Advanced Physiology of Exercise Exam 1 (Ch. 4&5)

How is energy expenditure directly measured (direct calorimetry)? a. oxygen consumption b. weight loss c. heat production d. electrical activity

c. heat production

Factors critical for success in endurance performance include all of the following except? a. a high VO2max b. a high lactate threshold c. high muscular power d. greater economy

c. high muscular power

RER at rest is usually 0.7.

true

The primary cause of fatigue during a 400 meter dash race is hydrogen ion accumulation.

true

uring rest, intramuscular triglycerides and glucose provide most of the body's energy

true

How many carbon atoms are in acetyl CoA? a. 2 b. 3 c. 6

a. 2

Why is oxygen consumption often expressed as milliliters of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml kg -1 min -1)?

Absolute VO2 does not take into account a person's body weight so relative VO2 is calculated based on body weight to remove the discrepancy of size differences of people.

What is ATP and how is it important in metabolism?

Adenosine Triphosphate - it transports the energy needed for all metabolic activites

Describe the possible causes of fatigue during exercise bouts lasting 15 to 30 seconds and 2 to 4 hours.

After about 10 seconds, phosphagen has become depleted and lactate starts to build and cause fatigue . In 2 to 4 hours exercise glycogen which supplies the energy becomes deleted causing fatigue to increase.

What are basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate, and how do they differ?

Basla metabolism rate measures the number of calories burned based on very restrictive conditions. Resting metabolic rate also measures calories burned but under less restrictive conditions. BMR is measured in a clinic after set durations of rest, sleep and fasting while RMR is not required to be done in the clinic and sleep and fasting are less restrictive

One molecule of glucose, going through the aerobic pathway, yields _________ ATP? a. 2 b. 10 c. 32 d. 138

c. 32

Outline the factors that are responsible for the improved capacity of muscles to generate energy during endurance exercise.

Chronic endurance training increases the mitochondrial respiration and ability to produce ATP. It also increases glucose and FFA delivery, thus improving energy generation

Define direct calorimetry and indirect calorimetry and describe how they are used to measure energy expenditure.

Direct caliometry is the direct measurements of heat dissipated from an individual while indirect caliometry measures expired gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

What role does oxygen play in the process of acrobic metabolism?

Doing aerobic metabolism oxygen combines with the H++ to form water thus preventing acidification of cells without oxygen the oxidation phosphorylation process is minimized

Describe the relative contributions of fat, carbohydrate, and protein to meeting energy demands during exercise.

During short, high-intensity activities carbohydrates provide most of energy demand (~95%) while proteins and fats provide very little. During longer duration high-intensity activities carbohydrates still provide the most (75%), fats provide another 15%, and proteins the rest. During light, long duration activities, fats begin to provide similar levels as carbohydrates and protein very little. At rest fats provide about 60% need and carbs about 35%

Describe the roles of NAD and FAD in oxidative phosphorylation.

During the ETC process, NAD releases its protons and electrons at the beginning of the chain and FAD releases them later in the chain. NADH produces 3 ATP molecules and FADH produces 2.

Describe the relative contributions of each of the three basic energy systems to meeting the energy demands during (a) very brief (5 to 10 seconds) maximal muscular activity, (b) high-intensity muscular activity lasting 1 to 2 minutes, (c) moderate-intensity muscular activity lasting for 30 minutes or more.

During very brief (5-10 seconds) maximal exercise the ATP-PC system provides the energy demands. During 1-2 minute, high-intensity exercise the ATP-PC system provides the first 5-10 seconds of energy and then the glycolytic system takes over. For moderate-intensity activity the aerobic system provide most of the energy.

What is economy of effort? How is it measured? What is its relationship to sport performance?

Economy of effort is the theory that as skill increases energy demands at a given intensity is reduced. It is determined by variation in mechanics, specificity of training , body type and strength, Increased economy at any intensity means improved performance

List the factors that affect basal metabolic rate (BMR) and explain how they might alter one's BMR.

Factors that can affect BMR are age, stress, fever, and hormones. As we age, our BMR reduces due to reduction in muscle mass. Stress, illness (which causes fever) can affect how our bodies use calories.

Discuss the relationship between fat-free mass and basal metabolic rate (BMR).

Fat-Fee mass is metabolically active and allows the body to perform work, thus increasing BMR.

Discuss the influence of body mass (weight) on energy expenditure during running.

It takes more energy to move more mass while running. This means that heavier people need to improve their fitness (and energy production) to compete with lighter people.

What factors might explain why trained competitive female swimmers are more efficient in swimming than trained competitive male triathletes who have no competitive swimming background?

Females have greater resistance to skeletal muscle fatigue and a greater capacity to recover than males. Males tend to have greater muscle strength and power and perform better at strength activities

What is lactate and why is it important?

Lactate is a by-product of the glycolytic system. It is important because it can be converted to pyruvate which can be used as fuel in the heart, liver, and non-exercising muscles.

What is lactate threshold? How is it measured? What is its relationship to sport performance?

Lactate threshold is the first accumulation of blood lactate above resting concentrations. It is typically measured by taking small blood samples at different times during exercise. Having a higher threshold will help improve performance.

What is maximal oxygen uptake? How is it measured? What is its relationship to sport performance?

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is the maximal rate of oxygen consumption during incremental exercise. It is measured using equipment tat measures ocean and carbon dioxide while doing exercises typically on a treadmill. The higher the VO2max the better health and performance are.

What is the role of PCr in energy production? Describe the relationship between muscle ATP and PCr during sprint exercise

PCr is used to regenerate ATP to provide a relatively constant supply under rest conditions and to recycle ATP during exercise until it is used up. During sprint exercise PCr supplies ATP relatively constantly but is used up very quickly.

What is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)? Explain how it is used to determine the oxidation of carbohydrate and fat.

RER his the ratio of carbon dioxide used relative to the amount of oxygen consumed. Carbohydrates and fats produce different amounts of carbon dioxide, the RER can be used to determine the relative contributions of fat and carbohydrates on metabolism

Why are the ATP-PCr and glycolytic energy systems considered anaerobic?

The ATP-PCr and glycolytic energy systems are considered anaerobic because they do not require oxygen to generate ATP

Describe the by-products of energy production from ATP-PCr, glycolysis, and oxidation.

The by-products of ATP-PCr is creatine, glycolysis is lactic acid and oxidation is water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

What is the primary substrates used to provide energy at rest? During high-intensity exercise?

The primary substrates or carbohydrates (50%) and fats (50%) provide energy at rest. Carbohydrates provide energy for high-intensity exercise.

What is the relationship between oxygen consumption and energy production?

The tiger oxygen consumption is the more oxygen is available for energy production and thus better performance.

Discuss the relationship between a muscle's fiber-type composition and its oxidative capacity.

Type I muscle fibers have a greater capacity or aerobic (endurance) activities, while type II rely more or anaerobic systems and are better for sprint or strength activities.

Why do athletes with high VO2max values perform better in endurance events than those with lower values?

VO2max is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption and the higher it is the better cardio-respitory endurance the athlete has.

Intracellular stores of ATP and PCr are sufficient to support maximum muscular effort for approximately a. 3 to 15 seconds b. 15 to 30 seconds c. 30 seconds to 2 minutes d. > 2 minutes

a. 3 to 15 seconds

Performing a 6.2 mile run in 40 minutes is an activity that relies primarily on what energy system? a. aerobic b. glycolytic c. anaerobic d. phosphocreatine

a. aerobic

Walking 10K at a comfortable pace is an activity that relies on what energy system? a. aerobic b. glycolysis c. anaerobic d. phosphocreatine

a. aerobic

Which energy system is used primarily when walking long distances? a. aerobic glycolysis b. anaerobic glycolysis c. creatine phosphate

a. aerobic glycosid

Normally active 20-year-old females, on average, have a maximal oxygen uptake of about a. 70 ml kg -1 • min -1 b. 40 ml kg -1 • min - 1 c. 4 ml ㎏ -1 • min - 1 d. 5 ml kg -1 • min -1

a. b) 40 ml kg -1 • min - 1

Where is the most ATP produced? a. electron transport chain b. TCA cycle c. glycolysis d. in the sarcolemma

a. electron transport chain

Which of the following primarily dictates which energy system and substrate is used during exercise? a. exercise intensity b. exercise volume c. availability of oxygen d. diet

a. exercise intensity

Beta-oxidation is the breakdown of which of the following substances? a. fats b. carbohydrates c. cholesterol d. proteins

a. fats

Carbohydrates are stored in skeletal muscle and the liver as a. glycogen b. ATP c. glucose d. triglycerides

a. glycogen

During high - intensity exercise , most of the fuel source is from ? a. glycogen b. glucose c. intramuscular triglycerides d. blood plasma free fatty acids (FFA)

a. glycogen

During the performance of a 15-20 repetition set of squats to failure, fatigue is least due to: a. glycogen depletion b. hydrogen ion accumulation c. CP depletion d. neuromuscular insufficiency

a. glycogen depletion

Which of the following would likely account for the fatigue experienced by a marathon runner? a. glycogen depletion and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) b. low muscle pH c. high levels of blood lactate d. depletion of intracellular phosphocreatine

a. glycogen depletion and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)

Which two processes provide the TCA cycle with acetyl CoA? a. glycolysis and beta-oxidation b. gluconeogenesis and beta-oxidation c. glycogenesis and beta-oxidation d. glycolysis and glycogenesis

a. glycosis and beta-oxidation

Glycolysis is a process that begins with either glucose or glycogen and ends with a. pyruvate b. lactate c. acetyl CoA d. glycerol

a. pyruvate

During a recent laboratory assessment, your client's oxygen consumption was 2.3 L/min and the carbon dioxide produced was 2.1 L/min. What is the client's RER? a. 1.09 b. 0.91 c. 0.81 d. 0.72

b. 0.91

Beta-oxidation involves how many steps? a. 2 b. 4 c. 10 d. 12

b. 4

How many carbon atoms are in glucose? a. 2 b. 3 c. 6

c. 6

Lactate threshold is defined as a. The work rate where there is a systematic rise in aerobic metabolism b. That point in time during exercise of increasing intensity when lactate production exceeds lactate clearance c. The work rate where there is a systematic decrease in lactate production d. The point where lactate production is equal to lactate clearance

b. That point in time during exercise of increasing intensity when lactate production exceeds lactate clearance

Which energy system is used primarily during very intense exercise lasting 30-120 seconds? a. aerobic b. anaerobic glycolysis c. creatine phosphate

b. anaerobic glycolysis

Which energy system is used primarily during very intense exercise lasting 45 seconds? a. aerobic glycolysis b. anaerobic glycolysis c. creatine phosphate

b. anaerobic glycolysis

Performing 6 x 30 second all-out sprints on an exercise bicycle is an activity that relie primarily on what energy system? a. aerobic b. glycolytic c. lactic acid d. phosphocreatine

b. glycolytic

Performing a bodybuilding weight workout (20 total sets, 8-12 reps per set, 1 minute rest interval) is an activity that relies primarily on what energy system? a. aerobic b. glycolytic c. phosphocreatine d. lactic acid

b. glycolytic

Increasing the intensity of the exercise generally a. increases the use of blood glucose as the preferred fuel b. increases the use of muscle glycogen as the preferred fuel c. increases the use of fat as the preferred fuel d. increases the use of protein as the preferred fuel

b. increases the use of muscle glycogen as the preferred fuel

Pyruvate, during high-intensity exercise, reacts with 2 hydrogen ions to become _________? a. acetyl CoA b. lactate c. glycerol d. glucose

b. lactate

What is the RER of the following reaction ? C6H1 : 06 + 6 02 → 6 COg + 6 H2O + 38 ATP a. 1.3 b. 0.7 c. 1.0 d. 0.6

c. 1.0

Glycolysis involves how many steps? a. 4 b. 5 c. 10 d. 12

c. 10

The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is defined as the ratio between the a. CO2 produced over the amount of CO2 consumed during metabolism b. O2 produced over the amount of O2 expired during metabolism c. CO2 produced over the amount of O2 consumed during metabolism d. O2 produced over the amount of CO2 consumed during metabolism

c. CO2 produced over the amount of O2 consumed during metabolism

Oxygen deficit is said to represent a. a period of heavy reliance during exercise on the aerobic phase of exercise b. the amount of oxygen used during intense exercise c. a period of reliance on anaerobic metabolism at the initiation of aerobic exercise d. the amount of oxygen used during light to moderate exercise

c. a period of reliance on anaerobic metabolism at the initiation of aerobic exercise

Which system utilizes fats as a fuel substrate? a. ATP-PO b. glycolytic c. aerobic d. both b and c

c. aerobic

Which system(s) utilizes fats as a fuel substrate? a. ATP-PC b. glycolytic c. aerobic d. both b and c

c. aerobic

The higher the intensity of the exercise, the more the body relies on a. fat as an energy source b. protein as an energy source c. carbohydrate as an energy source d. fat and carbohydrate are used equally at all intensities

c. carbohydrate as an energy source

As exercise intensity increases, there is an increasingly greater reliance on what energy substrate? a. fats b. proteins c. carbohydrates d. lactic acid

c. carbohydrates

What energy substrate is used primarily during high-intensity exercise? a. fats b. proteins c. carbohydrates

c. carbohydrates

Lactate threshold is a good predictor of a. muscular strength b. muscular power c. distance running performance d. sprint performance

c. distance running performance

As exercise duration increases, what substrate is utilized to a greater degree? a. protein b. carbohydrates c. fats d. both carbohydrates and fats

c. fats

What is the primary purpose of the TCA cycle? a. produce ATP directly b. break down glucose c. feed electrons and protons to the electron transport chain d. synthesize protein

c. feed electrons and protons to the electron transport chain

What causes the increase in hydrogen ions (H+) during intense exercise? a. dissociation of lactic acid to lactate and H+ b. conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA c. hydrolysis of ATP d. increased oxygen utilization

c. hydrolysis of ATP

Which of the following substrates is considered to be the major source of energy for running a 400 meter race (45-65 seconds duration)? a. blood plasma glucose b. subcutaneous fatty acids c. intramuscular glycogen d. blood plasma amino acids

c. intramuscular glycogen

During low-intensity exercise, most of the ATP is sythesized from what substrate(s)? a. glycogen and glucose b. glucose only c. intramuscular triglycerides and glucose d. blood plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and intramuscular triglycerides

c. intramuscular triglycerides and glucose

Beta-oxidation occurs in the ____________? a. sarcoplasm b. blood c. mitochondria d. sarcolemma

c. mitochondria

Which of the following is incorrect regarding RER? a. the normal range for RER is 0.7 to 1.0. b. RER allows the estimation of the ratio of carbohydrates and fats being oxidized c. resting RER may range from about 0.88 to 0.90 d. an RER of 1.15 during high-intensity exercise may reflect a carbon dioxide production above that which is produced by the oxidation of fats and carbs alone

c. resting RER may range from about 0.88 to 0.90

Runner A has a VO2max of 40ml / kg / min with a lactate threshold ( LT ) of 70 % Runner B has a VO2max of 30ml / kg / min with LT of 90 % Runner C has a VO2max of 50ml / kg / min with a LT of 60 % . In a 5k race (3.1 miles), who should be able to maintain the fastest race pace? a. runner A b. runner B c. runner C d. can't tell from the information given

c. runner C

Glycolysis occurs where in the muscle cell? a. sarcoplasmic reticulum b. nucleus c. sarcoplasm d. mitochondria

c. sacroplasm

Which of the following events would not rely primarily on the glycolytic system? a. playing basketball b. 400 meter dash c. shot put d. bodybuilding workout

c. shot put

The primary energy system utilized during a marathon is a. the glycolytic system b. the ATP-CP system c. the aerobic system d. glycolysis

c. the aerobic system

An RER of 0.73 suggests that a. the person is exercising at a moderate pace b. the person is in poor aerobic shape c. the person is burning primarily fats as a fuel substrate d. the person is exercising at a very high intensity

c. the person is burning primarily fats as a fuel substrate

Which of the following fuel substrates can be utilized by the aerobic system to synthesize ATP? a. carbs b. fats c. proteins d. all of the above

d. all of the above

At exhaustion after high-intensity, short-term exercise a. ATP and phosphocreatine may be depleted b. phosphocreatine may deplete before ATP is depleted c. inorganic phosphates may increase due to breakdown of ATP d. all of these are correct

d. all of these are correct

The process whereby fatty acids are converted to acetyl CoA is called a. glycolysis b. oxidative phosphorylation c. substrate phosphorylation d. beta oxidation

d. beta oxidation

During high-intensity exercise, what happens directly to the majority of pyruvate? a. converted to acetyl CoA b. transported to the liver c. converted to glycogen d. combines with 2 H to form lactate

d. combines with 2 H + to form lactate

Which of the following would likely account for the fatigue experienced by a 100m dash sprinter? a. glycogen depletion and hypoglycemia b. low muscle pH c. high levels of blood lactate d. depletion of intracellular phosphocreatine

d. depletion of intracellular phosphocreatine

The making of new glucose from a noncarbohydrate source is a. glycolysis b. glycogenolysis c. glycogenesis d. gluconeogenesis

d. gluconeogenesis

The major metabolic waste product that causes the muscles and blood to have a lower pH during exercise of increasing intensity is a. bicarbonate b. lactic acid c. carbon dioxide d. hydrogen ions

d. hydrogen ions

EPOC a. Is difference between the oxygen used during exercise and the actual amount of oxygen required for the exercise intensity b. occurs at the onset of exercise c. is the difference between oxygen required during exercise and the oxygen consumed post-exercise d. is the resting oxygen consumption post - exercise that is above what would have been consumed at rest had the individual not exercised

d. is the resting oxygen consumption post - exercise that is above what would have been consumed at rest had the individual not exercised

Beta oxidation occurs where in the muscle cell? a. sarcoplasmic reticulum b. nucleus c. sarcoplasm d. mitochondria

d. mitochondria

The TCA cycle and the electron transport chain metabolic pathways occur where in the muscle cell? a. sarcoplasmic reticulum b. nucleus c. sarcoplasm d. mitochondria

d. mitochondria

Performing a 2RM relies primarily on what energy system? a. aerobic b. lactic acid c. glycolysis d. phosphocreatine

d. phosphocreatine

Running a 100 yard dash is an activity that relies primarily on what energy system? a. aerobic b. lactic acid c. glycolysis d. phosphocreatine

d. phosphocreatine

The process of converting ADP to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group is called a. anaerobic metabolism b. hydrolysis c. aerobic metabolism d. phosphorylation

d. phosphorylation

Glycolysis occurs in the __________? a. sarcolemma b. blood c. mitochondria d. sarcoplasm

d. sacroplasm

An RER of 1.0 represents 100 % fat utilization.

false

As exercise duration increases, fat utilization decreases.

false

EPOC is the extra calories expended during high-intensity exercise that is above the calories that would have been expended had the individual performed only traditional aerobic exercise.

false

Lactate threshold is the exercise intensity at which lactate clearan ce exceeds lactate production.

false

Oxygen deficit is a period at the beginning of submaximal exercise where only fat can be used as fuel.

false

Respiratory exchange ratio is the determined by dividing the oxygen produced by carbon dioxide produced.

false

Strength training inhibits running economy.

false

The average VO2MAx for a healthy college-aged male is between 35 and 40 ml/ke/min.

false

The ideal exercise intensity to burn fat during exercise is 90 % VO2MAX

false

The primary cause of fatigue during a IRM lift is glycogen depletion.

false

vo2MA is the maximum volume of oxygen an individual can consume a rest.

false

As exercise intensity increases, oxygen consumption increases.

true

Basal metabolic rate represents the minimal energy requirements for an individual to perform basic physiological functions.

true

Glycogen is the prefered fuel substrate during high-intensity exercise.

true