adult development test 2 info
True or false: A true statement about older women is that those who live with children without a spouse present are lease likely to feel lonely
False. Men who live alone are most likely to feel lonely, but women who live with children without a spouse present are most likely to feel lonely
The traditional understanding of the ____ ____, formulated by the Greek physician Hippocrates in the fifth century B.C. and still taken by physicians today, is that physicians shall do no harm.
Hippo-cratic Oath
The term ____ refers to a range of services designed to help people with chronic conditions compensate for limitations in their ability to function independently
long-term care
According to a national survey conducted to determine the attitudes of physicians toward various forms of euthanasia, a . . .
majority of physicians object to physician-assisted suicide
The idea of ____ appeals to many Americans because of the remarkable improvement in the economic well-being of older people since 1960 and the slow growth in living standards for most working Americans
means testing
The _____ of a population is calculated using the middle of the income distribution of the population
median income
What are the disadvantages of raising the retirement age as a solution to the future depletion of the Social Security trust fund?
It increases job competition among workers of all ages and causes a decline in wages Older people may be unable to find employment due to age discrimination It results in a steep drop in income for people who have lost their jobs through no fault of their own
Identify the concerns expressed by physicians about providing care for older patients
It is frustrating to treat incurable diseases It is more difficult to care for them It is difficult to communicate with them
What are the reasons for women shouldering a disproportionate share of the burden of caregiving for family members?
It is often easier on the family budget for women to reduce working hours or quit work Caregiving reflects a broader gendered division of labor Care work is a part of some middle-aged women's identity and expectations for themselves
Identify a way in which widowhood reorganizes the social support network
It may intensify existing family ties of the widowed individuals
Identify the reasons why people start exercising young
It results in better long-term and short-term memory It improves their cardiovascular function
Which of the following is a true statement about the death of a parent?
It serves as a forceful reminder of an individual's own morality.
Dual-worker couples can retire at the same time, a choice called ____; or just one retires first while the other continues to work, a pattern called ____
Joint retirement ; sequential retirement
The main purpose of ______ is to raise money to finance government expenditures on, for instance, the government, public highways, defense, and Social Security.
taxes
In the past 20 years, the proportion of people listing _____ as a reason for retiring has declined because, today, fewer jobs require strenuous physical effort, and more jobs require only light or moderate physical exertion
Poor health
The ____ schedule estimates what the cost of an average patient with a specific diagnosis would be and how long that patient would need to remain hospitalized
Prospective Payment System (PPS)
What are the premises on which James Fries's compression of morbidity thesis is based?
The human lifespan is fixed and finite Improvements in health care will compress the years for which an individual will be disabled into the last few years
According to the family model on which the Social Security system was designed, identify the true statements about the benefits
The spouse benefit provided a modest supplement to retirees in two-person households The widow's benefit granted a minimal income for nonworking wives
Nearly all studies of caregivers have found that _____ typically are the primary caregivers of ill and disabled family members
Women
Rank the stages a woman goes through while adjusting to widowhood in the order in which she typically goes through them with the passage of time
1. Feeling extremely depressed, stressed, and lonely 2. Significant reduction in depression, though yearning for spouse remains 3. Enjoying her new independence, free time, reduced load of housework
The dimensions of ______ include economic variables such as income and wealth, prestige variables that refer to a subjective ranking, and power, such as political participation and the distribution of justice
social class
In _____, a widow or her eldest son lights her funeral pyre. On the widow's progression to her funeral pyre, the widow was the object of public attention as she distributed money and jewels to the crowd.
suttee
Because most African Americans have less income security for their own old age and no fail-safe system in the event of an emergency depleting their resources, . . .
they have less to pass on to their children
According to the theory of cumulative disadvantage, racial discrimination has resulted in lower earnings for African American during their working years, which means that . . .
they have lower social security benefits in retirement
On average, caregivers provide about ____ hours of care per week
20
Much of the cost containment in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) was due to a system called ____, a method of payment in which reimbursements to health care providers are set in advance
Capitation
Identify the reasons for employers not wanting to pay for retiree health insurance
Companies not saving money to pay for retiree benefits Health insurance policies becoming increasingly expensive Increased ratio of retired to active workers
A typical _____ provides a continuum of housing arrangements and services, from independent living to assisted living and skilled nursing care
Continuing care retirement community (CCRC)
Being diagnosed with a chronic disease is a ____ measure and not a measure of functional status
Diagnostic
One social explanation for gender differences in rates of illness is ____
Differences in help-seeking behavior
One reason for employers being biased against older workers is that older workers generally ____ than younger workers, and companies are always looking to reduce costs
Earn higher salaries
A factor that is likely to encourage later retirement is the ____
Erosion of retiree health benefits
What are the decisions made by baby boomers that bode well economically for their future, despite the predictions of social scientists that they would fare poorly in old age?
Establishing households with two earners Having fewer children Delaying marriage
____ is the act of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a painless, merciful way
Euthanasia
Caregiver stress ends after an aging parent or spouse is admitted to a nursing home
False
Why are the aged of the future likely to have less economic security than older people today?
Families are cashing in their retirement savings due to mortgage distress The amount of debt has risen by one-third The percentage of people with retirement savings accounts is declining
Until the 1950s, as per _____, physicians set the fees and people paid when they visited doctors according to the treatment received
Fee-for-service
An accurate statement about residents of assisted living facilities (ALFs) is that even if they are satisfied with their ALF and feel that their quality of life has improved, they might not . . .
Feel that their new residence is their home
Identify the reasons people decide to move to continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs)
Finding it difficult to manage their homes Feeling isolated in their own homes Knowing their intensive medical care needs will be met
In contrast to men, women . . .
Have a greater risk of disability and reduced quality of life in their later years
Unmarried women typically retire later than married women because married people ____ than unmarried people
Have considerably higher total incomes
Evidence suggests that home and community-based services are not always adequate because many workers who provide these services . . .
Have little training and receive low wages
The greatest cost of job loss in later life is perhaps the loss of ____
Health insurance
____ is defined as a pattern of behavior based on choices and options that are available to people according to their life situations
Health lifestyle
Many of the oldest old- people who are 85 or older, are limited in their mobility and must organize their activities around their _____
Health problems
The study conducted to evaluate white men born between 1919 and 1934 in terms of smoking habits and ____ found that men who had never smoked lived 10 years longer on average than heavy smokers
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
In 1990, 35 percent of women age 60 to 64 were in the labor force compared with ____ by 2010
Over 50 percent
New jobs taken by workers near the end of their careers are less likely to ___
Pay well or offer pension benefits
To protect workers, Congress created the ______. If a terminated pension plan has insufficient funds to meet its obligations to its workers, this organization assumes the responsibility for paying the benefits owed.
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
What are the repercussions of low-income families failing to make their mortgage payments between the years 2008 to 2011?
People having fewer assets for retirement People leaving less wealth for their children People having to work longer
Why do the Japanese have the highest life expectancy at birth than any other nation?
The aged in Japan have a healthy diet, which reduces the risk of heart disease and cancer The aged in Japan experience a strong social support system
What are the issues with nursing homes faced by caregivers that increase caregiver stress?
The failure of staff to attend to perform personal care The failure of nursing assistants to perform personal care The failure of nursing assistants to follow doctor's orders
_____ is characterized by high death rates from chronic malnutrition and periods of epidemics of infectious disease and famine
The first stage of the epidemiologic transition
The most important trend in the labor force participation of men since 1990 is the ____
Increase in labor force participation among older men
Identify the consequences of aging in place
Increased risk of malnutrition Social isolation Likelihood of occupying deteriorating housing
What are the conditions that create high levels of stress and burnout and increase turnover in the nursing industry?
Nursing have poor relations with their management in most cases Nursing assistants are prone to injury on the job Nursing assistants usually have low wages and few fringe benefits Nursing assistants have few opportunities for advancement
Identify the problems associated with using occupation as an indicator of socioeconomic status (SES) of older people
Occupation excludes the nonemployed Any sample that includes only workers leaves out those at the low end of the continuum
A drawback of health maintenance organizations (HMOs), compared to fee-for-service arrangements, is that . . .
Physicians have lost their autonomy in determining the course of care for their patients
Older patients are under-treated in terms of receiving rehabilitative services, preventive services, mental health services, and primary care because doctors are . . .
Reluctant to provide treatment to people who do not have long to live
Disability insurance is a part of the Social Security system that provides a way for disabled workers to ____
Retire early and still have a secure income source
Which of the following factors increase satisfaction with retirement?
Retiring voluntarily Having adequate income Planning in advance Being in good health
According to researchers, what are the factors that the degree of stress felt by a caregiver depends on?
The coping skills she or he may have developed to deal with other life events The kind of social support available
Why did European countries become concerned about the early-exit culture that had been encouraged in 1980s and begin to seek measures to encourage workers to remain employed by the 1990s?
The costs of public programs grew
The effectiveness of communication between a doctor and an elderly patient depends on . . .
Their ability to understand each other
What are the negative effects of caregiving on grandchildren?
Their social life is disrupted They may have to compete with their grandparents for their parents' attention They resent their mother's caregiving burden They may be forced to make financial sacrifices
Belinda is a 40-year-old African American woman. Lives in a high-crime area, sustains herself and five children on salary by working at a fast food restaurant. She regularly drinks and smokes to reduce her stress. Belinda's poor health behavior is explained by the . . .
Theory of cumulative disadvantage
According to the ____, people who begin life with greater resources continue to have opportunities to accumulate more of them while those who begin with few resources fall further behind, while the ____ asserts that old age is a great leveler, reducing inequality that was evident at earlier stages of the life course
Theory of cumulative disadvantage ; convergence theory
Patterns of relationships between caregivers and elderly parents: Conflicted relationships
There are few rewards and frequent costs
The adaptation hypothesis
This predicts that long-term caregivers will show an improvement in marital quality compared with recent caregivers
Identify the different models of hospice care.
Those that are located in special units or wards of hospitals Those that are provided in nursing homes Those that are located in freestanding hospice facilities
Which of the following reasons cause relocation of older people from one level of care to a more intensive one to be a highly stressful event?
Threat to autonomy of older people Reduced social integration
What is the most effective way of communicating the dangers of poor health behaviors to the minority elderly population?
Through community institutions, such as churches or social and fraternal clubs
Many of the quality problems in the care provided by nursing home industry has more ____ than does any other segment of the health system
for-profit ownership
Many who left Puerto Rico for the United States were poor, but . . .
found few opportunities for good jobs and adequate housing when they arrived
Reformulation of laws in gender-neutral terms is known as . . .
gender neutrality
The goal of the _____ is to allow the terminally ill to die easily and at peace, without pain, in their own homes, special units of hospitals, or hospice facilities
hospice movement
The costs of women moving in and out of the labor force to care for their families can be high for them because they are . . .
penalized by rules that determine levels of Social Security benefits and access to private pensions
Under the Retirement Equity Act of 1984 (REA), ______ ______ became part of a divorce decree wherein the pension is considered part of the property settlement
pension - splitting
Heavy drinkers, who are defined as _____, are more likely to suffer from cirrhosis of the liver, certain cancers, and hypertension, among other diseases
people who consume fourteen or more drinks per week
According to the survey conducted by the Gallup organization, ________ who were less religious, had strained family relationships, and were in failing health were most likely to favor legalizing assisted suicide.
white males
The _____ _____ refers to the increased risk of dying for the surviving spouse upon being widowed
widowhood effect
High levels of job stress and work-family conflicts are most common among caregivers . . .
Whose relatives have the highest levels of impairment
Most discrimination against workers (Age Discrimination in Employment Act) occurs when ____, which is difficult to prove
Workers are being hired
People who ____ are at risk of heart disease, diabetes, and joint problems, especially as they get older
are obese
In _____ plans, an employer, an employer and a worker, or a worker alone pays a fixed amount into an account that is invested on behalf of the worker, and benefits at retirement are based on the amount that has accumulated in the account.
defined contribution
Disagreements between siblings over how to care for a parent may lead to ____, whereas disagreements over whether siblings are taking their fair share of responsibility more often generate _____
depression ; anger
Having an intimate relationship with an adult child typically helps a widowed individual by
increasing his or her sense of security
Rank the phases identified by researchers in the parent-child life course in terms of proximity to living arrangements in the order in which they occur
1. Children live with or near their parents before they reach age 25 2. Children marry or move away from their parents, or healthy elders may also move away from their children to a retirement destination 3. When aging parents become ill or disabled, they move nearer to their children
Rank the changing attitudes of people toward death over their life course in the order in which the attitudes are expressed
1. Death is an abstract concept 2. Death, as a notion, is understood as inevitable 3. People view death as inevitable, but distant 4. People become aware of impending death as a personal matter 5. People think and talk more about death, but they are not too frightened by it.
Rank the steps involved in the operation of the Social Security trust fund in the order in which they occur
1. The payroll taxes that fund Social Security benefits are deposited into the government's general treasury 2. An amount of special treasury bonds corresponding to payroll taxes are issues to the trust fund 3. Benefits are paid out of the general treasury 4. Reductions are made in the securities held by the trust fund
When Social Security was enacted in 1935, the normal retirement age was set at _____, and in 1962, amendments to the Social Security Act set the early retirement age at ______ to encourage retirement and reduce employment
65 ; 62
In 1960 only 36.2 percent of married women aged 35 to 44 were in the labor force; by 2009 ____ of married women in this group were employed
81 percent
Identify the factors that contribute to later retirement
A decline in physically demanding jobs Improved health An increase in defined contribution plans A decline in retiree health benefits
According to American Indians, the use of formal long-term care by an aged tribal member represents . . .
A failure of family care
Match the models of privatizing pension reforms with their descriptions
A substitutive scheme: this completely replaces a public pension program with a new private system A parallel scheme: this allows public and private pension programs to compete with each other A mixed scheme: this involves everyone being eligible for a flat pension while contributors to private accounts receive an extra, supplementary benefit
Supportive housing is the general term for _______
A variety of group housing options that offer elders assistance with daily living
Identify an accurate statement about people having an employer pension plan.
Among Baby Boomers, men and women are equally likely to be included in an employer pension plan
Even though private long-term-care insurance has increased over the past two decades, more costs are paid by Medicaid or out of pocket by an individual or family. What are the reasons for not opting for private long-term-care-insurance?
Annual premiums can be quite expensive A high proportion of policyholders allow their policies to lapse People with health problems are often turned down by private insurers
Match the types of grief felt by daughters with their descriptions
Anticipatory grief - grief reflecting a daughter's reaction to her mother's incremental losses as much as to her death Selfish grief - grief felt by a daughter who wishes to extend her mother's life but would not do so in order to avoid extending her mother's suffering
According to one international study of employers attitudes, some are unwilling to hire older workers because they believe that they . . .
Are more expensive and lack skills
_____ are the most prosperous group of immigrants in the United States
Asian Americans
While patients and their families choose ______ in the hope they will not have to make another move, a number of studies have found that it is not a permanent home
Assisted living facilities (ALFs)
________ meet the demand for an intermediate level of care - higher than the care typically provided at home but less than the care provided in a nursing home
Assisted living facilities (ALFs)
To control the growth of Medicare spending, Congress passed the . . .
Balanced Budget Act (BBA) of 1997
Why is the death of one's parents a potentially distressing turning point in one's life?
Because until one's parents are alive, one has the knowledge that they are there for support
_____ is a factor in the preretirement process that is linked to unhappiness with retirement
Being forced to retire
Between 1/2 and 2/3 of older men and women take what are called ____ before leaving the labor force entirely, often working in a different occupation or industry from that of their career jobs
Bridge jobs
Identify the positive effects of caregiving on grandchildren
Caregiving makes them more empathetic towards other adults and their grandparents Caregiving gives them more time to spend with their siblings They feel closer to their mothers They carefully select friends who are sensitive to their situation
What are the most common home and community-based services?
Case management Personal care Housekeeping
Some older workers engage in ____, which refer to an arrangement in which workers are hired on a temporary basis to do a specific task
Contingent work
Frequent participation in leisure-time activities as a young person is associated with _____
Continued involvement in later life
The main problem with ______ is that fewer than half of older people can find one they can afford.
Continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs)
What are the social changes that have contributed to the potential depletion of the Social Security trust fund?
Declining fertility coupled with increased life expectancy
Professionals who receive intrinsic rewards from work often ____
Delay retirement
The five stages of dying:
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
_____ is the most frequent psychiatric disorder in the elderly, and the reason for most suicides in this age group.
Depression
Identify an accurate statement about the accumulation of wealth by blacks in the United States
Differences in home ownership partially account for the racial disparity in wealth between African Americans and whites.
What are the unpredictable factors that add to the problem of planning for retirement savings?
Divorce and the age of retirement Health status and the length of life The future rate of inflation and periods of unemployment
How does the spouse benefit provided by the Social Security system benefit older women?
It allows women to stay home and care for their children It recognizes women's nonmarket contribution to national productivity
As opposed to education, income is not used as a lifelong measure of socioeconomic status (SES) because . . .
It decreases with age
Identify a true statement about the trends in the rates of smoking among men
It has steadily declined
Identify the advantages of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) over fee-for-service arrangements
Less use of expensive technologies Reduced hospital admission rates Shorter hospital stays and requirement of fewer specialists
________ can result in isolation and greater risk of harm for older people
Living alone
Identify a source of private financing that covers the cost of custodial care
Long-term-care insurance
In the United States, the higher risk of poverty of single, older women is explained by the ______
Low level of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits
Although ____ has been abolished, ____ has not been eliminated
Mandatory retirement, involuntary retirement
Identify an accurate statement about the Social Security benefits received by working women
Many working women receive no more in benefits than married, unemployed women
What are the issues of using means testing as a solution to the problem Social Security will face?
Means testing would discourage saving Means testing would undermine the political support, the legitimacy, and the financing of Social Security
The benefits of age today are clear in regard to wealth measured by ______, which is the total value of all assets minus any debts.
Median net worth
Identify the basic services typically provided by hospices
Medications and treatment Rehabilitation and practical support Emotional, social, and spiritual support
Why do men experience greater difficulties adjusting to widowhood than women do?
Men find it difficult to adjust to the practical demands of their life Men do not expect their wives to die first Masculine stereotypes make no provision for men to be old, infirm, and unable to cope.
The movement of older people to the Sun Belt in the United States is called a _____
Migratory stream
A study that measured everyday physical activity of community-dwelling older people between the ages of 80 and 98 found that people who were . . .
Moderately or extremely active were much less likely to have died than those who were sedentary
The most difficult aspect of life in a total institution like a nursing home is perhaps the ____ which result from pressure on nursing home aides to meet the basic needs of the residents
Monotonous daily routine
Identify the reasons why older minorities in the United States who are foreign-born immigrants are less able to become integrated into mainstream culture and are much more likely to be poor
More likely to have less education and poor health A lack of fluency in English Little job experience in the country
There is some evidence that a moderate amount of volunteer work reduces ____
Mortality
Identify an accurate statement about the transformation of death in the United States in the past century.
Most people often die surrounded by an array of machinery designed to sustain life
Which factors influence whether residents are satisfied with their assisted living facilities (AFLs) and feel that they are at home?
Nature of transition from their communities Positive relationships with staff and other residents Resident autonomy
In the last quarter of the twentieth century, volunteer work among older people ____
Nearly doubled
What are the reasons for the black-white health gap?
Older blacks having lower levels of physical activity Black men and women engaging in more high-risk behaviors
Among the employed women who are involved in caregiving for a family member, who pays the highest costs?
Older women with fewer skills and more competing roles
Despite the positive effect of marriage on retirement satisfaction, martial quality drops for most couples when . . .
Only one spouse retires while the other remains employed
Identify an accurate statement about women's earnings relative to men's earnings
Over the past four decades women's earnings have improved relative to men's earnings, yet a large wage gap remains
What is the greatest risk of means testing that has been confirmed by the Australian experience of it?
Over time it would create two highly unequal classes of retirees
In the African American tradition, religion provides important personal and institutional resources for . . .
Overcoming racial and economic discrimination
Match the types of benefits provided by the Social Security system to people with their descriptions
Spouse benefit = received by a woman or man who has been married for at least a year to a worker who retires at 65 Survivor's benefit = received by a woman or man whose working spouse passes away
According to the Malaysian Family Life Survey, what was the effect of having daily contact with their children on elderly parents?
The parents were protected against illness
The current decline in career employment indicates that people can no longer expect to . . .
Work for the same employer from middle age to retirement
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
____ are health insurance plans run by financial officers
The basic sociological approach to stratification views inequality as . . .
a product of social processes
Although there is no legal distinction between active and assisted suicide, the common understanding is that _____ involves more planning and cooperation between the ill person and the individual who will assist
assisted suicide
One mechanism that helps explain why caregiving affects the health of the caregiver is an increase in ______, the hormone that the body produces in response to chronic stress, leading to increased allostatic load
cortisol
In caregiving for the frail elderly, ____ are more likely to provide hands-on personal care such as feeding, dressing, bathing, or cleaning up after a bowel accident, whereas ____ are more likely to arrange transportation and social services and provide help with household repairs, yard work, and managing finances
daughters ; sons
Under _____ plans, there is no advantage in continuing to work beyond retirement age because a worker's pension does not increase with additional years, unlike ____ plans in which the longer workers make additions to their funds, the more money they will have to live on in retirement.
defined benefit ; defined contribution
According to one study, _____ are the strongest predictors of whether families cash in their retirement savings
falling behind on mortgage payments or expecting to fall behind
Sons and daughters react differently to a parent's death because there are substantial ______ ______ in relationships between adult children and their parents
gender differences
Removal of periods of child care from the computation of Social Security benefit levels and providing child care credit under a special minimum benefit within Social Security are proposal based on the _______ approach to take women's work histories into account.
gender recognition
According to a study by Schulz and Binstock (2008), each year since 1970, those turning 65 have had . . .
higher levels of education, more stable job histories, and higher preretirement incomes
A true statement about the determination of race and ethnicity is that . . .
it is socially constructed
In general, the minority elderly are _____ than the white elderly
less likely to enter nursing homes
______ represent a means of extending self-determination to people no longer capable of participating in decisions about their care.
living wills
Regarding the level of bereavement felt by people aged 65 or older on the death of their spouse, according to the Changing Lives of Older Couples study, ________ increased the bereaved survivors' yearning but reduced their anger at the loss of their spouses.
positive relations with one's spouse before death
The _____ _____ is the percentage of people below the poverty level
poverty rate
The Federal Housing Authority (FHA), established by Congress in 1934, encouraged ______ - red lines were literally drawn on maps around areas of cities where loans were considered risky for economic or racial reasons
redlining
All societies must decide what to produce and how to divide the output among their members because . . .
resources are scarce
In the context of the deceased, many traditional Native American tribes believed that ______ before passing on to the next life
spirit of the dead lingered for days near the site of death
An argument against Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's ______ is how an individual copes with death tends to be similar to how he or she has responded to the other stresses in life
stage theory
The central question in the study of _____ is how social inequality is produced, maintained, and transmitted from one generation to another
stratification
The significant increase in home ownership among low-income families between 1994 and 2004 was due to the availibility of _____
subprime mortgage
Patterns of relationships between caregivers and elderly parents: Relationships characterized by mutuality
Both the caregiver and elderly parent describe a rewarding relationship characterized by joint activities and minimal conflict
People are encouraged to save for retirement in special retirement accounts. One type of personal savings account, called ________ , allows certain groups of workers and their spouses to contribute a yearly amount without paying taxes on the income or the earnings.
Individual Retirement Account
What are the findings of research on the impact of religion on adaptation to aging?
It can increase self-esteem It can improve health and reduce disability It can reduce symptoms of depression and enhance life satisfaction
Patterns of relationships between caregivers and elderly parents: Ambivalent relationships
There are rewards but also costs, and the relationships are sometimes tense
Why are unemployment rates low among older workers?
They stop looking for work
The most common form of volunteering among older adults is participation in ____
A religious organization
An accurate statement about older white people is that . . .
Women are most likely to live alone, while men are most likely to live with a spouse
The conclusion of the longitudinal study conducted by Van den Hoonaard was that . . .
Older widows are resilient and adapt well
The long-term care option of last resort
A nursing home
Close to half of all people older than 85 need help with such basic functions as eating, bathing, dressing, getting in and out of bed, and walking, all of which are called ______
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
Often accompanied by the out-migration of young adults
Aging in place
A drawback of the _____ is that services funded by it provide few chronic and long-term-care services to Indian elderly
Indian Health Service (IHS)
Identify the health outcomes to which caregiver stress has been linked
Elevated blood pressure Physical exhaustion and poor immune response Depressive symptoms
To curb some of the problems associated with defined benefit pension plans, in 1974 Congress passed the _____, which required companies to establish minimum vesting standards, set more stringent funding requirements, and establish better methods of reporting plan benefits to workers.
Employee Retirement Income Security Act
____ play an important role in making it possible for caregivers to keep working by providing special programs to reduce their stress and turnover and ease their burden
Employer policies
The decline in labor force participation among older men experienced by most European countries in the 1980s was a result of specific policies adopted by European countries to reduce high unemployment among younger workers by . . .
Encouraging early retirement
_____ signifies a change in the leading causes of death from infectious diseases to chronic diseases
Epidemiologic transition
Elderly people who move from a house to a continuing care retirement community (CCRC) have to . . .
Give up many of their possessions
Esther is a 62-year-old woman of African American descent. She is married to Blake, an African American. They live together in a small apartment. While Esther has limited experience in paid labor, her lifetime earnings and Blake's put together are quite low. She does not have personal pension, and Blake's pension coverage barely meets their needs. In the event of Blake's death, identify an accurate statement about Esther's financial condition
Her economic security will be under serious threat.
According to research, in favor of the theory of cumulative disadvantage, although health declines with age among all people, those with _____ are typically able to postpone the decline in health until advanced old age
High levels of education
According to _____, terminal pain is considered an illness in itself to be diagosed and treated according to an individual's needs.
Hospice philosophy
Some studies have found that while some residents of assisted living facilities were dissatisfied with some aspects of their facility, a move to assisted living . . .
Improves an individual's quality of life relative to their previous living situation
The most important trend in the labor force participation of men since 1990 is the . . .
Increase in labor force participation among older men
A new type of CCRC called an ________ offers many of the same amenities provided in other long-term-care communities, together with activities geared toward a younger, healthier clientele
Independent living community
Which of the following perspectives on the decreased are associated with societies that consider the dead to be members of the community?
Performing services for the living Serving as intermediaries between the worlds of the living and the dead Being valuable allies
_____ is any arrangement that allows older workers to reduce their responsibilities and ease gradually into full retirement
Phased retirement
____ may reduce the tensions that accompany an exit from the labor force, and it may help people adjust afterward.
Planning for retirement
Rank the Hispanic-origin groups based on poverty rates among them, starting from the group with the highest poverty rates
Puerto Ricans Mexican Americans Cubans
During the ___ stage of the epidemiologic transition, modern medicine contributes to a decrease in death rates of young people
Second
Also described as flophouses
Single room occupancy hotels (SROs)
All three major causes of death - heart attack, cancer, and stroke - are linked to ____
Smoking
Identify the reasons why rates of suicide increasing with advancing age
Social isolation and chronic illness and pain Fear of loss of dignity due to failing mental capabilities Multiple losses of loved ones
Identify a result of the early studies conducted on the homeless in the United States
Substance abuse was found to be a significant problem among the homeless of all ages
Which act banned discrimination against workers aged 40 to 65 in the United States?
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
. . . so that by the time sedentary and active adults reach old age, the differences in well-being are significant
The disadvantages of a sedentary lifestyle accumulate with age
What is the problem with across-the-board reduction in Social Security benefits to counter the predicted depletion of the Social Security trust fund?
The effects will be felt most by those who can least afford them
Identify a change responsible for the deferred labor force withdrawal among older workers
The introduction of the delayed retirement credit
What are the losses faced by people who enter a nursing home?
The loss of lifelong possessions and independence
The increase in the number of hospices providing care in nursing homes occurred due to a government rule that allowed Medicare to pay for hospice benefits in nursing homes, a rule that resulted from growing recognition that . . .
The nursing home is most likely the final home for an increasing number of the elderly
Identify the factors that affect the quality of care provided in nursing homes
The rates of staff turnover The number of registered nurses on the staff Whether a nursing home is owned by a for-profit or a not-for-profit organization
Identify the issues in defining the physician's right to withhold or terminate treatment
The requests of patients who want to die to have treatment withdrawn The kind of medical care a terminally ill patient desires
In the context of impedance of the accumulation of wealth by blacks due to racial discrimination, . . .
The value of homes owned by blacks is lower than that owned by non-Hispanic whites
Which of the following problems caused hospices to have little effect on the care of dying patients?
There is a lack of communication between hospice staff and nursing home aides Hospice staff has little input into the ongoing care of residents
Identify an accurate statement about home and community-based services
There is no evidence that they reduce costs or nursing home use
Many gay, lesbian, bisexual and transsexual individuals have expressed interest in moving into lesbian-only or gay men only retirement communities because ______
These communities are devoid of judgmental residents
Older Hispanics often have low incomes, low levels of education, and work in more dangerous and difficult jobs and thus . . .
They are at greater risk for diabetes and obesity
What are the issues faced by Medicaid recipients?
They are denied access to many nursing homes They end up in less desirable nursing homes They wait longer to gain admission to a nursing home
Identify the factors that are responsible for the increase in volunteer work among older people today
They are more highly educated than their predecessors They enjoy longer and more active post-retirement lives than their predecessors They are in better health than their predecessors They are more financially secure than their predecessors
Identify a true statement about the influence of race and ethnic origin on income disparities.
They are partially due to differences in sources of income
What are the problems of defined contribution pension plans?
They are vulnerable to big fluctuations in stock prices Rates of participation, which is voluntary, among young workers and low-income workers are low Workers are sometimes required to place all their contributions in company stock Workers may withdraw their funds before retirement
Identify an accurate statement about Cambodian Buddhists.
They do not fear death because they believe it is an inescapable part of life
Even among the poor, the Asian elderly are healthier than people of other ethnicities because . . .
They engage in more desirable health practices
What are the disadvantages faced in old age by women who move in and out of the labor force?
They get paid less as part-time workers Their jobs usually lack pension benefits or health insurance
Policymakers allowed payment for hospice care through Medicare because . . .
They thought it would be less costly than hospital-based care
In the _____, there is a shift in the leading causes of death from infectious disease to chronic disease
Third stage of the epidemiologic transition
The wear-and-tear hypothesis
This predicts that experienced caregivers who have been in that role for a long time will display more negative marital quality
A nursing home is what Erving Goffman called an _____ _____, whose central features are the breakdown of the normal barriers that separate the main spheres of life and the handling of many human needs by a bureaucratic organization
Total institution
True or false: Women's familial responsibilities frequently disrupt their employment because they shoulder a disproportionate share of household labor
True
What are the issues faced by defined benefit plans?
Vesting rules may deny workers their pensions Many defined benefit plans are not indexed to inflation Many workers are employed in jobs that do not have pensions A majority of companies filing for bankruptcy lack funds to pay retirement benefits
According to the U.S. Department of Labor, ____ do not wish to work full-time, while ____ are unable to find full-time jobs
Voluntary part-time workers; economic part-time workers
How is the current trend in the wage gap between men and women going to affect the Social Security benefits received by women after retirement?
While economic security will be higher for younger women, the Social Security benefits for future elderly will be lower than men's benefits
An accurate statement about the current racial and ethnic variations in rates of smoking is . . .
White men and women smoke less than black men and women
What was the conclusion of the Asset and Health Dynamics among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) study?
White participants were more likely to discuss treatment preferences before death than African American participants
Although dying at home instead of a hospital may be preferable from an individual's perspective, from the federal government's perspective, . . .
the savings are minimal
According to _____, inequality is not a static outcome but rather is a cumulative process that unfolds over the life course
the theory of cumulative disadvantage
People who have asset income have the highest incomes among the elderly, while those with no asset income are concentrated in the lowest income group. The top 1% of people own almost 50% of ______
the wealth from stocks
The most long-term care of the frail elderly is provided by . . .
their children
The customs and funeral traditions of the preliterate aboriginal tribes of Australia and the ancient Hebrews represent . . .
their efforts to ensure the well-being of the community
Opponents of active euthanasia contend that it is never morally justified because . . .
they consider it akin to murder
A true statement about the women and minorities who receive pension is that . . .
they have benefits lower than those of white men
A barrier that prevents many Mexican Americans from participating in Social Security is that . . .
they never became legal residents of the United States
Unlike the first wave of Cubans who migrated to the Untied States, the second wave of Cubans . . .
was not very educated and compromised people from lower social classes
A problem with raising present payroll taxes to keep the Social Security trust fund solvent is that the cost will fall most heavily on _____ who already pay more in payroll taxes than they do in income taxes
young workers
