Adv. Bio 1 Keystone Review Packet Questions, Vocab, and Notes

in order for nerve cells and muscle cells to function properly, they require a high concentrationof patassium ions inside the cells and a high concentration of sodium ions outside the cells. to maintain this condition, cells utilize sodium potassium pumps embedded within their cellular membranes to move the ions against their concentration gradient

(just information)

mitosis

1 division, in somatic cells, results in 2 diploid cells

meiosis

2 divisions, in gametes, results in 4 haploid cells,

there are __ different amino acids in humans

20

blood types

A and B are codominant, O is recessive

Nucleic Acid

A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A biological macromolecule that encodes the genetic information for living organisms and is capable of self‐replication and the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Science

A body of evidence‐based knowledge gained through observation and experimentation related to the natural world and technology.

Ribosome

A cellular structure composed of RNA and proteins that is the site of protein synthesis in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Genetic Drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

Chromosomal Mutation

A change in the structure of a chromosome (e.g., deletion, the loss of a segment of a chromosome and thus the loss of segment containing genes; duplication, when a segment of a chromosome is duplicated and thus displayed more than once on the chromosome; inversion, when a segment of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches in reverse order; and translocation, when a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome).

Food Web

A complex arrangement of interrelated food chains illustrating the flow of energy between interdependent organisms.

Cellular Respiration

A complex set of chemical reactions involving an energy transformation where potential chemical energy in the bonds of "food" molecules is released and partially captured in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules.

Principle (Scientific)

A concept based on scientific laws and axioms (rules assumed to be present, true, and valid) where general agreement is present.

Founder Effect

A decrease in genetic variation caused by the formation of a new population by a small number of individuals from a larger population.

Organism

A form of life; an animal, plant, fungus, protist or bacterium.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific geographical area and reproducing.

Plastids

A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.(ex: chloroplast)

Lipids

A group of organic compounds composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen including a proportionately smaller amount of oxygen; are insoluble in water, serve as a source of stored energy, and are a component of cell membranes.

Biome

A large area or geographical region with distinct plant and animal groups adapted to that environment; group of ecosystems that share the same climate

Law (Scientific)

A law that generalizes a body of observations. At the time it is made, no exceptions have been found to a law. It explains things but does not describe them; serves as the basis of scientific principles.

Carbohydrate

A macromolecule that contains atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio and serves as a major source of energy for living organisms (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose).

Protein

A macromolecule that contains the principal components of organisms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells.

Mitochondrion

A membrane‐bound organelle found in most eukaryotic cells; site of cellular respiration.

Nucleus

A membrane‐bound organelle in eukaryotic cells functioning to maintain the integrity of the genetic material and, through the expression of that material, controlling and regulating cellular activities.

Energy Pyramid

A model that illustrates the biomass productivity at multiple trophic levels in a given ecosystem.

Organic Molecule

A molecule containing carbon and hydrogen that is a part of or produced by living systems.

Monomer

A molecule of any compound that can react with other molecules of the same or different compound to form a polymer. Each biological macromolecule has characteristic monomers.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. ATP releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group.

Mitosis

A nuclear division resulting in the production of two somatic cells having the same genetic complement as the original cell.

Dominant Inheritance (Mendelian)

A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of one allele is completely expressed within a homozygous and heterozygous genotype.

Recessive Inheritance

A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of one allele is only expressed within a homozygous genotype. In a heterozygous condition with a dominant allele, it is not expressed in the phenotype.

Co‐dominance

A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of two alleles in a heterozygous genotype express each phenotype of each allele fully and equally; a phenotype which would not be expressed in any other genotypic combination.

Incomplete Dominance

A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.

Mutation

A permanent transmissible change of genetic material (e.g., chromosomal mutations and gene mutations).

Homologous Structure

A physical characteristic in different organisms that is similar because it was inherited from a common ancestor.

Vestigial Structure

A physical characteristic in organisms that appears to have lost its original function as a species has changed over time.

Analogous Structure

A physical structure, present in multiple species, that is similar in function but different in form and inheritance.

Natural Selection

A process in nature in which organisms possessing certain inherited traits are better able to survive and reproduce compared to others of their species.

Endocytosis

A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.

Exocytosis

A process in which a cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing a vesicular membrane with the plasma membrane, separating the membrane at the point of fusion and allowing the substance to be released.

Energy Transformation

A process in which energy changes from one form to another form while some of the energy is lost to the environment.

Evolution

A process in which new species develop from preexisting species (biological evolution or macroevolution); a change in the allele frequencies of a population of organisms from generation to generation (genetic evolution or microevolution).

Photosynthesis

A process in which solar radiation is chemically captured by chlorophyll molecules and through a set of controlled chemical reactions resulting in the potential chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydrate molecules.

Facilitated Diffusion

A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy.

Speciation

A process typically caused by the genetic isolation from a main population resulting in a new genetically distinct species.

Gradualism

A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that new species arise from the result of slight modifications (mutations and resulting phenotypic changes) over many generations.

Punctuated Equilibrium

A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that species are generally stable over long periods of time. Occasionally there are rapid changes that affect some species which can quickly result in a new species.

Hypothesis

A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon.

proteins are a major part of every living cell and have many different functions within each cell. carbohydrates also perform numerous roles in living things. Describe the general composition of a protein molecule

A protein molecule consists of primary, secondary, teritary, and Quaternary structures. Primary has up to 20 different amino acids, Secondary is the way they coil or fold, Tertiary is the 3D shape, and Quaternary is multiple polypeptides (picture is of amino acid)

Enzyme

A protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction; an organic catalyst.

Homeostatic Mechanism

A regulatory mechanism that contributes to maintaining a state of equilibrium (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, and oxygen regulation).

Symbiotic Relationship

A relationship between two organisms (i.e., mutualism, in which both organisms benefit; parasitism, in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed; and commensalism, in which one organism benefits and the other organism does not benefit or is not harmed).

Gene

A sequence of nucleotides composing a segment of DNA that provides a blueprint for a specific hereditary trait.

Succession

A series of predictable and orderly changes within an ecosystem over time.

Food Chain

A simplified path illustrating the passing of potential chemical energy (food) from one organism to another organism.

Chromosomes

A single piece of coiled DNA and associated proteins found in linear forms in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and circular forms in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells; contains genes that encode traits. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosomes.

Point Mutation

A single‐base substitution causing the replacement of a single‐base nucleotide with another nucleotide (e.g., silent mutation, in which there is no change in an amino acid; missense mutation, in which there is a different amino acid; and nonsense mutation, in which there is an insertion of a stop codon in the amino acid which stops protein synthesis).

Prokaryote

A single‐celled organism that lacks a membrane‐bound nucleus and specialized organelles.

Gamete

A specialized cell (egg or sperm) used in sexual reproduction containing half the normal number of chromosomes of a somatic cell.

Nonnative Species

A species normally living outside a distribution range that has been introduced through either deliberate or accidental human activity; also can be known as introduced, invasive, alien, nonindigenous, or exotic.

Catalyst

A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (e.g., lower temperature) than otherwise possible without being changed by the reaction.

Organelle

A subunit within a cell that has a specialized function.

Ecosystem

A system composed of organisms and nonliving components of an environment; all the biotic and abiotic factors in an area

Genetic Engineering

A technology that includes the process of manipulating or altering the genetic material of a cell resulting in desirable functions or outcomes that would not occur naturally.

Biotic

A term that describes a living or once‐living organism in an ecosystem.

Abiotic

A term that describes a nonliving factor in an ecosystem.

Terrestrial

A term that describes an organism associated with a land environment.

Aquatic

A term that describes an organism associated with a water environment.

Extinction

A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.

Endosymbiosis

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

Plasma Membrane

A thin, phospholipid and protein molecule bilayer that encapsulates a cell and controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell through active or passive transport.

Polygenic Trait

A trait in which the phenotype is controlled by two or more genes at different loci on different chromosomes.

Sex‐linked Trait

A trait, associated with a gene that is carried by either the male or female parent (e.g., color blindness and sickle‐cell anemia).

Meiosis

A two‐phase nuclear division that results in the eventual production of gametes with half the normal number of chromosomes.

Eukaryote

A type of organism composed of one or more cells containing a membrane‐bound nucleus, specialized organelles in the cytoplasm, and a mitotic nuclear division cycle.

Allele

A version of a gene due to a variation in the nucleotide sequence.

a protein in a cell membrane changed its shape to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentration gradients. Which molecule was most likely used by the protein as an energy source? A. ATP B. ADP C. catalse D. amylase

A. ATP

the enzyme pepsin is found in the stomach. Which medicine is most likely to directly interfere with pepsin's function? A. a medicine that affects pH B. a medicine that prevents clotting C. a medicine that blocks neural impulses D. a medicine that lowers cholesterol levels

A. a medicine that affects pH

A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surround an enzyme is changed, the rate the enzyme catalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statement best describes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme? A. a pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape B. a pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme C. a pH change can add new molecules to the structure of the enzyme D. a pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate

A. a pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape

Life functions are performed at many levels of biological organization. Which level of biological organization is the simplest level at which a structure can support life functions? A. cell B. tissue C. organelle D. organ system

A. cell

Which of the following best describes the way that genes, chromosomes, and DNA are related? A. chromosomes contain several genes, which are made up of sequences of DNA B. genes contain several chromosomes, which are made up of sequences of DNA C. genes contain several sequences of DNA, which are made up of chromosomes D. sequences of DNA contain several genes, which are made up of chromosomes

A. chromosomes contain several genes, which are made up of sequences of DNA

The opening of the stomata allows water to evaporate from inside the leaf in a process known as transpiration. As this occurs, water molecules cling to one another and pull water in a continuous stream up the stem of the plant form the roots to the leaves. Which property of water makes this movement possible? A. cohesion B. freezing point C. high specific heat D. temperature-dependent density

A. cohesion

DNA section original AGTGCCGAC altered AGGCCGAC a section of DNA in a cell is altered. Which mutation is being illustrated in the DNA section above? A. deletion B. insertion C. duplication D. nondisjunction

A. deletion

a genetic mutation resulted in a change in the sequence of amino acids of a protein, but the function of the protein was not changed. Which statement best describes the genetic mutation? A. it was a silent mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism B. it was a silent mutation that caused a change in the phenotype of the organism C. it was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism D. it was a nonsense mutation that caused a change in the phenotype of the organism

A. it was a silent mutation that caused a change in the DNA of the organism

which statement best describes how active transport differs from passive transport? A. only active transport requires ATP B. only active transport moves small particles C. only active transport relies on plasma membrane D. only active transport allows substances to leave a cell

A. only active transport requires ATP

which statement best describes the process by which the millions of body cells that form a housefly can all contain the same genetic information? A. original DNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into two new cells B. original RNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into two new cells C. original DNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into four new cells D. original RNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into four new cells

A. original DNA is duplicated during replication and then distributed into two new cells

Organ System

An anatomical system composed of a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function or task.

Tissue

An anatomical unit composed of cells organized to perform a similar function.

Organ

An anatomical unit composed of tissues serving a common function.

Habitat

An area that provides an organism with its basic needs for survival.

Crossing‐over

An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis; contributes to the genetic variability in gametes and ultimately in offspring.

Theory (Scientific)

An explanation of observable phenomena based on available empirical data and guided by a system of logic that includes scientific laws; provides a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specific set of phenomena.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle found in eukaryotic cells responsible for the final stages of processing proteins for release by the cell.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant cells and the cells of other eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms where photosynthesis occurs.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An organelle, containing folded membranes and sacs, responsible for the production, processing, and transportation of materials for use inside and outside a eukaryotic cell. There are two forms of this organelle: rough ER that has surface ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of proteins mostly destined for export by the cell and smooth ER that has no ribosomes and participates in the synthesis of lipids and steroids as well as the transport of synthesized macromolecules.

Consumer (Ecological)

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms or their remains.

Decomposer

An organism that obtains nutrients by consuming dead and decaying organic matter which allows nutrients to be accessible to other organisms.

Producer (Ecological)

An organism that uses a primary energy source to conduct photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Genetically Modified Organism

An organism whose genetic material has been altered through some genetic engineering technology or technique.

Pumps (Ion or Molecular)

Any of several molecular mechanisms in which ions or molecules are transported across a cellular membrane requiring the use of an energy source (e.g., glucose, sodium [Na+], calcium [Ca+], and potassium [K+]).

Biotechnology

Any procedure or methodology that uses biological systems or living organisms to develop or modify either products or processes for specific use. This term is commonly associated with genetic engineering, which is one of many applications.

which effect is most likely caused by nondisjunction during meiosis? A. an increase in nuclei B. an extra chromosome C. only two types of nitrogenous base D. increased survival benefits from traits

B. an extra chromosome

Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What determines the direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move? A. orientation of cholesterol in the plasma membrane B. concentration gradient across the plasma membrane C. configuration of phospholipids in the plasma membrane D. location of receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane

B. concentration gradient across the plasma membrane

the presence of a specific trait is genetically inherited. there are only two possible outcomes for this trait: an individual either inherits the trait or does not inherit the trait. Which statement best describes how parents influence this trait? A. each parent contributes two genes for this trait B. each parent contributes one allele for this trait C. each parent contributes two chromosomes for this trait D. each parent contributes one nitrogenous base for this trait

B. each parent contributes one allele for this trait

which transport mechanisms require the formation of a vesicle to transport material into or out of a cell? A. diffusion and osmosis B. exocytosis and endocytosis C. exocytosis and calcium pumps D. diffusion and facilitated diffusion

B. exocytosis and endocytosis

hemophilia is an inheritable genetic disorder that prohibits the proper formation of blood clots. The recessive gene that causes hemophilia is located on the X-chromosome. Given this information, which of the following statements is true? A. in order for male offspring to be a hemophiliac, his mother must be a hemophiliac B. in order for female offspring to be a hemophiliac, her father must be a hemophiliac C. in order for male offspring to be a hemophiliac, his father must be a hemophiliac D. in order for female offspring to be a hemophiliac, her mother must be a hemophiliac

B. in order for female offspring to be a hemophiliac, her father must be a hemophiliac

Why does an enzyme function as a catalyst in a reaction? A. it creates the right pH needed for the reaction B. it decreases the amount of energy needed for the reaction C. it provides the extra energy needed for the reaction D. it maintains the proper temperature needed for the reaction

B. it decreases the amount of energy needed for the reaction

Which statement correctly describes how carbon's ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to form macromolecules? A. it forms short, simple complex carbon chains B. it forms large, complex, diverse molecules C. it forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms D. it forms covalent bonds that can exist in a single plane

B. it forms large, complex, diverse molecules

using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformation most likely occurs first within the observed organelle? A. ATP to light B. light to chemical C. heat to electrical D. chemical to chemical

B. light to chemical

which statement best explains why cellular respiration in plants and other organisms is dependent on photosynthesis? A. photosynthesis is one of the finals steps in cellular respiration B. photosynthesis provides the materials that fuel cellular respiration C. photosynthesis absorbs excess energy produced by cellular respiration D. photosynthesis absorbs materials that are catalyzed during cellular respiration

B. photosynthesis provides the materials that fuel cellular respiration

a sodium potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into or out of a cell. The movement of glucose into or out of the cell does not require energy. Which statement best describes the movement of these materials across a cell membrane? A. sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by osmosis B. sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated transport C. sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by osmosis D. sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by active transport

B. sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated transport

homozygous

BB or bb

heterozygous

Bb

Which order (from smallest to biggest) is correct for cells, organ, organelle, organ system, tissue, whole organism? A. 153246 B. 654321 C. 315246 D. 123456

C. 315246

plant cells use sunlight to make their own food. Which structure allows plant cells to perform this function? A. Nucleus B. Vacuole C. Chloroplast D. Mitochondrion

C. Chloroplast

Use the diagram below to answer the question. Chemical Reaction HO - 1 - 2 - 3 - H + HO - 4 - H to HO - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - H + H2O The diagram shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called? A. glycolysis B. hydrolysis C. dehydration synthesis D. polymerization

C. dehydration synthesis

a genetic mutation involving a single base causes an error that affects the sequence of the next 500 amino acids in a protein. Which type of mutation could have produced this type of error in the protein? A. silent B. nonsense C. frame-shift D. substitution

C. frame-shift

the golgi apparatus is broken down during mitosis and then reformed. Which function would a cell be unable to perform during the time that its Golgi apparatus is broken down? A. copying genetic material to include in the new cell B. forming vesicles to import molecules into the cell C. processing and packaging protein for cellular export D. correcting errors in the process of building a new cell

C. processing and packaging protein for cellular export

Which characteristic is shared by all prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms? A. the ability to reproduce sexually B. the ability to make their own food C. the need for a source of energy D. the need for oxygen for respiraiton

C. the need for a source of energy

what must be transmitted to new DNA stands during replicati on to maintain genetic information? A. individual atoms from existing DNA strands B. individual sugars from existing DNA strands C. the sequence of bases from existing DNA strands D. the sequence of phosphates from existing DNA strands

C. the sequence of bases from existing DNA strands

Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake? A. when water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake B. water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms C. when water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below D. water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to freeze

C. when water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below

proteins are a major part of every living cell and have many different functions within each cell. carbohydrates also perform numerous roles in living things. describe how the structures of proteins differ from the structures of carbs

Carbohydrates are in a hexagonal shape with an average of 6 carbon atoms. Monosaccharides are one of these, disaccharides are two, and polysaccharides are 3 or more of these. The multiple saccharides contain h20 to bond together the monosaccharides

Limiting Factor

Chemical or physical factor that limits the existence, growth, abundance, or distribution of an individual organism or a population.

blood type is inherited through multiple alleles including Ia, Ib, and i. A child has type A blood. if the father has type AB, what are all the possible phenotypes of the mother? A. phenotypes O or A B. A or AB C. A, B, or AB D. O, A, B, or AB

D. O, A, B, or AB

in a flowering plant species, red flower color is dominant over white flower color. What is the genotype of any red flowering plant resulting from this species? A. red and white alleles present on one chromosome B. red and white alleles present on two chromosomes C. a red allele present on both homologous chromosomes D. a red allele present on at least one of two homologous chromosomes

D. a red allele present on at least one of two homologous chromosomes

since sodium potassium pumps require an input of energy to operate, they are an example of A. passive transport B. facilitated diffusion C. filtration D. active transport

D. active transport

which example is an activity that a fish most likely uses to maintain homeostasis within its body? A. using camouflage to avoid predators B. feeding at night to regulate body temperature C. moving to deeper water to regulate metabolic wastes D. exchanging gases through its gills to regulate oxygen levels

D. exchanging gases through its gills to regulate oxygen levels

substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statement best describes the role of an enzyme during this reaction? A. it adjusts the pH of the reaction medium B. it provides energy to carry out the reaction C. it dissolves substance A in the reaction medium D. it speeds up the reaction without being consumed

D. it speeds up the reaction without being consumed

mitosis and meiosis are processes by which animal and plant cells divide. Which statement best describes a difference between mitosis and meiosis? A. meiosis is a multistep process B. mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells C. meiosis is used in the repair or an organism D. mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells

D. mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells

which statement describes one difference between mitosis and meiosis in animal cells? A. mitosis produces sex cells, and meiosis produces diploid cells B. mitosis produces haploid cells, and meiosis produces somatic cells C. mitosis produces four daughter cells, and meiosis produces two diploid cells D. mitosis produces two daughter cells, and meiosis produces four diploid cells

D. mitosis produces two daughter cells, and meiosis produces four diploid cells

which process helps to preserve the genetic information stored in DNA during DNA replication? A. the replacement of nitrogen base thymine with uracil B. enyzmes quickly linking nitrogen bases with hydrogen bonds C. the synthesis of unique sugar and phosphate molecules for each nucleotide D. nucleotides lining up along the template strand according to base pairing rules

D. nucleotides lining up along the template strand according to base pairing rules

What process provides a vital connection between the Sun and the energy needs of living systems? A. decomposition B. cellular respiration C. transpiration D. photosynthesis

D. photosynthesis

Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structeres are more common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? A. cell wall and nucleus B. cell wall and chloroplast C. plasma membrane and nucleus D. plasma membrane and cytoplasm

D. plasma membrane and cytoplasm

the cell membrane serves many functions. one of the cell membrane's functions is to help the cell maintain homeostasis. Which of the following statements best supports this claim? A. the cell membrane contains a polar region and a nonpolar region B. the cell membrane contains proteins C. the cell membrane contains phospholipids D. the cell membrane regulates what goes in and out of the cell

D. the cell membrane regulates what goes in and out of the cell

the genetic material of two different individuals of the same species is analyzed. One individual has brown eyes. The other has blue eyes. Which characteristic for eye color would be the same for both individuals? A. the allele B. the DNA sequence C. the amount of pigment D. the location of the gene

D. the location of the gene

Many plants have a waxy coating on their leaves. Which statement describes the most likely structure and function of the waxy coating? A. the waxy coating is a protein that can help attract other organisms for pollination B. the waxy coating is a protein that can help release waste molecules during transpiration C. the waxy coating is a lipid that can help absorb more sunlight in hot environments D. the waxy coating is a lipid that can help prevent excess water loss in dry environments

D. the waxy coating is a lipid that can help prevent excess water loss in dry environments

DNA vs RNA

DNA has T instead of U double stranded instead of single deoxyribose instead of ribose

telophase

DNA is chromatin, nuclear envelope develops

protein synthesis

DNA to RNA to protein

Community (Ecological)

Different populations of organisms interacting in a shared environment; all of the biotic populations in an area

Isolating Mechanisms

Features of behaviors, morphology, or genetics which serve to prevent mating or breeding between two different species (e.g., temporal isolation, in which individuals are active at different times of the day, seasons, or mating periods; ecological isolation, in which individuals only mate in their specific habitat; behavioral isolation, when there are no sexual cues between representatives of the species; mechanical isolation, when there is no sperm transfer during an attempted mating; and gametic incompatibility, when there is sperm transfer without fertilization occurring).If mating can take place, there are four factors that prevent hybrid viability: zygotic mortality (fertilization but no zygote), hybrid inviability (embryo is not viable), hybrid sterility (resulting adult is sterile), and hybrid breakdown (first generation is viable but future generations are not).

interphase contains

G1, S, G2, GO

Allele Frequency

How often an allele occurs in a population, its relative frequency.

Intracellular

Located inside a cell.

Extracellular

Located outside a cell.

Unicellular

Made up of a single cell.

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

Multiple Alleles

More than two forms of a gene controlling the expression of a trait. (ex: blood type)

Impermeable

Not permitting passage of a substance or substances.

Prokaryotic cells are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells.Based on structural difference, explain why prokaryotic cells can be much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic are so much smaller because there are so many less structural elements and organelles inside prokaryotes than eukaryotes. This is because prokaryotes don't need as many functions.

Carrier (Transport) Proteins

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules into and out of cells; also known as transport proteins.

Frame‐shift Mutation

The addition (insertion mutation) or removal (deletion mutation) of one or more nucleotides that is not indivisible by three, therefore resulting in a completely different amino acid sequence than would be normal. The earlier in the sequence nucleotides are added or removed, the more altered the protein will be.

Cell

The basic unit of structure and function for all living organisms. Cells have three common components: genetic material, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane. Eukaryotic cells also contain specialized organelles.

Embryology

The branch of zoology studying the early development of living things.

Cytokinesis

The final phase of a cell cycle resulting in the division of the cytoplasm.

Genotype

The genetic composition of an organism with reference to a single trait, a set of traits, or the entire complement of traits of an organism.

Concentration Gradient

The graduated difference in concentration of a solute per unit distance through a solution.

Cohesion

The intermolecular attraction between like molecules. Surface tension results from the cohesive properties of water.

Interphase

The longest‐lasting phase of the cell cycle in which a cell performs the majority of its functions, such as preparing for nuclear division and cytokinesis.

Species

The lowest taxonomic level of biological classification consisting of organisms capable of reproduction that results in fertile offspring.

pH

The measure of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of an aqueous solution scaling from 1 (highly acidic) to 14 (highly alkaline) with a midpoint of 7 (neutral)

Concentration

The measure of the amount or proportion of a given substance when combined with another substance.

Specific Heat

The measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity of a substance by a certain temperature interval.

Biogeochemical Cycles

The movement of abiotic factors between the living and nonliving components within ecosystems; also known as nutrient cycles (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle).

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; a natural result of kinetic molecular energy.

Active Transport

The movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration that uses energy provided by ATP or a difference in electrical charges across a cell membrane.

Osmosis

The movement of water or another solvent through permeable membranes from an area of higher water concentration (dilute) to an area of lower water concentration (concentrated).

Phenotype

The observable expression of a genotype.

Trophic Level

The position of an organism in relation to the flow of energy and inorganic nutrients through an ecosystem (e.g., producer, consumer, and decomposer).

Fossils

The preserved remains or traces of organisms that once lived on Earth.

DNA Replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

Translocation

The process in which a segment of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

Transcription

The process in which a strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized by using the genetic information found on a strand DNA as a template.

Protein Synthesis

The process in which amino acids are arranged in a linear sequence through the processes of transcription of DNA and to RNA and the translation of RNA to a polypeptide chain.

Inheritance

The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring.

Nondisjunction

The process in which sister chromatids fail to separate during and after mitosis or meiosis.

Semiconservative Replication

The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule.

Translation

The process in which the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule on a ribosome is decoded to produce a sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis.

Selective Breeding

The process of breeding organisms that results on offspring with desired genetic traits.

Homeostasis

The regulatory process in which an organism regulates its internal environment.

Genetics

The scientific study of inheritance.

Biology

The scientific study of life.

Cell Cycle

The series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. The main phases of the cell cycle are interphase, nuclear division, and cytokinesis.

Molecule

The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces.

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical and physical properties of that element.

Bioenergetics

The study of energy flow (energy transformations) into and within living systems. (ex: photosynthesis and cellular respiration)

Ecology

The study of the relationships between organisms and their interactions with the environment.

Freezing Point

The temperature at which a liquid changes state to a solid.

Adhesion

The tendency of water molecules to stick to other surfaces.

Environment

The total surroundings of an organism or a group of organisms.

Passive Transport

The transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using energy.

Biosphere

The zone of life on Earth; sum total of all ecosystems on Earth.

Competition

When individuals or groups of organisms compete for similar resources such as territory, mates, water, and food in the same environment.

enzymes lower

activation energy

some animals can produce a potassium ion concentration inside their cells that is twenty times greater than that of their environment. This ion concentration gradient is maintained by the plasma membrane. Identify and explain the process that occurs as the cell produces the ion concentration gradient.

active transport is pumping the ions from low to high concentration

protein monomer

amino acid

patau syndrome can be a lethal genetic disorder in mammals, resulting from chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis. identify the step during the process of meiosis when chromosomes would most likely fail to separate.

anaphase

anticodon

base pairs with mRNA codons to bring correct amino acids

carbohydrates are made of

carbon, hydrogen oxygen

nucelic acid are made of

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate

lipids are made of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

proteins are made of

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

reasons for stop of mitosis

cell signals, no nutrients, no room

describe energy transformation of cellular respiration

chemical to ATP

how does an enzyme denature?

chemicals, temp, pH, salinity

prophase

chromosomes form, nuclear envelope and spindle fibers develop

metaphase

chromosomes line up in middle and spindle fibers attach

mRNA processing

complete mRNA, introns removed, exons spliced together to make mature mRNA, leave nucleus

denatured enzymes are

damaged

2 monosaccharides =

disaccharides

lipids store long term

energy

isotonic

equal water

lysis

explode because there is too much water in

types of diffusion

facilitated diffusion

mendel

father of genetics

nucleic acid function

genetic material (DNA and RNA) and energy (ATP)

examples of monosaccharide

glucose, fructose, galactose

G1 and G2

growth and prep

reasons for mitosis

growth, repair, healing, replace old cells

passive transport moves

high to low with no energy required

types of osmosis

hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic

crossing over

in meiosis, results in genetically unique cells, chromosomes trade pieces

lipids are good

insulation

cell cycle - Mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

types of active transport

ion pump, exocytosis, endocytosis

peptide bond

joins together amino acids

active transport moves

low to high with help of energy (ATP)

transcription

mRNA copies 1 gene of DNA in nucleus

translation

mRNA to protein in cytoplasm, attached to ribosomes

phospholipids

make cell membrane

patau syndrome can be a lethal genetic disorder in mammals, resulting from chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis. describe how chromosome separation in meiosis is different from chromosome separation in mitosis

meiosis = 2 divisions Mitosis = 1 division

eukaryote has

membrane bound organelles, DNA in nucleus, ribosomes, plasma membrane, larger, animals, plant, fungi

carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharides

prokaryote has

no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, DNA in cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane, smaller, bacteria

interphase

normal cell activities and/or all purposes divide

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide (phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base)

passive transport contains

osmosis, diffusion

some animals can produce a potassium ion concentration inside their cells that is twenty times greater than that of their environment. This ion concentration gradient is maintained by the plasma membrane. compare the process of potassium ion transport to another mechanism that moves material across the plasma membrane.

passive transport, opposite

4 types of lipids

phospholipids, waxes, fats and oils, steroid

many monosaccharides =

polysaccharides

Prokaryotic cells are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Identify 2 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and explain.

prokaryotic cells have a lot less organelles and functions. This means that while prokaryotic cells have around 10 structural elements, an eurkaryotic cell has around 20. Also, eurkaryotic cells are compartmentalized. This means that the cell contains smaller structures that perform specific functions and isolate reactions from others (endomembrane system and energy related) Kuba answer: no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles

waxes

protection and keep H2O in/out

incomplete dominance

red and white = pink

codominance

red and white = red and white

fats and oils

saturated and unsaturated

denatured

shape changes so it can't function

anaphase

sister chromatids pull apart

describe energy transformation of photosynthesis

solar to chemical

cytokinesis

split into 2 cells

GO

stage of cells that never or rarily divide

examples of polysaccharides

starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

protein functions

structure, defense, transportation, motion, enzymes, hormones

examples of disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

in translation

tRNA (anticodon) brings correct amino acids

describe how energy transformations involved in photosynthesis are related to energy transformation involved in cellular respiration

the chemical from photosynthesis is used as the input for cellular respiration

stages of protein synthesis

transcription, mRNA processing, translation, release of protein

x linked

uses X and Y

hydrolysis

water added to separate a polymer

hypotonic

water in (too much solution inside)

hypertonic

water out (too much solution out)

dehydration synthesis

water removed to join 2 monomers together