adolescent psychology exam 2

peer group

set of individuals of roughly the same age and interests

A mid-life crisis is believed to occur between the ages of ______ and _____. a. 35-45 b. 40-50 c. 45-55 d. 50-60

a.

According to ______ theory, relationships in families change most dramatically during times when individual family members or the family's circumstances are changing. a. family systems theory b. humanistic c. social learning d. evolutionary

a.

According to research, which country is reported has having a relatively low prevalence of bullying? a. sweden b. russia c. united states d. germany

a.

In the United States today, what percentage of individuals between the ages of 14 and 17 are in school? a. 60% b. 75% c. 90% d. close to 100%

d.

The integration of all students with special needs into regular classrooms is called ___________. a. tracking b. mixing c. standardizing d. mainstreaming

d.

The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family are called ______. a. funding vouchers b. wealth inheritance c. socioeconomic status d. social capital

d.

Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence? a. Mitchell, who has mental health problems , is the most likely person. b. Miguel, who has easy access to guns, is the most likely person. c. Martin, who has recently dropped out of school, is the most likely person d. Researchers have not identified a reliable mechanism for identifying which students will commit a lethal crime.

d.

Which group is more likely to grow up in a divorced family than to actually experience their parent's divorce? a. children b. girls c. boys d. adolescents

d.

Differences between the family relations of sons and daughters are (significant/minimal) .

minimal

instrumental aggression

aggression that is planned and is strategic and selective

reactive aggression

aggressive behavior that is unplanned and impulsive

Postfigurative cultures (Mead)

cultures that socialize children almost exclusively through contact with the culture's elders

standards-based reform

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests

age grading

the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age

relational aggression

-aggression that is intended to harm through deliberate manipulation of social standing and relationships -aggressive interaction behavior usually expressed by girls that are characterized by social alienation tactics such as excluding someone from an activity or threatening not to be a person's friend anymore

Routine Activity Theory

a perspective on adolescence that views unstructured, unsupervised time with peers as a main cause of misbehavior

True or false: Although the actual composition of adolescent cliques may shift over time, the defining characteristics of their cliques do not.

true

True or false: Studies indicate that adolescents who feel close to both their father and stepfather have better outcomes than those who feel close to one but not the other.

true

iatrogenic effects

unintended adverse consequences of a well-intentioned treatment or intervention

Among aggressive and antisocial adolescents, popularity tends to (wane/increase) as adolescents get older. Listen to the complete question

wane

During adolescence, peer groups function much more often (with/without) adult supervision

without

Today, ______ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation. a. less than 1/3 b. about 1/2 c. more than 2/3 d. over 3/4

c.

True or false: Ethnicity is not a strong determinant of clique composition during childhood.

True

Adolescents who experience maternal ______ are more aggressive with siblings. a. rejection b. harmony c. cohesiveness d. monitoring

a.

sleeper effect

a delayed impact of divorce

"______" are not involved in either the peer culture or adult institutions. a. burnouts b. populars c. nerds d. normals

a.

Calvin has completed three semesters of college, but he left college without an associate's degree or a bachelor's degree. which of these statements is likely to apply to Calvin? a. In terms of unemployment and earning, he will do about as well as his peers who never attended college b. In terms of unemployment and earnings, he will do about as well as his peers who received a bachelor's degree c. His chances of unemployment are much lower than those of his peers who never attended college, but his earnings will be about the same as theirs. d. His earnings will be much higher than those of his peers who never attended college, but his chances of unemployment will be about the same as theirs.

a.

Hostile attributional bias a. plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents b. plays a small role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents c. helps rejected adolescents gain acceptance d. is the only significant factor in determining the behavior of rejected adolescents

a.

Jen is considered a popular student at Tremont High, whereas Sarah is considered an unpopular student. Which of the following statements about Jen and Sarah is true? a. Jen is more likely than Sarah to have close, intimate friendships. b. Both Jen and Sarah have a reasonably active social life. c. Sarah is more likely than Jen to participate in extracurricular activities. d. Jen's friendships will be less stable over time than Sarah's friendships.

a.

Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. these children will adjust best if Jesse establishes which of the following types of discipline? a. consistent b. indulgent c. controlling d. authoritarian

a.

Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs a. are tedious b. offer good learning experiences c. provide opportunities to exercise responsibility d. pay well

a.

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by a combination of a. aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack od social skills b. poor interpersonal relations despite well-developed social skills c. delinquent behaviors and extreme shyness in social situations d. being highly intelligent and plotting an aggressive response in advance

a.

What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have? a. babysitting b. a farm or agricultural job c. store clerk or salesperson d. fast-food worker

a.

What proportion of people who married during the 2000s will have divorced within 20 years? a. One-third b. Two-thirds c. One-half d. One-fourth

a.

Which of the following is most likely to deter adolescents from delinquent behavior? a. adult supervision b. peer pressure c. unstructured leisure time d. a part-time job

a.

Which of the following types of extracurricular activities are most popular among adolescents? a. music-related and academic-related b. craft-related and drama-related c. drama-related and music-related d. craft-related and academic-related

a.

Identify all of the areas in which parents and adolescents tend to squabble. a. curfew b. leisure time activities c. cleanliness of bedrooms d. clothing e.religion f. core values g. cultural traditions

a., b., c., and d.

Young people who drop out of high school before graduation are at risk for ______. (Select all that apply.) a. unintended pregnancy b. workplace violence c. unemployment d. delinquency e. substance abuse f. early mortality

a., c., d., and e.

junior high school

an educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education, in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents

Among adolescents, placement into foster care group home is associated with a. an easier transition to independence. b. greater delinquency. c. more stable living arrangements. d. a lengthier stay in the foster care system.

b.

Antisocial, aggressive adolescents ______. a. are popular b. often gravitate toward each other c. have no friends d. gravitate toward popular clique in order to be socially accepted

b.

During which period are friendships most likely to end? a. sixth and seventh grades b. seventh and eighth grades c. eighth and ninth grades d. ninth and tenth grades

b.

Growing up, Tinashe's parents had a lot of marital conflict and divorced when she was 13. Tinashe is more likely to develop depression, aggression, or delinquency if she was also exposed to which of the following? a. authoritative parenting b. domestic violence c. remarriage d. shared environmental influences

b.

Mrs. Garner is the mother of 17-year-old Jeremy. In the past year, both of Mrs. Garner's parents have had serious health issues. Mrs. Garner spends many hours each week checking on her parents, running errands for them, making meals, and cleaning up around their house. Mrs. Garner is part of the "______" generation. a. care giver b. sandwich c. millennial d. lost

b.

Over time, witnesses to cyberbullying tend to show __________ empathy toward victims of the harassment. a. more b. less c. the same amount of d. no

b.

Pam is a 16-year-old who smokes marijuana every weekend. Based on this information, which of the following most likely describes Pam's work experience? a. Pam is unemployed b. Pam works long hours c. Pam dislikes her job d. Pam's job is not very stressful

b.

Secondary education refers to a. second, third, and fourth grades b. middle school, junior high school, and high school c. community college and four-year college d. graduate school, including medical and dental school

b.

Sixteen-year-old Chance, who is aggressive, engages in promiscuous sex, and drinks alcohol regularly, is popular among many of his peers. According to research, as Chance transitions to adulthood, he will ______. a. feel confident, self-assured, and successful b. have more interpersonal and behavioral problems than his peers c. realize that his behaviors are maladaptive and strive to change them d. be even more popular than he is now

b.

The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic affect, meaning a. the program was successful and delinquent behavior was reduced. b. the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased c. there were no effects on delinquent behavior, either positive or negative d. some problem behaviors increased and other decreased

b.

The tensions that result from teenagers and adults having differences of personal taste and preferences are referred to as the a. parent-child rift. b. generation gap. c. empty nest syndrome. d. midlife crisis.

b.

What two dominant characteristics distinguish the development of postsecondary education in contemporary America from that in other parts of the world? a. diversity and accommodation b. diversity and accessibility c. diplomacy and accessibility d. democracy and accommodation

b.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between caring, involved parenting and adolescent happiness? a. Important for middle-class but not impoverished youth b. Consistent across all groups c. Relevant to early but not late adolescents d. Significant for girls but not boys

b.

Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is true? a. Adolescents have an easier time adjusting to a stepfather if they have a poor relationship with their biological father. b. Younger children have an easier time adjusting to stepfamilies than adolescents. c. Adolescents growing up in stepfamilies have fewer problems than adolescents growing up in single-parent families. d. Girls show less difficulty in stepfamilies than boys.

b.

______ parents strive to raise a child who is self-reliant, with a strong sense of initiative. a. authoritarian b. authoritative c. indifferent d. indulgent

b.

Which of the following parent-adolescent pairs is likely to be closest? (Select all that apply.) a. Ben and his dad, Norm b. Kendra and her mom, Faith c. Lexi and her mom, Eva d. Val and her dad, David

b. and c.

Identify all of the following outcomes associated with financial strain on adolescents after parental divorce. a. Increased acceptance of their parents' breakup b. Academic problems c. Increased financial responsibility d. Increased emotional distress e. Diminished sense of mastery f. Greater sibling rivalry g. Increased delinquency

b., d., e., and g.

Adolescents are more likely to be home unsupervised if they a. come from a poor family b. live in rural areas c. are White d. live far from their school

c.

As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship problems. The most likely explanation is that a. adolescence is a period of "storm and stress" b. the generation gap is a major issue for parents and their adolescents c. their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood d. Alex has been negatively affected by his entrance into the high school system

c.

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave? a. "nerds" b. "populars" c. "druggies" d. "normals"

c.

In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of sympathy and empathy for others? a. character b. connection c. caring/compassion d. competence

c.

New technologies and social innovations have a. transformed family life, and as a result, parents do not really make a difference. b. not transformed family life; however, these technologies have caused parental influence to be overshadowed by the peer group c. not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support, and guidance of adults who care about them. d. given teens a new way to rebel against their parents' moral preferences

c.

Of these students who were initially places in a low track, __________ is most likely to be moved to a higher track. a. Selena, a Latina adolescent, b. Clay, a Black adolescent, c. Sarah, a White adolescent, d. Rebecca, a Native American adolescent,

c.

Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of a. occupational ambitions. b. educational goals. c. patterns of leisure activity. d. basic values.

c.

President George W. Bush's 2002 mandate that all children, regardless of economic circumstance, achieve academic proficiency was called the a. All Children Learn Together Act b. Stay in Public School Act c. No Child Left Behind Act d. Race to the Top Act

c.

The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs decreased over the past two decades. Which of the following is an explanation for this? a. Parental expectations have changed, and parents no longer feel it necessary for teenagers to work b. Fewer and fewer high school graduates are seeking college admission c. The recession during the first decade of the twenty-first century left many adults without jobs d. So many teenagers want part-time jobs that there is too much competition for too few jobs

c.

The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today include which of the following? a. the media saturation theory b. the routine activity theory c. the uses and gratifications approach d. the flow experience

c.

What is one of the main causes of youth culture, according to those who believe in it? a. in-person bullying and electronic bullying b. income inequality c. age segregation d. mass media such as television and internet

c.

When siblings are treated differently by parents, research shows that they are likely to a. get along worse because they feel competition. b. perceive the discrepancy as being unfair c. get along better because they feel unique d. try to be more like one another

c.

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in violent behavior? a. Jenness, who is involved in student government and her school's tennis team b. Luis, who is a member of his school's drama club but is not involved in other extracurricular activities c. Cooper, who is on his school's football team but is not involved in other extracurricular activities d. Aniyah, who is on her school's track team and debate team

c.

Which of the following is a factor that moved children out of the workplace? a. discrimination against young workers b. the need for workers who earn less than teenagers c. the strength needed to perform unskilled labor d. the loss of influence by the labor movement

c.

Which of the following adolescent groups are very involved in the peer culture, as well as involved in the institutions valued by adults? (Select all that apply.) a. "partyers" b. "nerds" c. "jocks" d. "brains" e. "populars"

c. and e.

According to research, how has school desegregation affected students' achievement levels? a. Students of all ages have seen remarkable improvements in achievement levels b. White and Asian students' achievement levels have declined, while Latina and Black students' achievement levels have risen c. White and Asian students' achievement levels have risen, while Latina and Black students' achievement levels have declined d. School desegregation has had little effect on students' academic achievement

d.

According to research, many youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school a. were automatically labeled "dweebs" in high school b. joined the "popular" group in high school c. deliberately transformed into "jocks" in high school d. had opportunities to shift status in high school

d.

Conflict between parents and adolescents over appropriate leisure activities is: a. most common in east asian countries. b.seen mostly in democratic countries. c.primarily found in the Unites States d. common across many cultures.

d.

Which of the following statements is true? a. As class size increases, academic achievement decreases b. As class size increases, academic achievement increases c. As school size increases, academic achievement increases d. As school size increases, academic achievement decreases

d.

You want to design a study that follows 13-year-olds who have poor peer relationships to see what effects those problems have on the subjects' lives. Based on what you have read, for how long would you need to track the 13-year-olds to fully understand the effects? a. until the end of eighth grade, when many friendships disintegrate b. until the first two years of high school, when new crowds and cliques emerge c. until the last two years of high school, when peer groups begin to weaken d. into adulthood, to examine low achievement and mental health problems

d.

Familism

idea that the family's well-being takes precedence over the concerns of individual family members

The transition from same-sex groups to mixed-sex groups is associated with a(n) (increase/decrease) in alcohol and drug use among females and a(n) (increase/decrease) in alcohol use among males.

increase; increase

Teacher expectations have a cumulative (short/long) -term impact on student achievement.

long

Although it is impossible to make a blanket statement about the overall impact of divorce, research finds that for most people this impact is (small/significant)

small

two types of popularity

sociometric: how well liked someone is and perceived: how much status or prestige someone has

the achievement gap between white and non-white students is (substantial/minimal)___________.

substantial