Adult Development Test 3

When two or more people work together to solve a problem or task, they are engaging in a. problem-focused coping. b. collaborative cognition. c. metacognition. d. primary control.

b. collaborative cognition.

The way we form and revise first impressions about others is known as a. impression internalization. b. impression formation. c. impressionization. d. impression work.

b. impression formation.

__________ is an important factor in understanding how older adults process and access social information. a. General intelligence b. Social belief c. Memory d. Processing resources

d. Processing resources

A key concept in Jung's theory of ego development is a.function. b.conflict. c.dialectic. d.balance.

d.balance.

An accurate assessment of abnormality in behavior must take into consideration the context in which the behavior occurs. True False

True

Which research technique overcomes the challenges associated with implicit aging stereotyping? a. Young-Old Implicit Attitudes test b. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) c. hypnosis d. there is no technique that can overcome this, as by definition, these stereotypes are implicit and, therefore, inaccessible

a. Young-Old Implicit Attitudes test

Violet has misplaced the keys to her downtown residence (which rarely happens), but her granddaughter is worried that something might be wrong with her, even though her granddaughter has done the same thing three times this week. The above is an example of a. an age-based double standard. b. senility. c. an age-based stereotype. d. the beginning signs of Alzheimer's disease.

a. an age-based double standard.

When people develop explanations of behavior based on things inside themselves or others, this is known as a a. dispositional attribution. b. situational attribution. c. causal attribution. d. causation.

a. dispositional attribution.

Older adults consistently __________ of why negative events occur more often than younger adults. a. hold to their initial judgments or conclusions b. forget the reasons c. change their appraisal d. use global attributions

a. hold to their initial judgments or conclusions

Which theory argues that when confronted with age-related stereotypes, older adults are likely to incorporate these into their self-perceptions? a. labeling theory b. perceived competence theory c. stereotype threat theory d. resilience theory

a. labeling theory

No area is more susceptible to negative stereotyped attributions of aging than a. memory competence. b. physical decline. c. sexual behavior. d. hearing impairment.

a. memory competence.

When confronted with a new situation, you draw upon prior experiences. This is known as your a. social knowledge. b. social context base. c. knowledge base. d. implicit memory.

a. social knowledge.

Hummert and colleagues found in their research that, people of all ages a. strongly favored the young over the old. b. weakly favored the young over the old. c. showed no difference if favor toward the young or old. d. strongly favored the old over the young.

a. strongly favored the young over the old.

Which of the following is not a characteristic associated with emotional intelligence? a. the ability to change emotions quickly and accurately b. the ability to recognize your own emotions and the emotions of others c. the ability to correctly identify and appropriately tell the difference between emotions d. the ability to use information about emotions to guide your thinking and behavior

a. the ability to change emotions quickly and accurately

which is often conducted by a team of professionals, is the most effective type of assessment. a.Multidimensional assessment b.A holistic approach c.Life-review assessment d.Neuropsychological testing

a.Multidimensional assessment

A belief that an older adult is cute and could not possibly abuse drugs may cause a doctor to not diagnose or misdiagnose a drug problem. This is an example of a.a positive bias. b.a negative bias. c.a positive environmental condition. d.a negative environmental condition.

a.a positive bias.

The formal process of measuring, understanding, and predicting behavior is known as a.assessment. b.examination of available resources. c.a life-course review. d.psychological testing.

a.assessment.

A type of therapy that emphasizes increasing the number of rewards or reinforcements people receive from their environment is a.behavioral therapy. b.cognitive therapy. c.psychoanalytic therapy. d.drug therapy.

a.behavioral therapy.

According to McAdams, all of the following are goals of a life story except a.heroism. b.coherence. c.to reconcile opposite aspects of oneself. d.credibility.

a.heroism.

Substantial research evidence supports the idea that major depressive disorder is linked to several physiological and genetic causes including a.imbalance in neurotransmitters. b.accelerated heart rate. c.slow metabolism. d.low blood pressure.

a.imbalance in neurotransmitters.

According to Brandtstädter, a person who ignores evidence of declines or blames it on something else is said to be engaging in a.immunizing mechanisms. b.accommodative activities. c.assimilative activities. d.secondary control.

a.immunizing mechanisms.

According to Patterson, an additional stage of development called ____________________ is needed in Erikson's model between identity versus role confusion and intimacy versus isolation. a.incarnation versus impudence b.adolescence versus transcendence c.creativity versus self-degradation d.modesty versus indecency

a.incarnation versus impudence

According to Birren and Renner's definition, which of the following does notcharacterize mentally healthy people? a.lack of touch with reality b.growth and self-actualization c.personality balance d.mastery of the environment

a.lack of touch with reality

Many older adults admitted to the hospital for depressive symptoms turn out to have previously undiagnosed a.medical problems. b.anxiety disorders. c.substance abuse. d.schizophrenia

a.medical problems.

Stewart (1996) suggests that rather than a midlife crisis, we should think about a.midlife corrections. b.midlife changes. c.midlife complexity. d.unavoidable crises.

a.midlife corrections.

Younger adults, compared with older adults, are more likely to have a.more possible selves and to be more likely to believe they can attain them. b.fewer possible selves and be more likely to believe they can attain them. c.more possible selves but to be less likely to believe they can attain them. d.fewer possible selves and be less likely to believe they can attain them.

a.more possible selves and to be more likely to believe they can attain them.

An approach to personality that explicitly takes into account contextual factors is a.personal concerns. b.personality constructs. c.situational specific. d.dispositional traits.

a.personal concerns

Aspects of our personality pertaining to what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming are called a.possible selves. b.life story. c.ego. d.trait clusters.

a.possible selves.

As noted in Chapter 1, without the psychometric properties of __________ and__________, we cannot rely on assessment methods to provide good quality information. a.reliability; validity b.interviews; questionnaires c.theory; research d.cross-sectional; longitudinal studies

a.reliability; validity

Rachel plans to go to college, major in art history, obtain a master's degree, and then work in an art museum. In Whitbourne's theory, this is Rachel's a.scenario. b.life story. c.self-concept. d.identity.

a.scenario.

All of the following are structural levels of personality in the Six Foci Model except a.self-regulatory processes. b.life story. c.personal action constructs. d.traits.

a.self-regulatory processes.

According to Hooker (2002), the three processes that act in tandem with the three structural components of McAdams personality levels are a.state processes, self-regulatory processes, and cognitive processes. b.self-concept processes, personal concerns, and cognitive processes. c.personal concerns, dispositional traits, and life narrative. d.state processes, self-concept processes, and personal concerns.

a.state processes, self-regulatory processes, and cognitive processes.

A form of dementia brought on by multiple infarcts or strokes is known as a.vascular dementia. b.Huntington's disease. c.Pick's disease. d.AIDS disease.

a.vascular dementia.

Which of the following statements regarding emotional intelligence (EI) not is true? a. EI has been mapped onto brain structures. b. EI decreases with age. c. EI can be viewed as an ability that reflects the person's success at processing emotional information and using it appropriately in social contexts. d. EI has been applied to a wide variety of situations from everyday social cognition and problem solving to bullying to business to leadership.

b. EI decreases with age.

The preservation and stabilization of a positive view of the self in later life involves a. immunizing activities. b. all of these are correct c. accommodations. d. assimilative activities.

b. all of these are correct

Older adults make impressions influenced by __________ information they receive; younger adults make impressions based on the most ______________ information they have. a. positive; consistent b. all the; recent c. negative; positive d. emotional; logical

b. all the; recent

When people develop explanations of behavior based on things outside the person's control, this is known as a(n) a. dispositional attribution. b. situational attribution. c. inherent attribution. d. causation.

b. situational attribution.

An example of a mental status exam is a.CPI. b.MMSE. c.MMPI. d.NEO.

b.MMSE.

Which disease is known primarily for its characteristic motor symptoms that include slow walking, difficulty getting into and out of chairs, and slow hand tremors? a.AIDS dementia complex b.Parkinson's disease c.Alzheimer's disease d.Huntington's disease

b.Parkinson's disease

Older adults reported that turning problems over to God was a three-step process that included all of the following except a.emotionally disconnecting from the parts of the problem that cannot be changed. b.becoming more involved in religious activities. c.differentiating between things that can and cannot be changed. d.focusing one's effort on the parts of the problem that can be changed.

b.becoming more involved in religious activities.

A type of therapy that emphasizes changing maladaptive beliefs and thoughts is a.psychoanalytic therapy. b.cognitive therapy. c.drug therapy. d.behavioral therapy.

b.cognitive therapy.

According to McAdams, the narrative that people create and revise throughout adulthood is a a.life-span construct. b.life story. c.life narrative. d.scenario.

b.life story.

Older adults are at increased risk for abusing alcohol if they simply continue their alcohol habits from earlier points in their lives. This is because, with age, we a.find that alcohol is easier to obtain. b.metabolize alcohol more slowly. c.have more serious interactions between alcohol and other medications. d.drink more to get the same effect.

b.metabolize alcohol more slowly.

A major problem in assessing depression in older adults is a.testing has been outlawed in many countries. b.most tests were developed on young and middle-aged adults and work best with those age groups. c.the lack of any differences between older and younger adults' scores. d.deciding which test to use among the many valid ones available.

b.most tests were developed on young and middle-aged adults and work best with those age groups.

According to large-scale studies done on subjects aged 16 to the 80s in the United States and Great Britain, one personality trait disappears or is much less apparent in later life. Which is it? a.conscientiousness b.neuroticism c.extraversion d.openness

b.neuroticism

Using the developmental forces perspective, changes in memory, intelligence, and personality are examples of a.sociocultural factors. b.psychological factors. c.biological factors. d.life-cycle factors.

b.psychological factors.

According to Jackson et al. (1995) researchers should adopt an ethnic research matrix that takes as its defining elements all of the following except a.racial group membership. b.religion. c.economic statuses. d.gender.

b.religion.

Establishing whether a particular therapeutic approach is effective is based on _______________ and ______________. a.anecdotal evidence; indirect measures b.research; clinical evidence c.client ratings; perceptions of family members d.observation; self-reports from clinicians

b.research; clinical evidence

According to Erikson, the basis for personality growth is a.achieving formal operations. b.resolving struggles between tendencies. c.achieving a balance of forces. d.blending among traits.

b.resolving struggles between tendencies.

According to Schoklitsch and Bauman, a.older adults have more capacity of generativity than middle-aged adults. b.the capacity of generativity peaks during midlife. c.the capacity of generativity doesn't change with age. d.the capacity of generativity is high during young adulthood, low during middle adulthood, and increases during late adulthood.

b.the capacity of generativity peaks during midlife.

Researchers point out that the idea of a midlife crisis became widely accepted as fact because of a.scientific data proving the existence of the midlife crisis. b.the mass media. c.the high rate of men experiencing them. d.the number of high-profile people, such as sports figures, politicians, and actors, who showed evidence of such crises.

b.the mass media.

_________________________ has been shown to reduce correspondence bias in emerging adults. a. Studying logic b. Decreasing exposure to collectivist cultures c. Mindfulness training d. Increased experience with individualistic culture

c. Mindfulness training

One day you walk past your Adult Development and Aging professor and say "Hi," but your instructor does not respond. You decide that she is rude, but what you failed to notice is that she was in deep conversation with the chair of her department and other faculty and did not hear you. This is an example of a a. causal attribution. b. implicit bias. c. correspondence bias. d. explicit bias.

c. correspondence bias.

Before you are told the details about a car accident your friend was in, you are told that the other person involved in the accident was an older man who is hard of hearing. Whether this information will influence your interpretation of the events is related to your a. social context effect. b. impression formation. c. implicit theories. d. implicit priming.

c. implicit theories

Research indicates _______ adults in general have a more _________ view of aging in comparison to ________ adults. a. younger; positive; older b. older; negative; younger c. older; positive; younger d. none of these are correct

c. older; positive; younger

Given the research, the most apt conclusion to draw regarding personal control is that a. personal control decreases with age. b. personal control is highly stable across domains. c. personal control is multidimensional and complex. d. personal control increases with age.

c. personal control is multidimensional and complex.

Which theory argues that confronting a negative stereotype results in a rejection of that view in favor of a more positive self-perception? a. perceived competence theory b. labeling theory c. resilience theory d. stereotype threat theory

c. resilience theory

Dixon and colleagues found that when older adults worked together to recall a story a. they confused each other. b. they each remembered different aspects of the story. c. their performance was better than as individuals working alone. d. they only remembered certain aspects of the story and completely forgot other aspects.

c. their performance was better than as individuals working alone.

The positivity effect can be defined as a. when older adults achieve wisdom with increasing age. b. the tendency to experience more positive emotions with increasing age. c. when older adults avoid negative information and focus on positive information. d. when having one chronic disease increases the likelihood that one will experience additional chronic diseases.

c. when older adults avoid negative information and focus on positive information.

As many as __________ of older adults suffer from anxiety disorders. a.18% b.75% c.33% d.1%

c.33%

Alzheimer's disease has an average duration of __________ years from the onset of noticeable symptoms to death. a.5 b.2 c.9 d.15

c.9

According to developmental theory, it is important that clinicians a.identify psychotherapy methods that work with all ages. b.only work with one age group. c.are sensitive to developmental differences in people as they age. d.examine each individual with life review therapy.

c.are sensitive to developmental differences in people as they age.

According to Brandtstädter, a person who engages in activities to alleviate declines is said to be engaging in a.emotion-focused coping. b.accommodations. c.assimilative activities. d.primary control.

c.assimilative activities.

Critics argue that Erikson's stage of generativity is much too ____________ to capture the essence of adulthood. a.narrow b.based on a masculine perspective of development c.broad d.culturally specific

c.broad

Being lazy, careless, late, unenergetic, and aimless are characteristics that fall on the low end of Costa and McCrae's ____________ dimension. a.openness to experience b.agreeableness c.conscientiousness d.neuroticism

c.conscientiousness

About one-third of cases of __________ are preventable. a.bipolar disorder b.dementia c.delirium d.depression

c.delirium

Thinking theoretically or philosophically, with little emphasis on economic values, is most characteristic of people who score high on Costa and McCrae's dimension of a.agreeableness b.extroversion. c.openness to experience. d.neuroticism.

c.openness to experience.

The most important difficulty in using depression assessment measures with older adults is that most measures have been developed on younger individuals and they include items assessing a.substance use. b.family relationships. c.physical symptoms. d.sexual behavior.

c.physical symptoms.

Older adults report using ____________ most frequently as a coping mechanism in daily life. a.knowledge gathering b.friends c.religious faith d.family

c.religious faith

"I didn't do well on that exam because the teacher is unfair" is an example of a a.dispositional attribution. b.causation. c.situational attribution. d.causal attribution.

c.situational attribution.

Because customs differ across cultures, behavior that may be normative in one culture may be indicative of problems in another. This points to the importance of understanding __________ when defining psychopathology. a.psychological influences b.biological influences c.sociocultural influences d.life-cycle influences

c.sociocultural influences

The Six Foci Model integrates both the __________ of personality and the _____________ of personality within a levels-of-analysis framework. a.none of these are correct b.changing; stabilization c.structures; processes d.benefits; limitations

c.structures; processes

How do perceptions of control over health change over time? a. Sense of control over one's health increases over the life span. b. Sense of control over health increased for women and decreased for men across the life span. c. Sense of control varies considerably by individual and is not tied to age. d. There were no changes in sense of control over one's health up until the 70s. As one transitions into the mid-70s and 80s, sense of control declines.

d. There were no changes in sense of control over one's health up until the 70s. As one transitions into the mid-70s and 80s, sense of control declines.

When older adults take their time to form social judgments, they process information similarly to younger adults. But what happens when older adults have to make social judgments and are given a time limit? a. They become confused. b. They make better, more informed decisions than younger adults. c. They show a positivity bias. d. They have difficulty remembering the information they need to make their social judgments.

d. They have difficulty remembering the information they need to make their social judgments.

Brandtstädter proposes that a positive view of self in later life requires a. immunizing mechanisms. b. assimilative activities. c. accommodations. d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

The need for __________ results in a desire for predictability, being uncomfortable with ambiguity, and a preference for quick and decisive answers. a. personal control b. emotional selectivity c. ego integrity d. closure

d. closure

How we approach problems is known as our a. attributional style. b. personal control. c. processing goal. d. cognitive style.

d. cognitive style.

Blanchard-Fields and colleagues found that when participants were presented with different situations with positive or negative outcomes (events that were ambiguous as to what was the specific cause of the outcome), older adults were more likely to make __________ about the main character. a. interactive attributions b. situational attributions c. causal attributions d. dispositional attributions

d. dispositional attributions

The likelihood that information in memory will be used to guide social judgments is related to a. one's implicit memory. b. how quickly the information is processed. c. one's social context base. d. how easily the information can be accessed.

d. how easily the information can be accessed.

The intervention strategy created by Crisp and Turner asked people to a. have a conversation with a member of a group they held a negative stereotype toward. b. read positive stories about a group they held a negative stereotype toward. c. share their feelings about a time when they felt threatened by a member of a group they held a negative stereotype toward. d. imagine having a positive interaction with a member of a group they held a negative stereotype toward.

d. imagine having a positive interaction with a member of a group they held a negative stereotype toward.

The results of Bargh and colleagues and Hummert and colleagues reveal that causal attributions of older adults are more likely to be dispositional in nature. b. patronizing speech is common among nursing home workers. c. personal control is related to memory performance. d. negative stereotypes are activated when we are unaware of them.

d. negative stereotypes are activated when we are unaware of them.

Even though older and younger adults may believe it is wrong to live together before marriage, older adults may be more rigid or adamant in this belief. This is evidence of age differences in a. stereotyping. b. sexual norms. c. levels of religiosity. d. social beliefs.

d. social beliefs.

When you are determining where particular pieces of information originated, you make a(n) a. impression formation. b. social context judgment. c. implicit source judgment. d. source judgment.

d. source judgment.

Approximately __________ of older adults living in the community show signs of depression. However, this number rises to more than __________ for those adults who require home health care. a.13%; 50% b.3%; 30% c.1%; 5% d.5%; 13%

d.5%; 13%

Another name for AIDS dementia complex is a.autosomal dementia. b.viral-based dementia (VBD). c.levodopa-based dementia. d.HIV-associated encephalopathy.

d.HIV-associated encephalopathy.

Using the developmental forces perspective, an older adult who is vague in answering questions because his generation was socialized not to disclose one's inner self to strangers is an example of a.a psychological factor. b.a biological factor. c.a sociocultural factor. d.a life-cycle factor.

d.a life-cycle factor.

An evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group to which you belong is known as a.an imagined threat. b.a lack of stereotype control. c.an implicit threat. d.a stereotype threat.

d.a stereotype threat.

A definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease depends on a.genetic screening. b.CT and PET scans. c.a mental status exam. d.a very thorough battery of assessments.

d.a very thorough battery of assessments.

Although there is an impressive collection of research supporting personality stability using the five-factor model, there is also research indicating personality change. Ursula Staudinger and colleagues' perspective reconciles these differences by suggesting personality takes on two forms: a.implicit and explicit development. b.qualitative and quantitative development. c.stability and change. d.adjustment and growth.

d.adjustment and growth.

Since the findings by Costa and McCrae indicating stability in personality over time, more recent research indicates change is also possible. For example, in one study it was found that extraversion and openness decreased with age while____________ increased over time. a.impulsiveness b.neuroticism c.conscientiousness d.agreeableness

d.agreeableness

Adults of different generations invoke the social rule "marriage is more important than career" more so with increasing age. This is evidence of a.stereotype threat's impact on views of marriage. b.changing morals regarding sexual behavior. c.differences in religiosity across time with respect to the rules of marriage. d.cohort effects of how different generations were socialized with respect to the social rules of marriage.

d.cohort effects of how different generations were socialized with respect to the social rules of marriage.

According to Erikson, each stage of psychosocial development represents a kind of a.desire. b.challenge. c.goal. d.crisis.

d.crisis.

According to Erikson, late in life those who become self-affirming, self-accepting, and judge their lives to have been worthwhile and good have achieved a.intimacy. b.identity. c.autonomy. d.ego integrity.

d.ego integrity.

Which of the following behaviors may be considered abnormal in younger adults but may be considered adaptive in older adults? a.hostility b.autonomy c.paranoia d.passivity

d.passivity

Having an older adult demonstrate an ability on a specific task is an example of a a.clinical interview. b.direct observation. c.neuropsychological assessment. d.performance-based assessment.

d.performance-based assessment.

All of the following are psychophysiological measures except a.skin temperature. b.heart rate. c.electroencephalograms. d.respiration rate.

d.respiration rate.

An 82-year-old woman decides she is not able to program phone numbers into a smartphone. She decides smartphones are not necessary because she can stay at home and make phone calls using her home phone. According to Heckhausen, Wrosch, and Schulz, this is an example of a.possible selves. b.problem-focused coping mechanisms. c.primary control. d.secondary control

d.secondary control

One of the main criticisms of theories based on life transitions is that a.most of the supporting data is correlational. b.measuring life transitions is problematic. c.each person's life transitions are different. d.the research methods used are questionable.

d.the research methods used are questionable.

According to your textbook, personality growth or change across adulthood does not normally occur unless a.interpersonal relationships force it to happen. b.biological forces dictate it is needed for survival. c.an individual recognizes it is needed to increase happiness. d.there are special circumstances and with an environmental push for it to occur.

d.there are special circumstances and with an environmental push for it to occur.

A life narrative is the internalized and evolving story that integrates all of the following except a person's a.reconstructed past. b.perceived present. c.anticipated future. d.unconscious motivations.

d.unconscious motivations.