Adolescent Psychology

Researchers have found that, with regard to adolescent sleep patterns

getting fewer than 8 hours of sleep a night is associated with poorer mental health and lower grades for adolescents

According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school:

had opportunities to shift status in high school.

Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except:

more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques.

Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that:

most adolescents appear to maintain positive, supportive, and mutually respective relationships with parents.

Smith argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. His argument focuses on the idea of:

psychosocial moratorium.

The physical transformation from child to adult is called:

puberty.

Dating among adolescents today is largely a:

recreational activity.

According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy develops during:

preadolescence.

According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called:

preconventional.

According to the Ford and Beach sexual socialization research, societies can fall into any of the following categories, except:

progressive

On Steve's 13th birthday, his father wants to educate him about sex, so they sit down to have a "man to man" talk about the "birds and the bees." This process is called:

sexual socialization.

Sarah is an excellent writer, but her younger sister Jane has always hated writing classes and instead has focused on developing gymnastic abilities. Sarah readily expresses disdain for gymnastics, so the girls feel that they are different enough to avoid direct competition. One explanation for this type of sibling behavior is called:

sibling deidentification.

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques?

teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques

The most common trigger of the first episode of major depression is:

the breakup of a romantic relationship.

All of the following are true regarding the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood except:

the legal boundary between childhood and adulthood is very clear and consistent

Which dimension of the Five-Factor Model measures how organized someone is?

Conscientiousness

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called:

age grading.

Hostile attributional bias:

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.

Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents?

Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.

The field of behavior genetics examines all of the following, except:

Behavioral genetics examines all of these issues.

Which statement about conformity to peers is most true?

Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial.

Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence?

It is virtually impossible to predict which student will commit a lethal crime.

Joe is extremely moody. His mother attributes his mood swings to being an adolescent. Based on your understanding of adolescent mood swings, what would you tell Joe's mom?

Joe's moods are most likely linked to his daily activities.

Hormones play two very different roles in adolescence. _______ hormones program the brain to behave in certain ways, whereas _______ hormones are thought to stimulate development of the secondary sex characteristics.

Organizational; activational

Generalizing from the text, who would benefit most from summer school?

Ron, an adolescent living in a low SES neighborhood

What is the paradox of dropping out of school?

Students who drop out are typically the ones who are most harmed by doing so.

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by:

a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.

Although sex education programs have not been particularly successful in reducing the high rates of adolescent pregnancy, there is current optimism that _____ may be effective.

a comprehensive sex education

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique is called:

a personal fable

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called:

a reference group.

As used in the study of adolescence, the term "intimacy" refers to an emotional attachment between two people that is characterized by all of the following, except:

a sexual and/or physical relationship.

Who is most likely to have close opposite-sex friends?

a) Ben, who is socially competent, popular, and has many same-sex friends b) Brian, who is socially incompetent and unpopular with his same-sex peers Correct Response c) both Ben and Brian

Larry is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and also has low self-esteem. One explanation for these two characteristics is that:

a) Larry might be low in self-esteem because he knowingly puts on a false front b) Larry might engage in false-self behavior because he is low in self-esteem Both A & B

Which of the following characteristics of the retail and restaurant industries contributed to the rise in adolescent employment?

a) need for part-time workers b) abundance of low wage positions c) short shift schedules

According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when:

a) their lessons are within their zone of proximal development. b) a more experienced instructor is present. c) the instructor engages in scaffolding. d) All of the above

Piaget theorists believe that the use of _____ is the chief feature of adolescent thinking that differentiates it from the type of thinking employed by children.

abstract logical reasoning

Among American adolescents, the most frequently mentioned criterion for being an adult is:

accepting responsibility for oneself.

Children's friendships are based on _____, whereas adolescents' friendships are based on _____.

activities; intimacy

The paradox of adolescent health in the United States is that:

adolescence is one of the healthiest periods in the life span, but nearly 1 in 15 adolescents has at least one disabling chronic disease.

Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by:

adolescents' ability to formulate counterarguments.

In contrast to adolescents in the United States, adolescents in Europe:

are more likely to have an apprenticeship while in high school.

Among those who study adolescence, an inventionist is one who:

argues that adolescence as a period in the life cycle is mainly a social invention.

Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents?

authoritative

The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called:

autonomy.

Elder's study of the Great Depression revealed that adolescents who experienced hardship during those years were more likely to:

be involved in adult-like tasks at an earlier age.

Which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk-taking?

behavioral decision theory

In their movement toward more permissive attitudes about premarital intercourse, adolescents in the United States today generally:

believe that being emotionally involved with one's partner is the most important criterion for judging the acceptability of sexual involvement.

The first sign of puberty in girls is generally:

budding of the breasts.

Based on the Five C's of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others:

caring

The most virulent threats to adolescent health come from all of the following, except:

chronic disabilities, such as cancer and arthritis.

Typically, the social redefinition of young people occurs in groups of peers who are approximately the same age, known as:

cohorts

Research addressing difficult social situations related to adolescents' transitions into romantic relationships found _____ to be among the most frequently mentioned themes.

communicating with the opposite sex

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that to assess an individual's intellectual capabilities it is necessary to look at three distinct, but interrelated, types of intelligence:

componential, experiential, and contextual.

Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition?

continuous

Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests, motives, and beliefs about the world?

cultivation theory

All of the following are indicators of metacognition, except:

deductive reasoning.

In 1934, anthropologist Ruth Benedict suggested that the turmoil experienced during adolescence was caused by:

discontinuous transitions.

When is an adolescent most likely to question his or her religious beliefs?

during college

According to national surveys, sexual activity among adolescents is occurring ______ it has in past decades.

earlier than

Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-esteem is accurate?

early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys

Generalizing from the text, the children who are most likely to think of themselves as being off schedule" with respect to their physical development are girls who mature _____ and boys who mature _____."

early; late

Which of the following contributed to the invention of the teenager?

economic freedom

According to the textbook, which of the following resulted from standards-based reform:

educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what high school graduates should know and be able to do

Professor Radon is studying the _________ system, which produces, circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the body

endocrine

The phenomenon of extrusion is the practice in which children are:

expected to sleep in other households.

Sixteen-year-old Mercedes believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. What is her identity status?

foreclosure

According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development that is based on theoretical, abstract principles of logic is called:

formal operations.

Adolescents increase their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of:

future orientation.

According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:

identity versus identity diffusion.

Fifteen-year-old Hermione is able to write a much more complex answer than 10-year-old Ginger to the question, "Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using simple spells for self-protection." This is because, as an adolescent, Hermione is able to think:

in multiple dimensions.

Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives?

information-processing perspective

Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social invention rather than a biological or cognitive phenomenon. Her view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the:

inventionist perspective.

Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests:

it is a time of positive and improving mental health for most people.

Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during all of the following events, except when:

lack of change creates a sturdy, yet boring, family pattern.

Which of the following was not a result of industrialization?

less time in school

Davis is interested in how puberty affects adjustment. He studies a group of 100 junior high school students over the course of three years. He is conducting what kind of study?

longitudinal

According to research by Wayne Osgood and colleagues, the combination of several factors is the recipe for delinquency and other problem behaviors among adolescents. This view is called the routine activity theory, and all but which of the following are thought to be major contributing factors to this combination?

lower then average intelligence

Which of the following is not a characteristic of deductive reasoning in adolescence, as described by the text?

making an inference based on accumulated evidence

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true:

moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand

When compared with their less mature peers, adolescents who are physically mature are:

more likely to be involved in cross-sex activities such as going out on dates.

Early-maturing boys are:

often expected to be more mature than they are.

All of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents, except:

organized youth movements.

Optimal social development during adolescence may require healthy relationships with:

parents peers both A and B are correct

The text cautions against trying to determine the relationship between family characteristics and adolescent development because:

parents and adolescents reciprocally influence each other.

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of:

patterns of leisure activity.

During adolescence, individuals' IQ scores _____, whereas their mental abilities _____.

remain stable; increase

Multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand:

sarcasm.

Which of the following is least likely to be affected by genetic factors?

school performance

The delayed phase preference suggests that:

school should begin later in the morning.

Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This has been referred to as the:

secular trend.

Early in adolescence, moral guidelines are:

seen as subjective.

Although Sarah's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Sarah's poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the:

sleeper effect of divorce.

Adolescents develop the ability to think about social issues, a concept more generally referred to as:

social cognition.

The practice of moving students from one grade to the next regardless of their academic performance is known as what?

social promotion

A limitation in children's ability to ____ inhibits their ability to have intimate interpersonal relationships.

take another person's perspective

The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include all but which of the following?

the routine activity theory

Psychologist Jeffery Arnett has suggested that 18- to 25-year-olds are caught between adolescence and adulthood in "emerging adulthood," which is characterized by all but which of the following?

the subjective feeling of emotional immaturity

"Sexual socialization" refers to:

the way in which an individual is educated about sexuality.

At the time of peak height velocity, adolescents grow at about the same rate as:

toddlers.

Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are:

universalistic.

Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is:

viewed as having potential benefit.

Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:

warm but not excessively constraining.

According to Jacquelynne Eccles, a thorough understanding of school and its impact on adolescent development requires an examination of:

what goes on beyond the classroom.

In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults?

whether they owned property