plans
A
Advanced levels of moral reasoning are common among children raised in: A) authoritative families B) authoritarian families C) indulgent families D) indifferent families
A
An intriguing yet controversial finding is that ________ youth have the highest educational achievement relative to the other ethnic groups? A) Asian-American B) White C) Black D) Hispanic
A
Black girls' overall self-esteem: A) is higher than both White and Hispanic girls. B) is lower than White girls. C) is lower than Hispanic girls. D) tends to be lower than those of girls from other ethnicities.
A
Fluctuations in adolescents' self-image are most likely to occur between the ages of: A) 12-14 B) 14-18 C) 6-18 D) 15-19
A
Fordham and Ogbu suggest that minority students _____ in school because they _____: A) underperform; are stigmatized for "acting white" B) over-perform; have a lot to prove C) perform the same as similar non-minority peers; are similarly motivated D) underperform; are less capable than non-minority peers.
A
How an individual feels about himself or herself is referred to as: A) self-esteem. B) self-consciousness. C) self-conception. D) self-image stability.
A
Leisure, intrinsic benefits, extrinsic benefits, security, and influence are all examples of what? A) work values B) self-directed search items C) attributional styles D) personality traits
A
Rebellion, negativism, and excessive involvement in the peer group are more common among: A) psychologically immature adolescents. B) autonomous adolescents. C) individuated adolescents. D) adolescents who have deidealized their parents.
A
The extent to which an individual strives for success is known as: A) need for achievement. B) fear of failure. C) intrinsic motivation. D) self-efficacy.
A
The most salient influence on adolescents' day-to-day school behavior (i.e., doing homework) comes from: A) peers. B) parents. C) teachers. D) grandparents.
A
The psychological factor that is a complementary motive to the need for achievement, and which is often manifested in feelings of anxiety during evaluative situations is: A) fear of failure. B) self-efficacy. C) underachievement. D) intrinsic motivation.
A
The type of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory oriented toward the consequences that follow behavior is called: A) preconventional reasoning. B) conventional reasoning. C) postconventional reasoning. D) prosocial reasoning.
A
Unlike psychoanalytic theories that emphasized detachment, emotional autonomy during adolescence is currently thought to: A) involve a transformation in family relationships rather than a breaking off of family ties. B) include psychic and interpersonal tension that arises at puberty. C) include the severance of emotional bonds between children and parents. D) involve the replacement of familial bonds with romantic bonds outside the family.
A
What trend does the stability of self-esteem show between childhood and early adulthood? A) Self-esteem tends to become increasingly more stable over time. B) Self-esteem tends to become increasingly less stable over time. C) Self-esteem tends to become more volatile over time. D) The stability of self-esteem does not tend to change during this period.
A
When youngsters attribute their failure to a lack of effort, they are likely to ________ in subsequent tasks. A) work harder B) work less C) work at the same level D) be very anxious
A
Which aspect of self-esteem contributes most to an adolescent's overall self-image? A) physical appearance B) athletic ability C) academic competence D) moral conduct
A
Which of the following is considered cultural capital? A) theater and literature B) vacuum cleaner C) newspaper D) new physical education equipment
A
Which of the following personality traits is not one of the "Big Five"? A) intelligence B) extraversion C) agreeableness D) neuroticism
A
Which one of the following is not consistent with the process of individuation? A) individuation involves increased family stress and turmoil B) individuation involves the relinquishing of childish dependencies on parents C) individuation results in adolescents' accepting responsibility for their choices D) individuation involves a gradual, progressive sense of the self as autonomous
A
Independence that is specifically related to changes in close relationships, especially with parents, is known as: A) emotional autonomy. B) physical autonomy. C) behavioral autonomy. D) value autonomy.
A)
According to psychoanalytic thinkers such as Anna Freud, each of the following accurately describes the process of detachment, except: A) detachment and the accompanying storm and stress inside the family is inevitable. B) conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents is a sign of immaturity. C) adolescence is an inherently tumultuous time. D) adolescents' pubertal changes cause substantial disruption inside the family system.
B
According to the textbook, which of the following political views is true for adolescents? A) with age, individuals are more likely to say that everyone deserves certain rights B) with age, individuals are more likely to judge the appropriateness of having certain rights in light of characteristics of the individual C) with age, individuals are less likely to judge the appropriateness of having certain rights as dependent on characteristics of the individual D) with age, individuals are less likely to say that certain rights should be limited to some individuals in some context.
B
Adolescents most likely to show more behavioral problems and poorer school achievement are those who tend to derive their self-esteem from: A) their parents. B) their peers. C) their physical appearance. D) their moral conduct.
B
Better school performance and attendance, higher expectations, more positive academic self-conceptions, and stronger engagement in the classroom are all associated with which style of parenting? A) permissive B) authoritative C) authoritarian D) inconsistent
B
Changes in self-perceptions (whether positive or negative) are most likely to occur during: A) childhood. B) early adolescence. C) mid-adolescence. D) late adolescence.
B
Delinquent adolescents are more likely than their peers to score high on which of the Big Five personality dimensions? A) agreeableness B) extraversion C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience
B
Difficulties in the process of individuation would most likely arise when: A) parents and their adolescent both agree that autonomy should be granted. B) adolescents push for independence before parents are willing to grant it. C) the process of deidealization leaves the adolescent feeling more secure. D) the process of deidealization leaves the adolescent feeling more liberated.
B
Marcia developed a scheme for determining an adolescent's identity status by assigning individuals to one of four categories. An adolescent who has established a coherent sense of identity is assigned to the category of: A) identity foreclosure. B) identity achievement. C) identity diffusion. D) moratorium.
B
Parents who see their child's increasing emotional independence as rebellious or disrespectful most likely use the parenting style known as: A) authoritative. B) authoritarian. C) permissive. D) indifferent.
B
Political thinking in adolescence changes in all of the following ways, except: A) it becomes more abstract. B) it becomes more conservative. C) it becomes more principled. D) It becomes less rigid.
B
Research on the connection between academic success and high self-esteem in adolescence suggests that: A) high self-esteem leads to academic success. B) academic success leads to high self-esteem. C) there is no link between academic success and self-esteem. D) it's not possible to investigate this question adequately.
B
Students who are led to believe that their efforts will ultimately have no impact on the grade they earn, such as being told they are stupid or that the work is too difficult for them, may develop what psychologists call: A) self-efficacy. B) learned helplessness. C) intrinsic motivation. D) extrinsic motivation.
B
Susceptibility to peer pressure has been found to peak around the age of: A) 12. B) 14. C) 16. D) 18.
B
The gap in achievement among ethnic groups with respect to their proficiency in high school math can be summarized as follows: A) all ethnic groups are roughly equivalent in math proficiency scores B) about eight times as many White and Asian students are competent in algebra as are Black or Hispanic students C) Black and Asian Americans are five to six times more likely to be math proficient than White and Hispanic American students. D) gaps in math proficiency rates between ethnic groups have nearly been eliminated
B
The heightened susceptibility to peer pressure of individuals around the age of 14 is most often seen when the behavior in question is: A) prosocial behavior. B) antisocial behavior. C) enabling behavior. D) constraining behavior.
B
When an adolescent bypasses the period of exploration and experimentation that precedes the establishment of a healthy sense of identity, and prematurely commits themselves to a certain identity, the adolescent may have be experiencing: A) identity diffusion. B) identity foreclosure. C) negative identity. D) identity disclosure.
B
Which aspect of self-image refers to the degree to which an adolescent worries about their self-image? A) self-esteem B) self-consciousness C) self-image stability D) authentic self
B
__________is considered a masculine trait; and _________ is considered a feminine trait. A) sociability; empathy B) independence; sociability C) ambition; independence D) aggressiveness; logic
B
In addition to adolescence, autonomy is particularly salient to which developmental period? A) infancy B) toddlerhood C) childhood D) adulthood
B) toddlerhood
According to the textbook, studies that contrast the influence of parents and peers indicate that: A) parents usually are more influential than peers B) peers usually are more influential than parents C) in some situations, parents' opinions are more influential, and in other situations, peers are more influential D) parents are more influential for day to day decisions; peers are more influential for decisions regarding politics.
C
Autonomous adolescents tend to report that they: A) do not want to be like their parents. B) feel uncomfortable seeking advice from their parents. C) are close to their parents. D) have many conflicts with their parents.
C
Compared to early adolescent boys, early adolescent girls: A) have higher self-esteem. B) have a lower level of self-consciousness. C) have a shakier self-image. D) are less vulnerable to disturbances in their self-image.
C
Fear of failure is likely to develop in a child raised with a parenting style that: A) rewards success and overlooks failure. B) encourages autonomy and independence. C) sets unrealistically high standards and expectations. D) emphasizes doing the best work possible.
C
In recent years, previously observed sex differences in math and science abilities have: A) increased moderately B) have remained the same. C) gotten much smaller, if not disappeared. D) increased substantially.
C
Intelligence test performance is ________ correlated with performance on achievement tests. A) weakly B) moderately C) highly D) rarely
C
Intrinsically motivated youngsters tend to work hard to: A) receive money. B) get good grades. C) master the material. D) avoid parental disapproval.
C
One of the most powerful influences on educational achievement is the socioeconomic status of the adolescent's family as evidenced by the finding that one group, ________, consistently earns higher grades and completes more years of schooling than others. A) the lower class B) the working class C) the middle class D) All of the above
C
Psychologists have concluded that emotional autonomy develops best when the parents: A) use a lot of both enabling and constraining behavior. B) use little of both enabling and constraining behavior. C) use a lot of enabling and little constraining behavior. D) use little enabling and a lot of constraining behavior.
C
Research has found that the most rare form of moral reasoning in Kohlberg's framework, in which society's rules and conventions are seen as relative and subjective rather than as absolute and definitive, is known as: A) preconventional reasoning. B) conventional reasoning. C) postconventional reasoning. D) prosocial reasoning.
C
Research indicates that the most important influence on educational achievement is probably: A) peer structure. B) school environment. C) home environment. D) community environment.
C
Research suggests that how an adolescent feels about his or her appearance is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem. Interestingly, what dimension is reported by adolescents themselves as the least important predictor of their own global self-esteem? A) moral conduct B) social relationships C) physical appearance D) academic ability
C
Susceptibility to peer pressure has been shown to: A) decrease throughout the course of adolescence. B) increase throughout the course of adolescence. C) increase between early and middle adolescence and then decrease. D) be difficult to measure and has never been successfully graphed.
C
The case of the Central Park jogger mugging in which it was subsequently discovered that the juveniles accused of the crime gave false confessions to police is an example of: A) individuation. B) deidealization. C) conformity to peer pressure. D) enabling behavior.
C
The extent to which an individual's self-esteem is volatile is: A) more common among older adolescents B) more among younger adolescents C) is a fairly stable trait D) is not a stable trait
C
The gradual, progressive sharpening of one's sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is known as: A) idealization. B) dependency. C) individuation. D) transformation.
C
According to Erikson, psychosocial moratorium refers to the need of adolescents to: A) be given substantial responsibilities to foster maturity. B) be given substantial obligations to foster maturity. C) be given time out from the pursuits of self-discovery and enter adulthood. D) be given time out from substantial responsibilities and obligations to foster self-discovery.
D
According to Erikson, the developmental stage that must be successfully resolved during the adolescent years is: A) industry vs. inferiority. B) integrity vs. despair. C) intimacy vs. isolation. D) identity vs. identity diffusion.
D
Adolescents are more likely to be influenced by their parents' opinions regarding which of the following? A) choices among leisure activities B) styles of dress C) tastes in music D) occupational plans
D
Adolescents tend to have less difficulty individuating from parents who: A) are intrusive. B) are overprotective. C) use constraining behavior. D) use enabling behavior.
D
Andrea stays up really late the night before a big math test talking to her friends on the computer. She doesn't have time to study before the test, but she feels relieved because she knows that even if she does poorly, it won't be because she tried hard and failed. Instead, she can blame her poor score on the fact that she didn't study. This kind of behavior is called: A) self-indulgent B) self-esteem protecting C) ego shielding D) self-handicapping
D
Changes in the adolescent's conceptions of moral, political, ideological, and religious issues involves the development of: A) emotional autonomy. B) physical autonomy. C) behavioral autonomy. D) cognitive autonomy.
D
Examination of Anna Freud's theories by researchers has led to the conclusion that: A) high levels of adolescent-parent tension is the norm. B) adolescents detach themselves from relationships with their parents. C) adolescents are driven out of the household by unbearable levels of family conflict. D) in contrast to Freud's ideas, most families get along well during the adolescent years.
D
Having confidence in one's intellectual ability is known as: A) intrinsic motivation. B) need for achievement. C) fear of failure. D) self-efficacy.
D
In Erikson's theory of development, people move through eight stages of psychosocial development by resolving the psychosocial crises of each stage. What does Erikson mean by the successful resolution of a particular stage? A) coming through the crisis entirely positively B) coming through the crisis entirely negatively C) resolving the issue once and for all D) coming through the crisis more positively than negatively
D
In comparison with the self-concepts of young children, adolescent self-concepts tend to be more: A) absolute. B) concrete. C) global. D) abstract.
D
Many students are considered to be ________ because their grades are far lower than one would expect based on their intellectual ability. A) extrinsically motivated B) intrinsically motivated C) overachievers D) underachievers
D
Most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves primarily: A) on the basis of global self-esteem (overall feelings about oneself). B) on the basis of academic self-esteem. C) on the basis of social self-esteem. D) on the basis of several distinct dimensions, including academics, athletics, appearance, and social relationships.
D
Schools that promote students to the next grade based on ________ rather than on ________ are engaging in social promotion. A) maturity; age B) ability; peer groups C) peer groups; age D) age; ability
D
Studies of youngsters show that foreign-born adolescents as well as those who are children of immigrants tend to achieve more in school than do minority youngsters who are second- or third-generation ________ Americans. A) Asian- B) Latino- C) Caribbean- D) All of the above
D
The extent to which an individual's gender-role behavior changes during adolescence is influenced by many factors, including: A) birth order B) the presence and sex of older or younger siblings C) parents' attitudes D) all of the above
D
The highest rates of dropping out of school are associated with ________ parenting. A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) democratic D) permissive
D
The importance of socioeconomic status in determining education achievement: A) is found primarily among White adolescents. B) is found primarily among Black adolescents. C) is found primarily among Asian Americans. D) remains substantial across all ethnic groups.
D
The process of developing autonomy for adolescents whose parents have divorced differs in that the adolescent: A) typically matures more slowly than adolescents from two-parent homes. B) tends to deidealize the parents at a later age. C) tends to delay the development of autonomy. D) tends to begin the process of individuation somewhat earlier.
D
The superiority of the academic achievement among Asian-American youth: A) can be accounted for by socioeconomic factors. B) can be accounted for by the middle to upper income status of most Asian Americans. C) can be attributed to racial bias on the part of the research establishment. D) cannot be explained by socioeconomic factors because the superiority persists after removing the effects of economic status.
D
The type of adolescent who would present their false-self behavior to the greatest degree would include all of the following, except those who: A) report less emotional support from parents. B) report less emotional support from peers. C) have lower self-esteem. D) all of the above
D
There is some evidence that the development of __________ occurs in later adolescence. A) emotional autonomy B) physical autonomy C) behavioral autonomy D) cognitive autonomy
D
Today, approximately what percentage of high school graduates enroll in college? A) 5% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75%
D
Which of the following is not one of the three different aspects of the multidimensional model of racial identity? A) racial centrality B) private regard C) public regard D) racial bias
D
Which of the following is not true of gender socialization in adolescence? A) adolescents typically feel strong pressure to conform to stereotypic gender roles. B) masculine traits are associated with better outcomes for both males and females in adolescents. C) androgynous males and females report higher levels of self-esteem than their peers. D) feminine boys are better adjusted and accepted by peers than masculine girls.
D
Which of the following statements about the dropout rate of high school is not true? A) Hispanic youngsters drop out of high school at twice the rate of White youngsters. B) Hispanic youngsters drop out of high school six times more frequently than Asian youngsters. C) Foreign-born Hispanic youngsters drop out at more than three times the rate of American-born Hispanic youth. D) American-born youngsters drop out at more than three times the rate of foreign-born youth.
D
Which one of the following best describes the relationship between the broad domains of self-esteem? An adolescent who has high: A) social self-esteem among peers also will have high social self-esteem with his/her parents. B) academic self-esteem also will have high social self-esteem. C) academic self-esteem also will have high physical appearance self-esteem. D) levels of self-esteem in one distinct dimension may not necessarily have high levels of self-esteem in another.
D
Why do Black adolescents have such high self-esteem? A) Black teenagers benefit from the support and positive feedback of adults in the Black community, especially in the family B) Black teenagers tend to shift their priorities over time so that they come to value those activities at which they excel C) Black teenagers' strong sense of ethnic identity enhances their overall self-esteem D) All of the above
D