Adolescent Psych Chapter 9

According to research on adolescent "reward sensitivity," who would be most likely to settle for $750 tomorrow rather than receive $1,000 a year from now?

10- to 11-year-olds

What proportion of American adolescents say formal religious participation is an important part of their lives?

50%

What proportion of American adolescents report an affiliation with a religious group?

85%

Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents? Adolescents are eager to get their parents help and advice with problems. Adolescents feel their parents are all-knowing and all-powerful. Adolescents are able to see their parents as people. Adolescents have difficulty sympathizing with their parents' problems.

Adolescents are able to see their parents as people

Which of the following is an indicator of emotional autonomy? Adolescents feel their parents can do no wrong. Adolescents depend less on their parents to fix their problems. There is an increase in the number of friends that the parents know. Teenagers idolize their parents.

Adolescents depend less on their parents to fix their problems

Which of the following is an indicator of emotional autonomy? Teenagers idolize their parents. There is an increase in the number of friends that the parents know. Adolescents feel their parents can do no wrong. Adolescents depend less on their parents to fix their problems.

Adolescents depend less on their parents to fix their problems.

Which of the following are signs of emotional autonomy? (Select all that apply.) Adolescents may be more attached to a girlfriend or boyfriend than their parents. Adolescents feel little emotional connection to their parents. Older adolescents no longer run to their parents when they are upset. Adolescents are able to interact with their parents as people.

Adolescents may be more attached to a girlfriend or boyfriend than their parents. Older adolescents no longer run to their parents when they are upset. Adolescents are able to interact with their parents as people.

Which of the following is a trend in the development of adolescent cognitive autonomy? Adolescents become less abstract in their thinking about moral issues. Adolescents become less abstract in their thinking about political issues. Adolescents' beliefs become rooted in specific situations. Adolescents' beliefs become centered in their own values.

Adolescents' beliefs become centered in their own values

Which of the following teenagers is the least susceptible to peer pressure? Kara, who is White Phil, who is Asian American Marco, who is Hispanic Alisha, who is Black

Alisha, who is Black

What parenting style is most effective for supporting emotional autonomy in adolescence?

Authoritative

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to attend church regularly and to state that religion is important? Jenna, who is 19 Barry, who is 13 Vinny, who is 17 Carissa, who is 16

Barry, who is 13

According to a recent analysis of data from a sample of nationally representative high school seniors, which of the following statements regarding adolescents' civic engagement and political participation is true? Since 1990, there has been a steady decrease in the proportion of young people who report participating in community service activities. Between 1976 and 1990, there was a decrease in the proportion of young people participating in conventional civic activities (e.g., voting, contacting elected officials).Since 1990, the proportion of young people who engage in alternative political activities (e.g., boycotts, demonstrations) has increased. Between 1976 and 1990, participation in alternative political activities (e.g., boycotts, demonstrations) decreased.

Between 1976 and 1990, there was a decrease in the proportion of young people participating in conventional civic activities (e.g., voting, contacting elected officials)

What is developed in adolescence and allows adolescents to see how others' perspectives influence their decision-making?

Capacity for intellectual abstraction

Which of the following statements illustrates de-idealization in adolescence? When arguing with parents, children throw tantrums, whereas adolescents have meltdowns. Children place their parents on a pedestal, whereas adolescents knock their parents off of the pedestal. Children's moods are relatively consistent, whereas adolescent mood swings are like a roller coaster ride. Adolescent boys become less respectful of their fathers, whereas adolescent girls are less respectful of their mothers.

Children place their parents on a pedestal, whereas adolescents knock their parents off of the pedestal

Considering adolescents' decision-making abilities, which typically matures first?

Cognitive abilities

Recall three shifts that take place with political thinking during adolescence

Decreasing authoritarianism Increasing use of principles Increasing abstraction

Which of the following statements about emotional autonomy is true? Emotional autonomy involves a transformation in family relationships, rather than detachment. Children tend to be closer to their parents emotionally in early adolescence than during childhood. An absence of conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents indicates a delay in the development of emotional autonomy. Adolescents cannot develop emotional autonomy without detachment from their parents.

Emotional autonomy involves a transformation in family relationships, rather than detachment

Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism is true? Engaging in community service is not correlated with short-term gains in social responsibility. Engaging in community service has not been shown to increase the importance individuals place on helping others. Engaging in school mandated community service gives students a negative attitude toward volunteering. Engaging in community service leads to increased commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity.

Engaging in community service leads to increased commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity

Which of the following characterize an autonomous adolescent? (Select all that apply.) Negativism toward parents Rebellion Few conflicts with parents Enjoyment of activities with their parents Turning to parents for advice

Few conflicts with parents Enjoyment of activities with their parents Turning to parents for advice

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to be more rigid and authoritarian in his or her political thinking? Ginny, a 12-year-old girl from the United States Kourosh, a 14-year-old boy from Iran Nosiba, a 16-year-old girl from Sudan Liang, an 18-year-old boy from China

Ginny, a 12-year-old girl from the United States

Psychological control involves which of the following behaviors? Intrusiveness Warmth Indifference Overprotectiveness

Intrusiveness Overprotectiveness

Which of the following are characteristics of adolescents who function at a higher level of moral reasoning? More likely to engage in political protests Less likely to cheat More likely to act aggressive and accept violence More likely to volunteer their time

More likely to engage in political protests Less likely to cheat More likely to volunteer their time

Which of the following is characteristic of adolescents who function at a higher level of moral reasoning? More delinquent More accepting of violence More aggressive More tolerant

More tolerant

The family of which of the following adolescent girls is most likely to have earlier expectations for their child's autonomy? Olivia, a White adolescent Guan-yin, a Chinese adolescent Chetana, an Indian adolescent Min-seo, a Korean adolescent

Olivia, a White adolescent

Which of the following types of reasoning develops last among adolescents? Postconventional Moral Preconventional Conventional

Postconventional

Which of the following is an example of a prosocial behavior? Cleaning your room for allowance Getting a pedicure Doing your homework Raking leaves for a widow

Raking leaves for a widow

For which of the following would adolescents most likely turn to their parents for advice? Relationships with friends Social matters Religious beliefs Occupation Values

Religious beliefs Occupation Values

Rebecca's parents are permissive in nature whereas Rhonda's parents are more authoritative. (Rebecca/Rhonda) is more likely to develop a healthy behavioral autonomy

Rhonda

Which of the following characterizes an autonomous adolescent? Strained family relationships Rebellion Negativism toward parents Seeking parents' advice

Seeking parents' advice

Which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is true? Adolescents with high levels of moral disengagement tend to display the most moral behavior. There is little correlation between an adolescent's moral reasoning and his or her moral behavior. Situational factors influence moral choices. Adolescents with advanced moral reasoning tend to be more conformist in their moral behavior.

Situational factors influence moral choices

What three main categories undergo changes that affect the development of adolescent autonomy?

Social Biological Cognitive

______ is/are a time when many individuals reexamine and reevaluate the beliefs and values they grew up with

The early college years

Which of the following are indicators of emotional autonomy? Adolescents feel their parents can do no wrong. There is a drop in the number of friends that the parents know. Adolescents depend more on their parents to fix their problems. Adolescents see their parents' flaws.

There is a drop in the number of friends that the parents know. Adolescents see their parents' flaws.

Which of the following are true of the cognitive changes of adolescence? (Choose every correct answer.) They provide the logical foundation for thinking about social problems. They instill new respect for parents and other authority figures. They help adolescents follow rules and regulations that they do not understand. They help adolescents develop a personal system of values.

They provide the logical foundation for thinking about social problems. They help adolescents develop a personal system of values.

Troy is 13 years old and his brother Thom is 17 years old. Which of the following is true about Troy and Thom? Both boys are likely to be drawn to immediate rewards. Thom is more likely than Troy to be drawn to immediate rewards. Troy is more likely than Thom to be drawn to immediate rewards. Both boys are likely to evaluate the pros and cons of accepting an immediate versus a long-term reward.

Troy is more likely than Thom to be drawn to immediate rewards

For which of the following questions is an adolescent most likely to turn to outside experts for advice? What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college? How should I decorate my first dorm room? Will it be hard to make friends at college? Is the University of Michigan a fun place to go to college?

What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college?

Which of the following examples reflects the development of emotional autonomy in an adolescent-parent relationship? Dima talks to his father about everything and sees his father the ultimate authority on politics, relationships, and life in general. Although Mila has a few friends from school, she spends little time on relationships outside her family. Mila is mostly emotionally invested in her parents. When Ogechi is upset about an argument with her best friend, she asks other friends for their opinions instead of rushing to her mother for advice. Haziq's parents do not confide in him. Haziq is usually preoccupied with his own feelings and unable to sympathize when his mother and father are having a difficult day.

When Ogechi is upset about an argument with her best friend, she asks other friends for their opinions instead of rushing to her mother for advice

Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as

a personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma

During adolescence, political thinking becomes more (concrete/abstract)

abstract

Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents than typical adolescents are more likely than others in their age groups to do what?

affiliate with antisocial peers

According to research from Clardy and King, which adolescent is most likely to say that God is important to him or her? adolescent from Mexico an adolescent from China an adolescent from the United States an adolescent from France

an adolescent from Mexico

Which of the following parenting styles is most beneficial to the development of healthy behavioral autonomy?

authoritative

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called...

autonomy

Teenagers who engage in more prosocial behavior are more likely to...

be more sympathetic and empathic

The capacity to make independent decisions and to follow through with them is ______ autonomy

behavioral

The development of cognitive autonomy mainly entails changes in the adolescent's ______. (Select all that apply.) beliefs opinions relationship with parents values

beliefs opinions values

Sex differences in the extent to which adolescents are granted independence appear to be especially pronounced within ______ households

black

Campaigning for a gubernatorial candidate is an example of...

civic engagement

______ ______ is a broad term for a category of activities that reflect involvement in political and community affairs

civic engagement

The development of religious thinking during late adolescence is best understood as part of the overall development of ______ autonomy

cognitive

The establishment of an independent set of values, opinions, and beliefs is called ______ autonomy

cognitive

Malkhaz believes that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while and I'll be a social outcast if I don't have a drink." Malkhaz's level of moral development would be described as...

conventional stage

No longer viewing your parents as perfect individuals is known as ______

de-idealization

During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure...

decreases

There is strong support among adolescents for fundamental ______, such as representation and majority rule

democratic principles

The process of adolescents emotionally separating themselves from their parents and instead turning their emotional energy toward their peers is known as _____

detachment

What is the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures?

detachment

Proponents of mandatory community service for all students argue that service activities help young people to...

develop concern for the community

One explanation about young adolescents' susceptibility to peer pressure is that it ______

doesn't change

Preconventional morality is...

dominant in most of childhood

During (early/middle/late) adolescence, individuals are more drawn to the potential benefits of a decision than the potential costs

early

An adolescent who can sympathize when her mother has a bad day at work is demonstrating ______ autonomy

emotional

What type of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships?

emotional autonomy

True or false: In authoritative families, decisions about the child's behavior are usually reached after consultation and discussion without the child's input

false

Puberty drives the adolescent away from exclusive emotional dependence on ______

family

Puberty drives the adolescent toward dependence on ______ for emotional support

friends

(Boys/Girls) are less susceptible to peer pressure than (girls/boys)

girls; boys

One explanation as to why young adolescents are more susceptible to peer influence is because of their ______. experiences with permissive parenting attraction to antisocial youth tendency toward delinquent behavior heightened orientation toward social stimuli

heightened orientation toward social stimuli

Teenagers who are better able to stand up to their friends are better able to control the...

impulsive, emotional decision making that often occurs in the peer group

Tau's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he has become more responsible for his actions and choices and less dependent on them. Tau's parents are describing

individuation

When Ramesh gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Ramesh relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Ramesh is probably from an...

indulgent home

Adolescents are (less/more) likely than adults to think about the long-term implications of their decisions

less

The tendency to justify one's own bad acts is called ______

moral disengagement

With age, adolescents are (more/less) likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions that they make

more

Individuals who reason at lower levels of moral thought are thought to be

more accepting of others' misbehavior

The tendency to rationalize immoral behavior as legitimate is called ______ ______

more disengagement

For short-term matters, adolescents are more likely to conform to the opinions of their (parents/peers) whereas for long-term issues they are more likely to conform to the opinions of their (parents/peers)

peers; parents

(Preconventional/Conventional/Postconventional) moral reasoning focuses on how an individual's behavior will be judged by others

preconventional

Acts people engage in to help others are termed ______ behaviors

prosocial

Amber's mom is overcontrolling to the point of trying to control Amber's emotions. Amber's mom is exerting ______ control

psychological

What event has researchers suggested is one of the most important triggers of the individuation process?

puberty

Issues of autonomy...

recur throughout the life span.

The religious practices one engages in are called

religiosity

There are two components of religious development: (1) ________, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2) ________, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life.

religiosity; spirituality

Across many different cultural contexts, one of the most robust predictors of success in life is strong ______

self-regulation

Brain research on neural influences on peer pressure indicate that the development of ______ is a key aspect of positive development in adolescence

self-regulation

Volunteering in community service activities is also called ______ learning

service

Sex and birth order differences in behavioral autonomy tend to be very (large/small)

small

Biological, cognitive, and _____ changes are the primary types of changes that affect the development of adolescent autonomy

social

Peers usually have more influence than parents over adolescents' decisions regarding...

social matters

One's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life is

spirituality

With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. These improvements seem to be due to what?

the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential immediate rewards

Many young people find it frustrating that

they feel emotionally independent but must abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically

Service learning is the act of learning...

through volunteering in community service activities

True or false: Critics of mandatory community service argue that it may make adolescents even more negative about community service and less likely to volunteer when they are older

true

True or false: Some of the heightened "reward sensitivity" seen among adolescents is not even conscious.

true

Adolescents who have ______ score higher on measures of moral reasoning than those who have not

volunteered considerable amounts of time in service activities