AEMT random

A 39-year-old male with a history of type 1 diabetes is found unresponsive by his wife. When obtaining initial information from the wife, which of the following questions would be LEAST pertinent?

"Was your husband hospitalized for this problem in the past?"

With regard to potential treatment in the hospital, which of the following questions is MOST important to ask the spouse of a 66-year-old female who presents with signs and symptoms of an acute ischemic stroke?

"When did you first notice the symptoms?"

PASTMEDS

(for respiratory patients) P Provocation/Palliation A Associated chest pain: is there any? S Sputum: is there anything being expelled from the lungs? What? T Time/trauma: when, for how long, and has there been trauma? M Medications currently taken E Exercise tolerance D Diagnosis by physician S Speech: is it normal and clear?

What are two important characteristics of Red Blood Cells?

* They have a circular shape to increase surface area to volume ratio to increase absorption efficiency *no nucleus so it can have more surface area to carry hemoglobin *flexible so it can easily travel through thin capillaries

Describe the differences between a hemorrhagic stroke and an ischemic stroke:

-Ischemic stroke occurs as a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain -Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures.

what are nitroglycerin's indications?

. Chest Pain 2. History of cardiac problems 3. Prescribed NTG 4. Systolic is greater than 90-100 5. Authorized by medical direction

A 20-year-old female, who is a known IV drug abuser, has overdosed on heroin. Your assessment reveals that she is semiconscious, bradycardic, and hypotensive. Her respirations are slow and shallow. As your partner is assisting her ventilations, you should start an IV and give:

0.4 mg of naloxone, followed by a reassessment.

If you have an epinephrine concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, how many milligrams would be present in 5 mL?

0.5 mg

Significant vital signs changes, including increased heart and respiratory rates and a decreasing blood pressure, would likely occur if an 80-kg adult patient acutely loses as little as _____ L of blood.

1

One milliliter (mL) is the equivalent of:

1 cubic centimeter.

When administering IV crystalloid boluses to a patient with an electrical injury, you should give enough fluid to maintain a urine output of:

1 mL/kg per hour.

What are nitroglycerin's dosage?

1 tablet or 1 spray (0.4 mg) up to three times 4 min apart

Snoring:

1) Due to very proximal upper airway obstruction (tongue falling back against posterior pharynx).

Wheezing:

1) Heard most commonly on expiration. 2) Indicates lower airway obstruction (asthma, bronchiolitis).

Stridor respirations

1) High pitched noise heard on inspiration. 2) Due to upper airway obstruction (croup, epiglottitis, or foreign body).

Crackles:

1) Inspiratory noises; heard with parenchymal lung disease (pneumonia, bronchiolitis).

In an average-sized adult male, a closed unilateral femur fracture can result in internal blood loss of up to:

1,000 mL

An 80-kg patient has a lacerated brachial artery with severe bleeding. Based on his weight, what is the maximum amount of blood loss that his body can tolerate without developing severe shock?

1,100 mL

How much IV fluid (per bolus) should you administer to a 65-kg patient with extensive burns and severe shock?

1,300 mL

What are nitroglycerin's contraindications?

1. Hypotension or systolic below 90-100 2. Pulse below 50 or above 100 3. Head injury 4. Infant or child 5. Already maxed out 6. Patient has recently taken erectile dysfunction meds

Give seven signs/symptoms of cardiac compromise

1. Pain, pressure, or discomfort in chest or abdomen 2. Difficulty breathing 3. Palpitations 4. Sudden onset of sweating and nausea 5. Anxiety or irritability 6. Abnormal pulse 7. Abnormal BP

How many pairs of ribs are attached anteriorly to the sternum?

10

By the end of the first year of life, a child's tidal volume typically ranges between:

10 and 15 mL/kg.

At what age does separation anxiety typically peak in infants and small children?

10 to 18 months

When using a Sager traction splint, you should apply traction that is approximately ____% of the patient's body weight to a maximum of ____ pounds.

10, 15

During one-rescuer adult CPR, you should compress the patient's chest at a rate of at least _______ per minute.

100

What is the minimum number of chest compressions that should be delivered per minute to a 4-month-old infant?

100

One deciliter (dL) is equivalent to:

100 mL

A 20 kg conscious male presents with acute respiratory distress. Your assessment reveals expiratory wheezing and tachycardia. Appropriate treatment for this child includes:

100% oxygen and 1 to 2 mL of nebulized albuterol

You receive a call for a 40-year-old female with nausea, dizziness, and a headache. During your assessment, you note that her blood pressure is 190/104 mm Hg. The patient, who is conscious and alert, states that she has a history of hypertension, but admits to being noncompliant with her medications. In addition to IV therapy, appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

100% oxygen and transporting to the closest appropriate facility.

The initial blood pressure on a patient with chest trauma reads 112/60 mm Hg. Which of the following repeat blood pressures demonstrates a narrowing pulse pressure?

106/70 mm Hg

Suction time

10s

A 40-year-old man was struck in the head with a steel pipe. He opens his eyes when you ask him a question, but cannot recall the date or events prior to the injury. When you ask him if he is injured anywhere else, he tells you no. You should assign him a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of:

12

Breathing Rates for an Adult

12-20/min

Which of the following weapons would MOST likely result in the largest surface area of tissue damage?

12-gauge shotgun

How many grams are present in 25 mL of 50% dextrose (D50)?

12.5 g

Appropriate management for a patient with a serious closed injury and signs of shock includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

15" to 20" elevation of the lower extremities.

Breathing Rates for a child

15-30/min

What is the correct ratio of compressions to ventilations when performing two-rescuer child CPR?

15:2

When pulling a patient, you should extend your arms no more than ________ in front of your torso.

15″ to 20″

Oxygen percentage of exhaled air?

16%

The human body should be functioning at its optimal level between the ages of:

19 and 25 years.

How many pounds does a 90-kg patient weigh?

198 lb

Despite 100% oxygen and the administration of a beta-2 agonist, a conscious 9-year-old female still has diffuse expiratory wheezing and respiratory distress. Medical control or local protocol will MOST likely dictate the administration of:

1:1,000 epinephrine SC

A 32-year-old male was involved in a motorcycle crash and sustained bilateral femur fractures as he was ejected over the handlebars of his bike. He is experiencing signs and symptoms of shock. On the basis of his injury, what is the approximate volume of blood that he has lost?

2 L

A 42-year-old man was splashed in the eye by a corrosive substance. Medical control orders you to irrigate the patient's eye with 2 liters of sterile saline. How many milliliters is this?

2,000

A 6-year-old, 44-lb male ingested an unknown quantity of aspirin approximately 20 minutes ago. He is conscious and alert and has stable vital signs. The appropriate dose of activated charcoal for this child is:

20 g.

Appropriate management for a conscious adult patient with acute abdominal pain, a BP of 80/50 mm Hg, and a pulse rate of 120 beats/min includes:

20 mL/kg IV fluid boluses to maintain perfusion.

Your patient is a newborn infant male in severe respiratory distress. You just helped deliver the newborn and now must provide positive-pressure ventilation via bag-valve mask. At what rate should you be ventilating your patient?

20-30 per minute

Safe Residual in O2 Tank

200psi

Oxygen percentage of room air?

21%

Which of the following patients should be assigned an immediate (red tag) category?

22-year-old male with blunt abdominal trauma, tachycardia, pallor, and diaphoresis

With proper technique, the AEMT and his or her partner should be able to safely lift a patient who weighs up to ______ lb.

220

What is a CISD, who can ask for one, and how soon are they held after an incident?

24 hours - 10 days*

Once the amniotic sac has ruptured, it is optimal that the fetus be delivered within:

24 hours.

Extracellular fluid accounts for what percentage of all body fluid?

25%

What is the dosage of Activated Charcoal?

25-100g

Infant respiratory rate

25-50

Breathing Rates for an infant

25-50/min

You have been requested to infuse 1,000 mL of lactated ringers over six hours. You have macrodrip (10 gtts/mL) tubing and a 16-gauge IV catheter. At how many drops per minute will you set the IV flow rate?

28

To minimize the amount of brain-cell damage that occurs following an ischemic stroke, fibrinolytic therapy must be administered within:

3 hours after the onset of symptoms.

During an attempted resuscitation of a 9-year-old boy in cardiac arrest, your paramedic partner asks you to prepare epinephrine in a dose of 0.01 mg/kg. The child's mother tells you that he weighs approximately 65 pounds. You have a prefilled syringe of epinephrine containing 1 mg in 10 mL. How many milliliters should be administered to this child?

3 mL

A 4-year-old boy pulled a pot of boiling water from the stovetop. He has superficial and partial-thickness burns to his head, left anterior trunk, and entire left arm. On the basis of the "rule of nines," what percentage of this child's body surface area (BSA) has been burned?

30%

Suction Vacuum Pressure

300mmHg

The length-based resuscitation tape is accurate for estimating the weight of children up to:

34 kg

A premature infant is one that is born before:

36 weeks or weighs less than 5 pounds

A 33-year-old male was shot in the abdomen during an altercation at a bar. He is semiconscious, his heart rate is 160 beats/min and thready, and his respirations are 38 breaths/min and shallow. On the basis of this patient's clinical presentation, you should suspect that he is experiencing stage ____ hemorrhage.

4

A baby is born at 34 weeks' gestation. Its body is cyanotic and it has weak muscle tone. Further assessment reveals that the infant has a weak cry, a heart rate of approximately 90 beats/min, and irregular respirations of approximately 12 breaths/min. What is this infant's Apgar score?

4

Which of the following situations would MOST likely require additional personnel or resources at the scene?

40-year-old male with an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head

What is the pulse pressure of a patient with a blood pressure of 104/58 mm Hg?

46 mm Hg

An 8-year-old child requires fluid resuscitation to treat severe dehydration. The child's mother is so upset that she cannot tell you how much her child weighs. On the basis of the child's age, you should administer a _____ mL bolus of an isotonic crystalloid.

480

A 68-year-old female with unstable bradycardia requires 0.5 mg of atropine. Your paramedic partner opens a prefilled syringe of atropine containing 1 mg/10mL. How many milliliters should be administered to the patient?

5 ml

Oxygen percentage the lungs use?

5%

What is the cardiac output of a person with a stroke volume of 60 mL and a heart rate of 90 beats/min?

5.4 L

A portable oxygen cylinder should be taken out of service and refilled when the pressure inside it is at ________ psi or below:

500

The normal tidal volume, including dead space volume, in the average adult male is approximately:

500 mL

What volume of blood loss is considered normal following a pregnancy?

500ml

Consider Replacing O2 Tank

500psi

G Cylinder Oxygen Tank

5300L

When high-flow oxygen is attached to the inlet valve of a pocket face mask, oxygen concentrations of up to ____ percent can be delivered to the patient.

55

After ____ minutes without oxygen, some brain damage is almost certain.

6

You are transporting a critically-injured patient to a trauma center located 30 minutes away from the scene. At a minimum, how many times should you reassess the patient's vital signs during transport?

6

You are tasked with setting up an albuterol nebulizer for an asthmatic patient. You know that the correct setting to start the new treatment is which of the following?

6-8 rpm

A newborn with a pulse rate of less than ___ BPM requires chest compressions.

60

Common signs and symptoms associated with menstruation include all of the following, EXCEPT:

60 mL to 100 mL of blood loss

In which of the following situations would it be MOST appropriate to utilize an air medical transportation service?

61-year-old man with signs and symptoms of a stroke and your ground-transport time is 50 minutes

During a lengthy transport of a 120-lb 29-year-old female with partial- and full-thickness burns to 45% of her BSA, medical control orders you to begin IV fluid replacement based on the Parkland formula. What volume of IV crystalloid should you administer per hour?

620 mL

E Cylinder Oxygen Tank

625L

H Cylinder Oxygen

6900L

At present, the average life expectancy is _____ years, while the maximum life expectancy is estimated at _____ years.

78, 120

After starting an IV on a patient, you set the flow at a "KVO" rate. How many drops per minute does this rate deliver?

8 to 15

The JumpSTART triage system is intended to be used for children younger than _____ years or who appear to weigh less than _____.

8, 100 lb

Tracheostomy mask delivers O2 at

8-10lpm

A hypoglycemic diabetic emergency is indicated by a bgl of

80 or less

The normal range for blood glucose levels in nonfasting adults and children ranges from

80 to 120 mg/dL.

On the basis of the Parkland formula, how much crystalloid should you administer per hour to a 70-kg patient with severe burns to 50% of his BSA?

800-900 mL

A 57-year-old male was struck in the head by a falling object. He opens his eyes when you pinch his trapezius muscle, is using inappropriate words, and withdraws from painful stimuli. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is:

9

The anterior fontanelle fuses together between the ages of:

9 and 18 months.

When performing CPR at a 3:1 compression to ventilation ratio on a newborn in cardiac arrest, you should deliver ____ compressions and ____ breaths each minute.

90, 30

An individual is considered to be hypothermic when his or her core body temperature falls below:

95°F.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of an intentional poisoning?

A 24-year-old female sprays mace into the eyes of a perpetrator during a burglary attempt

Which of the following scenarios is an example of an intentional poisoning?

A 24-year-old female sprays mace into the eyes of a perpetrator during a burglary attempt.

Which of the following patients has signs and symptoms that are MOST indicative of heatstroke?

A 31-year-old male with hot and moist skin, tachycardia, and confusion

On which of the following patients should you perform a rapid trauma assessment (rapid scan)?

A 38-year-old male who was wearing a helmet while involved in a motorcycle crash.

Which of the following patients is LEAST prone to a local cold injury?

A 45-year-old male with hypertension

You are triaging four patients who were involved in a head-on motor vehicle crash. Which of the following patients should be assigned the highest (red) triage category?

A 49-year-old female with diabetes and difficulty breathing

Which of the following scenarios is MOST descriptive of an absence seizure?

A 6-year-old male who is conscious, but will not respond to his mother; symptoms subside spontaneously within a few minutes

Which of the following scenarios is MOST descriptive of an absence seizure?

A 6-year-old male who is conscious, but will not respond to his mother; symptoms subside spontaneously within a few minutes.

Which of the following patients has experienced a critical burn?

A 65-year-old with 18% partial-thickness burns to both upper extremities

Which of the following patients would be LEAST likely to experience the classic signs and symptoms of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI)?

A 67-year-old female with diabetes mellitus

Which of the following individuals would be at GREATEST risk for developing hypothermia?

A 68-year-old female with a generalized infection

Which of the following emotionally disturbed patients could legally refuse EMS treatment and transport?

A 77-year-old male who is severely depressed over the death of his wife

Which one of the following burns is critical and needs emergency attention?

A child with a blistered burn after a cooking accident Burns are critical when they are blistered or the victim is elderly or young. Early activation of 911 and EMS transport is critical.

What is a diabetic coma?

A diabetic coma is a life-threatening diabetes complication that causes unconsciousness. If you have diabetes, dangerously high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) or dangerously low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can lead to a diabetic coma

What is the pathophysiology of distributive shock?

A disproportionate volume of blood due to an enlarged vascular space.

What medical condition is "pink puffer" referring to and why does it have this name?

A facetious term sometimes used by doctors to describe patients breathless from CHRONIC lung disease but still able to maintain sufficient oxygenation of the blood to avoid CYANOSIS A descriptive term for a patient with COPD and severe emphysema, who has a pink complexion and dyspnea

Which of the following describes an injury caused by indirect force?

A fall on an outstretched hand with a fractured wrist and a dislocated elbow

What is the medicine inside an MDI and how does it work?

A metered-dose inhaler (MDI) is a device that delivers a specific amount of medication to the lungs, in the form of a short burst of aerosolized medicine that is usually self-administered by the patient via inhalation. Medications are things like Bronchodilators like albuterol

A 68-year-old male patient states that he had a myocardial infarction three years ago. What is he is referring to?

A myocardial infraction, more commonly referred to as a "heart attack", is when part of the patient's myocardium (heart muscle) is starved for oxygen and dies.

What are normal blood glucose levels?

A normal CBG reading is 80-120 mg/dL. This pt is conscious and able to maintain their airway, based on their ability to talk to you and tell you what's wrong. Administer oral glucose to this patient and recheck their CBG.

All of the following are contraindications for the use of the Combitube except?

A patient less than 16 years of age, a patient that has a gag reflex, and a patient that ingested a caustic substance are all contraindications of the Combitube

Which of the following clinical findings would not warrant the use of an AED?

A patient with a history of cardiac arrest

Which of the following statements regarding the scoop stretcher is NOT correct?

A scoop stretcher will provide adequate immobilization of a patient's spinal column.

What is the ductus venosus?

A shunt at the end of the umbilical cord which allows blood coming from the placenta to bypass the liver and empty directly into the IVC

TIA: Transient Ischemic Attack

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) happens when blood flow to part of the brain is blocked or reduced , often by a blood clot. After a short time, blood flows again and the symptoms go away. With a stroke, the blood flow stays blocked, and the brain has permanent damage

A person with type A+ blood could receive which of the following blood types?

A+

In which of the following situations should you perform CPR?

A10-month-old unconscious male with weak breathing and a heart rate of 50/min

Calculate the APGAR score for the following newborn: - Appearance: cyanotic - Pulse: 60 - Grimace: cries - Activity: flexion of extremities - Respiratory: slow

A: 0 P: 1 G: 1 A: 1 R: 1

Which of the following statements regarding the use of the AED in children is correct?

AED use in children up to 12 to 14 years of age involves pediatric pads and an energy reducer.

What is the pneumonic AEIOU TIPS used for?

AEIOU TIPS is commonly used to help determine the cause for potential reasons for why a patient is unconscious, Alcohol, Epilepsy, Insulin, Oxygen, Uremia, Toxins, Infections, Psych, and Stroke.

As an electrical impulse travels down the electrical conduction system, it transiently slows at the:

AV node.

Which of the following would be the LEAST reliable assessment parameter when determining the neurovascular status of a patient with a possible extremity fracture?

Ability to move the extremity

Which of the following conditions or situations presents the MOST unique challenge to the AEMT when immobilizing an elderly patient on a long backboard?

Abnormal spinal curvature

A man is experiencing significant anxiety and depression regarding the impending death of his wife. However, the wife is trying to comfort her husband by telling him that she loves him and is prepared to die. What stage of the grieving process is the patient experiencing?

Acceptance

The most common overdose EMS personnel respond to is:

Acetaminophen is readily available and many other drugs contain acetaminophen as well. This makes it very easy for patients to unknowingly overdose on acetaminophen.

Which of the following medications is a suspension?

Activated charcoal

You are assessing a 45-year-old male who experienced a syncopal episode. He is conscious and alert, and complains only of slight weakness. He denies any medical problems or drug allergies. His blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg, pulse is 40 beats/min, and respirations are 22 breaths/min. What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's syncopal episode?

Acute bradycardia

Which of the following conditions would result in the MOST rapid loss of consciousness?

Acute hypoglycemia

Which of the following is NOT an element of the Fick principle?

Adequate platelets to promote blood-clotting

Which of the following scenarios involves an ALS skill?

Administering oxygen and infusing IV fluids

Which of the following scenarios involves an ALS skill?

Administering oxygen and infusing IV fluids.

Which of the following represents the MOST appropriate order to present patient information over the radio when communicating with the hospital?

Age and sex, chief complaint, history of present illness, exam findings, care provided, estimated time of arrival

Which of the following is a systemic complication associated with IV therapy?

Air embolus

Which of the following processes occurs during normal inspiration?

Air is pulled into the lungs when intrathoracic pressure decreases

What are the contraindications of a MDI?

Airflow obstruction due to foreign body Airflow obstruction and an MI Not used as the first drug to help with congestive heart failure Hypersensitivity, tachycardia, MI.

Which of the following is the MOST significant complication associated with facial injuries?

Airway compromise

Which of the following medications would the AEMT help a patient self-administer?

Albuterol

What can albuterol treat?

Albuterol can quickly relieve shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness. relaxes muscles in the airways and increases air flow to the lungs.

Which of the following general statements regarding infectious diseases is correct?

All contagious diseases are infectious.

Of the following clinical findings, which one would you MOST likely encounter during the early phase following a fracture of the basilar skull?

Altered mental status

Which of the following statements regarding rescue breathing and disease transmission is correct?

Although disease transmission is unlikely, mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing is rarely necessary in the field

You arrive on the scene of an automobile accident. After completing your initial assessment, you decide to take the patient's vitals. Blood pressure is 165/90, pulse is 50 bpm, respiratory rate is 10/min, and he is responding to painful rubbing of the sternum. Your instinct tells you that your patient may be experiencing?

Although high blood pressure can be normal for some patients, all instances of high blood pressure should be taken with concern. This patient has a high blood pressure and a low pulse. These vitals are the opposite of shock and are characteristic of intracranial pressure.

Which of the following conditions would NOT cause acute delirious behavior?

Alzheimer disease

Which of the following medications would the AEMT typically NOT be allowed to administer to a patient?

Amiodarone

Which of the following scenarios is an example of exposure via indirect contact?

An AEMT is stuck with a needle that she used to start an IV on a patient.

Which of the following statements regarding febrile seizures is correct?

An abrupt rise in body temperature may cause a febrile seizure

Which of the following statements regarding an emergency patient move is correct?

An emergency move is performed before the primary assessment and treatment.

Mrs. Swenson is a 35-year-old female who has been impaled through the cheek by a large fishing lure. She is unconscious and has a small amount of bleeding coming from her cheek. The fishing lure is inside her mouth. When caring for this patient you should?

An impaled object should be removed in only two cases. First, when it is impaled through the chest and prevents CPR. Second, when it could cause an airway obstruction. In this case the fishing lure has potential to cause an airway obstruction in your unconscious patient and should be removed. Placing gauze on the inside of the cheek also poses a possible airway obstruction.

A 19-year-old male sustained major head trauma following a motorcycle crash. During your assessment, you note the presence of blood draining from his left ear. What is the MOST important reason for not attempting to control the flow of this bleeding?

An increase in intracranial pressure may occur

The medical term that refers to the time period before delivery is:

Antepartum

Which of the following medications would interfere with the body's hemostatic effect?

Anticoagulants

Which of the following types of medications would increase a person's risk of developing a heat-related illness?

Antihistamines

Define shock and provide 5 signs or symptoms that are present when the body is in a state of shock:

Anxiety or agitation/restlessness Bluish lips and fingernails Chest pain Confusion. Dizziness, lightheadedness, or faintness Pale, cool, clammy skin. Profuse sweating, moist skin

What is an enteral drug?

Any drug that is administered along any portion of the GI tract.

Which of the following is considered a critical burn in an infant or small child?

Any full-thickness burn

Which of the following valves of the heart are semilunar valves?

Aortic and pulmonic

APGAR

Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration done right after and 5 min after birth, is 0-2 scale for each, total of 10

Which of the following causes of an acute abdomen would be LEAST likely to present with fever?

Appendicitis prior to rupture and abscess formation

Which of the following techniques is appropriate when cannulating a vein?

Apply traction to the vein and insert the needle with the bevel side up at a 45° angle.

What information would you want to to obtain from a pregnant patient?

Are you under a doctor's care? Does your doctor expect any problems with this delivery? Is this your first vaginal delivery? When did the contractions begin? How far apart are the contractions? Do you need to bear down?

What part of the cardiac electrical conduction system initiates electrical impulses at the slowest rate?

Areas below the AV node

Describe how you would assess each component of the Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale (provided are the components items that make up the scale):

Arm drift Facial drop Slurred speech Transport fast

You are dispatched to a residence for a 59-year-old male with an unknown emergency. When you arrive, you find the patient sitting on the couch. He is conscious, noticeably diaphoretic, and complains of dizziness and weakness. During your assessment, you note a large, well-healed vertical scar in the center of his chest and a small bulge just under the skin in the upper left part of his chest. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg, pulse is 44 beats/min and weak, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and unlabored. What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's condition?

Artificial pacemaker failure

You and your partner arrive on scene to a patient who has been involved in an MVA. As you approach the patient you notice the patient breathing in sequences of uniformly deep gasps, apnea, then more gasps. What is the name of the respiratory pattern?

As you answer questions like this, picture the waveform that the description would create. Compare that mental picture to the ones you've see in your textbooks! Biot's respirations are caused by damage to the pons of the brain stem and in this case, secondary to what we can safely assume is head/facial trauma.

You are caring for a 32-year-old female who does not speak English. The patient is clinically stable and there are no family members present at the scene. What is the most effective way to communicate with her?

Ask short questions and use simple words.

You respond to a residence where a 5-year-old male has ingested an unknown substance. Upon arrival at the scene, the child's mother tells you that her son swallowed approximately 20 Tylenol capsules. What is the MOST logical way of determining how much this child weighs?

Ask the mother if she knows the weight of her son.

Which of the following will MOST reliably allow you to determine the nature of a patient's illness?

Asking questions related to the chief complaint

As you are treating a patient, he tells you that he has a bleeding ulcer and took Cialis 12 hours ago. Which of the following medications are contraindicated for this patient?

Aspirin and nitroglycerin

In addition to oxygen, which of the following medications would the AEMT be the MOST likely to administer to a patient who is experiencing acute chest pain, pressure, or discomfort?

Aspirin and nitroglycerin

When treating an anxious and uncooperative patient with chest pain, you state, "If you don't settle down, I am going to put a large IV in your arm." What is this an example of?

Assault

Which of the following actions would you NOT perform during the scene size-up?

Assess a patient's breathing effort.

According to the START triage system, what should you do if a patient is found to have a respiratory rate of 24 breaths/min?

Assess for bilateral radial pulses.

Define AVPU and what it is used for

Assess the level of responsiveness: AVPU: Alert, Responds to verbal stimuli, Responds to painful stimuli, Unresponsive

You are caring for a 27-year-old male with suspected ketoacidosis. He is unresponsive and his blood glucose level, as measured by glucometer, reads "high." His blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg, pulse is 130 beats/min and weak, and respirations are 40 breaths/min and shallow. Which of the following represents the MOST appropriate treatment approach?

Assisted ventilation, 20 mL/kg crystalloid boluses to maintain perfusion, transport, and consider an advanced airway

Most severe dysrhythmia of the heart

Asystole

How far from wreckage should you position your ambulance?

At least 50'

Which of the following medications would the AEMT LEAST likely administer to a patient with a medical complaint?

Atropine

What portion of the nervous system controls the functions of many of the body's vital organs, over which the brain has no voluntary control?

Autonomic

Which of the following blood pressure readings indicates orthostatic hypotension?

BP lying down, 112/60 mm Hg; BP sitting up, 100/54 mm Hg

Which of the following assessment findings would be the LEAST reliable indicator of inadequate perfusion?

BP of 104/60 mm Hg

Which of the following sets of vital signs is MOST indicative of Cushing's triad?

BP, 190/100 mm Hg; pulse, 68 beats/min; respirations, 30 breaths/min and irregular

What is the term used to describe trauma of the ear that is caused by pressure?

Barotrauma

Mastoid bruising is also referred to as:

Battle's sign.

Which triad characterizes cardiac tamponade

Becks triad: low BP, narrow pulse pressure, JVD, muffled heart sounds

hypothermia

Being severely cold Decreasing mental status, Decreasing motor and sensory function and Changing vital signs. Early or superficial cold injury usually involves the tips of ears, the nose the tips of toes and fingers, and the chin Late or deep cold injury involves both the skin and tissue beneath it The pulse, breathing, and blood pressure are difficult to assess in a hypothermic patient. A pt with a core body temp of 95 or less is considered hypothermic

A 17-year-old female is experiencing a mild asthma attack. You auscultate her lungs and hear expiratory wheezing. In addition to oxygen, which of the following classifications of medication would be indicated for this patient?

Beta-2 agonist

Which of the following medications or medical devices may inhibit the body's tachycardic response during shock?

Beta-blocker

A patient in shock is experiencing tachycardia, among other signs. What physiologic response causes tachycardia during times of decreased perfusion?

Beta1 receptor stimulation

Following severe head trauma, a patient presents with an irregular rate, pattern, and depth of breathing with brief periods of apnea. This breathing pattern is characteristic of:

Biot's respirations.

A 67-year-old male complains of burning sensation in his abdomen and hematemesis. During your assessment, you note pain to palpation of his left upper quadrant; his vital signs are suggestive of shock. Which of the following conditions should you suspect?

Bleeding peptic ulcer

Which of the following would be the MOST important parameter(s) to assess in a patient with a behavioral emergency?

Blood glucose level

Cellular ischemia results in anaerobic metabolism. What occurs during this process?

Blood stagnates in the capillaries and lactic acid is produced.

Why does the skin become flushed or red when a person is exposed to a hot environment?

Blood vessels dilate and heat radiates to the skin surface.

Which of the following statements regarding the dermal layer of the skin is correct?

Blood vessels in the dermis do not penetrate into the epidermis

Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining how to protect oneself against the effects of radiation?

Body size

What three major arteries arise from the aortic arch?

Brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian

Which of the following clinical signs would indicate a core body temperature of between 89°F and 92°F?

Bradycardia

Which of the following findings is LEAST suggestive of a head injury?

Briskly constricting pupils when exposed to light

Immediately following delivery, which of the following findings would necessitate further assessment and potential treatment of the newborn?

Brown amniotic fluid

Approximately 12 hours after eating at a restaurant with his wife, a 49-year-old male complains of blurred vision, severe weakness, and difficulty breathing. This patient's clinical signs are MOST consistent with exposure to:

C botulinum

CBRNE

CBRNE is an acronym for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and high yield Explosives.

Congestive Heart Failure

CHF specifically refers to the stage in which fluid builds up around the heart causing it to pump inefficiently.

Which of the following statements regarding cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is correct?

CPP is the difference between mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure.

Which of the following is NOT a form of liquid drug?

Capsule

Which of the following physiologic processes occurs during pulmonary respiration?

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli.

What are the three types of musculoskeletal tissue and what is the purpose of each?

Cardiac muscle cells - located in the walls of the heart, appear striated, and are under involuntary control. Smooth muscle fibers - located in walls of hollow visceral organs, except the heart, appear spindle-shaped, and are also under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle fibers - occur in muscles which are attached to the skeleton. They are striated in appearance and are under voluntary control.

Cardiac tamponade

Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical condition in which blood or fluids fill the space between the sac that encases the heart and the heart muscle. This places extreme pressure on your heart. The pressure prevents the heart's ventricles from expanding fully and keeps your heart from functioning properly. Your heart can't pump enough blood to the rest of your body when this happens. This can lead to organ failure, shock, and even death. he causes of pericardial penetration or fluid accumulation might include: gunshot or stab wounds blunt trauma to the chest from a car or industrial accidentCardiac tamponade has the following symptoms: anxiety and restlessness low blood pressure weakness chest pain radiating to your neck, shoulders, or back trouble breathing or taking deep breaths rapid breathing discomfort that's relieved by sitting or leaning forward fainting, dizziness, and loss of consciousness

Which of the following statements regarding middle adults is correct?

Cardiovascular health becomes an issue in this age group, as does the greater incidence of cancer.

Which of the following is NOT an indication to stop CPR once you have started?

Care is transferred to a bystander.

You are called to the home of a 31-year-old female preparing for imminent delivery. She is talking to you, is calm, and her vital signs are all appropriate. Which type of baby delivery should you attempt in the field?

Cephalic presentation

________________ is a disorder of the brain in which blood flow to a portion of the brain is suddenly disrupted, resulting in brain cell death.

Cerebral infarction

CVA

Cerebrovascular accident, stroke

Which of the following injuries would the front seat passenger LEAST likely sustain when the front end of a car strikes a bridge pillar?

Chest

You are dispatched to a report of a child struck by a motor vehicle. Upon arrival, you find a 5-year-old male who was riding his bike when he was struck. Bystanders report that he wasn't wearing a helmet and witnessed his head striking the pavement. He is unconscious, unresponsive, and you notice that the patient has an irregular breathing pattern. Which of the following breathing patterns is the patient likely exhibiting?

Cheyne-Stokes respirations are indicative of a head injury. The presence of apnea would mean the patient is not breathing. The presence of Eupnea would indicate that the patient has normal breathing. The presence of Kussmaul respirations would indicate the patient is likely in a state of metabolic acidosis, or diabetic ketoacidosis.

Which of the following statements regarding shock in pediatric patients is correct?

Children can compensate for shock longer than adults but deteriorate more quickly.

Which of the following statements regarding blood loss and shock in the pediatric patient is correct?

Children can tolerate a lower proportional blood loss than adults, before developing shock.

Which of the following is a major anion in the body?

Chloride

Which of the following medications will NOT respond to the administration of naloxone (Narcan)?

Cocaine

You are dispatched to the home of a 64-year-old male patient with lung cancer. The patient complains of acute dyspnea; however, as long as he is sitting upright, his breathing is easier. He denies fever and his breath sounds are decreased over the base of the left lung. What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

Collection of fluid outside of the lung

Which of the following signs or symptoms would you be LEAST likely to encounter during your assessment of a patient who has overdosed on a benzodiazepine?

Combativeness

What is the difference between compensated and decompensated shock?

Compensatory shock: increase in heart rate, vasoconstriction, release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, normal b.p., narrow pulse pressure, slight elevation of heart rate, anxiousness, weaker pulse, slightly pale and cool skin Decompensated (Progressive) s hock: further increases heart rate, vasoconstriction is more severe (begins to shut off organs), buildup of toxic waste in cells, systolic bp begins to fall slightly, tachycardia, tachypnea, skin becomes very cool, pale, clammy I r r e v e r s i b l e s h o c k : r a p i d , s h a l l o w , i n e f f e c t i v e r e s p i r a t i o n s , u n r e s p o n s i v e n e s s , b a r e l y palpable pulses, bleeding may occur from every orifice

Which of the following is NOT a standard licensure requirement for the AEMT?

Completion of an NREMT-developed AEMT course.

In which of the following patients would it be MOST appropriate to administer oral glucose?

Confused diabetic patient who is breathing adequately

In which of the following situations would it NOT be appropriate to splint a patient's fractures before moving him or her?

Confused patient with tachycardia and shallow breathing

Which of the following patients is NOT breathing adequately?

Confused, respirations of 24 breaths/min, shallow depth

You respond to a call for an 16-year-old boy who injured his arm. As you are assessing the child, he tells you that he does not want you to touch him. His mother tells you to begin treatment and transport the child to the hospital if necessary. What should you do?

Continue your assessment and transport if necessary

You respond to a call for an 16-year-old boy who injured his arm. As you are assessing the child, he tells you that he does not want you to touch him. His mother tells you to begin treatment and transport the child to the hospital if necessary. What should you do?

Continue your assessment and transport if necessary.

What does CPAP stand for and what kind of medical emergency is it used for?

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure and is udes for COPD and asthma

Which of the following signs or symptoms would you be LEAST likely to find during your assessment of a patient with a pneumothorax?

Contralateral shifting of the trachea

Which of the following is a LATE sign of a tension pneumothorax?

Contralateral tracheal shift

While performing chest compressions, where do you want to ensure your hands are located?

Correct hand placement for chest compressions is the center of the chest over the lower half of the breastbone.

What is the main complication of suctioning the airway for more than 10 seconds?

Could lead to hypoxia

What is the difference between cover and concealment?

Cover involves the use of an impenetrable barrier.

When assessing a patient who experienced blunt abdominal trauma, you note bruising around the umbilicus. This is called ____________ sign and indicates:

Cullen sign; significant internal bleeding

What size oxygen cylinder is typically carried by the AEMT to the patient's side?

D cylinder

What are three conditions that can give a false pulse oximetry reading?

Dark nail polish Patient moving too much Dust and dirt Hand tremors The 3 conditions: peripheral vascular disease, vasoconstrictor medications, severe hypotension and hypothermia.

Which of the following activities occurs in the warm zone?

Decontamination

Which of the following is NOT a role of the AEMT at the scene of a HazMat incident?

Decontamination

Which of the following changes would you most likely NOT see with a pregnant adult female? Hypotension Increased heart rate Odd cravings Decrease in heart rate

Decrease in heart rate

Which of the following is a sign that CPAP is improving your patient's clinical status?

Decrease in respiratory rate

Which of the following is NOT a physiologic effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation?

Decreased heart rate

Which of the following statements regarding hypothermia is correct?

Decreased thyroid gland function predisposes a person to hypothermia

DVT

Deep vein thrombosis, occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one or more of the deep veins in your body, usually in your legs. Deep vein thrombosis can cause leg pain or swelling, but may occur without any symptoms.

Define DCAPBTLS:

Deformities, Contusions, Abrasions, Punctures, Burns, Tenderness, Lacerations, Swelling

After your paramedic partner has intubated an adult cardiac arrest patient, you are providing ventilations as a firefighter performs chest compressions. When ventilating the patient, you should?

Deliver each breathe over 1 second at a rate of 8 to 10 breathes per minute When an advanced airway is in place, there is no pause in chest compressions to deliver breaths.

The third stage of labor begins after what event has occurred?

Delivery of the infant

Which of the following is a Schedule II substance?

Demerol

After being told of the death of her husband, a middle-aged woman asks, "Why are you lying to me?" What stage of the grieving process is this typical of?

Denial

Which of the following is considered an obvious sign of death and would not require the initiation of CPR?

Dependent blood pooling

Which of the following is an example of acquired immunity?

Desensitized with a vaccination

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing

Which of the following statements regarding a "dirty bomb" is correct?

Dirty bombs could injure victims with both radioactive material and the explosive material used to deliver it.

When cleaning around her empty swimming pool, a 30-year-old female fell into the deep end of the pool. She presents with decreased sensation and movement in her lower extremities, a blood pressure of 80/50 mm Hg, and a heart rate of 50 beats/min. What is the MOST likely etiology of this patient's condition?

Disruption of the nervous system and relative hypovolemia

Which of the following formulas is correct for converting a patient's weight in pounds to his or her weight in kilograms?

Divide the patient's weight in pounds by 2 and subtract 10%.

Which of the following is your BEST protection against being accused of defamation of character?

Documenting objective findings only.

Who regulates the selling and prescribing of controlled substances, such as narcotics?

Drug Enforcement Administration

Which of the following interventions should be carried out on every newborn, regardless of his or her appearance at birth?

Drying, warming, and suctioning

On arrival at a MVC, you find a patient seated in a vehicle that has severe damage to the front end. You notice the patient has a laceration to the forehead and the windshield is cracked from where the patient hit his head. You would immobilize the patient how?

Due to the MOI, you should suspect this patient to have a spinal injury and should immobilize the patient with a short board or KED prior to removal from a seated position. Rapid extrication should only be used in cases of a critical trauma patient.

Even with an EMS certification, your ability to function as an AEMT is governed locally by the:

EMS system's medical director

Authorization to use an automatic transport ventilator when transporting a patient requires which minimum level of EMS provider?

EMT

Which of the following statements regarding ethyl alcohol (ETOH) is correct?

ETOH dulls the sense of awareness and slows reflex times.

What are the signs and symptoms of hypothermia?

Early or superficial cold injury usually involves the tips of ears, the nose the tips of toes and fingers, and the chin Late or deep cold injury involves both the skin and tissue beneath it The pulse, breathing, and blood pressure are difficult to assess in a hypothermic patient.

Which of the following statements regarding schizophrenia is correct?

Early-onset schizophrenia may be associated with brain damage.

Which of the following is an example of a secondary prevention strategy?

Educating the public regarding the use of helmets and seat belts

Which of the following is an example of a secondary prevention strategy?

Educating the public regarding the use of helmets and seat belts.

Emphysema

Emphysema is a long-term, progressive disease of the lungs that primarily causes shortness of breath due to over-inflation of the alveoli (air sacs in the lung). In people with emphysema, the lung tissue involved in exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) is impaired or destroyed.

Which of the following is not a type of vehicular impact? Frontal Roll over End over end Rotational

End over end

What body system is comprised of various glands located throughout the body?

Endocrine system

What layer of the skin contains cells that are replaced with new cells that are formed in the germinal layer?

Epidermis

Epiglottitis

Epiglottis is a life-threatening, upper respiratory illness. The epiglottis becomes inflamed and begins to obstruct airflow to the trachea. The fever, drooling, and respiratory distress are class presentation. Epiglottitis occurs in adults and children.

You have been dispatched for a respiratory distress call. Upon your arrival, you find a 34-year-old male in the tripod position and you can hear stridorous respirations from the doorway. The patient is drooling and feels hot to the touch. What life-threatening condition does your patient have?

Epiglottitis

As an AEMT, which of the following medications would you be allowed to administer to a patient?

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is what kind of drug?

Epinephrine is classified as a sympathomimetic drug since it mimics the sympathetic system. It increases heart rate, causes vasoconstriction, etc.

You are called to the scene for the 92-year-old female, suffering from an epistaxis emergency. You would anticipate the need to?

Epistaxis emergencies are simply nose bleeds, which usually require some sort of pressure and transport, as long as natural causes are suspected.

Which of the following signs or symptoms is MOST suggestive of organophosphate poisoning?

Excessive lacrimation

You are approaching an overturned tanker truck to assess the driver, who appears to be unconscious. As you get closer to the vehicle, you note the smell of noxious fumes and find that you are in the midst of a vapor cloud. What should you do?

Exit the area immediately and gather information for the HazMat team.

You arrive at the scene of a 34-year-old woman with abdominal pain. As you begin talking to the patient, she extends her arm to allow your partner to take her blood pressure. What type of consent is this patient's action consistent with?

Expressed consent

You respond to a call for a 56-year-old man with a severe headache and nausea. He asks you to take him to a local community hospital. What type of consent has this patient given to you?

Expressed consent

Which of the following is the MOST significant acute complication associated with a laceration to the forearm?

External bleeding

A 56-year-old female is found supine in a narrow hallway of her mobile home. She complains of severe weakness and dizziness, and states that she is unable to walk. There is no evidence of trauma and the patient states that she did not fall. How should you and your partner move this patient to a more spacious area?

Extremity lift

During your assessment of a patient, you ask, "Can you tell me more about your problem? I am listening." Which communication tool is this an example of?

Facilitation.

Which of the following statements regarding hearing-impaired patients is correct?

Family members of hearing-impaired patients often have difficulty coping.

Which of the following circumstances would require a written release of confidential information from the patient?

Family members wanting information about an adult patient.

What are the contraindications Epinephrine?

Faster, irregular (wrong) or "pounding" heartbeat. Throbbing headache. Paleness. Feelings of over excitement, anxiety, or fear. Weakness or shakiness. Dizziness. Nausea and vomiting. Sweating.

Which of the following drugs dissolves a thrombus and prevents it from entering the bloodstream?

Fibrinolytic

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Filtration of debris and bacteria from the blood.

A fistula is the result of a connection between a(n) __________ and a(n) __________.

Fistulas are often found in dialysis patients and are surgically created by joining an artery and a vein together.

Which of the following pain patterns is MOST consistent with kidney stones?

Flank pain that radiates to the groin

What flow rate for a nasal cannula and when should it be used

Flow rate: 1-6 lpm When it's used: Nasal cannulas are used to deliver oxygen when a low flow, low or medium concentration is required, and the patient is in a stable state.

Which of the following is the MOST significant complication associated with IV therapy in geriatric patients?

Fluid overloading

What is the rationale for restricting IV fluid boluses in patients with a pulmonary contusion?

Fluids may cause pulmonary edema or increased bleeding

You are caring for a patient with a possible myocardial infarction. When communicating with medical control, you are able to speak to the physician and send an ECG tracing at the same time. What type of radio system is required to do this?

Full duplex mode

Of the four types of radiation, which is the most damaging to human tissue?

Gamma

Upon entering the residence of a young female with a possible toxic exposure, you begin surveying the scene. Which of the following findings would provide you with the LEAST amount of information regarding the type of exposure?

General condition of the living area

In the bleeding control & shock management psychomotor exam, what step comes directly after taking Body Substance Isolation Precautions?

Going directly off the practical skill sheets for the NREMT psychomotor examination, the next step after taking BSIP for the Bleeding Control/Shock Management Skill Station is "Applies direct pressure to the wound"

How would you classify a woman who has been pregnant twice, had a miscarriage with her first pregnancy, and is now in active labor?

Gravida 2, para 0

While caring for a 40-year-old male with shortness of breath and a history of tuberculosis, the AEMT should place a:

HEPA respirator on himself and a nonrebreathing mask on the patient

While caring for a 40-year-old male with shortness of breath and a history of tuberculosis, the AEMT should place a:

HEPA respirator on himself and a nonrebreathing mask on the patient.

Which of the following statements regarding hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC) is correct?

HHNC is not associated with a fruity odor on the patient's breath.

Which of the following statements regarding HIV is correct?

HIV cannot enter the bloodstream through intact skin.

Which of the following questions would allow you to assess the "P" in the SAMPLE history?

Has this ever happened to you before?

Which of the following questions is the MOST important to ask the parent or caregiver of a child with an acute asthma attack?

Has your child ever been intubated or in the ICU?

A 66-year-old female's daughter called EMS because her mother was having chest pain. When you arrive, the patient states that she does not need EMS and will not go to the hospital on her own. The patient is conscious, alert, and oriented and will not sign a refusal form. You should:

Have the daughter sign the form verifying her mother's refusal.

Which of the following questions would be of LEAST pertinence when obtaining a focused history of a patient with an acute onset of chest discomfort?

Have you ever been told you have low blood pressure?

A 4-year-old child presents with intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, a heart rate of 160 beats/min, and a fever of 101.5ºF. Which of the following clinical signs would indicate that this child's cardiopulmonary status is deteriorating?

Heart rate decreases to 100 beats/min

What are the signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

Heat exhaustion extreme physical exertion in a hot, humid environment Heat exhaustion occurs when the body's cooling mechanisms have been expended, and now the central nervous system and other systems are starting to show the consequences of this depletion A patient with heat exhaustion will commonly have slight alterations in mental status, such as dizziness or fatigue, and will present with a normal body temperature and diaphoretic skin Heat stroke occurs when the thermoregulatory mechanism of the body fails to sense and compensate for elevations of the core temperature, and an extremely high core temperature results

In which of the following situations would a diabetic patient MOST likely develop hypoglycemic crisis (insulin shock)?

Heavy exertion following a small meal

Which of the following is more contagious than HIV, and proves a much greater threat to EMS providers?

Hep-B

You respond to a 23-year-old male in cardiac arrest. CPR is in progress when you arrive and you quickly take over compressions. The most important interventions that will affect this patient's outcome are?

High quality compressions and quick defibrillation

Which of the following chemicals that are released by the immune system are responsible for an allergic reaction?

Histamines and leukotrienes

When assessing a patient with a medical complaint, which of the following would MOST likely reveal the cause of his or her problem?

History taking

Which of the following questions is of LEAST pertinence when the AEMT is determining whether or not to declare a mass-casualty incident and activate the ICS?

How many paramedics are able to respond to the scene and provide advanced care?

Which of the following agents blocks the body's ability to use oxygen and possesses an odor similar to almonds?

Hydrogen cyanide

Which of the following is a LATE sign of preeclampsia?

Hyperactive reflexes

A 50-year-old patient complains of abdominal muscle cramps and spasms of his hands. Which of the following electrolyte disturbances does this patient MOST likely have?

Hypocalcemia

hypoperfusion

Hypoperfusion (shock) is the inadequate perfusion of body tissues, resulting inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to them

You administer 0.4 mg of nitroglycerin to your 55-year-old patient with chest pain. Which of the following adverse reactions should you be MOST observant for?

Hypotension

Your patient is a 9-year-old female who is unusually quiet according to her mother. She looks distant and is responding to verbal commands. When you take her vitals, you notice a slowed pulse. You suspect she is experiencing?

Hypoxia In children, hypoxia often presents as altered mental status and bradycardia. Hypoxia occurs when there is a deprivation of oxygen to the body.

Patients with acute alcohol withdrawal commonly need:

IV crystalloid fluid boluses to treat hypovolemia.

You are dispatched to a residence for a 69-year-old female with "breathing problems." When you arrive, the patient's husband directs you to his wife, who is sitting on the couch in obvious respiratory distress. She is semiconscious and has labored, shallow respirations. You auscultate her lungs and hear diffuse rhonchi in all lung fields. Which of the following interventions would be of LEAST benefit to her?

IV therapy with up to a 500 mL normal saline bolus

Which of the following is the only acceptable reason to withhold compressions for longer than ten seconds?

If a patient needs to be moved or there is a dangerous situation, you may pause compressions momentarily. When you stop chest compressions, circulating blood and oxygen is deprived from the brain and heart.

Breech Presentation

If the head delivers slowly or becomes trapped in the birth canal, you will need to insert your fingers into the birth canal and create a pocket between the fetus' face and the wall of the birth canal. This is often accomplished by creating a V with your fingers and placing the fetus' mouth and nose between them, creating an unobstructed airway.If the fetus' head becomes trapped in the birth canal, transport to a hospital with an OB unit should begin immediately. Administer oxygen at 15 lpm via nonrebreather mask to ensure adequate fetal oxygenation.

How would you ventilate a patient who has a Stoma?

If there is a tracheostomy tube in place put the BVM on that and ventilate (after taking mask off) if no tube put a special mask over the stoma and if you don't have a special tracheostomy stoma mask use a child or infant BVM mask cover nose and mouth

You have been dispatched to a 72-year-old male with chest pain and you arrive on scene to find him supine on the floor. It is unknown how long he has been down, and your initial assessment reveals that he is pulseless and apneic. You should immediately?

If you witness the patient's cardiac arrest, begin CPR and apply the AED as soon as possible. However, if the patient's cardiac arrest was not witnessed by you, the American Heart Association recommends that you perform 5 cycles (about 2 minutes) of CPR before applying the AED.

Which antibody is responsible for causing an anaphylactic reaction?

IgE

IgE

IgE binds to allergens and triggers the release of substances from mast cells that can cause inflammation.

Which of the following statements regarding transport of patients from a mass-casualty incident or disaster site is correct?

Immediate-priority patients should be transported two at a time.

You have two patients who were involved in a motor vehicle crash when their SUV struck a tree—one with neck and back pain, and the other with a deformed left femur. The patient with the deformed femur states that he does not want to be placed on a hard board, nor does he want a collar around his neck. What is the MOST appropriate and practical method of securing these patients and placing them into the ambulance?

Immobilize the patient with neck and back pain on a long backboard and place him on the wheeled stretcher; place the patient with the deformed femur on a folding stretcher secured to the squad bench.

When you arrive at an accident scene where a child has been seriously injured, you are unable to locate the child's parents. What type of consent is involved in treating and transporting this child?

Implied

Your 84-year-old patient complains that he is intolerant to his daily exercise routine of walking around the block. This is a key symptom of:

In an elderly patient, exercise intolerance is a key symptom of angina. It indicates increased stress on the heart.

When you enter the home, you find a 56-year-old male sitting on a chair, leaning forward. He is holding his chest and breathing rapidly. He says that he feels like an elephant is sitting on his chest. He is also feeling dizzy and nauseated. The pain has occurred suddenly, within the last 30 minutes. His symptoms suggest that he is experiencing which of the following?

In cases of chest pain, it is easy to assume a heart attack, and rightfully so. In this case, the patient is experiencing Angina Pectoris, which is considered a precursor to a heart attack. The pain was sudden for the patient, and he is slowly starting to show symptoms of a heart attack. The heart is responding to decreased oxygen flow to the heart muscles. If the heart continues to receive less and less oxygen, the muscles can die, leading to a heart attack (or myocardial infarction). In this case as well as full-blown heart attacks, it is important to work quickly and get the patient to the hospital as soon as possible.

What is the difference between a simplex and duplex communication device? Give an example of each:

In communications, a simplex communication link is one way only, and a duplex link goes in both directions. An example of a simplex link is a satellite beaming a signal to a receiver dish where the communication only goes in one direction, from the origin to a receiver. An example of a duplex link is a telephone.

Which of the following statements regarding sickle cell disease is correct?

In sickle cell disease, the red blood cells are abnormally shaped and are less able to carry oxygen.

Limb Presentation

In the case of a limb presentation, such as a single arm or leg, the likelihood of a successful delivery is small. Place the mother in the knee-chest position, her hips elevated, and if possible the stretcher placed in the Trendelenburg position. This will tilt the mother's pelvis and uterus, allowing gravity to help move the fetus away from the cervical os and birth canal.

Eupnea

In the human respiratory system, eupnea or eupnoea (Greek eupnoia; from eu, well + pnoia, breath) is normal, good, unlabored ventilation, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate. In eupnea, expiration employs only the elastic recoil of the lungs.

Which of the following assessment findings would you expect to see in a patient with a posterior hip dislocation and sciatic nerve involvement?

Inability to dorsiflex the foot

During an allergic reaction, basophils release histamines and heparin. What respective roles do these chemicals play?

Increase tissue inflammation and inhibit blood clotting.

Which of the following is NOT a typical warning sign of stress?

Increased appetite

Which of the following physiologic responses is common during an acute stress reaction?

Increased blood glucose levels

Which of the following would likely exacerbate pulmonary edema?

Increased cardiac preload

Which of the following physiologic processes does NOT occur in patients with COPD?

Increased surfactant production

Warning signs of stress include which of the following?

Indecisiveness

Which of the following signs is MOST indicative of a severe upper airway obstruction?

Ineffective coughing

In supine hypotensive syndrome, the uterus becomes large enough that, when laying supine, it compresses which blood vessel?

Inferior vena cava

Which of the following MOST accurately describes the position of the cerebellum within the skull?

Inferoposterior to the cerebrum

You are called to a local restaurant where you find an unconscious 65-year-old male. Bystanders say the patient appeared to be choking, then slumped over in his chair. You attempt ventilations and reposition the airway with no success. Your next action would be to?

Initiate CPR

Which of the following steps for drawing medication from a vial is NOT necessary when drawing medication from an ampule?

Injecting air into the container before withdrawing the drug.

Which of the following functions would an emergency medical dispatcher (EMD) perform?

Instructing a caller how to perform CPR

Which of the following medications are typically administered via the subcutaneous route?

Insulin and epinephrine

How do insulin and glucose work inside the body?

Insulin helps your body turn blood sugar (glucose) into energy. It also helps your body store it in your muscles, fat cells, and liver to use later, when your body needs it. After you eat, your blood sugar (glucose) rises. This rise in glucose triggers your pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiac electrical conduction system?

Interatrial septum

Which of the following statements regarding age-related changes in the nervous system is correct?

Interconnections between brain cells often prevent a loss of knowledge or skill, despite a loss of neurons.

Which of the following statements regarding electrical burns is correct?

Internal injury caused by an electrical burn is usually more severe than the external burns indicate.

Which of the following medication administration routes would result in uneven, unreliable absorption if given to a patient with decreased peripheral perfusion?

Intramuscular

Which of the following medication routes will provide the MOST rapid rate of absorption?

Intraosseous

You are unable to establish an IV on a critically injured conscious patient. What route should you use for gaining vascular access?

Intraosseous

Which of the following MOST accurately describes the pathophysiology of a pneumothorax?

Intrapleural pressure with progressive pulmonary collapse

Which of the following routes is the quickest for getting medication into the central circulation?

Intravenous

__________ brain cells receive a minimal supply of oxygen and are unable to function normally.

Ischemic

A patient who has experienced a DVT is at risk for what type of CVA

Ischemic stroke

__________ solutions provide a stable medium for the administration of medications and provide effective fluid and electrolyte replacement.

Isotonic

Which of the following statements regarding a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) is correct?

It administers the same dose of medication each time it is used.

What is the mechanism of action of activated charcoal when administered to a patient who has ingested a poisonous substance?

It adsorbs the toxic substance and delays the digestive process.

Which of the following statements regarding the parietal pericardium is correct?

It cannot distend acutely but can slowly distend with as much as 1,000 mL of blood.

What is the MOST significant drawback to cannulating a scalp vein in a child with a butterfly catheter?

It does not allow for rapid fluid administration.

Which of the following statements regarding the vitreous humor is correct?

It is a clear, jellylike fluid near the back of the eye that cannot be replaced if it is lost.

Which of the following statements regarding the thyroid cartilage is correct?

It is difficult to palpate in women.

Which of the following statements regarding peripheral cyanosis is correct?

It is limited to the hands and feet and is a common finding.

Which of the following statements regarding the H1N1 virus is correct?

It is only one type of influenza among the many other strains of influenza that exist and infect humans.

Which of the following statements regarding the power lift is correct?

It is the safest and most powerful method of lifting a patient

In most instances, a valid do not resuscitate (DNR) order must meet which of the following requirements?

It must clearly state the patient's medical condition.

What protective function does the Hering-Breuer reflex serve?

It prevents overexpansion of the lungs.

How could the mammalian diving reflex protect the hypothermic patient who was submerged in water?

It slows the metabolic rate and decreases the body's oxygen demand

Which of the following statements regarding hyperglycemic crisis (diabetic coma) is correct?

It usually progresses over hours or days.

Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with cardiac related chest pain?

Jaw pain

An elderly man is found lying unresponsive next to his bed. His wife is unsure what happened or why he is lying unconscious. The patient has a strong carotid pulse. What is your next priority?

Jaw-thrust

What are the two methods for opening the airway of an unconscious patient? When would you use one over the other?

Jaw-thrust and head-tilt chin-lift spine injury

Which of the following assessment findings is MOST indicative of a cardiovascular problem?

Jugular venous distention

Which of the following statements regarding trauma to the kidneys is correct?

Kidney injury is usually associated with injury to other abdominal organs

Label each abdominal quadrant and list two organs that are contained within each:

LUQ: stomach, spleen, pancreas, part of the large intestine, left kidney RUQ: liver, gallbladder, part of the large intestine, right kidney RLQ: appendix, part of the large intestine, female reproductive organs LLQ: part of the large intestine and the female reproductive organs

Under which of the following conditions would external bleeding be LEAST difficult to control?

Lacerated femoral vein and a BP of 88/60 mm Hg

Which of the following is a presumptive sign of death?

Lack of a palpable pulse

A 45-year-old female is found semiconscious by a neighbor. She is incontinent of urine and is bleeding from her mouth. Which of the following medications found in her residence would lead you to suspect that she experienced a seizure?

Lamictal

What effects could gestational diabetes have on the fetus?

Large body size and hypoglycemia

What is the most common type of pelvic ring fracture?

Lateral compression fractures are the most common type of pelvic ring fracture. This kind of fracture is caused by a sudden lateral force being applied to the pelvic ring, such as a car striking a pedestrian.

An 81-year-old female fell and struck her head. You find the patient lying on her left side. She is conscious and complains of neck and upper back pain. As you are assessing her, you note that she has a severely kyphotic spine. What is the MOST appropriate method of immobilizing this patient?

Leave her on her side and use blanket rolls to immobilize her to the long backboard.

Manual traction must be held when using which type of traction splint?

Let's tear this question apart and we'll go over traction a bit as this can be a confusing question (just like you'll find on the NREMT). In EMS, a unipolar traction splint is a Sager splint. A bipolar traction splint is the Hare model. With the operation of a Sager splint, the device is placed, straps are strapped, and MECHANICAL traction is applied using the handle on the device. Remember, the max traction that is applied is 15 lbs or 10% of the patient's body weight. On the other hand, a Hare device is measured and then strapped in. When using the bipolar traction splint, there is no pulling performed by the splint itself, like achieved with the Sager, and MANUAL traction must be applied before strapping the extremity. Other answers for this question were "monopolar" and "tripolar". There really is no such thing as monopolar, but for the sake of answering the question, you could assume its the same as unipolar. Also, there is no such thing as tricolor traction that is commonly used in EMS.

When writing your patient care form involving an acutely intoxicated patient, you document that the patient was "drunk." What does this statement constitute?

Libel

Which of the following is the MOST reliable means of assessing the potential for abdominal injuries following a motor-vehicle crash?

Lifting a deployed airbag and assessing the steering wheel

Which of the following steps is NOT proper procedure when performing an emergency move?

Lifting the patient by the belt to move him or her

What two presentations of newborns should not be attempted to deliver in the field?

Limb presentation and prolapsed chord

Auscultations

Listening to the heart or lungs with stethoscope

Which of the following is NOT a lymphatic organ?

Liver

Which of the following organs lie in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?

Liver and gallbladder

What occurs during the initial phase of hemostasis?

Local vasoconstriction and platelet activation occur.

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate device to use when immobilizing a patient with a suspected spinal injury?

Long backboard

Which of the following is the MOST acute and serious complication associated with a break in the integrity of the skin?

Loss of fluids

Which of the following conditions would MOST likely mimic the signs and symptoms of an acute ischemic stroke?

Low blood glucose level

What is the medical term used for a "heart attack"?

MI

mononucleosis

MONO

Which of the following statements regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is correct?

MRSA is a bacterium that causes infections and is resistant to most antibiotics.

Which of the following injuries would pose the LEAST threat to the patient?

Major sprains at a major joint

A 29-year-old pregnant woman complains of severe vomiting, which has persisted for 2 days. During your assessment, she vomits a large amount of blood and begins to develop signs of shock. You should suspect:

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A 29-year-old pregnant woman complains of severe vomiting, which has persisted for 2 days. During your assessment, she vomits a large amount of blood and begins to develop signs of shock. You should suspect:

Mallory-Weiss syndrome.

There are many different signs of respiratory distress that range from early to late, that can ultimately lead to respiratory failure. In the pediatric patient, which of the following would be considered an early sign of respiratory failure?

Marked tachypnea

Which of the following chest injuries would be the LEAST likely to present with jugular venous distention?

Massive hemothorax

What does pulse oximetry measure?

Measures the O2 saturation of someones blood

What are the 6 RIGHTS of medication administration?

Medication Route Time Client Dosage Documentation

Which of the following is generally NOT indicated when treating a patient with a tension pneumothorax?

Medication therapy

In which of the following circumstances should you remove an impaled object?

Metal shard in the cheek and inadequate respiratory effort

Which of the following conditions would be LEAST likely to result in cerebral hypoxia?

Methamphetamine overdose

Most modern ambulances are equipped with MDTs. What does this stand for?

Mobile Data Terminals are the built in computers or laptops that are wired to the radio system

What is the function of a baroreceptor?

Monitoring changes in arterial pressure.

Which of the following statements regarding hip dislocations is correct?

Most hip dislocations are caused by posterior displacement of the femoral head.

Mottling

Mottling of the skin is an indicator of poor perfusion that is a result of peripheral blood vessel constriction.

When assessing a patient with multiple systems trauma, which of the following musculoskeletal injuries would pose the GREATEST threat to the patient's life?

Multiple open fractures

Which of the following organs or tissues requires only intermittent circulation of blood?

Muscles

What structure is located in the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity?

Nasopharynx

What does NHTSA stand for and how is it important to EMS?

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Identify the normal pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure ranges for the following age groups: Newborn Infant Child<10

Newborn: RR: 30-60 120 to 160 beats per minute, Respiratory rate- 30-50bpm, Blood pressure- 100/160 Infant: RR: 25-40 80-160, Respiratory rate- 24-30bpm, Blood pressure- 100/50 Child<10: RR: 15-25 60-105, Respiratory rate- 12-20, Blood pressure- 140/60

Which of the following medications could cause a potentially fatal interaction if given within 24 to 36 hours of Viagra, Cialis, or Levitra?

Nitroglycerin

How does nitroglycerin work?

Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator, a medicine that opens blood vessels to improve blood flow. It is used to treat angina symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, that happens when there is not enough blood flowing to the heart. Nitroglycerin works by relaxing the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls and dilating coronary arteries, which increases blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart.

The expectation of the paramedic to do as little harm to the patient as possible while treating them is known as?

Nonmaleficence requires the paramedic to provide the appropriate treatment to a patient while doing as little harm as possible.

Which of the following cardiac dysrhythmias requires immediate defibrillation?

Nonperfusing ventricular fibrillation

What type of shock would a patient most likely have if they were suffering from cardiac tamponade?

Obstructive shock is a physical obstruction of blood returning to the heart. With cardiac tamponade, there is compression on the heart with a build-up of a fluid or gas in the pericardium (sac around the heart).

A physician authorizes you, via two-way radio, to help a patient administer prescribed nitroglycerin. What type of medical direction is this?

Online medical control

An evisceration style injury is characterized by which of the following?

Open style injury with protruding organs

Which level of technical rescue training has the role of support during a technical rescue incident?

Operations level

Which of the following medications is administered in gel form?

Oral glucose

During your assessment of a 19-year-old male who has abused an unknown type of drug, you note severe deformity to his hand. The patient, who is very agitated, states that he bent his fingers back in an attempt to break them. This abnormal behavior is MOST consistent with the use of:

PCP.

What are the six P's of muscuoskeletal trauma?

Pain, Paralysis, Paresthesias (numb- ness or tingling), Pulselessness, Pallor (pale or delayed capillary refill in children), and Pressure.

A tour bus has overturned, resulting in numerous patients. When you arrive, you are immediately assigned to assist in the triage process. Patient 1 is a middle-aged male with respiratory distress, chest pain, and a closed deformity to his right forearm. Patient 2 is a young female who is conscious and alert, but has bilateral femur fractures and numerous abrasions to her arms and face. Patient 3 is an older woman who complains of abdominal pain and has a history of cardiovascular disease. Patient 4 is unresponsive, is not breathing, has a weak carotid pulse, and has a grossly deformed skull. What triage categories should you assign to these patients?

Patient 1, immediate (red); Patient 2, delayed (yellow); Patient 3, immediate (red); Patient 4, expectant (black)

Which layer of the heart would be penetrated during an emergent medical procedure in order to remove fluid?

Pericardium

Which of the following conditions may slow a person's capillary refill time?

Peripheral vasoconstriction

What is the term used to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of a drug

Pharmacokinetics

Which of the following potential complications of IV therapy are you LEAST likely to encounter in the prehospital setting?

Phlebitis

List the three components of wellness for an EMT:

Physical, Mental and Emotional well being

You are on scene with an elderly male patient. The caretaker states that he has a POLST form for this patient. What does POLST stand for?

Physician's Order for Life Sustaining Treatment

What gland lies at the base of the brain and secretes hormones that regulate the function of many other glands in the body?

Pituitary

Prolapsed Cord

Place the mother in the knee-chest position, her hips elevated, and if possible the stretcher placed in the Trendelenburg position. Tell the mother to not push during contractions, further preventing the fetus from entering the birth canal.Attempt to palpate a pulse in the umbilical cord. If you feel one or see it pulsating, the cord is perfused, and in all likelihood so is the infant. If any part of a delivering infant, such as the head, enters the birth canal and compresses the cord, or if you cannot palpate a pulse or see pulsation in the cord, insert your hand into the birth canal and manually lift the presenting part off the cord, preserving fetal perfusion. If necessary, this procedure will be performed continuously during transport, in the ED, and up into the operating room until an emergent cesarean section is done. The presenting piece of umbilical cord can be wrapped in a moist, sterile dressing to prevent it from drying out. Needless to say, rapid transport to a hospital with OB capability is imperative. Administer the mother oxygen via nonrebreather mask at 15 lpm to ensure adequate fetal oxygenation as well.

Which of the following is an incorrect treatment for a shock patient? High-flow oxygen via NRB or BVM Initiating fluid resuscitation Placement in Trendelenburg position Control of any life-threatening bleeding

Placement in Trendelenburg position

A 78-year-old female takes several medications every day, each one for a different condition. What is this an example of?

Polypharmacy

Which of the following is an example of physical abuse?

Poor personal care

What treatment would you administer to a patient with difficulty breathing due to COPD?

Position of comfort and administer O2 with NRM or PPV w/ BVM MDI

Condition with high BP and high protein count in urine after 20th wk of pregnancy

Preeclampsia

Which of the following is the LEAST common cause of shock in infants and children?

Primary cardiac event

Define primary injury prevention and give example

Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur e.g. use of seatbelts and bike helmets)

The purpose of the liver is to?

Produce blood clotting factors

What are the functions of the pancreas?

Production of insulin and certain enzymes that aid in digestion.

Which of the following is the MOST accurate clinical definition of chronic bronchitis?

Productive cough for 3 months per year for 3 consecutive years

Which of the following clinical signs would suggest significant exposure to an anticholinergic substance?

Profound tachycardia

Which of the following clinical presentations is MOST indicative of a subdural hematoma?

Progressive deterioration of mental status and other neurologic functions 2 days following a head injury.

While treating a man with severe chest pain and difficulty breathing, you are presented with a valid do not resuscitate (DNR) order by the patient's wife. She tells you that her husband does not want any "heroics." How should you manage this situation?

Provide supportive care and transport the patient

While triaging patients at a multiple-casualty incident, you encounter a 40-year-old female with an obvious fracture of her right forearm and multiple abrasions to her face and arms. She is responsive and alert and does not appear to have any airway or breathing problems. You note that she is wearing an organ donor bracelet. You should:

Provide supportive care and transport the patient

Which of the following is a function of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)?

Provides motor innervation to the muscles of chewing

You have been dispatched to the local high school for a seizure. Your patient is a 15-year-old female who began to seize during a school assembly. Her friends are hysterical and attention of everyone is focused on the seizing student. Your patient has been exhibiting tonic-clonic activity and moaning loudly for the past 4 minutes. The patient does have a history of seizures as well as several psychiatric conditions. Although unable to obtain a BP due to her movement, you palpate a strong radial pulse of 70 bpm and the pulse oximeter reads 99%. It also is brought to your attention that the patient's boyfriend broke up with her this morning. What do you suspect is wrong with your patient?

Pseudo = fake. A patient will not be able to verbalize during a real seizure. A real seizure will also result in a decrease in respiratory activity as the diaphragm experiences tonic-clonic activity (this inhibits normal breathing and will cause the patient's oxygen saturation to drop) - your patient's SpO2 is 99%. Pseudoseizures are most often seen in teenage girls.

Which of the following potentially lethal chest injuries would you be the LEAST likely to detect during the primary assessment?

Pulmonary contusion

A 70-year-old male presents with an acute onset of difficulty breathing that woke him from his sleep. He has a history of hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and several heart attacks. During your assessment, you note dried blood around his mouth. The patient tells you that he cannot lie down because he will "smother." What additional assessment findings will you MOST likely discover?

Pulmonary rales

The right ventricle is responsible for which of the following actions?

Pumping blood to the lungs

dependent lividity

Purple splotches on skin, indicating pooling of blood

How does Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) affect a patient's respiratory effort and breathing?

Pursed lips, barrel chest, tripoding, loss of elasticity of the lungs, dry cough, dyspnea Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) describes a group of lung conditions (diseases) that make it difficult to empty the air out of the lungs. This difficulty can lead to shortness of breath (also called breathlessness) or the feeling of being tired

What are five methods of heat loss?

Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation Respiration

During transport of a patient with a possible fractured arm, you come upon a major car accident involving multiple patients. Your patient is responsive, alert, and has stable vital signs. What should you do?

Radio the dispatcher to send ambulances to the scene and continue transport.

Mediastinum

Region in mammals including the thoracic area just not the lungs, so the heart the trachea, the thymus gland are all included in it

Defamation

Release of damaging information about a patient to the public. Verbal defamation is called slander, and the written form is called libel. The best way to avoid defamation is to maintain patient confidentiality at all times.

When interviewing a 70-year-old male with a headache, you ask him when the headache began. What should you do if he does not answer your question immediately?

Remain patient and give him time to comprehend and answer your question

You are treating a 4-year-old male with burns to his head, neck, both arms, and anterior/posterior torso. What percentage of body surface area is burned?

Remember, there are slight differences between adults and children. Using the rule of nines, we give the following percentages: head - 18, anterior torso - 18, posterior torso - 18, each arm - 9. 18+18+18+9+9 = 72. Using this method, the neck does not get any additional surface area added.

Which of the following clinical findings is MOST consistent with inadequate breathing?

Respirations of 16 breaths/min and reduced tidal volume

A 43-year-old female is unconscious following an overdose of heroin. Her respirations are slow and shallow. Which of the following conditions will she initially develop if not treated?

Respiratory acidosis

What acid-base derangement initially occurs in a tachypneic patient without a physiologic demand for increased oxygen?

Respiratory alkalosis

A 32-year-old male ingested a large quantity of Dilaudid, a powerful opiate. Which of the following clinical signs would you MOST likely encounter during your assessment?

Respiratory depression and hypotension

Which of the following patients has the legal right to refuse treatment?

Responsive and alert 45-year-old male with chest pressure

What part of the brain regulates a person's level of consciousness?

Reticular activating system

Which of the following MOST accurately describes the pathophysiology of angina pectoris?

Reversible process in which myocardial oxygen demand exceeds the supply of available oxygen

Ronchi

Rhonchi are breathing sounds that are indicative of an airway obstruction

Which of the following statements regarding poisonous-plant ingestion is correct?

Ricin is the poison in castor beans and often causes death due to kidney failure.

Which of the following injuries or conditions would MOST likely overwhelm the body's hemostatic response and result in death?

Ruptured aortic aneurysm

SOAP

S Subjective O Objective A Assessment P Plan

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of electrical conduction through the myocardium?

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

The heart's primary pacemaker, which is located in the right atrium, is the:

SA node.

Which of the following statements regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is correct?

SARS is caused by a virus and usually starts with flulike symptoms that deteriorate to pneumonia and respiratory failure.

Which portion of the spinal column articulates with the pelvis?

Sacral

Which of the following bodily fluids has the LEAST chance of transmitting an infectious disease?

Saliva

A 50-year-old female with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea complains of intense thirst and generalized weakness. Her blood pressure is 86/50 mm Hg and her pulse rate is 130 beats/min and thready. Which of the following interventions would NOT be appropriate for her?

Salt-containing solutions by mouth

Which of the following statements regarding scalp lacerations is correct?

Scalp lacerations may contribute to hypovolemic shock in adult patients.

Which DEA classification is given to a drug that has no accepted medical uses and a high abuse and dependence potential?

Schedule I

Because it has accepted medical uses, a low abuse potential, and a limited dependence potential, lorazepam (Ativan) is classified as a:

Schedule IV drug

Belly breathing

Seeing the chest rise when a child is breathing because their ribcage muscles are not developed enough to get enough air, ok if the tidal volume and breathing rate are normal

Which of the following complications is MOST commonly associated with hypoglycemic crisis (insulin shock)?

Seizures

Which of the following situations would require an urgent patient move?

Semiconscious patient with shallow respirations and signs of shock

Which of the following statements regarding the geriatric patient with an acute abdomen is correct?

Severe abdominal organ dysfunction may present with mild or absent pain

You are called to the scene for the 18-year-old female who is 23 weeks pregnant and with "the worst headache" she's ever had. Vital signs are BP of 180/94, P 100, R 20. You would suspect the patient is suffering from?

Severe preeclampsia is a condition that results with the pregnant patient presenting with a blood pressure > 160/110. The condition would progress to eclampsia if the patient were to begin having a seizure

Administering MDI

Shake for 30 sec, administer while patient inhales and encourage to hold breath

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Shakiness Nervousness or anxiety Sweating, chills and clamminess Irritability or impatience Confusion, including delirium Rapid/fast heartbeat Lightheadedness or dizziness Hunger and nausea Sleepiness Blurred/impaired vision Tingling or numbness in the lips or tongue Headaches Weakness or fatigue Anger, stubbornness, or sadness Lack of coordination Nightmares or crying out during sleep Seizures Unconsciousness

You are assessing a semiconscious patient's respirations and note that they are 18 breaths/min. When further assessing the patient's breathing, which of the following signs would indicate inadequate breathing?

Shallow movement of the chest

What are signs and symptoms of a patient in shock?

Shock (hypoperfusion) signs: restlessness, anxiety, altered mental status, pale, cool, clammy skin, weak, thready, or absent peripheral pulses, delayed capillary refill, increased pulse rate (early sign), increased breathing rate (early sign), decreased blood pressure (late sign), narrow pulse pressure, dilated pupils, marked thirst A decrease in blood perfusion to the brain will decrease the delivery of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide and will cause the patient to present with restlessness, anxiety, and an altered mental status

Which of the following seatbelt positions will MOST likely result in severe intraabdominal injuries when a vehicle suddenly decelerates?

Shoulder harness and lap belt placed superior to the iliac crest

Retractions

Sign of increased muscle use for breathing, sings of someone having difficulty breathing

Which of the following mechanisms of injury is MOST commonly associated with traumatic dissection or rupture of the aorta?

Significant falls

Which of the following statements regarding severe burns is correct?

Significant hypovolemia may not occur for several hours following the burn injury.

You are performing a rapid assessment on a 30-year-old male who was involved in a motor-vehicle crash. The patient is conscious, but restless. He complains of difficulty breathing and chest pain. Your assessment reveals diminished breath sounds in the left hemithorax, normal jugular veins, and a midline trachea. His blood pressure is 124/64 mm Hg, heart rate is 120 and regular, and respirations are 26 breaths/min and shallow. Which of the following injuries should you suspect?

Simple pneumothorax

Define START triage:

Simple triage and rapid treatment (START) is a triage method used by first responders to quickly classify victims during a mass casualty incident (MCI) based on the severity of their injury

Cushing's triad

Sing of increased intracranial pressure 3 sings 1. Brachicardia 2. hypertension 3. Altered respirations

You are assisting your paramedic partner by applying the ECG electrodes on a 36-year-old woman who overdosed on a tricyclic antidepressant. Of the following cardiac arrhythmias, which one will you MOST likely encounter?

Sinus tachycardia

Which of the following statements regarding skeletal muscle is correct?

Skeletal muscle is highly vascular and bleeds significantly when injured.

Which of the following organs or systems can survive the longest without oxygen?

Skeletal muscles

Which of the following organs is the MOST tolerant of low blood flow?

Skin

How to treat a superficial burn

Skin will appear pink to red and will be dry, in some cases swelling (but no blisters) These types of injuries can be very painful

Which of the following is the MOST effective method of immobilizing a fractured clavicle?

Sling and swathe

___________ muscle is a component of body systems, including the digestive and cardiovascular systems.

Smooth

Which of the following electrolytes is essential for the distribution of water throughout the body?

Sodium

Which of the following chemicals reacts violently and may ignite when they come into contact with water?

Sodium and phosphorus

Which of the following statements regarding blast injuries is correct?

Solid organs are relatively protected from shock wave injury but may be injured during the secondary or tertiary blast phase.

Which of the following chemicals is a nerve agent?

Soman

Somatic Pain

Somatic pain is caused by the activation of pain receptors in either the body surface or musculoskeletal tissues.

Which of the following statements regarding hazardous materials is correct?

Some substances are not hazardous by themselves, but become toxic when mixed with another chemical.

While attempting resuscitation of a patient in cardiac arrest, you initiate CPR, defibrillate the patient with an AED, and insert a multilumen airway prior to contacting medical control. What does this scenario most accurately describe?

Standing orders

Which of the following illnesses or conditions would MOST likely predispose a patient to chronic renal failure?

Strep throat

Which of the following conditions often requires transport to a hospital with specialized capabilities that may not be available at the closest hospital?

Stroke and heart attack

Which of the following statements regarding subcutaneous injections is correct?

Subcutaneous injections are usually given with a 24-gauge to 26-gauge needle

How is nitroglycerin usually given?

Sublingual

Which of the following conditions is NOT categorized as a psychiatric condition?

Substance abuse

While assessing an unconscious 30-year-old female's airway, you note that her respirations are rapid, shallow, and gurgling. What is your initial course of action?

Suction her oropharynx.

Which of the following MOST accurately describes an acute abdomen?

Sudden onset of abdominal pain that indicates peritoneal irritation.

Which of the following personnel are typically NOT involved in a critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)?

Supervisors of those involved in the incident.

You are assessing the quality of a trauma patient's respirations. Which of the following clinical findings would indicate labored breathing?

Supraclavicular retractions

The body produces this chemical in order to keep atelectasis, or the collapse of alveoli, from occurring

Surfactant decreases surface tension and helps to keep alveoli open so respiration and gas exchange are possible.

Which of the following statements regarding ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) is correct?

Survival rates decrease by 7% to 10% for each minute that V-fib persists.

On which of the following injuries would it be MOST appropriate to apply a traction splint?

Swelling and ecchymosis to the midshaft femur

Which of the following is a symptom?

Symptoms are experienced by the patient and subjectively reported to you by the patient (ex. "It hurts when I take a deep breath"). Signs are objectively observed by you during your assessment of the patient (ex. "The patient's skin is pale, cool, and diaphoretic").

A 45-year-old patient experienced syncope after seeing her husband cut his finger in the kitchen. When you arrive on scene, she is sitting on the floor, slightly pale in color. Which position would be best to transport this patient in?

Syncope is also known as dizziness or fainting. When a patient experiences syncope, whether from physical or environmental factors, there is a loss of vascular blood flow to the brain. This causes the dizziness that is often associated with syncope. To increase blood flow to the brain, you will need to place your patient in Trendelenburg position, with the torso/legs higher than the head

You arrive at the scene of a shooting. The patient, a young man, was shot in the head and has exposed brain matter. He is pulseless and apneic. What should you do?

Take necessary precautions not to disturb the scene.

Which of the following is LEAST suggestive of a person's intent to commit suicide?

Taking time away from a job

Which of the following terrorist groups poses the LEAST threat to a person's physical safety?

Technology terrorists

Which of the following scenarios MOST accurately depicts assault?

Telling a patient to calm down or you will start an IV

Which of the following scenarios MOST accurately depicts assault?

Telling a patient to calm down or you will start an IV.

What is the pathophysiology of psychogenic shock?

Temporary, generalized vascular dilation

Of the following injuries, which would MOST likely present with muffled heart tones?

Tension pneumothorax

A S.O.A.P. pre-hospital care report consists of 4 distinct parts. What does the 'A' stand for?

The A in SOAP stands for Assessment. SOAP charts are a common way to break up the narrative portion. Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan.

In which of the following situations is an emergency patient move indicated?

The AEMT is unable to protect the patient from scene hazards.

During CPR, compressions should be performed at which of the following rates?

The AHA has reviewed numerous studies and found that a rate between 100-120 is best when performing chest compressions to help maintain blood flow to the vital organs.

Which of the following triage systems utilizes the RPM (respirations, pulse, mentation) acronym?

The START triage model is the one that utilizes the RPM acronym of triaging patients.

Which of the following statements regarding Kussmaul respirations is correct?

The SpO2 may be normal due to an increase in respiratory rate and depth

Who regulates the standards under which the AEMT provides emergency care?

The State EMS office or agency

Tension pneumothorax

The accumulation of air under pressure in the pleural space.

Which of the following factors would be of LEAST pertinence when determining whether or not to immediately transport a sick or injured child?

The age and sex of the child

Which of the following has the MOST impact on the severity of radiation injury or type of health effect?

The amount and duration of exposure

Melena is best defined as which of the following?

The best definition above for melena is black and tar-like feces. This is caused by GI bleeding and the black color is caused by the oxidation of iron in hemoglobin.

Automaticity of cardiac cells refers to?

The cells ability to spontaneously depolarize

Angina Pectoris

The chest pain you feel with angina happens because there isn't enough blood flowing to part of your heart. It's a symptom of heart disease, and it's caused when something blocks the arteries that bring oxygen-rich blood to your heart. Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is the sensation of chest pain, pressure, or squeezing, often due to ischemia of the heart muscle from obstruction

Bradycardia

The condition of having a slow heartbeat, defined as under 60 beats per minute for an adult.

You are the landing zone supervisor for a multiple vehicle pile up on the interstate. You have directed your crew to set up a 100'x100' landing zone. The crew has cleared the landing zone of any debris and ensured that the emergency vehicles are parked clear of the landing zone. The landing zone is marked by four cones. You direct the crew to place a fifth cone where?

The fifth cone should be placed on the upwind side of the landing zone. The pilot will use this fifth cone as a reference for his final approach and landing.

Which of the following organs is not an intraperitoneal organ?

The ileum, jejunum, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon are all intraperitoneal organs. The duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum are all retroperitoneal organs.

A secondary collision during an MVC is best shown by which of the following examples?

The impact of the driver to the steering wheel following the collision. Secondary collisions in general are the collisions that occur because of the initial collision.

Which of the following statements regarding the neonatal isolette is correct?

The isolette serves to keep the neonate warm and protects from excess handling.

When assessing a patient with difficulty breathing, which of the following findings would lead you to suspect congestive heart failure as the underlying cause?

The onset of the difficulty breathing was acute and the patient takes prescribed diuretics.

What is the pathway of blood through the heart

The pathway of blood through the heart is superior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, lungs for oxygenation, pulmonary valve, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta.

You are dispatched to a confused 74-year-old male. He is drooling at the mouth and unable to sit up in bed. His grips are weak and his speech is slurred. Vitals: BP - 182/96, P - 110, R -20, SpO2 - 96%. What is your first priority?

The patient has an oxygen saturation above 94% and we can rule 'administering oxygen' out as an answer. He may very well be having a stroke, but you must rule out an issue with their blood sugar first because hypoglycemia symptoms can mimic those of a stroke. Take a quick CBG reading and then proceed from there.

A 22-year-old male, who was trapped in a confined space during a structural fire, is conscious and alert and refuses EMS treatment and transport. He is breathing without difficulty, but has singed nasal hair and facial redness. Which of the following statements regarding this patient is correct?

The patient may die several hours later due to pulmonary complications.

Which of the following information is generally NOT reported to the dispatcher during a call?

The patient's clinical condition

When establishing negligence, which of the following factors is NOT a consideration?

The patient's injury was life threatening.

You are giving your oral report to the attending physician in the emergency department. Which of the following information about the patient is usually NOT given at this point?

The patient's physical address

Multiple Births

The procedure for delivering multiple infants is the same as that for a single newborn. If you suspect more than one infant, additional resources should be called for immediately

mentation

The process of reasoning and thinking

Which of the following statements regarding vision in the older patient is correct?

The pupils require more time to adjust to changes in light.

A 7-year-old boy was walking down the street when hot asphalt was spilled out of a wheelbarrow and onto both his anterior and posterior legs and feet. He sustained both full and partial thickness burns on these areas. What is the TBSA for this child?

The rule of 9's for a child states that the anterior and posterior head represent 9% each, the anterior and posterior torso are 18% each, anterior and posterior arms are 4.5% each and the legs are 6.75% on both sides each. 6.75x4=27.

The spinal cord is composed of:

The spinal cord is made up of neurons. It is protected by the vertebral column which is composed of vertebrae.

Why does the clinical presentation of neurogenic shock differ from that of hypovolemic shock?

The sympathetic nervous system does not release catecholamines.

Para

The term para refers to births

How do you differentiate between the Fibula and the Tibia (in terms of location in the lower leg)?

The tibia is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee

Which of the following information is NOT considered confidential?

The time of dispatch

What is the difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure?

The top number is the maximum pressure your heart exerts while beating (systolic pressure), and the bottom number is the amount of pressure in your arteries between beats (diastolic pressure). The numeric difference between your systolic and diastolic blood pressure is called your pulse pressure.

Which of the following statements regarding the umbilical cord is correct?

The umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood to the fetus

Which of the following is NOT a major physiologic change that occurs during the fetal transition process?

The umbilical vessels are clamped and cut, which removes the high-resistance placental circuit.

What is the dosage of oral glucose?

The usual dose of glucose for hypoglycemia is 10-20 gm orally or by intravenous infusion. . The oral dose may be repeated in 10 minutes if hypoglycemic symptoms do not resolve. Oral glucose must be swallowed to be effective.

What treatment would you administer for a patient having an asthma attack?

Their inhaler that is not expired • Position of comfort (tripod) • O2 o NRM 10-15L/min o Humidified o PPV BVM o Pt.'s Inhaler (do not administer yourself), albuterol

Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary respiration is correct?

There are more oxygen molecules in the alveoli than in the blood; therefore, the oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the blood.

Fowler's

There are several types of Fowler's positions: Low, Semi, Standard, and High Fowler's. Low Fowler's position is when the head of bed is elevated 15-30 degrees, Semi-Fowler's position is 30-45 degrees, Standard Fowler's is 45-60 degrees, and High Fowler's position is 80-90 degrees.

Which layer of the arteries is more prominent than in veins?

There is a more significant amount of smooth muscle tissue present in the arteries than veins. Veins rely on valves to move blood flow back to the heart, where arteries use smooth muscle to control the amount of blood flow out to systemic circulation.

Which of the following statements regarding central chemoreceptors is correct?

They adjust respirations accordingly, based on arterial PaCO2 and PO2 levels.

Which of the following statements regarding the twelve cranial nerves is correct?

They arise from the brain and innervate the head and face. CorrectCorrect

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the family's reaction to the death of a loved one who had an extended or terminal illness?

They often feel relieved that the illness is over.

Which of the following statements would be MOST appropriate to make to the family member of a patient who has just died?

This must be hard for you to accept.

You are assessing an unresponsive 2-month-old female. You note cyanosis around the lips and her parents tell you she has been sick for a couple days. Pulse - 52, R - 20, SpO2 - 90%, CBG - 73. What is your first priority?

This patient is not adequately perfusing and once you see a heart rate under 60, you should start compressions immediately.

You respond to a patient who stated he was woken from a sound sleep with shortness of breath. Your assessment finds a BP of 180/100, pulse 116, respirations 36 and a pulse oximeter reading of 87%. Lung sounds reveal crackles in the bases. You suspect this patient to be suffering from?

This patient is presenting with classic signs/symptoms of congestive heart failure. Most patients present present with shortness of breath, elevated BP and L/S with crackles. Alot of patients will have shortness of breath after laying flat while sleeping.

In a patient suffering from COPD, their respiratory drive is dependent on?

Those with COPD consistently have high C02 levels, which is a normal person's drive to continue breathing. With COPD, a patient's respiratory drive is dependant on low levels of oxygen to simulate a response of breathing.

Which of the following statements regarding toddlers and preschoolers is correct?

Toddlers and preschoolers commonly experience upper respiratory infections because of a loss of passive immunity.

A 37-year-old male with chronic anxiety finds that he has to take more of his antianxiety medication to achieve the same effect. What is this called?

Tolerance

What might happen if a drug is given to a patient with liver disease?

Toxic blood levels of the drug

A 69-year-old female presents with chest pressure and nausea. As you begin your assessment, the patient's husband hands you a valid "do not resuscitate" (DNR) document and tells you that his wife has terminal cancer. How should you manage this situation?

Treat the patient as though she is experiencing a myocardial infarction.

Which of the following statements regarding decompression sickness is MOST correct?

Treatment at a recompression facility is a crucial treatment

A 22-year-old female presents with lower abdominal pain; a frothy, yellow, odorous vaginal discharge; and dysuria. She tells you that she experiences severe pain during sexual intercourse. Her clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

Trichomoniasis.

A 40-year-old female presents with confusion, slurred speech, and tachycardia. Her blood pressure is low and her pupils are dilated. Which of the following medications has she MOST likely ingested?

Tricyclic antidepressant

You are treating a 33-year-old male who has a cut from a piece of machinery. When bandaging an extremity, you must? Secure the bandage tightly, cutting off circulation to control bleeding Secure any loose bandage ends Secure the bandage with knots Bandage the wound and secure the extremity to the chest

Tuck the ends under the edge of your bandaging to prevent unraveling or snagging.

In descending order, what are the three layers of the blood vessel?

Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima

Which layer of the blood vessel wall is composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells?

Tunica media

Which layer of the blood vessel is composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells, which allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to the body's demands?

Tunica media.

Which of the following clinical or historical findings would be the LEAST likely to increase a woman's risk of an ectopic pregnancy?

Two spontaneous abortions

Which of the following statements regarding diabetes is correct?

Type 1 diabetes occurs most commonly in children

Which of the following statements regarding diabetes is correct?

Type 1 diabetes occurs most commonly in children.

Which of the following patient conditions would contraindicate the use of a multilumen airway device?

Unconscious apneic patient with alcoholism and an absent gag reflex

Which of the following head-injured patients should be hyperventilated at a rate of 20 breaths/min with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen?

Unresponsive 21-year-old male with slow, irregular breathing, fixed and dilated pupils, and extensor posturing

Which of the following patients would benefit MOST from the application and inflation of the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG)?

Unstable pelvis with a BP of 80/50 mm Hg

When to use supplemental oxygen?

Use on someone with low SPO2 saturation levels (under 94%)

When should you use a NRM and at what flow rate?

Use when patent needs oxygen but can breath on their own and is getting sufficient tidal volume and O2 percent, flow rate of 10-15 lpm

When should you use a bag-valve mask and at what flow rate?

Use when patient is unconscious and not breathing adequately or isn't getting enough O2 or has stopped breathing, use 10-15 lpm, if patient is breathing less than 12 times a min or more than 24 use BVM and check to see if it's working by looking at rise and fall of chest

Which of the following scenarios does NOT involve an ALS skill?

Using an AED and performing rescue breathing

What are the physiologic effects of nitroglycerin when given to a patient with suspected cardiac-related chest pain?

Vascular smooth muscle relaxation and coronary artery dilation

Which of the following physiologic responses occurs initially following a burn injury?

Vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow to the burned area

What physiologic response causes a vasovagal reaction?

Vasodilation and a decrease in blood pressure

What physiologic response would be expected to occur if a patient's systolic blood pressure dropped below 80 mm Hg?

Vasomotor stimulation with resultant arterial vasoconstriction

Which of the following cardiac rhythms or conditions requires defibrillation?

Ventricular tachycardia without a pulse

Which cranial nerve passes through the internal auditory meatus and provides the senses of hearing and balance?

Vestibulocochlear

List the differences between viruses and bacteria.

Viruses are even smaller than bacteria and require living hosts — such as people, plants or animals — to multiply. Bacteria are relatively complex, single-celled creatures with a rigid wall and a thin, rubbery membrane surrounding the fluid inside the cell. They can reproduce on their own

Visceral Pain

Visceral pain is the pain we feel when our internal organs are damaged or injured and is by far the most common form of pain

Which of the following signs or symptoms would you MOST likely encounter in a patient who was struck in the back of the head?

Visual disturbances

Following a minor head injury, which of the following occurs more commonly in children than adults?

Vomiting

Which of the following chemicals requires identification with a placard, regardless of how many pounds the shipment weighs?

Water-reactive solids

At what period during pregnancy are the fetal lungs capable of producing pulmonary surfactant?

Weeks 25 to 27

A patient who was bitten by a mosquito and presents with signs and symptoms of illness should be suspected of having:

West Nile virus.

Which of the following injuries or conditions would be LEAST likely to result in hypovolemic shock?

Widespread vasodilation

Which of the following statements regarding scorpion stings is correct?

With the exception of one particular species of scorpion, most scorpion stings cause severe pain and swelling, but are not dangerous.

Under which of the following situations would the AEMT NOT have a legal duty to act?

You are off duty and encounter a man in cardiac arrest.

Which of the following statements regarding patient refusals is correct?

You cannot legally mandate that a patient sign a refusal form.

In which of the following situations would the AEMT have a legal duty to act?

You initiate CPR on a young child outside of your jurisdiction

You are responding to a cardiac arrest down a two-way street divided by a double yellow. You come upon a school bus with its red lights flashing that is unloading children. Which of the following would be the correct action to take?

You must always drive with due regard for the safety of yourself and others when driving code 3 in an ambulance. Traffic law requires that an ambulance must stop for a stopped school bus and wait until the bus driver turns off the flashing lights and retracts the stop sign. This is for the safety of the children getting on or off the bus.

You have a patient who is experiencing gradual-onset altered mental status. She tells you that "there is an angel sitting next you keeping the darkness out of your heart." She also says that "a leprechaun is her best friend and he just put one million dollars in her wallet." How should you respond to this patient?

You must be honest with your patient but refrain from accusing them of lying or telling them that whatever sensation they are experiencing is not real - for them, the experience is very real. Tell her that you believe she is seeing the leprechaun but you cannot see the leprechaun

Which of the following findings would fall into the "E" category of the GEMS diamond?

You slip on a throw rug upon entering the home of an elderly patient who fell

What are some predisposing factors that make heat and cold exposures worse?

Young age or old age, Certain drugs, Obesity, Sudden temperature changes, A high heat index

A fracture involving the nasal bone and inferior maxilla, which separates the nasal bone and lower maxilla from the facial skull and remainder of the cranial bones describes:

a Le Fort II fracture.

Abnormal variations in pupil size and reaction would MOST likely be observed in a patient with:

a brain injury.

Most prehospital cardiac arrests occur as the result of:

a cardiac arrhythmia

Most prehospital cardiac arrests occur as the result of:

a cardiac arrhythmia.

When transporting a moderately hypothermic patient, you must avoid unnecessary bumps in the road. Not doing so may result in:

a cardiac arrhythmia.

When assessing a conscious patient who experienced an electrical injury, you note irregularity in his pulse. This is MOST indicative of:

a cardiac dysrhythmia

Subdural hematoma:

a collection of blood between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer of the brain

Placenta Previa

a condition in which the placenta partially or wholly blocks the neck of the uterus, thus interfering with normal delivery of a baby.

When assessing a middle-aged male patient with chest pain, you note a large vertical scar in the center of his chest. This indicates that he has MOST likely had:

a coronary artery bypass graft

Age-related changes in the renal system result in:

a decreased ability to clear wastes from the body and a decreased ability to conserve fluids when needed.

Following blunt trauma to the face, a 21-year-old male complains of a severe headache and decreased ability to move his eyes. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

a detached retina

The Hering-Breuer reflex is defined as:

a feedback loop that inhibits the inspiratory center, which prevents overexpansion of the lungs.

You remove the shirt of a patient in cardiac arrest and note an adhesive patch applied to his upper right arm. This medication is MOST likely:

a fentanyl patch.

Definitive treatment to reduce acute respiratory distress in a patient with a pleural effusion involves:

a fluid thoracentesis

Abnormalities in normal bone growth and development will MOST likely occur in children when:

a fracture occurs at the epiphyseal plate

You are assessing a middle-aged man who complains of nausea and a headache. Before you physically move closer to him, it is important to remember that:

a greater sense of trust must be established first.

Changes in sleep patterns experienced by elderly patients is mostly caused by:

a loss of neurons in the brain.

In most states, the AEMT has a legal obligation to report:

a man who was shot during an attempt to rob a bank.

You are assessing a 52-year-old male with respiratory distress. The MOST ominous sign(s) of severe hypoxemia and imminent cardiac arrest is/are:

a marked decrease in the heart rate.

Simple pneumothorax:

a non-expanding collection of air around the lung.

Anthrax

a notifiable bacterial disease of sheep and cattle, typically affecting the skin and lungs. It can be transmitted to humans, causing severe skin ulceration or a form of pneumonia

List 5 incidents that an EMT has a legal responsibility to report:

a patient dies, is injured, killed or otherwise harmed due to actions of commission or omission by a member of the ambulance service; an EMS response vehicle operated by the service is involved in a motor vehicle crash in which a patient, member of the crew or other person is killed or injured to the extent requiring hospitalization or care by a physician; any member of the ambulance service, while on duty, is killed or injured to the extent requiring hospitalization or care by a physician; patient care equipment fails while in use, causing patient harm; it is alleged that any member of the ambulance service has responded to an incident or treated a patient while under the influence of alcohol or drugs;

You should be MOST suspicious for serious bleeding when:

a patient has a poor general appearance.

Situations in which you should use the rapid extrication technique include all of the following, EXCEPT:

a patient who can be properly assessed while still in the vehicle.

Botulinum is:

a potent bacterial neurotoxin

A 67-year-old female complains of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that woke her from her sleep. As you and your partner enter her residence, you immediately note the smell of natural gas. Suspecting carbon monoxide toxicity, you quickly remove the patient from her home and place her in the ambulance. When assessing her, it is important to remember that:

a pulse oximetry reading that is high does not rule out significant hypoxemia

A 67-year-old female complains of nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain that woke her from her sleep. As you and your partner enter her residence, you immediately note the smell of natural gas. Suspecting carbon monoxide toxicity, you quickly remove the patient from her home and place her in the ambulance. When assessing her, it is important to remember that:

a pulse oximetry reading that is high does not rule out significant hypoxemia.

A behavioral crisis occurs when:

a reaction to an event interferes with daily living activities

As perfusion decreases, the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, resulting in:

a release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A hemorrhagic stroke occurs as a result of:

a ruptured cerebral artery.

A 19-year-old female presents with severe pain to the left lower quadrant of her abdomen. She is restless, tachypneic, and tachycardic. When you inquire about her last menstrual period, she tells you that it was approximately 2 months ago. You should suspect:

a ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

A folding or portable stretcher is MOST beneficial when:

a second patient must be transported on the squad bench of the ambulance.

Continual reassessment of the scene at a suspected terrorist or WMD incident is MOST important because:

a secondary explosive device may detonate.

Flail chest

a segment of the rib cage breaks under extreme stress and becomes detached from the rest of the chest wall. It occurs when multiple adjacent ribs are broken in multiple places, separating a segment, so a part of the chest wall moves independently.

A 20-year-old female with a history of chronic epilepsy, who is compliant with her anticonvulsant medication, experiences a "breakthrough" seizure. This usually happens when:

a seizure occurs despite a therapeutic medication blood level.

Acute epiglottitis in the adult is characterized by:

a severe sore throat.

Cephalic presentation

a situation at childbirth where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis first

What is the xiphoid process and where is it located?

a small cartilaginous process (extension) of the lower part of the sternum

When transporting a patient with a facial injury, it is MOST important to be as descriptive as possible with the hospital regarding the patient's injury because:

a specialist may be needed to manage the injury.

One of the MOST common signs of an acute hypertensive emergency is:

a sudden, severe headache.

Decompensated shock in a 2-year-old child is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

a systolic BP of 80 mm Hg.

CPR should be initiated when:

a valid living will is unavailable.

Multipara

a woman (or female animal) who has had more than one pregnancy resulting in viable offspring.

Multigravida

a woman (or female animal) who is or has been pregnant for at least a second time.

Nullipara

a woman or female animal that has never given birth.

A 22-year-old female was involved in a traumatic incident. She is exhibiting signs of shock, but there are no obvious external signs of trauma. You should suspect bleeding within the:

abdominal cavity.

Radios that operate at 800 MHz allow for trunking, which is the:

ability of multiple agencies to share frequencies.

When the core body temperature falls below 95°F, the patient's:

ability to regulate body temperature is lost.

Coagulopathy

abnormal clotting of blood

Hypovolemic shock caused by an atraumatic acute abdomen is usually the result of:

abnormal fluid shifts from the bloodstream into the body tissues.

When assessing a patient using a pulse oximeter, it is important to remember that:

abnormally bound hemoglobin may produce inaccurate readings

When assessing a patient using a pulse oximeter, it is important to remember that:

abnormally bound hemoglobin may produce inaccurate readings.

hypotension

abnormally low blood pressure, caused by sudden loss of blood (shock), severe infection, heart attack, or severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)

A 25-year-old female, who is in the third trimester of pregnancy, was involved in a motor-vehicle crash and was not wearing a seatbelt. She complains of severe, tearing abdominal pain. She is experiencing dark red vaginal bleeding, and is exhibiting signs of shock. On the basis of the mechanism of injury and her clinical presentation, you should be MOST suspicious for:

abruptio placenta

Peritonitis typically causes ileus, which is the result of:

absent peristalsis in the intestine

Peritonitis typically causes ileus, which is the result of:

absent peristalsis in the intestine.

Peritonitis is almost always associated with nausea and vomiting because:

absent peristalsis prevents movement of food through the GI tract

Peritonitis is almost always associated with nausea and vomiting because:

absent peristalsis prevents movement of food through the GI tract.

The passage of a substance through some surface of the body into body fluids and tissues is known as:

absorption.

Antidotes or reversal agents exist for all of the following drugs or chemicals, EXCEPT:

acetylsalicylic acid

Antidotes or reversal agents exist for all of the following drugs or chemicals, EXCEPT:

acetylsalicylic acid.

A pH of 7.30 indicates:

acidosis

During a hockey game, a 19-year-old male player was pushed and he landed on his left shoulder. He complains of pain and point tenderness to the area. Your assessment reveals an anterior bulge of the lateral clavicle. This patient has MOST likely experienced a/an:

acromioclavicular separation

In preconventional reasoning, children:

act almost purely to avoid punishment and to get what they want.

A 77-year-old man presents with hypertension, anuria, generalized edema, and tachypnea. This clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

acute renal failure.

The primary prehospital treatment for most medical emergencies:

addresses the patient's symptoms more than the actual disease process.

Movement of an extremity towards the midline of the body is called:

adduction.

In addition to appropriate airway management and high-flow oxygen, the MOST appropriate care for a pregnant woman in shock includes:

adequate fluid resuscitation and immediate transport.

A nonrebreathing mask is ONLY effective if a child has:

adequate tidal volume.

A 22-year-old female with type 1 diabetes is unresponsive and has a blood glucose level of 29 mg/dL. She is receiving high-flow oxygen and several attempts to establish IV access have failed. You should:

administer 0.5 to 1 mg of glucagon via the intramuscular route

A 22-year-old female with type 1 diabetes is unresponsive and has a blood glucose level of 29 mg/dL. She is receiving high-flow oxygen and several attempts to establish IV access have failed. You should:

administer 0.5 to 1 mg of glucagon via the intramuscular route.

A 37-year-old semiconscious male sustained a stab wound lateral to the left side of the sternum. He presents with signs of shock, engorged jugular veins, and a weakened radial pulse during inspiration. After administering 100% supplemental oxygen, you should:

administer 20 mL/kg boluses of an isotonic crystalloid

A 22-year-old male has sustained full-thickness burns to approximately 55% of his BSA. You are appropriately managing his airway and are administering 100% oxygen. You note that the patient's heart rate is 140 beats/min and thready and his blood pressure is 78/58 mm Hg. You should:

administer 20 mL/kg crystalloid boluses to maintain perfusion

When treating a 56-year-old female with chest pain, you have placed on her oxygen, established IV access, and administered two doses of sublingual nitroglycerin. However, the patient's pain has not improved. You reassess her blood pressure and note that it is 106/66 mm Hg. You should:

administer one more dose of nitroglycerin

A 30-year-old man presents with widespread urticaria after being bitten numerous times by fire ants. He is conscious and alert and denies respiratory distress. Further assessment reveals that his breath sounds are clear and equal bilaterally. He tells you that his wife has a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector because she is allergic to hornets. However, he does not have a prescribed auto-injector of his own. You should:

administer oxygen as needed and transport promptly

A 30-year-old man presents with widespread urticaria after being bitten numerous times by fire ants. He is conscious and alert and denies respiratory distress. Further assessment reveals that his breath sounds are clear and equal bilaterally. He tells you that his wife has a prescribed epinephrine auto-injector because she is allergic to hornets. However, he does not have a prescribed auto-injector of his own. You should:

administer oxygen as needed and transport promptly.

After inserting the needle into the injection port of a saline lock, you pull back on the plunger and observe blood return in the syringe. You should next:

administer the medication and observe for infiltration.

The term "bolus" is defined as:

administering a drug in one mass of volume.

While assessing the skin color of a newborn, you note the presence of central cyanosis. Initial management for this condition involves:

administering free-flow oxygen and continually assessing

Appropriate treatment for a patient with a mild upper airway obstruction includes:

administering oxygen and transporting immediately

Appropriate treatment for a patient with a mild upper airway obstruction includes:

administering oxygen and transporting immediately.

The sympathetic nervous system is also known as the:

adrenergic nervous system.

What are the current guidelines for two-rescuer compression/ventilation ratios for a patient in cardiac arrest?

adult: 30:2 child: 15:2 infant: 15:2

After providing 30 seconds of positive-pressure ventilations to a premature newborn, your partner assesses the infant's heart rate and finds that it is 50 beats/min. You should:

advise your partner to initiate chest compressions

The determination of whether a medical patient is a high-priority or low-priority transport is typically made:

after the primary assessment has been completed.

When peripheral vascular resistance is increased:

afterload increases and stroke volume decreases.

When communicating with an older patient, it is important to remember that:

age-related changes diminish the effectiveness of the eyes and ears.

Which of the following is not a sign/symptom of mononucleosis?

agitation Most patients with mononucleosis tend to be extremely lethargic, not agitated. Splenomegaly, lymph node enlargement, and fever are all sign/symptoms of mononucleosis.

Molecules that bind to a cell's receptor and trigger a response by that cell are called:

agonists.

Define secondary injury prevention and give example

aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence, and implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems. Examples include: e.g. mammograms to detect breast cancer

When percussing the chest of a patient who experienced blunt chest trauma, you note hyperresonance on the left side of his chest. This suggests:

air in the pleural space.

What are three methods that disease can be transmitted?

air, bodily fluids, feces

In addition to supplemental oxygen, treatment for a child who is experiencing an acute asthma attack includes:

albuterol.

When stabilizing a patient's cervical spine, you should:

align the patient's nose with the navel.

The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means that it:

allows only certain substances to pass through it.

The LEAST harmful form of ionizing radiation is:

alpha

Combitube

also known as the esophageal tracheal airway or esophageal tracheal double-lumen airway—is a blind insertion airway device

Tidal volume minus dead space volume is called:

alveolar ventilation

Tidal volume minus dead space volume is called:

alveolar ventilation.

A breakable glass container that is designed to carry a single medication dose is called a/an:

ampule

Cross-contamination occurs when:

an AEMT is exposed to a victim who has not yet been decontaminated.

Third spacing is defined as:

an abnormal fluid shift into the serous linings of the body

A 20-year-old female presents with acute respiratory distress. Auscultation of her lungs reveals diffuse expiratory wheezing. She is in moderate distress and tells you that she has a prescribed inhaler that she uses when this happens. You should suspect:

an acute asthma attack

A 20-year-old female presents with acute respiratory distress. Auscultation of her lungs reveals diffuse expiratory wheezing. She is in moderate distress and tells you that she has a prescribed inhaler that she uses when this happens. You should suspect:

an acute asthma attack.

You should be MOST suspicious that a patient is experiencing an acute myocardial infarction if he or she presents with:

an acute onset of weakness, nausea, and sweating without an obvious cause

A biphasic response to an antigen occurs when:

an acute response is followed later by a delayed response.

A common clinical finding in patients with hypo- or hyperglycemic crisis is:

an altered mental status.

Fifty percent dextrose (D50) is indicated in all of the following situations, EXCEPT

an asymptomatic patient with a blood glucose of 60 mg/dL

A 20-year-old female presents with lower abdominal pain and scant vaginal bleeding. She is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 124/64 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 120 beats/min and strong. When asked, she states that her last menstrual period was approximately 2 months ago. You should suspect:

an ectopic pregnancy

According to Starling's law of the heart:

an increase in diastolic filling increases contractility.

When oxygen levels are low or absent, the cells revert to a process of:

anaerobic metabolism.

An over-the-needle catheter is commonly referred to as a/an:

angiocath

If the brain is deprived of oxygen for 4 to 6 minutes:

anoxic brain injury will occur.

You are assessing a 30-year-old female who presents with respiratory distress and tachycardia after she opened a package that was delivered to her home. The patient tells you that there was a fine white powder on the package, but she did not think it was important. This patient has MOST likely been exposed to:

anthrax.

Proteins of the immune system that recognize foreign substances is/are called:

antibodies.

You are assessing a 4-year-old male who was electrocuted when he stuck a pin into an electrical socket. He is conscious and alert and complains of pain to his left hand, where you find a small entrance wound. When treating this child, you should:

anticipate extensive internal injuries.

A foreign substance that stimulates the body's immune response is called a(n):

antigen

A disease vector is defined as:

any agent that acts as a carrier or transporter.

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is MOST accurately defined as:

any agent used to bring about mass death, casualties, or massive infrastructural damage.

When assessing a patient with von Willebrand disease, you should be especially alert for:

any evidence of bleeding

After stopping the ambulance en route to the hospital to assist your partner with the delivery of an infant, you should resume transport after delivery has occurred and:

any needed newborn resuscitation has occurred.

The most inferior portion of the heart is called the:

apex

A 27-year-old male complains of an acute onset of abdominal pain. He is found curled in a fetal position with his right knee drawn up into his abdomen. This position is MOST commonly seen in patients with acute:

appendicitis

A 3-year-old, 15-kg female swallowed an unknown quantity of gasoline. Your assessment reveals that she is conscious, crying, and alert. Her airway is patent and her breathing is adequate. You should:

apply 100% oxygen as tolerated and promptly transport her

A 28-year-old female was the unrestrained driver of a car that struck the rear end of another car while traveling at 35 mph. She is conscious and alert and complains of pain to the anterior chest. During your assessment, you note a large ecchymotic area over the superior aspect of the anterior chest. As your partner assumes manual stabilization of her head, you should:

apply 100% oxygen via a nonrebreathing mask.

An unrestrained patient is sitting in his car after an automobile crash. He is conscious and alert, has no visible trauma, and is complaining of neck and back pain. Before removing him from his car, you should:

apply a cervical collar and immobilize him with a vest-style device

A patient has severe bleeding from a large laceration to the anterior forearm. Direct pressure and a pressure dressing are not immediately effective in controlling the bleeding. You should:

apply a tourniquet above the level of the bleeding

A patient has severe bleeding from a large laceration to the anterior forearm. Direct pressure and a pressure dressing are not immediately effective in controlling the bleeding. You should:

apply a tourniquet above the level of the bleeding.

You are dispatched to a convenience store, where the clerk sustained a laceration to the side of his neck during a robbery attempt. During your assessment, you note bright red blood spurting from the laceration. You should:

apply direct pressure above and below the wound.

You are dispatched to a local nightclub for a patient who has been stabbed. After arriving at the scene and ensuring you and your partner's safety, you find the patient sitting on the ground. He is conscious, screaming in pain, and attempting to control bright red blood that is spurting from his groin area. After taking standard precautions, you should:

apply direct pressure to control the bleeding.

A 29-year-old male was involved in a rollover motor-vehicle crash. The patient was removed from his vehicle prior to your arrival. During your general impression, you note that he is conscious, yelling in pain, and has an actively bleeding open fracture of his left leg. As your partner assumes manual stabilization of the patient's head and communicates with him, you should:

apply direct pressure to his leg

When assessing the pelvis of a patient with multiple systems trauma, you should:

apply gentle inward pressure to the iliac crests

When applying the AED pads to a patient with a surgically-implanted pacemaker, you should:

apply the pads at least 1" away from the pacemaker.

A 30-year-old male was ejected from his car after hitting a tree at a high rate of speed. Your assessment reveals that he is pulseless, apneic, and has multiple systems trauma. Treatment for this patient includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

applying an AED and defibrillating if indicated.

A 29-year-old male experienced multiple fire-ant bites to his lower extremities. He is conscious and alert, and denies respiratory distress. His skin is warm, dry, and without urticaria and his breath sounds are clear and equal bilaterally. Appropriate management for this patient includes:

applying ice to the bites and observing for signs of an allergic reaction.

When dealing with a suspected case of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), in which the infant is obviously dead, it is important for the AEMT to:

appreciate his or her own feelings regarding the event.

Unlike viruses and bacteria, neurotoxins:

are not contagious

Patients who have developed partial immunity to a particular disease:

are protected against new infections, but not from germs that remain in the body from the initial illness.

The coronary arteries of a person with arteriosclerotic heart disease:

are thickened and hardened and lose their elasticity.

Retinal injuries that are caused by exposure to extremely bright light:

are typically not painful, but may result in permanent damage to vision

Unlike bacterial agents, viral agents:

are usually not treatable

A 57-year-old female with a history of peripheral vascular disease presents with an acute onset of confusion, aphasia, left-sided hemiparesis, and loss of muscle control to the right side of her face. You should suspect an:

arterial blockage in the right cerebral hemisphere

Chemoreceptors send messages to the brain to increase respirations when:

arterial carbon dioxide levels increase.

Epidural hematoma:

arterial or venous bleeding pools between the skull and the dura (almost always associated with a skull fracture)

After the aorta arises from the left ventricle, it first:

ascends and branches into the coronary arteries.

When assessing an anxious 55-year-old male with chest pain, you should:

ask him how he prefers to be addressed.

When responding to the scene of a mass-casualty incident, you should:

ask the dispatcher to notify all of the hospitals in the area.

If your assessment of a patient with a possible musculoskeletal injury reveals no external signs of injury, it would be appropriate to:

ask the patient to move each extremity carefully.

It is MOST important to suction the newborn's mouth before the nose because:

aspiration may occur if the newborn gasps when the nose is suctioned.

The function of the National Registry of EMTs is to:

assess competence through a valid testing process.

During your primary assessment of an unresponsive 47-year-old male, you find that he has occasional gasping breaths. You should:

assess for a carotid pulse and begin chest compressions if needed

You respond to a residence for an 82-year-old female who, according to her daughter, is "not herself today." The patient is conscious, but confused, and has slurred speech. Her medical history is significant for hypertension, peripheral vascular disease, hypothyroidism, and several strokes. The daughter hands your partner a list of her mother's medications, which is extensive. In addition to administering supplemental oxygen, you should:

assess her blood glucose level and administer dextrose if needed.

You are transporting a 55-year-old female with chest pain, who has not responded to 3 doses of nitroglycerin. As you are talking to her, she becomes unresponsive and apneic. You should:

assess her pulse, tell your partner to stop the vehicle, begin CPR, and analyze her cardiac rhythm with an AED.

During your primary assessment of a 33-year-old male with severe hypothermia, you find that he is unresponsive and has agonal breathing. You should:

assess his carotid pulse for 30 to 45 seconds

A 49-year-old male complains of acute chest discomfort. He is conscious but restless, and he is noticeably diaphoretic. As your partner is applying 100% oxygen, the patient hands you a bottle of nitroglycerin that was prescribed to him by his family physician. Prior to assisting the patient with his medication, you should:

assess his systolic BP to ensure that it is at least 100 mm Hg

Prior to initiating CPR on an apneic, hypothermic patient, you should:

assess the carotid pulse for up to 45 seconds.

A 33-year-old female presents with lower abdominal quadrant pain. She is conscious and alert, but in moderate pain. While your partner is asking her questions about her medical history, you take her vital signs. When you assess her radial pulse, you are unable to locate it. You should:

assess the rate, regularity, and quality of her carotid pulse.

En route to the hospital, a diabetic patient regains partial consciousness. He tells you that he feels fine and that he does not want to go to the hospital. Under these circumstances, you should:

assess whether the patient's mental condition is impaired.

You and your partner arrive at the scene where a truck has crashed into a small building, injuring eight people. You immediately request additional ambulances and begin the triage process. The first patient that you triage is a young female who is unconscious and apneic. She has an open head injury and her pulse is weak and thready. You should:

assign her a low priority and continue triaging.

While triaging patients at a multiple-casualty incident, you encounter a 40-year-old female with an obvious fracture of her right forearm and multiple abrasions to her face and arms. She is responsive and alert and does not appear to have any airway or breathing problems. You note that she is wearing an organ donor bracelet. You should:

assign her an appropriate triage category and move to the next patient.

According to the JumpSTART triage system, if an injured child has a respiratory rate of 50 breaths/min, you should:

assign him an immediate category.

A young female with severe lower abdominal pain presents with a decreased level of consciousness, tachypnea, and shallow breathing. Her blood pressure is 88/48 mm Hg and her pulse is 130 beats/min and weak. You should:

assist her ventilations with a bag-mask device.

A young male tripped on a garden hose, fell, and struck his head on a concrete sidewalk. He is unresponsive and has a large hematoma to his forehead. His respirations are slow and shallow. You should:

assist his ventilations with 100% oxygen.

After eating at a local restaurant, a 20-year-old male complains of blurred vision, difficulty speaking, and difficulty breathing. He is conscious; however, his respirations are profoundly labored and producing minimal tidal volume. You should:

assist his ventilations with 100% oxygen.

A 37-year-old male sustained blunt trauma to the left anterolateral chest. He is conscious, but confused, and complains of pain during inspiration; his respirations are shallow. Your assessment reveals crepitus to the area of impact. Breath sounds, although weakly audible, are bilaterally equal. The pulse oximeter reads 89% on room air. You should:

assist his ventilations with a bag-mask device.

A 46-year-old female presents with respiratory difficulty, facial swelling, and widespread hives after she was stung by an unknown type of insect. Her blood pressure is 88/58 mm Hg; auscultation of her lungs reveals diffuse expiratory wheezing. The patient has a prescribed EpiPen, but has not used it. After administering 100% oxygen, you should:

assist the patient with her EpiPen in accordance with your protocols

A 69-year-old female is found to be semiconscious, hypertensive, and bradypneic. You should:

assist ventilations and start an IV set to keep the vein open.

A 21-year-old female was sexually assaulted with a glass bottle. Your assessment reveals that she is semiconscious with shallow breathing. The bottle is still inside her vagina. You should:

assist ventilations, perform a head-to-toe assessment, and stabilize the bottle in place.

You receive a call for a 4-year-old female with severe dehydration. When you assess her, you note that she is semiconscious, has a weak and rapid carotid pulse, and rapid respirations with reduced tidal volume. The MOST appropriate treatment for this child includes:

assisted ventilation and rapid transport with IV therapy en route to the hospital.

A 40-year-old female is semiconscious following blunt head trauma. Your assessment reveals that her respirations are slow and shallow, her pulse is slow, and her blood pressure is elevated. Her pupils are bilaterally dilated and sluggishly reactive. Appropriate management for this patient includes:

assisted ventilation at a rate of 10 breaths/min.

In an attempt to kill herself, a 56-year-old female ingested a large quantity of Darvon. Your primary assessment reveals that she is semiconscious; has slow, shallow respirations; and a heart rate of 40 beats/min. Further assessment reveals that her BP is 80/50 mm Hg. Initial management for this patient includes:

assisted ventilation with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen.

A 60-year-old female is in possible cardiogenic shock. She is semiconscious with shallow respirations, an irregular pulse, and hypotension. Appropriate treatment for this patient should include:

assisted ventilation with a bag-mask device, thermal management, 20 mL/kg fluid bolus, and transport.

A 56-year-old male is found unresponsive by a neighbor. Your assessment reveals that he is diaphoretic, pale, and is breathing rapidly and shallowly. His blood glucose reading is 49 mg/dL. The MOST appropriate management for this patient includes:

assisted ventilation, 50 mL of D50 IV, and oropharyngeal suctioning as needed.

Approximately 20 minutes after receiving a penicillin injection at the doctor's office, a 41-year-old female presents with acute respiratory distress, facial swelling, and intense itching to her entire body. Her level of consciousness is decreased and her breathing is labored with minimal chest rise. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient should include:

assisted ventilations, IV of normal saline, and epinephrine

Approximately 20 minutes after receiving a penicillin injection at the doctor's office, a 41-year-old female presents with acute respiratory distress, facial swelling, and intense itching to her entire body. Her level of consciousness is decreased and her breathing is labored with minimal chest rise. The MOST appropriate treatment for this patient should include:

assisted ventilations, IV of normal saline, and epinephrine.

When assessing a 14-year-old male with an injured arm, you note gross deformity just distal to the elbow. Distal neurovascular functions are grossly intact. You should:

assume that growth plate damage has occurred

Name and describe 3 common lower airway disease in pediatric patients.

asthma, and bronchiolitis

Characteristics of adequate breathing in an adult include all of the following, EXCEPT:

asymmetrical chest movement.

When you talk with a patient, you should try to position yourself:

at a level lower than the patient's.

The jugular notch is located:

at the superior border of the sternum

The condition in which the alveoli collapse is called:

atelectasis.

The decline in cardiac function that commonly occurs in late adulthood is largely related to:

atherosclerosis.

The first two cervical vertebrae, in order, are called:

atlas and axis.

Decrease in the size of a muscle and its inherent ability to function is called:

atrophy

Multiple people in a small town began experiencing abdominal cramps, excessive salivation and urination, and muscle twitching shortly after a small crop duster plane made several passes over the community. As you are assessing the patients, you further determine that most of them are bradycardic and have miosis. In addition to 100% oxygen, the MOST important treatment for these patients includes:

atropine and pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM).

You are assessing a 59-year-old male with an altered mental status. You should suspect an acute ischemic stroke versus hypoglycemia if the patient:

attempts to communicate with you

You are assessing a 59-year-old male with an altered mental status. You should suspect an acute ischemic stroke versus hypoglycemia if the patient:

attempts to communicate with you.

Elderly patients with diabetes commonly develop neuropathy, which predisposes them to:

atypical acute coronary syndrome

Prior to applying and inflating the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG), you should:

auscultate bilateral breath sounds

The ability of a cardiac muscle cell to contract spontaneously without a stimulus from a nerve source is called:

automaticity

The ability of a cardiac muscle cell to contract spontaneously without a stimulus from a nerve source is called:

automaticity.

Patients with diabetes are especially prone to heat illnesses because:

autonomic neuropathy interferes with vasodilation

A young female experienced a laceration to her left eyeball from flying glass when her boyfriend broke a soda bottle against a wall. There is moderate bleeding and the patient states that she cannot see out of the injured eye. You should:

avoid applying pressure to the globe when you are covering her eye.

When treating a patient with a suspected diaphragmatic rupture, you should:

avoid placing the patient in a Trendelenburg position.

Topographically, the term distal means:

away from the trunk

The MOST common contraindication for any medication is:

b. hypersensitivity.

Initial treatment to dislodge a severe foreign body airway obstruction in a responsive infant involves:

back blows.

The preferred method for ventilating an apneic patient is the:

bag-mask device with two rescuers

Any radio hardware that contains a transmitter and receiver and is located in a fixed location is called a:

base station.

While treating a responsive and alert patient with a serious illness, your partner starts an IV, but does not explain the procedure to the patient. Your partner's inaction MOST accurately constitutes:

battery

A 29-year-old male was struck in the upper back by a solid object. During your assessment, you note ecchymosis, pain, and crepitus to the left scapula. His blood pressure is 124/68 mm Hg, pulse is 110 and strong, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and labored. You should provide supplemental oxygen, immobilize his spine, and:

be alert for intrathoracic injuries

When caring for a patient with multiple abrasions, you should:

be alert for underlying injuries

When treating a conscious and alert 5-year-old child who has ingested an unknown substance, you should:

be prepared to assist ventilations

When treating a patient who complains of dyspnea, it is important for the AEMT to:

be prepared to treat the patient's anxiety as well

When treating a patient who complains of dyspnea, it is important for the AEMT to:

be prepared to treat the patient's anxiety as well.

When assessing a patient for peripheral edema, you should check the sacral area if the patient is:

bedridden.

Prenatal

before birth; during or relating to pregnancy.

You respond to call at a residence for a "man down." Your primary assessment reveals that the patient, a 66-year-old male, is unresponsive, pulseless, and apneic. His wife tells you that he has recently had the flu, and that he collapsed about 10 minutes ago. You should:

begin CPR and apply the AED as soon as it is available

A 49-year-old male collapsed and is now unresponsive. There is no evidence of trauma. Your primary assessment reveals that he is pulseless and apneic. You should:

begin CPR and apply the AED as soon as it is available.

You are assessing a 62-year-old female who has an automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD). As you are applying oxygen to her, she becomes unconscious, pulseless, and apneic. You should:

begin CPR and apply the AED as soon as possible.

Shortly after administering epinephrine to a 49-year-old male with anaphylactic shock, he becomes unconscious. Your assessment reveals that he is pulseless and apneic. You should:

begin CPR and apply the AED.

Following defibrillation with the AED, you have achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in a 42-year-old man. However, he remains unresponsive and apneic. You insert a multilumen airway device, continue ventilations, and begin immediate transport to the hospital. En route, you reassess the patient and determine that he is in cardiac arrest. You should:

begin CPR, tell your partner to stop the ambulance, and analyze the patient's cardiac rhythm with the AED.

Your primary assessment of a 32-year-old male reveals that he is semiconscious and is breathing at a slow rate with shallow movement of the chest. You should:

begin assisting his ventilations.

You are dispatched to an assisted-living center for a 67-year-old male with "mental status changes." You arrive at the scene and begin to assess the patient. He is responsive to painful stimuli only, has rapid and shallow breathing, and a slow radial pulse. You should:

begin assisting the patient's ventilations.

After defibrillating an adult patient in cardiac arrest with the AED, you should:

begin or resume CPR starting with chest compressions.

Following proper decontamination, a 30-year-old male is brought to you. He is semiconscious and has rapid, shallow respirations. A quick visual assessment reveals no obvious bleeding. You should:

begin some form of positive-pressure ventilation.

You arrive at the scene where an older man inadvertently overdosed on his blood pressure medication. He is unresponsive with shallow respirations. The patient's wife is unavailable. You should:

begin treatment and transport the patient to the hospital.

Neonates are defined as children:

between birth and 1 month of age.

The liver secretes ________, which is an enzyme that the body uses to:

bile, dissolve fats into solution.

An agonistic drug is defined as one that:

binds to a receptor site and stimulates a response.

Carbon monoxide (CO) causes severe tissue hypoxia because it:

binds to the hemoglobin molecule and inhibits cellular oxygenation.

Hemostasis is a natural response of the body in which:

bleeding spontaneously clots through vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.

If a patient is hemorrhaging, he or she is:

bleeding.

An ischemic stroke is MOST often the result of a(n):

blocked cerebral artery.

Atropine increases the heart rate by:

blocking the vagus nerve and preventing innervation by ACh

The term "hyphema" is defined as:

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye.

You should assess a patient with systemic hypothermia for local cold injuries to the extremities because:

blood is shunted away from the extremities.

When ventilation is compromised but perfusion continues:

blood passes over some alveolar membranes without gas exchange taking place.

An infant's blood pressure typically increases with age because:

blood pressure directly corresponds to body weight.

The renin-angiotensin system in the kidneys helps to regulate:

blood pressure.

A fracture of the orbital bone is commonly referred to as a:

blowout fracture.

Factors that alter a patient's response to a drug include:

body mass and psychologic factors.

The ilium is defined as the:

bony prominence of the pelvis.

During your assessment of a trauma patient, you note the presence of bilateral femur fractures. This means that:

both femurs are broken

Because the gastrointestinal tract slows with aging, the elderly patient is prone to frequent:

bowel obstructions.

When assessing the pulse of an unresponsive infant, you should palpate the ________ artery.

brachial

Following a severe closed head injury, a 23-year-old female develops cardiac dysrhythmias and an irregular pattern of breathing. The area of her brain MOST likely injured is the:

brainstem.

List three anatomical changes to the mother's body during pregnancy:

breast enlargement and glandular development, and posture changes

Because of the thin-walled thorax in an infant or child:

breath sounds are easily transmitted to all areas of the chest

Patients with emphysema are commonly referred to as "pink puffers" because they:

breathe through pursed lips and may develop polycythemia.

After drying, warming, and suctioning the mouth and nose of an infant following birth, you note that the baby's respirations are gasping, and irregular. You should:

briefly flick the soles of the feet or gently rub the back or trunk.

The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of:

bronchiolitis and pneumonia.

A 60-year-old male presents with shortness of breath and a productive cough of two days' duration. He denies chest pain or any other associated symptoms. Auscultation of his lungs reveals scattered bilateral rhonchi in all fields. His skin is pink, warm, and dry and the pulse oximeter reads 94% on room air. This patient is MOST likely experiencing:

bronchitis.

In addition to widespread urticaria, _____________ is a common response in patients experiencing a severe allergic reaction.

bronchospasm

In contrast to the assessment of a trauma patient, assessment of a medical patient:

c. is focused on the nature of illness, the patient's chief complaint, and the patient's symptoms. CorrectCorrect

A major benefit of using a Sager traction splint is that it:

can be applied effectively by one AEMT if necessary.

A major advantage of the multilumen airway device is that it:

cannot be improperly inserted.

The AEMT should suspect meningitis when caring for a 3-month-old infant who:

cannot bend his neck forward without pain.

During your assessment of a 39-year-old female with acute abdominal pain, you note the presence of diffuse pain while palpating her abdomen. With this information, you:

cannot identify the underlying organ that is causing the pain

During your assessment of a 39-year-old female with acute abdominal pain, you note the presence of diffuse pain while palpating her abdomen. With this information, you:

cannot identify the underlying organ that is causing the pain.

A form of solid drug that is stored in a gelatin shell filled with liquid or powder is called a:

capsule

A form of solid drug that is stored in a gelatin shell filled with liquid or powder is called a:

capsule.

Common hazards associated with a structural fire include all of the following, EXCEPT:

carbon dioxide deficiency

Common hazards associated with a structural fire include all of the following, EXCEPT:

carbon dioxide deficiency.

When assessing a patient suspected of overdosing on cocaine, you must be especially alert for:

cardiac dysrhythmias.

Which of the following is NOT a BLS intervention?

cardiac monitoring

A patient who presents with hypotension, jugular venous distention, and a rapid irregular pulse, should be suspected of experiencing:

cardiogenic shock.

A 56-year-old male caught the foreskin of his penis in a long segment of the zipper of his pants. He is in extreme pain, his blood pressure is 150/88 mm Hg, his pulse rate is 120 beats/min and strong, and his respirations are 22 breaths/min with adequate depth. The closest hospital is 40 miles away. You should:

carefully cut the zipper out of the pants, control any bleeding, and transport

Several attempts to adequately open a trauma patient's airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver have been unsuccessful. You should:

carefully perform the head tilt-chin lift maneuver.

You respond to a domestic dispute, where a middle-aged male was stabbed in the chest by his wife. Your assessment reveals that the patient is pulseless and apneic. The knife is impaled in the center of his chest. You should:

carefully remove the knife, control the bleeding, and perform CPR.

The vagus nerve:

carries parasympathetic fibers to the thoracic and abdominal organs.

Motor nerves of the peripheral nervous system are responsible for:

carrying commands from the central nervous system to the muscles.

An ion that has an overall positive charge is called a/an:

cation.

Located just behind the brainstem, the ___________ controls muscle and body coordination.

cerebellum

Slow, shallow, irregular respirations or occasional gasps are MOST indicative of:

cerebral anoxia.

A 19-year-old male was struck by a baseball in the occipital region of the skull. Witnesses report that the patient was briefly unconscious following the incident. He is now conscious and alert, but cannot remember the events immediately following the injury. He is breathing without difficulty and his vital signs are stable. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with a/an:

cerebral concussion

The largest part of the brain is the:

cerebrum

The largest part of the brain is the:

cerebrum.

When starting an IV on an elderly patient, you should be aware that:

certain medications can create fragile skin and veins.

Migraine headaches are thought to be caused by:

changes in blood vessel size within the base of the brain.

After establishing that an adult patient is unresponsive and not breathing, you should:

check for a carotid pulse.

Appropriate management for an unresponsive 6-month-old infant with a severe foreign body airway obstruction includes:

chest compressions

angina pectoris

chest pain that results from reduced blood flow to the heart. A lack of blood flow means your heart isn't getting enough oxygen. The pain is often triggered by physical activity or emotional stress. Certain factors, such as narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), can prevent your heart from receiving more oxygen. Your arteries can become narrow and hard when plaque (a substance made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances) builds up inside the artery walls. Blood clots can also block your arteries and reduce the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

Which of the following techniques should you use to dislodge a foreign body airway obstruction in a patient who is in an advanced stage of pregnancy or who is very obese?

chest thrusts

What is an emancipated minor, and can they give consent?

child abuse, animal bites, childbirth, and assault

Shortly following a meal, a 49-year-old female complains of acute pain to the right upper quadrant of her abdomen with referred pain to her right shoulder. This is MOST suggestive of acute:

cholecystitis

Shortly following a meal, a 49-year-old female complains of acute pain to the right upper quadrant of her abdomen with referred pain to her right shoulder. This is MOST suggestive of acute:

cholecystitis.

When the papillary muscles contract, the ______________ tighten, preventing blood from regurgitating from the ventricles to the atria

chordae tendineae

When the papillary muscles contract, the ______________ tighten, preventing blood from regurgitating from the ventricles to the atria.

chordae tendineae

What is the cause of digital clubbing?

chronic hypoxia

Perfusion is MOST accurately defined as:

circulation of blood within an organ or tissue.

Perfusion is defined as:

circulation of blood within an organ or tissue.

The LEAST desirable method of bleeding control in the prehospital setting is:

clamping a bleeding artery with hemostats

You arrive at the residence of a young female who is experiencing an apparent psychotic episode. Law enforcement is on scene and has ensured that it is safe. You find the patient sitting in a chair, rocking back and forth. You should:

clearly identify yourself and your partner and tell her you are there to help.

When suctioning the oropharynx of a 3-year-old child, you should:

closely monitor the child for heart rate changes

The second heart sound (S2) represents:

closure of the semilunar valves.

Melanin granules, which are contained within the deeper cells in the germinal layer, are responsible for:

color of the skin

Historically, the weak point at most major incidents has been:

communication

A 34-year-old male twisted his lower leg and ankle while skiing. He complains of severe pain and swelling to the area. When assessing for deformity, you should:

compare the injured extremity to the uninjured extremity.

Heat that is generated by an electrical injury can cause coagulation and vascular occlusion, resulting in:

compartment syndrome.

A 72-year-old male presents with black tarry stools and weakness. He is restless, pale, and diaphoretic. His blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse is 110 beats/min and weak, and respirations are 24 breaths/min. On the basis of this patient's clinical presentation, you should suspect:

compensated shock.

The primary role of the large intestine is to:

complete the reabsorption of water.

Because a child's ribs are softer and more flexible than an adult's:

compression injuries can occur without external trauma.

When a warm hand touches a cold object, heat passes directly from the body to the colder object. This is an example of:

conduction

You are dispatched to an apartment complex for a young male experiencing an "emotional problem." Law enforcement is at the scene when you arrive. You should:

confer with a police officer before making patient contact

Rapid isotonic crystalloid boluses in a patient with cardiogenic shock would MOST likely result in:

congestion of blood in the lungs.

The presence of distended jugular veins that do not collapse, even when the patient is sitting, is consistent with:

congestive heart failure

The inner surface of the eyelids and the exposed surface of the eye itself are covered by a delicate membrane called the:

conjunctiva.

In which of the following situations would a direct ground lift be the MOST appropriate method of moving a patient?

conscious patient complaining of abdominal pain

When assessing a patient with bizarre behavior, it is important to ensure your own safety and then:

consider that a medical illness may be an underlying etiology

Ethnocentrism is defined as:

considering your own cultural values as more important when interacting with people of a different culture.

When a person is exposed to cold temperatures, blood vessels in the skin:

constrict and divert blood away from the skin.

You are treating a 55-year-old male with heatstroke when he suddenly becomes unresponsive and stops breathing. Assessment of his carotid pulse reveals that it is weak and rapid. You should:

continue cooling measures, maintain his airway, ventilate him with a bag-mask device, transport, and request a paramedic intercept

During your assessment of a 43-year-old male with suicidal thoughts, he becomes agitated and appears uncomfortable. You should:

continue talking to him while your partner requests police backup.

An appropriate demonstration of professionalism when your patient is frightened, demanding, or unpleasant is to:

continue to be nonjudgmental, compassionate, and respectful.

Upon delivery of the baby's head, you note the presence of meconium on its face. After suctioning the mouth and nose, you complete the delivery. Your assessment reveals that the infant is vigorous, crying loudly, and has good muscle tone. Appropriate management includes:

continuing your assessment as usual and providing prompt transport.

A 61-year-old female called EMS after suddenly being awakened in the middle of the night with a feeling that she was "smothering." You arrive to find the patient, very apprehensive and restless, sitting on the living room couch in obvious respiratory distress. Her BP is 160/90 mm Hg, pulse is 110 beats/min and irregular, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and labored. Auscultation of her lungs reveals diffuse rhonchi in all fields. Treatment for this patient should include:

continuous positive airway pressure and an IV line set to keep the vein open.

A circular system of ongoing internal and external reviews is known as:

continuous quality improvement.

According to Starling's Law of the Heart:

contractility increases as the myocardial walls are stretched.

Priority treatment for a patient with an open soft-tissue injury includes:

control of active bleeding.

Law enforcement requests your assistance at a local nightclub for a patient who was assaulted. Upon arrival, an officer escorts you to the patient, a 21-year-old male, who is bleeding severely from a lacerated brachial artery. The patient is conscious and is screaming in pain. You should immediately:

control the bleeding with direct pressure.

Priority management for a patient with an amputated penis and stable vital signs includes:

controlling any active hemorrhage

The fifth link in the chain of survival includes:

controlling body temperature to optimize neurologic recovery.

During your assessment of a patient with blunt chest trauma, you note the presence of ecchymosis to the area of impact. This finding is MOST characteristic of a/an:

contusion.

In a patient experiencing a true cardiac-related emergency, how would you expect their skin to present (what will it look like)?

cool, pale, clammy

As the aorta exits the left ventricle, it immediately branches into the:

coronary arteries.

A carboy is a container that would MOST likely be used to store and transport:

corrosives

The adrenal cortex, a portion of the adrenal gland, produces:

corticosteroids.

A 40-year-old male was in his woodworking shop when he felt a sudden, sharp pain in his left eye. Your assessment reveals a small splinter of wood embedded in his cornea. You should:

cover both of his eyes and transport to the hospital.

Following delivery of the placenta, your patient continues to experience vaginal bleeding. She is becoming diaphoretic and her pulse is weak and rapid. In addition to administering 100% oxygen and providing rapid transport, you should:

cover the vagina with a sanitary pad, keep her warm, and infuse 20 mL/kg boluses of an isotonic crystalloid to maintain perfusion.

A 29-year-old male has sustained a large laceration across the lower abdomen and has a loop of bowel protruding through the wound. To minimize the amount of body heat that radiates from the open wound, you should:

cover the wound with moist sterile dressings.

Treatment for a patient with a pit viper bite to an extremity and no signs of envenomation includes oxygen, as well as:

covering the area with a sterile dressing, splinting the extremity, and transporting.

Articular cartilage functions by:

covering the bone ends and cushioning them from damage and wear.

Appropriate management of a patient with an abdominal evisceration includes:

covering the exposed organs with a moist, sterile dressing and securing the dressing in place with a dry, sterile dressing.

Most acts of terror are:

covert.

The anterior portion of the cricoid ring is separated from the thyroid cartilage by the:

cricothyroid membrane

A 62-year-old female with a history of type 2 diabetes has sustained partial-thickness burns to 27% of her body surface area (BSA). This burn should be classified as a:

critical burn.

Name and describe 3 common upper airway disease in pediatric patients.

croup,

At 11:50 p.m., you are dispatched to a residence for a 3-year-old female with respiratory distress. The child's mother tells you that her daughter has had symptoms of a cold for the past few days. Your assessment reveals that the child is tachycardic, has nasal flaring, a low-grade fever, and a harsh cough. You should suspect:

croup.

Complications associated with chest compressions include all of the following, EXCEPT:

d. gastric distention.

Following blunt head trauma, a 44-year-old male presents with clear, watery fluid draining from his nose. You should suspect:

damage to all of the meningeal layers.

The portion of the tidal volume that does not participate in pulmonary gas exchange is called:

dead space air.

It is essential that you ____________ your equipment to prevent the spread of disease.

decontaminate

The process of removing or neutralizing and properly disposing of a hazardous material is called:

decontamination

Although the alveoli become enlarged, elderly people have difficulty expelling used air from the lungs because of:

decreased alveolar elasticity secondary to decreased surfactant

Patients with hypothyroidism often gain weight because of:

decreased metabolism.

Why does the incidence of diabetes mellitus increase with age?

decreased physical activity, increased weight gain, and decreased insulin production

All of the following are characteristic of a closed soft tissue injury, EXCEPT:

deformity of a short bone

Alzheimer and Parkinson's disease are examples of ____________ causes of an altered mental status.

degenerative

When ventilating an apneic adult patient with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen, you should:

deliver just enough volume to produce visible chest rise.

When administering crystalloid solutions to the newborn, you should:

deliver the fluid over 5 to 10 minutes.

After an advanced airway has been inserted during two-rescuer CPR, you should:

deliver ventilations at a rate of 8 to 10 per minute.

Unlike an epinephrine auto-injector, a Twinject:

delivers two doses of epinephrine

While eating dinner at a restaurant with his wife, a man remembers that he did not take his antianxiety medication. He immediately begins to experience anxiety and tells his wife that they must leave immediately. This response is typical of:

dependence

A young male is found to be unconscious. When assessing his pupils, you note that they dilate when exposed to bright light. This clinical finding is MOST suggestive of:

depressed brain function.

The layer of skin that lies below the germinal layer and contains nerves, sebaceous glands, and blood vessels is called the:

dermis.

The layer of the skin that plays a key role in the cooling of the body is the:

dermis.

During a motor vehicle collision involving multiple patients, the IC would MOST likely:

designate a safety officer, but retain other command functions.

When using the Cincinnati Stroke Scale to assess a 59-year-old female with a suspected stroke, you note a left-sided facial droop when you ask her to smile. You should:

determine if the patient has dysarthria or is unable to speak.

You and your partner are standing by at the scene of a structural fire when two firefighters carry a patient to you that they rescued from one of the rooms inside the house. The patient is not moving and has no obvious burns. You should:

determine if the patient's airway is patent and then assess ventilatory effort

When assessing an 82-year-old female who takes multiple medications, you should:

determine overall medication compliance

A 58-year-old man complains of chest pain and nausea. He is conscious and alert; his blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg, his pulse is 104 beats/min, and his respirations are 16 breaths/min. The patient tells you that he was recently discharged from the hospital and takes numerous medications for his heart and blood pressure. You should:

determine what medications he takes, and ask him if he has been compliant with them.

You are requested by law enforcement to assess a "drunken patient". When you arrive at the jail, you find the patient to be unresponsive with deep, rapid respirations. His skin is warm and dry and he is incontinent of urine. There is no evidence of trauma and the patient's medical history is not known. You should suspect:

diabetic ketoacidosis

The primary muscle(s) of respiration is/are the:

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Following an electrical burn, estimating the extent of the BSA involved is:

difficult because the degree and depth may be greater internally than externally.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass across the alveocapillary membrane through a process called:

diffusion

Compounds or charges concentrated on one side of a cell membrane will move across it to an area of lower concentration to maintain balance on both sides of the cell wall. This process is called:

diffusion.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass across the alveocapillary membrane through a process called:

diffusion.

In addition to supplemental oxygen, treatment for a conscious and alert patient who is experiencing a migraine headache includes:

dimming the lights in the back of the ambulance and transporting without lights and siren.

Bleeding from soft-tissue injuries to the face is MOST effectively controlled with:

direct pressure using dry, sterile dressings

Upon arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you find a single patient still seated in his car. There are no scene hazards. As you approach the vehicle, you note that the patient is semiconscious and has a large laceration to his forehead. You should:

direct your partner to apply manual in-line support of the patient's head.

Upon arriving at the scene of a motorcycle crash, you find the patient, a young male, lying supine approximately 10 feet from his bike. An emergency medical responder is manually stabilizing the patient's head. You note an obvious open injury to the patient's left lower leg with severe bleeding. Your MOST appropriate initial action should be to:

direct your partner to control the bleeding as you assess the patient's airway

A 49-year-old female was the victim of a sexual assault. Your assessment reveals that she is conscious and alert and is breathing adequately. There is no gross external bleeding and her vital signs are stable. You should:

discourage her from showering or douching.

A self-motivated AEMT should be able to:

discover problems and solve them without someone else's direction.

The means by which a terrorist will spread a particular agent is called:

dissemination.

Partial pressure is the term used to describe the amount of gas that is:

dissolved in fluid.

A 38-year-old male committed suicide by hanging himself. This mechanism of injury MOST likely resulted in:

distraction of the upper cervical spine.

You walk into an office and find a 38-year-old male in the tripod position. He is speaking in one-word sentences and appears very anxious. What information will be important to gather during your assessment? What should your first medical intervention be?

does he suffer from COPD or asthma and does he have an MDI non-rebreather mask at 15lpm

Cellular function deteriorates and death occurs when the pH:

drops below 6.9 or rises above 7.8.

Hemorrhagic stroke:

due to a rupture of a vessel in the brain that allows blood to leak and collect in or around the brain tissue.

A 22-year-old female complains of pain during sexual intercourse. This is referred to as:

dyspareunia.

The movement and utilization of oxygen in the body is dependent on all of the following, EXCEPT:

effective alveolar-capillary osmosis.

The percentage of blood pumped from the heart is called:

ejection fraction.

Breathing is often more labor intensive in older adults because the:

elasticity of the lungs decreases.

What type of joint connects the upper arm to the lower arm?

elbow - pivot-type synovial joint

Heat cramps are typically the result of prolonged exposure to a hot environment, resulting in:

electrolyte depletion and severe muscle spasms.

Substances that become charged particles when they disassociate in water are called:

electrolytes

After successfully completely a state-approved AEMT course, you are:

eligible to take your state's AEMT certification examination.

Being aware and thoughtful about the needs of your patient describes the attribute of:

empathy

You are dispatched to a residence for a 5-year-old child with fever. During your assessment, the child becomes irritable and starts crying. You should:

encourage a parent or caregiver to hold the child.

An airway that is not completely obstructed

encourage to cough, heimlich is only performed on complete obstructions

List the functions of the Endocrine System.

endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism (the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function

The purpose of the incident command system (ICS) is to:

ensure responder and public safety, achieve incident management goals, and ensure the effective use of resources.

After applying the AED to your cardiac-arrest patient, you receive a "shock advised" message. You should:

ensure that all contact with the patient has ceased.

Prior to administering IV dextrose to an unresponsive 43-year-old male with a blood glucose reading of 35 mg/dL, you should:

ensure that the IV line is patent and running effectively.

After performing the jaw-thrust maneuver on a semiconscious child with a traumatic injury, you should:

ensure that the airway is clear of obstructions

Upon arriving at the scene of a motor-vehicle crash involving a telephone pole, you note that the driver appears unconscious and is bleeding heavily from the mouth. There is a power line across the hood and roof of the car. You should:

ensure that the power line is not electrically active.

When responding to the scene of a patient who has possibly overdosed on a drug, your primary responsibility is to:

ensure that you are safe.

You and your partner arrive at the scene of a fire at a large office complex. Witnesses tell you that they heard a loud explosion shortly before the building caught fire. You should:

ensure that your ambulance is parked upwind and uphill from the building.

You are assessing the arm drift of an elderly male with a suspected stroke and note that both of his arms drift toward the ground. You should:

ensure the patient understood your instructions and repeat the test.

Treatment for a patient experiencing a cardiovascular emergency begins by:

ensuring airway patency and adequate breathing.

An umbilical catheter that is inserted too far may:

enter the portal venous system and injure the liver.

The visceral pericardium, which lies closely against the heart, is also called the:

epicardium.

A patient with closed head trauma would MOST likely deteriorate rapidly following a/an:

epidural hematoma

A 50-year-old male was stung two times by a yellow jacket. He has a history of coronary artery disease and thinks that he is allergic to yellow jackets. Your assessment reveals a fine rash to his trunk and arms. His breath sounds are clear and equal bilaterally, his vital signs are stable, and he denies shortness of breath. Treatment for this patient should include all of the following, EXCEPT:

epinephrine via auto-injector.

A fracture that occurs in the growth section of a child's bone, which may lead to bone growth abnormalities, is called a/an __________________ fracture.

epiphyseal

Small muscles within the dermis that pull the hair into an erect position when you are cold or frightened are called the:

erector pili.

As the first-arriving senior AEMT at the scene of an incident, you should perform a scene size-up and then:

establish command.

Upon entering the residence of an elderly patient who has fallen, you should ensure personal safety and then:

evaluate the patient's living environment

A 70-year-old female slipped on a throw rug, but grabbed an adjacent table before she fell to the ground. When assessing her, you should recall that:

even minor mechanisms of injury can result in fractures in the elderly

The concept of standard precautions assumes that:

every patient is potentially infected or can spread an organism that could be transmitted in the health care setting.

When treating a patient with a suspected myocardial contusion, it is especially important to monitor the patient for:

evidence of pulmonary edema.

Increasing the blood pressure with IV crystalloids in a patient with intraabdominal bleeding would MOST likely:

exacerbate the internal bleeding

An allergic reaction is MOST accurately defined as a(n):

exaggerated response of the body's immune system to a foreign stimulus.

When palpating the abdomen of a female in pain, you should:

examine the area farthest away from the pain first.

Internal respiration is defined as the:

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level.

The ability of cells to respond to electrical impulses is referred to as the property of:

excitability.

Kussmaul respirations indicate that the respiratory system is:

excreting ketones from the blood

When documenting your assessment of a patient with a headache, you should include pertinent negatives, which are:

expected signs or symptoms that are not present.

You receive a call for a 66-year-old female who was found unresponsive by her husband. Your primary assessment reveals that the patient is responsive to painful stimuli and has rapid, shallow respirations. Her blood pressure is 70/50 mm Hg and her pulse rate is 120 beats/min and irregular. The patient's husband tells you that she complained of chest pressure the previous day, but would not allow him to call EMS. This patient is:

experiencing cardiogenic shock and requires assisted ventilation, IV therapy, and rapid transport.

You respond to the scene of a 16-year-old pregnant woman with abdominal pain. Her friend called EMS because she was concerned. As you begin your assessment, the patient tells you that she feels better and does not want to go to the hospital. You should:

explain the consequences of refusal of care

You respond to the scene of a 16-year-old pregnant woman with abdominal pain. Her friend called EMS because she was concerned. As you begin your assessment, the patient tells you that she feels better and does not want to go to the hospital. You should:

explain the consequences of refusal of care.

A male patient is reporting crushing chest pain. Prior to informing an invasive procedure on him, you must:

explain the risks and benefits of the procedure to the patient.

You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who was sexually assaulted when a perpetrator broke into her home. She is conscious and alert and has multiple abrasions and bruises to her face and arms. As you begin to assess her, she tells you that she does not want to go to the hospital. You should:

explain the seriousness of the situation but allow her to refuse if she wishes.

Decerebrate posturing is characterized by:

extension of the arms and extension of the legs.

A patient with a displaced fracture of the proximal femur typically presents with:

external leg rotation, with the injured leg shorter than the opposite leg.

Signs and symptoms of an air embolus include all of the following, EXCEPT:

facial flushing

The primary reason for applying gentle longitudinal traction to a severely angulated tibia is to:

facilitate the placement of a standard splint

Insulin maintains homeostasis by:

facilitating cellular glucose uptake.

When errors associated with the AED occur, it is usually the result of:

failure to ensure the batteries are charged

The passageway for the downward movement of an ovum from the ovary, and for upward movement of sperm from the uterus, is called the:

fallopian tube

A person would MOST likely experience a compression injury of the lumbar spine when he or she:

falls and lands on his or her feet.

Victims of elder abuse often do not report the crime because they:

fear retribution and further abuse

In contrast to bronchitis, pneumonia typically presents with:

fever and chills

In contrast to bronchitis, pneumonia typically presents with:

fever and chills.

Signs and symptoms of infection with cytomegalovirus include:

fever, chills, fatigue, and an enlarged spleen

Typical chief complaints in patients with an infectious disease include:

fever, rash, nausea, and difficulty breathing.

The aorta divides into the two common iliac arteries at the level of the:

fifth lumbar vertebra.

The removal of particles from a solution by allowing the liquid portion to pass through a membrane or other partial barrier is called:

filtration

A potential complication of intraosseous infusion is compartment syndrome. This occurs when:

fluid leaks out of the bone and into the osteofascial compartment.

In cases of pulmonary edema, diffusion is impaired primarily because of:

fluid-filled alveoli.

When performing a secondary assessment on a responsive patient with nontraumatic abdominal pain and stable vital signs, you should:

focus on his or her chief complaint.

A 20-year-old male was shot multiple times during a drive-by shooting. You arrive at the scene, which has been secured by law enforcement, and approach the patient. He is semiconscious and is bleeding heavily from the chest. You should:

follow proper standard precautions

You are requesting an order to perform an invasive intervention on a critically ill patient from medical control when the radio system suddenly fails. You should:

follow standing orders.

When documenting a mass-casualty incident (MCI), you should:

follow your local MCI plan for documentation.

Postpartum

following childbirth or the birth of young.

The large opening at the base of the skull is called the:

foramen magnum.

Signs of a sudden severe upper airway obstruction include all of the following, EXCEPT:

forceful coughing.

Hemoglobin is

found within the red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen

You should not attempt to lift a patient who weighs more than 250 lb with fewer than _______ rescuers, regardless of individual strength.

four

Injuries or conditions that would be classified as first priority (red tag; immediate) include all of the following, EXCEPT:

fractures of multiple long bones.

The term used when individual units or different organizations make independent and often inefficient decisions regarding an incident is called:

freelancing.

General principles of splinting an injured extremity include:

frequently assessing gross neurovascular functions

More carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream when:

fresh oxygen diffuses into the alveoli.

Thrombotic stroke:

from a clot that forms in the cerebral artery

Embolic stroke:

from material carried to and lodging in the cerebral circulation from another area of the body

In a cold environment, most of a person's body heat is lost:

from the head and neck areas

Following blunt head trauma, a patient becomes combative and verbally abusive. This suggests injury to the:

frontal lobe

As the first arriving emergency responder at the scene of a suspected terrorist or WMD incident, you should request additional resources as needed and then:

function as the incident commander until additional personnel arrive.

The uppermost portion of the uterus is called the:

fundus.

When assessing an 80-year-old male with acute shortness of breath, it is MOST important to remember that:

gas exchange in the lungs and at the cellular level is decreased.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs by a process of diffusion, in which:

gas moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

The MOST significant risk associated with ventilating a patient too rapidly is:

gastric distention and regurgitation.

Complications associated with chest compressions include all of the following, EXCEPT:

gastric distention.

The original chemical name of a drug, which is not capitalized, and is suggested by the drug's first manufacturer is called the:

generic name.

Assessment of a patient's pelvis is appropriately performed by:

gently compressing it inward.

The __________ layer is located at the base of the epidermis, and continuously produces new cells that gradually rise to the surface.

germinal

Your assessment of a newborn reveals signs of hypovolemia. In addition to providing appropriate airway management, you should obtain vascular access and:

give 10 mL/kg of an isotonic crystalloid over 5 to 10 minutes.

You are assessing an 18-month-old female who, according to her mother, is "not acting right." The mother tells you that her daughter has been ill recently, but denies vomiting or diarrhea. The child is lethargic and her blood glucose level reads 65 mg/dL. After administering supplemental oxygen, you should:

give 2 to 4 mL/kg of 25% dextrose.

The transfer of patient care officially occurs when you:

give an oral report to a nurse or physician.

What is the difference between a Certification and a License?

given by a private organizer vs given by the state

The narrowest portion of the adult's trachea is the:

glottic opening

Internally, the lower airway extends from the:

glottis to the pulmonary capillary membrane

When you suction a patient's airway, the minimum personal protective equipment the AEMT should wear is:

gloves, eye protection, and a face shield.

List three pieces of personal protective equipment that should be worn by the EMT during delivery:

gloves, goggles, gown

When assisting with the delivery of a baby, the minimum standard precautions you should take include:

gloves, mask, gown, and eye protection

When assisting with the delivery of a baby, the minimum standard precautions you should take include:

gloves, mask, gown, and eye protection.

When a healthy person's blood glucose level drops, such as what occurs in between meals:

glucagon is secreted into the bloodstream

The primary fuels for cellular metabolism are:

glucose and oxygen

The primary fuels for cellular metabolism are:

glucose and oxygen.

The energy needed for muscular contraction is derived from the metabolism of ___________ and results in the production of:

glucose; lactic acid.

Excess glucose is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of:

glycogen

Glycogenolysis is the physiologic process in which:

glycogen is converted to glucose.

The cells convert glucose into energy through the Krebs cycle and:

glycolysis

The metabolic conversion of glucose into energy is called:

glycolysis

The cells convert glucose into energy through the Krebs cycle and:

glycolysis.

The metabolic conversion of glucose into energy is called:

glycolysis.

Blunt or penetrating trauma can be especially lethal in pregnant patients because the:

gravid uterus is highly vascular.

Bourdon Gauge Flow Meter not affected by...

gravity due to the Pin Index System

Common signs and symptoms of radiation sickness include:

hair loss and skin burns

Common signs and symptoms of radiation sickness include

hair loss and skin burns.

A frostbitten extremity is usually:

hard and waxy.

In most states, a person may be denied certification as an AEMT if he or she:

has been convicted of a felony.

A supervisor who has more than seven people reporting to him or her:

has exceeded an effective span of control and should divide tasks and delegate the supervision of some tasks to another person.

You have delivered your patient, a 14-year-old female with a possible femur fracture, to the emergency department. After radiographic evaluation, the physician tells you that the patient has a comminuted fracture. This means that the femur:

has fractured into more than two fragments.

When assessing a woman who has been sexually assaulted, it is important to:

have a female AEMT present if possible

The skin and underlying tissues of the face:

have a rich blood supply and bleed heavily.

In contrast to endocrine glands, exocrine glands:

have ducts that carry their secretions to the surface of the skin or inside a body cavity.

Patients with a significant abdominal injury:

have increased pain with movement.

When assisting a patient with his or her prescribed inhaler, it is important to:

have the patient exhale deeply prior to inhaling the medication.

During your assessment of a 19-year-old male, you are told that he is being treated with factor VIII. This indicates that:

he has hemophilia a.

A patient with acute chest discomfort took two of his prescribed nitroglycerin tablets and is now experiencing a pounding headache. However, he tells you that he is still experiencing chest discomfort. You should suspect that:

he is experiencing ongoing myocardial ischemia.

A 30-year-old male presents with respiratory distress that began within minutes of being exposed to an unknown chemical at an industrial site. When caring for this patient, it is MOST important to remember that:

he must be properly decontaminated first

You should NOT administer emergency care to a patient who inhaled a toxic substance until:

he or she has been properly decontaminated

You should NOT administer emergency care to a patient who inhaled a toxic substance until:

he or she has been properly decontaminated.

Rule of Nines (infants less than a year):

head and neck (18%), chest and abdomen (18%), entire back (18%), each upper extremity (9% each), each lower extremity (14%)

Perfusion depends on adequate cardiac output, which is calculated as:

heart rate times stroke volume.

Commotion cordis

heart stopping from blunt trauma to chest

The "perfusion triangle" consists of the:

heart, blood vessels, and blood

A 30-year-old female presents with signs of dehydration, generalized weakness, and cool, clammy skin. She is conscious and alert and has an oral temperature of 101.5°F. This clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

heat exhaustion.

Signs of a ruptured urinary bladder include all of the following, EXCEPT:

hematemesis

All of the following are common signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, EXCEPT:

hematuria.

An acute accelerated drop in the hemoglobin level, which is caused by red blood cells breaking down at a faster rate than normal, occurs during a(n) __________ crisis.

hemolytic

Perfusion occurs in the capillaries as a result of __________ hydrostatic pressures and __________ in the capillary beds.

high, osmosis

Severe injuries to the liver are life threatening because it is:

highly vascular and very fragile.

While assessing a patient with signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock, you notice angioedema of the face and neck. This is caused by:

histamine release that results in an increase in vascular permeability.

Following the primary assessment, the MOST appropriate order to proceed when treating a responsive medical patient is:

history of present illness, SAMPLE history, focused physical exam, baseline vital signs. CorrectCorrect

Prior to applying a tourniquet to a profusely bleeding injury, you should take standard precautions and then:

hold direct pressure over the bleeding site.

tension pneumothorax

hole in thoracic cavity die to trauma, air builds up in plural space, moves contents of mediastinum to other side

Behavior is MOST accurately defined as

how a person responds to his or her environment

When assessing the severity of nocturnal dyspnea in a patient with a chronic respiratory disease, you should determine:

how many pillows he or she sleeps with at night.

Genital warts are caused by infection with:

human papillomavirus

You are treating a 2-year-old boy who is experiencing respiratory distress. During your assessment, you note that the child has mild inspiratory stridor, a barking cough, and a low-grade fever. The child is otherwise conscious, is acting appropriate for his age, and has strong radial pulses. Treatment should include:

humidified oxygen.

Common signs of a chest injury include all of the following, EXCEPT:

hyperpnea.

Following a traumatic brain injury, a patient presents with Cushing's triad, which consists of:

hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations.

When assessing a 30-year-old female in her second trimester of pregnancy, the MOST important clinical sign of preeclampsia for the AEMT to recognize is:

hypertension.

The presence of _____________ often contributes to the signs and symptoms of acute alcohol intoxication.

hypoglycemia

When is hypoglycemia a real emergency?

hypoglycemia can lead to a seizure or unconsciousness

The lower portion of the pharynx that opens into the larynx anteriorly and the esophagus posteriorly is the:

hypopharynx.

The anterior pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to the:

hypothalamus' secretion of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).

A solution that results in water flowing into a cell, causing it to burst, is referred to as being:

hypotonic.

List and describe the three categories of shock:

hypovolemic shock: the result of a decrease in the volume of blood available for perfusion obstructive shock: usually caused by a mechanical obstruction or compression that prevents blood from reaching the heart distributive shock: caused by an abnormal distribution of blood in the vessels or throughout the body v a s o g e n i c o r n e u r o g e n i c s h o c k : u s u a l l y t h e r e s u l t o f a s p i n a l c o r d o r h e a d i n j u r y , which causes the nervous system to lose control over the vascular system anaphylactic shock: a result of the body's abnormal reaction to a foreign protein from a source such as a bee sting, food, or certain medications septic shock: result of toxins produced by a severe infection cardiogenic shock: a result of inadequate pumping of the heart Stages of shock:

An adverse condition induced in a patient as a result of the treatment given is called a/an:

iatrogenic response

When performing the primary assessment of a patient, your goal is to:

identify and treat immediate life-threatening injuries or conditions.

When caring for a patient with a behavioral crisis, you should ensure your own safety and then:

identify any life-threatening conditions

The two goals to achieve when assessing a patient with a behavioral emergency are to:

identify life-threats and reduce the stress of the situation

When assessing a patient with multiple gunshot wounds, you should:

identify the number and location of all wounds.

Roles and responsibilities of the AEMT include:

identifying patients who are critically ill or injured.

Insertion of an intraosseous (IO) catheter is contraindicated:

if peripheral venous access is available

Gastric distention will MOST likely occur:

if you ventilate a patient too fast.

Commotio cordis is a condition in which:

immediate cardiac arrest occurs when the chest is impacted during the heart's repolarization period.

A 58-year-old woman fell and landed face-first on a concrete sidewalk. She is conscious, but confused. Her skin is pale, cool, and clammy; her radial pulses are weak and rapid; and her blood pressure is 72/54 mm Hg. Further assessment reveals crepitus to her left cheekbone. After administering high-flow oxygen, you should:

immobilize her entire spine, establish at least one large-bore IV line, and give a 20-mL/kg crystalloid bolus.

A 39-year-old female struck a tree while traveling approximately 40 mph. When you arrive at the scene, the patient is out of her vehicle and walking around. You should:

immobilize her in a standing position to a long backboard.

In the process of applying a splint on a 21-year-old female with an apparent dislocated patella, the patella spontaneously returns to its normal position. You should:

immobilize her knee with a long board splint

A young male has experienced a possible neck injury. When you attempt to place his head in a neutral in-line position, he complains of a severe spasm in his neck. You should:

immobilize him in the position in which you found him

A 55-year-old male fell from the roof of his house and sustained a closed, displaced femur fracture. He is restless, diaphoretic, and tachycardic. After appropriately managing his ABCs and performing a rapid head-to-toe assessment, you should:

immobilize him on a long backboard, transport, and start a large-bore IV en route.

Chest compressions will NOT be effective if the patient is:

in a bed.

A patient is placed in a Fowler's position. In this position, the body is:

in a semireclining position.

In most states, a minor can be treated as an adult for the purpose of consenting to emergency care and transport if he or she is:

in the armed forces

In most states, a minor can be treated as an adult for the purpose of consenting to emergency care and transport if he or she is:

in the armed forces.

Proximal humeral fractures MOST commonly occur:

in the elderly population

Descent of the fetal head to the pelvic inlet (lightening) occurs:

in the third trimester of pregnancy.

dysphagia

inability to swallow

Hyperthermia occurs when:

inadequate thermolysis causes reduced heat loss.

Physical changes that typically occur in early adults include an:

increase in fatty tissue, which leads to weight gain.

Stimulation of beta1 receptors causes a positive inotropic effect, resulting in:

increased cardiac contractility.

Stimulation of beta receptors of the sympathetic nervous system results in:

increased myocardial contractility.

The alpha1 effects of norepinephrine result in:

increased peripheral vascular resistance.

Compartment syndrome is caused by:

increased pressure in the fascial compartment

In contrast to typical wheeled ambulance stretchers, features of a bariatric stretcher include:

increased stability due to a wider wheelbase.

Factors that contribute to a decline in the vital capacity of an elderly patient include all of the following, EXCEPT:

increased surface area available for air exchange.

All of the following can lead to shock (hypoperfusion), EXCEPT:

increased venous return to the right atrium.

A medication that possesses a positive chronotropic effect is one that:

increases heart rate.

In late adults, the amount of air left in the lungs after expiration of the maximum amount of air:

increases, which hampers diffusion of gases because of stagnant air that remains in the alveoli.

Patients with a hemorrhagic stroke typically experience a rapidly declining level of consciousness because of:

increasing intracranial pressure.

When administering IV fluids to a patient with suspected intrathoracic bleeding, it is important to remember that:

increasing the BP with fluids may increase the bleeding.

Asystole

indicates no electrical activity in the heart

PEA

indicates some residual electrical activity within the heart, but not enough for a pulse

Gravida

indicates the number of times the woman has been pregnant, regardless of whether these pregnancies were carried to term.

The primary physiologic abnormality that causes diabetes is:

ineffective action of insulin.

When considering spinal immobilization of an infant who fell, it is important for the AEMT to remember that:

infants and small children often land head first because their head accounts for 25% of their body weight.

The three basic pathways by which radiation enters the body are:

inhalation, ingestion, and direct exposure.

In addition to epinephrine, other medications that can be administered to patients with an allergic reaction include:

inhaled bronchodilators.

If you suspect that your patient has ingested a poisonous substance, you should:

initiate emergency care and notify medical control.

Reconstituting a drug, such as glucagon, involves:

injecting liquid from one vial into another vial that already contains powder.

A 50-year-old male has fallen from a significant height. He is conscious and alert, but is unable to feel or move both of his lower extremities. This is MOST likely the result of:

injury to the spinal cord.

The integumentary system provides what kind of immunity?

innate

A 16-year-old female complains of vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping that began several hours ago. During your assessment interview, you should:

inquire about the possibility of pregnancy in private, if possible.

Actions taken after administering a medication to a patient include all of the following, EXCEPT:

inquiring about drug allergies

You are assessing a 32-year-old female who was stung by a scorpion. She is unresponsive and has stridorous, severely labored respirations. Your partner, who is assisting the patient's ventilations with a bag-mask device, tells you that he is meeting significant resistance with each ventilation. You should:

insert an advanced airway device to protect her airway.

A 55-year-old male ingested a large quantity of bourbon whiskey. He is deeply unconscious and has slow, shallow breathing. His "drinking buddy" tells you that the patient frequently abuses alcohol. You should:

insert an oral airway, assist his ventilations, assess his blood glucose level, transport, and start an IV line en route

The two processes that occur during respiration are:

inspiration and expiration

The two processes that occur during respiration are:

inspiration and expiration.

When administering nitroglycerin via the sublingual route, you should:

instruct the patient not to chew or swallow the medication.

You are treating a 40-year-old male with a documented blood sugar reading of 300 mg/dL. The patient is semiconscious and breathing shallowly, and is receiving assisted ventilation from your partner. You should recognize that definitive treatment for this patient includes:

insulin.

The AEMT must be especially cautious when administering IV fluids to patients with:

internal hemorrhage.

When assessing a patient with a small-caliber gunshot wound, it is important to remember that:

internal injury severity is often unrelated to the entrance and exit wounds.

Fractures of the proximal femur MOST commonly occur at the:

intertrochanteric region of the femur

Your patient is a 29-year-old male who presents with signs and symptoms of shock. However, your assessment reveals no obvious external signs of injury. You should suspect:

intraabdominal bleeding.

The majority of the body's potassium is found within the:

intracellular fluid.

The majority of the body's total body water is contained within the:

intracellular space.

When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract:

intrapulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric pressure.

An anion is an:

ion with an overall negative charge.

The "rule of palms" for estimating the extent of the body surface area (BSA) burned is especially useful with:

irregularly-shaped burns.

A factory worker was splashed in the eyes with a strong acid chemical. He complains of intense pain and blurred vision. If you do not have sterile saline or water, you should:

irrigate both eyes continuously for 20 minutes with plain water

In contrast to an epidemic, a pandemic:

is a disease outbreak that occurs on a global scale.

Type 1 diabetes:

is a metabolic condition in which no insulin is produced by the body.

A bruit differs from a murmur in that a bruit:

is auscultated over a main blood vessel.

The AEMT should wear double gloves when caring for a patient who:

is bleeding heavily from a large artery laceration.

A patient with a possible stroke is a potential candidate for fibrinolytic therapy unless he or she:

is experiencing an intracranial hemorrhage

A patient experiencing status epilepticus:

is having a prolonged generalized motor seizure.

Tidal volume is defined as the volume of air that:

is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath.

When properly placed, the distal tip of the Cobra perilaryngeal airway (CobraPLA):

is proximal to the esophagus and seals the hypopharynx.

Gangrene and subsequent amputation of a frostbitten extremity will MOST likely occur if it:

is rewarmed and then refreezes

Lethal cardiac dysrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, may occur in the hypothermic patient if he or she:

is rewarmed too quickly.

The cricoid cartilage:

is the only complete circular cartilage of the trachea.

A patient should be placed in the recovery position when he or she:

is unconscious, uninjured, and breathing adequately.

You should attempt to remove an imbedded stinger from a patient who was stung by a bee because:

it can inject venom for up to 20 minutes after the initial sting.

Compared to a 16-gauge catheter, a 22-gauge catheter would be more appropriate for an elderly patient because:

it reduces the risk of fluid extravasation.

Which of the following maneuvers should be used to open a patient's airway when a spinal injury is suspected?

jaw-thrust

Which of the following maneuvers should be used to open a patient's airway when a spinal injury is suspected?

jaw-thrust CorrectCorrect

The two major veins that drain the head and neck of blood are the:

jugular veins.

The superficial temporal artery can be palpated:

just anterior to the tragus

When carrying a patient on a backboard up or down stairs:

keep the head end elevated

During a breech delivery, the baby's legs and trunk deliver; however, the head does not deliver spontaneously. You should:

keep the infant's mouth and nose away from the vaginal wall.

To minimize the risk of injuring yourself when lifting or moving a patient, you should:

keep the weight as close to your body as possible.

The FIRST rule of safe lifting is to:

keep your back in a straight, vertical position

In addition to splinting the injured extremity, appropriate management for a patient with suspected compartment syndrome includes:

keeping the limb at the level of the heart, transporting, and frequently assessing distal pulses.

The _____________ is a retroperitoneal abdominal organ

kidney

When a patient's blood glucose level increases significantly, the:

kidneys excrete excess glucose via water.

Approximately 80% of all injuries to the genitourinary system involve the:

kidneys.

When using a body drag to pull a patient who is on the ground, you should:

kneel to minimize the distance that you will have to lean over.

The conjunctiva are kept moist by fluid produced by the:

lacrimal glands.

Physical signs that indicate an emotionally disturbed patient may become violent include all of the following, EXCEPT:

large physical stature.

Following direct trauma to the upper part of the anterior neck, a young male presents with labored breathing, loss of voice, and subcutaneous emphysema in the soft tissues around his neck. You should suspect a/an:

laryngeal fracture.

You are assisting a 25-year-old male with his epinephrine auto-injector after he was stung multiple times by fire ants. The medication should be injected in the:

lateral thigh, midway between the waist and knee.

A 29-year-old male has an anterior nosebleed after he was accidentally elbowed in the nose. His is conscious and alert with adequate breathing. The MOST appropriate care for this patient includes:

leaning him forward and pinching his nostrils together.

While treating a critically injured 23-year-old male with a gunshot wound to the chest, the perpetrator who shot the patient returns to the scene. You should:

leave the scene immediately and request help.

Treatment for anaphylactic shock secondary to an insect sting may include all of the following, EXCEPT:

leaving the stinger in place.

The left main coronary artery rapidly divides into the:

left anterior descending and circumflex arteries

The left main coronary artery rapidly divides into the:

left anterior descending and circumflex arteries.

In most people, speech is controlled by the:

left hemisphere.

The proper technique for using the power grip is to:

lift with your palms up.

When caring for a patient with an altered mental status and signs of circulatory compromise, you should:

limit your time at the scene before transport to 10 minutes or less, if possible.

The mediastinum encompasses all of the structures within the thoracic cavity, EXCEPT for the:

lungs.

The Narcotic Control Act of 1956:

made the possession of heroin illegal and outlawed the acquisition and transportation of marijuana.

Following administration of an amiodarone bolus, your paramedic partner begins a continuous infusion. This is necessary in order to:

maintain a therapeutic blood level of the drug.

The goal of IV fluid replacement for the patient in shock is to:

maintain adequate perfusion.

In addition to improving systemic perfusion following an electrical burn injury, you should administer IV crystalloid fluid boluses in order to:

maintain adequate urine output

A critical aspect of the rapid extrication technique is to:

maintain stabilization of the spine at all times.

Effectively performed CPR is a crucial treatment for a patient in cardiac arrest because it:

maintains myocardial and cerebral perfusion.

A 19-year-old male who was struck by lightning. He is unresponsive and apneic, but has a pulse. He also has widespread superficial burns. You should:

manually stabilize his head, ventilate him with a bag-mask device, and establish at least one-large bore IV.

You and your partner are applying a Hare traction splint to a patient with a deformed midshaft femur. As you expose the injured femur and assess neurovascular functions, your partner should:

manually support and stabilize the injured leg

The upper section of the sternum is called the:

manubrium.

At the scene of an automobile crash, a utility pole has been broken, and power lines are lying across the car. The driver of the car is responsive, but reporting neck pain. You should:

mark off a danger zone around the car and downed lines.

When performing a rapid trauma assessment (rapid body scan), you will usually assess all of the following, EXCEPT the:

mastoid process.

The upper jawbones are called the:

maxillae.

Allergic reactions to oral medications:

may cause a severe reaction within 30 to 60 minutes of ingestion.

When providing positive-pressure ventilations to a newborn, additional fluids may need to be cleared from the alveoli; therefore, you:

may need to occlude the pop-off valve on the bag-mask device.

Following blunt and penetrating chest trauma, your patient presents with signs of shock and jugular venous distention. These clinical findings indicate:

mechanical obstruction of the heart that is impairing pump function

Following blunt and penetrating chest trauma, your patient presents with signs of shock and jugular venous distention. These clinical findings indicate:

mechanical obstruction of the heart that is impairing pump function.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) involves:

mechanically clearing a coronary artery.

The function of a drug or the particular action of a drug on an organism is called:

mechanism of action.

Approximately two-thirds of the myocardium lies within the:

mediastinum

Approximately two-thirds of the myocardium lies within the:

mediastinum.

The term applied to the practice of preventing contamination of the patient when performing an invasive procedure is called:

medical asepsis.

Elderly patients who become isolated from outside social events are susceptible to all of the following, EXCEPT:

medication compliance.

List the major medical items that you will check on your ambulance each shift before you leave the station/garage:

medications, OB kit, IV supplies, advanced airway equipment, BLS trauma supplies, O2 and suction, defibrillator

You are dispatched for an elderly male with dyspnea. When you arrive, you find the patient sitting in a chair. He is semiconscious and unable to effectively communicate with you. As you perform a primary assessment, your partner applies 100% oxygen and a pulse oximeter, which reads 85%. The MOST reliable indicator of cerebral hypoxia in this patient is his:

mental status alteration.

A certified AEMT is a prehospital care provider who has:

met certain predetermined standards to ensure safe and ethical practice.

During an attempted resuscitation from cardiac arrest, the patient inadvertently receives too much sodium bicarbonate. This would result in:

metabolic alkalosis

The thyroid gland is responsible for the:

metabolic rate.

When assessing a patient with a mandibular fracture, you would MOST likely encounter:

misalignment of the teeth.

Vaginal bleeding during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy is MOST commonly caused by a/an:

miscarriage.

Damage to the ___________ valve may cause blood to regurgitate into the lungs.

mitral

You receive a call to a residence for a "sick child." Upon arrival, the mother states that her child, a 3-year-old male, has been experiencing vomiting and diarrhea for the past 24 hours. Your assessment reveals that the child is conscious, but has a decreased level of activity. His pulse rate is 150 beats/min, capillary refill time is less than 2 seconds, and his mucous membranes are dry. This clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

moderate dehydration.

When assessing a patient with blunt abdominal trauma, the severity of internal bleeding is BEST determined by:

monitoring for signs of shock.

The FIRST step in the START triage system is to:

move all walking patients to a designated area.

You are dispatched to the residence of an 80-year-old female with a possible heat-related emergency. Your assessment reveals that she is semiconscious, has hot and dry skin, and signs of severe dehydration. You should:

move her to a cooler environment

You are dispatched to a ski resort for a 21-year-old female with a local cold injury to her hand. Upon making contact with the patient, your MOST immediate action should be to:

move her to a warmer environment

After ensuring you and your partner's safety, the next step in caring for a patient with any burn is to:

move the patient to a place of safety.

Osmosis is defined as the:

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

Asthma patients have

mucosal edema in bronchioles

The secondary stage of syphilis is characterized by:

mucous membrane lesions and a rash.

The mouth, nose, and other body orifices are lined with ___________________, which secrete a watery substance and provide a protective barrier against harmful agents.

mucus membranes

The clonic phase of a generalized motor seizure is characterized by

muscle contraction and relaxation occurring in rapid succession

The clonic phase of a generalized motor seizure is characterized by:

muscle contraction and relaxation occurring in rapid succession.

Patients with a tension pneumothorax experience a decreased cardiac output and shock secondary to:

myocardial compression and decreased preload

A 71-year-old male presents with sudden diaphoresis, malaise, and near-syncope. You should be MOST suspicious for:

myocardial infarction.

The middle muscular layer of the heart is called the:

myocardium

The middle, muscular layer of the heart is called the:

myocardium.

The thick, muscular layer of the uterus is called the:

myometrium

Pertinent information that is transmitted over the radio to the receiving hospital includes all of the following, EXCEPT the:

name and address of the patient.

peripheral vascular disease

narrowing of the blood vessels that carry blood to the extremities

Signs and symptoms that are MOST commonly associated with an acute abdomen include:

nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain

Signs and symptoms that are MOST commonly associated with an acute abdomen include:

nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Continuous quality improvement (CQI) involves all of the following components, EXCEPT:

negative feedback to those who make mistakes while on a call.

It is especially important to assess pulse, sensation, and movement in all extremities as well as pupillary reactions in patients with a suspected ___________ problem.

neurologic

An embryo is referred to as a fetus beyond the ______ week of gestation

ninth

An embryo is referred to as a fetus beyond the ______ week of gestation.

ninth

Which heart rhythms will an AED shock?

no beat irregular beat Ventricular Fibrilation (VF) 50% of all calls 2. Ventricular Tachycartia (V-Tach) 10% of all calls

If a patient is bradycardic, does that always mean they are having a cardiac emergency? Why?

no, bradycardia is less than 60 beats per minute and some healthy, young adults have a heart beat this slow.

Speaking to a patient at their eye level, maintaining eye contact, and having a professional appearance are all components of good what?

non-verbal skills

Basic life support (BLS) is defined as:

noninvasive emergency care that is used to treat conditions such as airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest.

The preferred device to use when administering supplemental oxygen in the prehospital setting is the:

nonrebreathing mask

Epistaxis

nose bleed

While assessing a 32-year-old male with an acute behavioral crisis, he asks to go to into the kitchen to get something to eat. You should:

not allow him to leave the area without a police escort.

M Cylinder Oxygen Tank

not portable/ mounted in ambulance 3000L

Major events that typically occur during the first trimester of pregnancy include all of the following, EXCEPT:

notable movement of the fetus by the mother.

A 5-year-old female presents with an altered mental status. Her mother states that her daughter did not eat lunch and has been playing outside all day. After ensuring a patent airway and administering oxygen, you should:

obtain a blood glucose reading.

After applying supplemental oxygen to a patient with blunt abdominal trauma, you should:

obtain a set of baseline vital signs

A 12-year-old female complains of nausea and abdominal pain. When assessing and treating her, you should:

obtain as much of the medical history from her as possible.

Agonal respirations can be described as:

occasional gasping breaths.

When positioning and managing the airway of a small child, it is important to remember that the child's:

occipital skull is proportionately larger and rounder than an adult's.

During your assessment of a 29-year-old female with a severe head injury, you note that her left pupil is dilated and unreactive to light. This suggests pressure on the:

oculomotor nerve

Perinatal

of or relating to the time, usually a number of weeks, immediately before and after birth.

Unlike a mass-casualty incident, a natural disaster:

often requires personnel to remain on scene for several days.

When treating a diver who complains of severe pain to his joints and abdomen after returning to the surface of the water, you should manage his airway accordingly and position him:

on his left side with his head down

In contrast to paradoxical chest motion, asymmetrical chest movement occurs when:

one side of the chest fails to move normally during inspiration

You are dispatched to a football game, where a spectator fell approximately 20 from the stands. As you approach the patient, you can see that he has obvious bilateral femur fractures and is not moving. Your initial action should be to:

open his airway and assess his breathing.

How does epinephrine work in the body?

opening the airways to reduce breathing difficulties and narrowing the blood vessels to combat low blood pressure and to ease the faint feelings.

At a very large incident, the __________ section is responsible for managing the tactical operations usually handled by the IC on routine EMS calls.

operations

Acute Renal Failure

organ failure

Alzheimer disease is an example of a/an:

organic psychiatric disorder

The movement of a solvent from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration is called:

osmosis

Which of the following instrument can be used to visually assess the ear drum?

otoscope

The ____________ is a solid organ.

ovary

The greatest danger in displaying a personal bias or "labeling" a patient who frequently calls EMS is:

overlooking a potentially serious medical condition.

A 33-year-old male complains of generalized weakness and chest discomfort that began following his morning workout at the gym. He is conscious and alert, but restless. Your assessment reveals a BP of 130/64 mm Hg, pulse of 78 beats/min and occasionally irregular, respirations of 16 breaths/min and unlabored, and an SpO2 of 98% on room air. He has prescribed nitroglycerin tablets and states that he took one without relief. Appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

oxygen via nasal cannula, up to 324 mg aspirin, saline lock, additional nitroglycerin per medical control, and transport.

The measurement of the level of a solution's acidity is called:

pH.

A 44-year-old male sustained a laceration to his left ear during a minor car accident. Your assessment reveals minimal bleeding. Appropriate care for this injury includes:

padding between the ear and the scalp.

Referred Pain

pain felt in a part of the body other than its actual source.

Braxton hicks contractions

painless, short and irregular contractions that occur at about the 13th wk of pregnancy, it is false labor

Which organ is responsible for the secretion of insulin?

pancreas

When a section of the ribs has been fractured, the injured section falls during inspiration and bulges during expiration. This is called:

paradoxical chest movement.

During your assessment of a patient, you note that he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and salivating. These clinical findings suggest:

parasympathetic nervous system stimulation

All of the following are facial bones, EXCEPT the:

parietal

Disease or inflammation of organs that lie behind or beneath the abdominal cavity can cause signs of peritonitis because the:

parietal peritoneum is richly supplied with very sensitive nerves.

The layer of tissue that lines the inside of the chest cavity is called the:

parietal pleura.

syncope

passing out or fainting

Which of the following is NOT a sufficient reason for an "emergency move" of a patient where you do not take full c-spine precautions?

patient doesn't have a suspected c-spine injury Even if a patient does not have a suspected c-spine injury, a quick movement is not necessary unless other important factors are present. This question is tricky, with strange wording, so be sure to read the question completely before answering.

The focused assessment of a patient is based primarily on the:

patient's chief complaint.

The type and severity of wounds sustained from incendiary and explosive devices primarily depend on the:

patient's distance from the epicenter of the explosion.

What are the indications of a MDI?

patients with known COPD or asthma with acute exacerbations. patients without known respiratory disease who exhibit expiratory wheezing. must be prescribed

A 33-year-old female complains of acute intense pain in both lower abdominal quadrants. She is conscious and alert, tachycardic, and has a fever of 102.5ºF. You should suspect:

pelvic inflammatory disease.

With regard to the heart, ejection fraction is defined as the:

percentage of blood ejected from the heart.

You are treating a responsive 50-year-old man with a severe airway obstruction when he becomes unresponsive. After properly positioning the patient, you should:

perform 30 chest compressions.

You and your partner arrive at the side of a 60-year-old woman who suddenly collapsed about 7 minutes ago. She is unresponsive, apneic, and pulseless. You should:

perform CPR for about 2 minutes and then apply the AED.

You respond to a call for a 39-year-old female with an altered mental status. Your primary assessment reveals that she is conscious but confused, has a heart rate of 88 beats/min, and has respirations of 22 breaths/min with adequate tidal volume. After administering supplemental oxygen, you should:

perform a focused history and physical exam.

Determining the mechanism of injury will contribute to your decision of whether you should:

perform a rapid assessment or focused exam.

You are dispatched to an apartment complex, where a tenant was found unconscious by the landlord. There is no evidence of trauma. After completing the primary assessment and addressing immediate life-threats, you should:

perform a rapid body scan.

A small truck slid off the road and struck a utility pole. The driver, a 40-year-old male, has only minor abrasions from the airbag. His 38-year-old wife was killed in the crash. After performing a primary assessment of the driver, you should:

perform a rapid trauma assessment.

You are NOT covered under the Good Samaritan law if you:

perform an act beyond your scope of care.

After administering 30 seconds of free-flow oxygen to a newborn with central cyanosis, you note that the cyanosis is not improving. You should:

perform positive-pressure ventilation with 100% oxygen.

The _____________ anchors the heart within the thoracic cavity and prevents cardiac overdistention.

pericardium

The thick fibrous sac that surrounds the heart is called the:

pericardium

The presence of gastric juices and bacteria in the abdominal cavity causes an intense inflammatory reaction called:

peritonitis.

Nerve agents, a class of chemicals called organophosphates, were first discovered while in search of a superior:

pesticide

The study of the properties and effects of medications on the body is called:

pharmacology.

When multiple patients present with an acute onset of difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and hoarseness or stridor, you should be MOST suspicious of exposure to:

phosgene or chlorine

Ventilation is defined as the:

physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs.

During early infancy, infants respond mainly to:

physical stimuli such as hunger.

With regard to substance abuse, tolerance is defined as a:

physiologic adaptation to the effects of a drug such that increasingly larger doses

After inserting the needle into the injection port of an IV line, but before administering the medication, you should:

pinch off the tubing proximal to the injection port.

Calcitonin is secreted by the:

pituitary gland.

The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are key hormones in the development of a mature egg. On a monthly basis, FSH and LH are released by the:

pituitary gland.

To obtain a sniffing position in a child under 3 years of age, you should:

place a folded sheet or towel under the child's occiput

Shortly after administering a second nitroglycerin dose to a 44-year-old male with chest pain, he becomes lightheaded. You take his blood pressure and is reads 80/50 mm Hg. You have already established IV access and are administering oxygen. You should:

place him supine and elevate his legs.

When asking a patient to supinate his or her hand, you would expect him or her to:

place the hand palm up.

During your visual inspection of a 30-year-old female in labor, you see the infant's leg protruding from the vagina. In addition to administering high-flow oxygen to the mother and transporting immediately, you should:

place the mother supine with her head down and hips elevated

When assessing a patient with acute atraumatic abdominal pain, you should:

place the patient supine with his or her knees flexed

When assessing a patient with acute atraumatic abdominal pain, you should

place the patient supine with his or her knees flexed.

You are dispatched to a residence for a 33-year-old pregnant female with vaginal bleeding. The patient's husband tells you that she is 37 weeks' pregnant and has not had any problems with this pregnancy. Your assessment reveals the presence of bright red vaginal bleeding and mild abdominal cramping. The patient is conscious and alert with a blood pressure of 94/64 mm Hg and a pulse rate of 110 beats/min. You should be MOST suspicious for a:

placenta previa.

Which of the following are noticeable characteristics of a 9-month-old infant?

places objects in the mouth, pulls himself or herself up

A 32-year-old female complains of acute lower abdominal pain that began approximately 1 week after her menstrual period ended. Her blood pressure is 116/66 mm Hg, heart rate is 96 beats/min, and respirations are 14 breaths/min with adequate depth. Further assessment reveals that she is running a fever of 101.6°F. Treatment for this patient should include:

placing her in a position of comfort, starting an IV line at a KVO rate, and transporting to an appropriate hospital.

An 80-year-old male tripped and fell and complains of pain to his left hip. Your assessment reveals that his knee is flexed and his left leg is shortened and medially rotated. Distal neurovascular functions are grossly intact. You should immobilize this patient's injury by:

placing him on a scoop stretcher and padding the injury with pillows.

You are dispatched to an office complex for a middle-aged male with acute abdominal pain. Your assessment reveals that he is conscious, restless, and in severe pain. His airway is patent, his breathing is adequate, and his vital signs are stable. Treatment for this patient should include all of the following, EXCEPT:

placing him supine and elevating his legs

The development of an incident action plan is the responsibility of the:

planning section.

All of the following are formed components of the blood, EXCEPT:

plasma

When collecting potential evidence at the scene of a sexual assault, you should place any items in paper bags, because:

plastic bags may develop condensation and could destroy the evidence.

When injury occurs to tissues in the healthy human body:

platelets aggregate at the site of the injury.

Typical signs and symptoms of pneumonia include:

pleuritic chest pain, fever, and rhonchi.

A young male with sickle cell disease presents with chest pain, fever, and a cough. His vital signs are stable, although he is experiencing mild respiratory distress. You should suspect:

pneumonia

A 5-year-old male with a history of recent bronchitis presents with fever, weakness, and difficulty breathing. Your assessment reveals diminished breath sounds in the left lower lobe of the lung and localized rhonchi. You should suspect:

pneumonia.

When assessing a 40-year-old female with an injury to her left wrist, you should recall that the MOST reliable indicator of an underlying fracture is:

point tenderness

Excessive eating caused by cellular "hunger" is called:

polyphagia

The pneumotaxic center is located in the __________, and functions by:

pons; inhibiting the dorsal respiratory group and increases the speed and depth of breathing.

D Cylinder Oxygen Tank

portable/ delivery to pt 350L

A teratogenic drug is one that:

poses a risk to a developing fetus.

When managing a semiconscious patient with adequate breathing, you should administer oxygen and:

position the patient on his or her side and have suction ready.

During a track and field event, a 25-year-old female sustained an injury to her left arm. She complains of severe pain and an inability to extend her elbow. Upon inspection, you note that the olecranon process is more prominent than it is on the uninjured arm. These findings are MOST characteristic of:

posterior radius/ulna displacement

You are dispatched to a local convenience store for a 30-year-old male who is actively seizing. Upon your arrival, the patient is confused and combative. This is indicative of the ___________ phase.

postictal

how to describe a epileptic patient in postictal state

postictal epileptic

What are the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia/eclampsia?

preeclampsia: Rapid weight gain caused by a significant increase in bodily fluid. Abdominal pain. Severe headaches. Change in reflexes. Reduced urine or no urine output. Dizziness. Excessive vomiting and nausea. Vision changes. eclampsia: seizures loss of consciousness agitation headaches or muscle pain

A glass drug cartridge and syringe are components of a/an:

prefilled syringe.

A 66-year-old female is in cardiac arrest and requires advanced airway management. Prior to inserting a Combitube, you should take standard precautions and then:

preoxygenate the patient with a bag-mask device and 100% oxygen.

When managing an adult patient with an inhalation injury, inspiratory stridor, and an altered mental status, you should:

prepare for early definitive airway management

You have just completed your primary assessment of a 48-year-old man with crushing chest pain. The patient has been given 324 mg of aspirin and is receiving high-flow oxygen via nonrebreathing mask. As you begin your secondary assessment, you note that his mental status has deteriorated and he is now bradycardic. You should:

prepare the patient for immediate transport.

Afterload is defined as the:

pressure against which the left ventricle must pump.

A young female has a closed, unstable deformity to her left femur. In this situation, the primary reason for applying a splint is to:

prevent conversion to an open fracture

During an explosion, a metal worker sustained a large laceration to the left side of his neck by flying debris. He is conscious, but restless; the wound is moderately bleeding. Appropriate care for this patient's injury includes:

preventing air from entering the wound and applying a pressure dressing.

The semilunar valves of the heart function by:

preventing backflow of blood into the ventricles.

Pathologic fractures are typically caused by all of the following, EXCEPT:

previous fractures

Pulmonary hemorrhage and inner ear damage are examples of __________ blast injuries.

primary

In addition to providing the framework for the human body, bones also:

produce blood cells in the marrow

Two of the meningeal layers that protect the central nervous system are the arachnoid and pia mater which:

produce cerebrospinal fluid

Natural immunity occurs when a person's body:

produces antibodies after being exposed to and experiencing all the symptoms of a disease.

Functions of the ovaries include:

production of oocytes, estrogen, and progesterone

A patient with a core body temperature of 85°F would be expected to present with:

profoundly slow respirations

Hypertension

progressively increasing systolic blood pressure, leading to widening pulse pressure

Factors that increase the risk for developing MRSA include:

prolonged hospitalization, especially in an intensive care unit.

A middle-aged male presents with classic signs and symptoms of a dissecting aortic aneurysm. The MOST important intervention that you can perform for this patient is:

prompt transport

Your general impression of a 50-year-old man with acute abdominal pain reveals that he is confused and has pale, diaphoretic skin. After correcting any problems with airway, breathing, and circulation, your main focus should be on:

prompt transport to the hospital.

As an AEMT, you may have to function as an advocate for your patient. This involves:

protecting the best interests of the patient.

You and your partner are the first to arrive at a potential crime scene involving a critically injured patient. The scene is safe. Your FIRST priority is to:

provide emergency care to the patient.

The Good Samaritan law is designed to afford legal protection for providers who:

provide good faith care while not on duty.

You and your team attempted to resuscitate a young male who hung himself in his garage. Despite your best efforts, the patient did not survive. When the medical examiner arrives at the scene, you should:

provide information to the medical examiner, such as the position in which the patient was found upon your arrival.

A 45-year-old female with type 1 diabetes presents with an altered mental status. Her skin is pale and moist, and her respirations are rapid and shallow. You should:

provide ventilatory assistance with 100% oxygen.

All of the following are roles and responsibilities of the AEMT, EXCEPT:

providing definitive care for the patient's condition

All of the following are roles and responsibilities of the AEMT, EXCEPT:

providing definitive care for the patient's condition.

Relative to the wrist, the elbow is:

proximal

A direct relationship between a patient's injury and the AEMT's actions or inactions is called:

proximate cause.

An individual who poses a threat to the safety of his or her family, friends, or the AEMT is experiencing a/an:

psychiatric emergency.

Patients with thrombophilia are at an increased risk for:

pulmonary embolism.

The ductus arteriosus constricts in response to:

pulmonary vessel dilation and an increase in blood oxygen levels.

Within the first 30 minutes after birth, a neonate's:

pulse rate decreases to approximately 120 beats/min.

In most instances, you should move a patient on a wheeled ambulance stretcher by:

pushing the head of the stretcher while your partner guides the foot.

Pain to palpation of the costovertebral angle is MOST suggestive of:

pyelonephritis.

The MOST reliable indicator that suggests crystalloid IV fluids have improved perfusion is when the:

radial pulses become stronger.

If used, inflation of the pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) should continue until the:

radial pulses return.

Because heat always travels from a warm object to a cooler one, a person standing in a cold room will lose heat by:

radiation

Common signs and symptoms associated with an acute abdomen include:

rapid and shallow breathing

Common signs and symptoms associated with an acute abdomen include:

rapid and shallow breathing.

Following the primary assessment, your actions prior to transport of a critically-injured patient should include:

rapid trauma assessment, spinal immobilization, vital signs.

When managing a critically-burned patient, it is important to:

rapidly estimate the burn's severity and then cover with dry, sterile dressings.

The nasopharyngeal airway is:

rarely used in infants younger than 1 year of age.

Bioavailability is defined as the:

rate and extent to which an active drug enters the general circulation.

The ability of a person to effectively compensate for acute blood loss is MOST directly related to the:

rate of blood loss.

You note little movement of an apneic patient's chest when you and your partner are ventilating with the two-person bag-mask device technique. You should:

reassess the position of the patient's airway and readjust if needed.

During your assessment of an elderly woman, you note a shunt on her left forearm. This indicates that she:

receives hemodialysis treatments.

A burn occurs when the soft tissue of the skin:

receives more energy than it can absorb without injury

The recognition by one state of another state's EMS licensure is called:

reciprocity

The recognition by one state of another state's EMS licensure is called:

reciprocity.

A 5-year-old male presents with respiratory distress, a decreased level of consciousness, bradypnea, and poor muscle tone. When treating this child, you should:

recognize that his minute volume is reduced.

An apneic 2-year-old child with a heart rate of 110 beats/min is being ventilated with a bag-mask device at a rate of 20 breaths/min. After 2 minutes of ventilations, you note that the child's heart rate is 80 beats/min. You should:

recognize that your ventilations are not adequate.

Prior to administering glucagon, you must:

reconstitute it with diluent.

Near-drowning is MOST accurately defined as:

recovery that lasts for at least 24 hours following submersion in water

Erythropoiesis is the ongoing process by which:

red blood cells are made

During times of decreased perfusion, the autonomic nervous system:

redirects blood to the most vital organs of the body.

Proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) will:

reduce your risk of an infectious exposure.

Cardiomyopathy may lead to pulmonary edema due to:

reduced contractile force of the heart

Cardiomyopathy may lead to pulmonary edema due to:

reduced contractile force of the heart.

A 56-year-old male complains of pain to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen and pain to his right shoulder; however, he denies pain in between his abdomen and shoulder. This is characteristic of:

referred pain

Kehr sign is defined as:

referred pain to the shoulder following injury to the liver or spleen.

A 56-year-old male complains of pain to the right upper quadrant of his abdomen and pain to his right shoulder; however, he denies pain in between his abdomen and shoulder. This is characteristic of:

referred pain.

Asystole has an exceedingly high mortality rate because it:

reflects a prolonged period of myocardial ischemia.

The aortic valve:

regulates the flow of blood from the left ventricle to the systemic circulation.

During your rapid assessment of a patient with a gunshot wound to the chest, you located an open wound to the right anterior chest and sealed it with the appropriate dressing. A few minutes later, the patient's respirations are increasingly labored and his heart rate has significantly increased. You should:

relieve pleural tension by lifting a corner of the dressing.

You have a critically injured patient in the back of your ambulance, ready to be transported. There are other injured patients at the scene and it will be approximately 10 minutes before other ambulances will arrive. Law enforcement personnel are at the scene. You should:

remain at the scene until at least one other ambulance arrives

A persistent or nonvolatile chemical agent can:

remain on a surface for more than 24 hours.

A 68-year-old female with a history of Alzheimer's disease complains of acute abdominal pain. As you prepare to start an IV on her, she becomes verbally abusive. You should:

remain patient and explain the procedure to her.

You are assessing a seriously ill patient when he suddenly becomes very angry and starts yelling at you. After ensuring your own safety, you should:

remain tolerant and avoid becoming defensive.

During a HazMat incident, you are working in the treatment area. As patients are removed from the danger zone, you should:

remain where you are and have the patients brought to you.

cholecystectomy

removal of gallbladder

When caring for a patient who was exposed to a dry chemical, it is important to:

remove all contaminated clothing and brush away the chemical prior to irrigating.

You are attempting to start an IV in a vein on the back of your patient's hand. As you insert the catheter, the patient complains of sudden, severe shooting pain followed by numbness in the extremity. You should:

remove the catheter and choose another site.

When you apply the AED pads to a woman in cardiac arrest, you note that she has a medication patch over the same area where one of the AED pads will be placed. You should:

remove the medication patch, wipe away any medication residue, and apply the AED pads.

Following insertion of a needle into a patient's skin to administer an intramuscular injection, you pull back on the plunger and note the presence of blood in the syringe. You should

remove the needle and apply pressure to the site.

A patient in cardiac arrest requires defibrillation with an AED. You remove his shirt and see a nitroglycerin patch applied to his right upper chest. You should:

remove the patch and wipe off the excess medication.

Chest trauma is a common cause of respiratory acidosis, and rapidly leads to death because the:

renal system cannot compensate quickly enough.

A 29-year-old male with a history of type 1 diabetes presents with excessive urination and marked thirst. These signs indicate that the:

renal system is excreting excess glucose

A 29-year-old male with a history of type 1 diabetes presents with excessive urination and marked thirst. These signs indicate that the:

renal system is excreting excess glucose.

After medical control has ordered you to start an IV and administer normal saline at 125 mL/hr, you should:

repeat the order, word for word.

You are transporting a 6-year-old female with respiratory distress when you note that she is developing cyanosis. You should:

repeat the primary assessment.

Reassessment of a patient with a medical complaint should begin by:

repeating the primary assessment.

You have just established an IV on a critically injured patient. As you prepare to dispose of the needle in the appropriate container, you get stuck with the needle. You should:

report the incident to your supervisor as soon as possible.

You and your partner respond to the scene of a 49-year-old male with acute abdominal pain. As you enter his residence, you find him lying on the floor in severe pain. He is conscious and alert. The patient appears to weigh in excess of 350 lb. Your FIRST action should be to:

request additional personnel before making any attempts to lift him.

Upon arriving at the scene of a motor-vehicle crash involving two cars, you see an unconscious patient still in his vehicle, but cannot see the occupant of the other car. Your MOST appropriate initial action should be to:

request at least one additional ambulance.

Most terrorist attacks:

require multiple terrorists working together

When assessing or performing a procedure on a toddler, you should expect him or her to:

resist separation from his or her parents.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, at the cellular level or in the lungs, is called:

respiration.

End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) monitoring is clearly indicated for patients who present with:

respiratory distress.

Cardiopulmonary arrest in infants and children is MOST often the result of:

respiratory failure.

During pregnancy, the mother may experience a relative respiratory alkalosis when her:

respiratory rate increases

Once the gravid uterus grows superiorly and puts pressure on the diaphragm, the mother's:

respiratory rate increases to compensate for decreased tidal volume

Minute volume would increase if:

respiratory rate was increased.

Your assessment of a patient with an allergic reaction should focus on the:

respiratory system, circulatory system, mental status, and skin.

An appropriately sized cervical collar should:

rest on the shoulder and provide support under the mandible

After defibrillating a patient in cardiac arrest with the AED, you should:

resume chest compressions

During an acidotic state, the kidneys attempt to maintain a normal pH by:

retaining bicarbonate.

The optic nerve endings are located within the:

retina.

You respond to a residence for a patient who is "not acting right." As you approach the door, the patient, a 35-year-old male, begins shouting profanities at you and your partner while holding a baseball bat. The man is confused and diaphoretic, and is wearing a medical identification bracelet. You should:

retreat at once and call law enforcement.

You arrive at the scene of a domestic dispute. You can hear yelling and the sound of breaking glass from inside the residence. You should:

retreat to a safe place until the scene has been secured.

After blood diffuses across the capillary membrane and perfuses the cells, it:

returns waste products to the right side of the heart, starting with the venules.

The signs and symptoms of Lyme disease resulting from a tick bite are MOST commonly confused with:

rheumatoid arthritis

All of the following biologic agents or diseases can be transmitted from person to person, EXCEPT:

ricin.

A young female complains of acute pain located in the left lower quadrant of her abdomen. When palpating her abdomen for tenderness, and rigidity, you should FIRST palpate the:

right lower quadrant.

Life-long immunity would MOST likely occur after a patient is infected with:

rubella

A 60-year-old male with a history of poorly controlled hypertension complains of a sudden, severe headache. Within a few minutes, his level of consciousness rapidly deteriorates. This is MOST suggestive of a(n):

ruptured cerebral artery

A 60-year-old male with a history of poorly controlled hypertension complains of a sudden, severe headache. Within a few minutes, his level of consciousness rapidly deteriorates. This is MOST suggestive of a(n):

ruptured cerebral artery.

The presence of a scaphoid abdomen and bowel sounds in the lower hemithorax are MOST suggestive of a:

ruptured diaphragm

A 69-year-old male with a history of hypertension and insulin-dependent diabetes complains of an acute onset of tearing pain in the lower quadrants of his abdomen that radiates to the back. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg, pulse is 110 beats/min and thready, and respirations are 24 breaths/min and shallow. This clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

ruptured or dissecting aortic aneurysm.

spontaneous pneumothorax

rupturing of weak part of the lung

Signs and symptoms of exposure to a nerve agent include:

salivation, pinpoint pupils, and diarrhea.

You are ventilating a stoma patient with a pocket mask device. As you ventilate, you hear the leakage of air. Your initial course of action should be to:

seal the patient's nose and mouth.

When victims involved in a mass-casualty incident are moved to the treatment area:

secondary triage is performed and the appropriate treatment is rendered

When immobilizing a patient onto a long backboard, it is important to:

secure the torso prior to securing the head

Common side effects of inhaled medications used for acute shortness of breath include all of the following, EXCEPT:

sedation

Common side effects of inhaled medications used for acute shortness of breath include all of the following, EXCEPT:

sedation.

You respond to the residence of a 39-year-old male who, according to his wife, is not acting right. Law enforcement has secured the scene prior to your arrival. As you assess the patient, you find that he is confused, has a fever, and is agitated. The patient's wife states that he is an alcoholic and stopped drinking 2 days ago. In addition to assessing and managing his airway, you should be MOST concerned with the potential for:

seizures.

Baroreceptors, which are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses, help regulate blood pressure by:

sensing changes in systemic vascular resistance.

The skin sends messages to the brain to regulate various functions via

sensory nerves

All patients with closed soft-tissue injuries should be assessed for:

serious hidden injuries

During your assessment of a woman with chronic shortness of breath and fatigue, you ask her how many pillows she sleeps with at night. You are asking her this question to determine if:

she has left-sided heart failure and how severe it may be

Mild hypothermia is characterized by:

shivering, tachypnea, and peripheral vascular constriction.

Ventricular fibrillation

shockable rhythm, heart rhythm problem that occurs when the heart beats with rapid, erratic electrical impulses. This causes pumping chambers in your heart (the ventricles) to quiver uselessly, instead of pumping blood.

Ventricular tachycardia

shockable rhythm, in which the lower chambers of your heart (ventricles) beat very quickly because of a problem in your heart's electrical system. your heart may not be able to pump enough blood to your body and lungs because the chambers are beating so fast that they don't have time to properly fill.

When a person is standing upright, the weight of anything being lifted and carried in the hands is FIRST reflected onto the:

shoulder girdle.

When a pregnant woman's system is stressed due to shock, her body will:

shunt blood away from the uterus and fetus

A predictable, yet adverse response to a drug, is called a/an:

side effect.

A hypertensive crisis is considered to be a true emergency when:

signs of central nervous system dysfunction are present

An attack on an abortion clinic would MOST likely be carried out by a/an:

single-issue group

The normal site of origin of electrical impulses in the heart is the ____________, which generates ___________ impulses per minute.

sinoatrial node, 60 to 100

Because the ____________ is the body's first line of defense, signs of anaphylaxis typically manifest there first.

skin

The primary clinical feature associated with exposure to phosgene oxime is:

skin blistering

Early signs and symptoms of smallpox include all of the following, EXCEPT:

skin blisters.

How to treat a full-thickness burn

skin will become hard, dry, leathery and may appear white and waxy to dark brown or black and charred The tough and leathery dead soft tissue formed in the full thickness burn injury is called an

The primary route of exposure of vesicant agents is the:

skin.

The primary function of the atrioventricular (AV) node is to:

slow conduction from the atria to the ventricles to allow for ventricular filling.

When the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated, it:

slows the heart rate by decreasing SA node discharge.

Penetrating trauma will most likely involve the liver and which other abdominal organ?

small bowel

The olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) is responsible for:

smell.

Rhonchi:

snoring or rattling noises heard upon auscultation; indicate obstruction of the respiratory tract by thick secretions of mucus; usually heard in emphysema, chronic bronchitis and pneumonia

The ability to consciously flex a muscle in an extremity is a function of the:

somatic nervous system.

A 79-year-old female is complaining of shortness of breath. When you ask her when this episode began, she does not answer you. You should:

speak clearly and repeat the question.

Significant trauma to the face should increase the AEMT's index of suspicion for a/an:

spinal cord injury.

A 30-year-old male fell while rollerblading and landed on his right arm. There is obvious deformity to the elbow and the patient complains of severe pain. The patient's hand is cool and pale and his radial pulse is difficult to palpate. The hospital is approximately 10 minutes away. You should:

splint the arm in the position found and then transport immediately.

A 21-year-old male presents with a severely angulated forearm and extreme pain. Distal sensory, motor, and circulatory functions are intact. You should:

splint the forearm in the position of deformity.

A 77-year-old male with a history of emphysema complains of an acute worsening of his shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain that occurred after a forceful cough. Auscultation of his lungs reveals scattered wheezing on the left side and diminished breath sounds on the right. This patient's clinical presentation is MOST consistent with:

spontaneous pneumothorax.

Shortly after arriving home from the airport, a 19-year-old male experienced an acute onset of sharp chest pain and difficulty breathing. He denies a history of trauma. Your assessment reveals that he is in moderate distress and is tachycardic. Breath sounds are diminished over the apex of the right lung. You should suspect a/an:

spontaneous pneumothorax.

An injury that may result in complete separation of a joint due to stretching or tearing of the supporting ligaments is called a:

sprain

A middle-aged male is found unconscious at the base of the steps to his house. There is no evidence of trauma and there were no witnesses to the event. You should:

stabilize his head and open his airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver

In addition to providing 100% oxygen and controlling external bleeding, the MOST appropriate management for a patient with a knife impaled in the abdomen includes:

stabilizing the knife in place and infusing crystalloids to maintain adequate perfusion.

A 56-year-old male with a history of coronary artery disease complains of an acute onset of substernal chest discomfort and diaphoresis while moving a heavy box. After sitting down and taking one nitroglycerin tablet, the discomfort promptly subsides. This episode is MOST consistent with:

stable angina pectoris.

Describe the 3 stages of labor

stage1: active labor or dilation stage2: pushing or expulsion stage3: placenta delivery

The __________ area is where incoming ambulances meet and await further instructions at the scene of a mass-casualty incident.

staging

Compared to over-the-needle catheters, butterfly catheters are associated with a higher rate of vein infiltration in children because the:

stainless steel needle lies directly in the vein

The manner in which you are required to act or behave while providing emergency care is called:

standard of care.

You are treating a 50-year-old female with severe abdominal pain. She is conscious but restless, and is begging you for pain medication. Her blood pressure is 136/88 mm Hg, pulse is 120 beats/min and strong, and respirations are 24 breaths/min with adequate tidal volume. After administering 100% oxygen, you should:

start a large-bore IV and set it at a keep the vein open rate.

A 29-year-old female has experienced a spontaneous abortion during the latter part of her first trimester. She is conscious and alert, with a blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg and a heart rate of 100 beats/min and strong. In addition to providing emotional support and administering oxygen, you should:

start a large-bore IV of normal saline and transport

After the baby's head delivers, you should tell the mother to:

stop pushing so you can suction the infant's mouth and nose.

As you and your partner are carrying a stable patient down a flight of stairs in a stair chair, you feel a sudden, sharp pain in your lower back. You should:

stop the move and request additional lifting assistance

A 38-year-old male with an inguinal hernia complains of increased pain and nausea. He tells you that he has been able to reduce the hernia himself in the past, but it will not reduce today. This patient is at GREATEST risk for:

strangulation of the bowel

A 38-year-old male with an inguinal hernia complains of increased pain and nausea. He tells you that he has been able to reduce the hernia himself in the past, but it will not reduce today. This patient is at GREATEST risk for:

strangulation of the bowel.

How is CPAP administered?

strapped to your face and forces oxygen threw the nose

The term inotropy refers to the:

strength of myocardial contraction.

Release of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is triggered by:

stress.

When administering a medication via the intramuscular route, you should:

stretch the skin over the area and insert the needle at a 90° angle.

The presence of _________ should alert you to the presence of upper airway swelling during an allergic reaction.

stridor

Cardiac output is equal to:

stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.

A degenerative cerebral disease is an example of a(n) ______________ cause of a seizure.

structural

The self-administration of licit or illicit substances in a manner that is not consistent with approved medical or social practice is called:

substance abuse.

Frequent reassessments of the patient with face or neck injuries are MOST important because:

such injuries can affect the respiratory system.

When suctioning the airway of a child, you should:

suction for 10 seconds and reassess the child's airway.

A 19-year-old male has sustained severe facial trauma after being assaulted. He is responsive to pain only, has rapid and shallow respirations, and oropharyngeal bleeding. After opening the airway with the jaw-thrust maneuver, you should

suction his airway and assist ventilations with a bag-mask device.

Following severe maxillofacial trauma, a 16-year-old male presents with oropharyngeal bleeding and poor respiratory effort. You should:

suction the oropharynx

You are dispatched to the scene of a shooting. Upon arrival, you are directed by law enforcement to the patient, a 44-year-old male, who is unconscious. He is lying in an impressive pool of blood and you can hear gurgling from his mouth when he breathes. After your partner assumes C-spine control and opens the patient's airway, you should:

suction the patient's oropharynx.

A 40-year-old male is unconscious, has inadequate breathing, and is producing copious, continuous secretions from his mouth. This situation is MOST effectively managed by:

suctioning for 15 seconds and ventilating for 2 minutes.

A thermal burn involving the epidermis that is characterized by redness and pain is classified as a:

superficial burn

You have a 22-year-old male patient who fell off a ladder and is complaining of neck/back pain. He states that he did not lose consciousness when he fell but he has been feeling tingling in his toes ever since. What is the most appropriate position to transport this patient in?

supine on a longboard

Following a motor-vehicle crash in which his truck struck a utility pole, a 56-year-old male complains of pain to the mid-chest and difficulty breathing. Your assessment reveals an ecchymotic area over the mid-sternum. His blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, pulse is 120 and irregular, and respirations are 24 breaths/min with adequate depth. In addition to spinal immobilization, appropriate treatment for this patient includes:

supplemental oxygen and a large-bore IV set to keep the vein open.

Emphysema, a degenerative disease, is caused by:

surfactant destruction and increased alveolar surface tension.

You will MOST likely be able to determine whether the cause of your patient's problem is medical or trauma in origin after you have:

surveyed the scene and assessed the patient.

A 42-year-old male is found unresponsive on his couch by a neighbor. During your assessment, you find no signs of trauma and the patient's blood glucose level is 75 mg/dL. His blood pressure is 168/98 mm Hg, his heart rate is 45 beats/min and bounding, and his respirations are 8 breaths/min and irregular. The patient is wearing a medical alert bracelet that states he has hemophilia. You should:

suspect that he has intracranial bleeding, assist his ventilations, and transport rapidly to an appropriate hospital.

After several years in EMS, you begin to experience chronic stress. An effective way to deal with this is to:

sustain friends or activities outside of EMS.

The two MOST effective mechanisms for thermolysis are:

sweating and peripheral vasodilation

The MOST immediate threat to life that is associated with angioedema is:

swelling of the upper airway

The MOST immediate threat to life that is associated with angioedema is:

swelling of the upper airway.

Amphetamines and methamphetamines are examples of:

sympathomimetics.

The __________, which is present wherever a nerve cell terminates, connects to the next cell via__________.

synapse, neurotransmitters

A 65-year-old man takes two medications for two separate disorders, and notices that the effects he experiences are greater when he takes both medications but less when he only takes one of the medications. This is an example of:

synergism.

Decreases in cardiac output and blood pressure in a patient with anaphylactic shock are the result of:

systemic vasodilation

Cushing's reflex:

systolic bp increases, heart rate decreases, and the respiratory pattern changes (indication of severe head injury)

Potential side effects of epinephrine include:

tachycardia and hypertension.

Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by:

tachypnea and bradypnea with alternating apneic periods

Cheyne-Stokes respirations are characterized by:

tachypnea and bradypnea with alternating apneic periods.

When caring for a patient who takes numerous medications, it is best to:

take all of the patient's medications with you to the hospital and document them on your patient care report.

After sizing up the scene of a patient with a possible infectious disease, your next priority should be to:

take standard precautions.

Violent or dangerous individuals who do not require medical care should be:

taken into police custody.

You are dispatched for a young male who, according to witnesses, is "not acting right." The patient is found sitting on the ground outside of a grocery store, rocking back and forth. He has blood on his arm from an apparent wound to his wrist. You should:

talk to him as you approach him, but be prepared for him to turn violent.

Syncope in an elderly person is the result of a/an:

temporary interruption of cerebral blood flow

A 68-year-old male presents with confusion, left-sided hemiparesis, and decreased muscle tone to the right side of his face. You administer oxygen, start an IV, and begin transport to the hospital. En route, the patient becomes more coherent and slowly regains use of his left arm. These findings are MOST suggestive of:

temporary ischemia to the right side of the brain

Tough, cord-like structures that are extensions of the fascia covering all skeletal muscles are known as:

tendons.

A patient with developing compartment syndrome following a fracture typically complains of or presents with:

tension or pressure in the affected extremity.

When assessing a patient who has fractured his or her midshaft clavicle, you should expect to find swelling, point tenderness, and:

tenting over the fracture site.

If the heart's natural pacemaker is not functioning properly:

the AV node may take over and pace the heart at 40 to 60 beats/min

Aging is often associated with diminished proprioception, which is defined as:

the ability to know where various parts of the body are located in relation to each other.

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is:

the blood pressure required to sustain organ perfusion.

With increasing age, the heart must work harder to move the blood effectively because:

the blood vessels become stiff.

Trendelenburg's

the body is laid flat on the back (supine position) with the feet higher than the head by 15-30 degrees

The hypertension that is commonly observed in patients with an intracerebral hemorrhage is usually the result of:

the body's attempt to shunt blood to the brain

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs when:

the body's normal processes destroy a cerebral thrombus.

In addition to facilitating the uptake of sugar into the cells, insulin is also responsible for:

the chemical conversion of glucose to glycogen.

Patients with multiple rib fractures may develop significant hypoxia because of a ventilation/perfusion mismatch, which occurs when:

the circulatory system is intact but the amount of available oxygen is diminished.

Cardiac arrest following an electrical burn would MOST likely occur if:

the electricity flows from arm to arm.

Before you can calculate an IV drip rate, you must know all of the following information, EXCEPT:

the gauge of the IV catheter you will use.

As the baby begins to deliver, you note that it presents in a vertex position. This means that:

the head is the presenting part

What type of joint connects the femur to the pelvis?

the hip - Ball and socket joint

When assessing an injured child, you should be MOST suspicious for child abuse if:

the injury is inconsistent with the mechanism described.

Compression fractures of the spine occur more frequently in elderly patients because:

the intervertebral discs atrophy and the vertebrae become brittle

Initially, following submersion in fresh water, the lungs are not inundated with fluid because:

the larynx spasms and protects the airway

Manual C-spine stabilization should continue until:

the patient is fully secured to a long backboard.

You must be careful when speaking to the family members about a patient because:

the patient may misinterpret what you said.

The focused assessment of a responsive medical patient is guided by:

the patient's reason for calling EMS.

The AEMT should transport any patient with an allergic reaction, even if he or she is able to stop the reaction with epinephrine, because:

the patient's symptoms could recur up to 8 hours later

The AEMT should transport any patient with an allergic reaction, even if he or she is able to stop the reaction with epinephrine, because:

the patient's symptoms could recur up to 8 hours later.

Palpating for a pulse in a near-drowning victim may be difficult to assess because:

the peripheral vessels are constricted and cardiac output is low

In an enhanced 9-1-1 system:

the phone number from which the call is made is displayed on a screen.

Define reciprocity:

the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another.

Abruptio Placentae

the premature separation of the placenta from the uterus.

In the prehospital setting, the end of the first stage of labor is typically determined by:

the presence of crowning

Gestation

the process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth.

After primary triage, the triage supervisor should communicate all of the following information to the medical branch officer, EXCEPT:

the recommended transport destination for each patient.

If a person places his or her hand on a hot stove:

the sensory nerve will bypass the brain and send a message directly to the motor nerve.

A male patient with a history of congestive heart failure presents with orthopnea. This means that:

the severity of his respiratory difficulty varies with position.

Your assessment of a 40-year-old male with an altered mental status (AMS) reveals the obvious odor of alcohol on his breath. When documenting the events of the call, you should state that:

the smell of alcohol was noted on the patient's breath.

It is important to avoid giving anything by mouth to a patient with acute abdominal pain because:

the stomach must be empty prior to surgical intervention.

An EMS system's primary service area (PSA) is the area where

the system is responsible for the provision of emergency care.

A patient is considered to have positive orthostatic vital signs if:

the systolic pressure drops upon standing

A patient is considered to have positive orthostatic vital signs if:

the systolic pressure drops upon standing.

An infant or small child's airway can be occluded if it is overextended or overflexed because:

the tongue is proportionately large and the airway is shorter and narrower.

The Adam's apple is:

the upper part of the larynx that is formed by the thyroid cartilage

When the shoulder girdle is aligned over the pelvis during lifting:

the weight is exerted straight down the vertebrae

Infants are often referred to as "belly breathers" because:

their rib cage is less rigid and the ribs sit horizontally.

Nitroglycerin relaxes vascular smooth muscle, dilates the coronary arteries, and relieves cardiac chest pain. These properties of nitroglycerin are called:

therapeutic effects.

A patient in respiratory arrest at the scene of a mass-casualty incident would typically be classified as a fourth priority (black tag; expectant) patient, unless:

there are enough resources to provide care for him or her.

Hypoxia is a condition in which:

there is a lack of oxygen to the body's cells and tissues.

Ventricular tachycardia often causes hypotension because:

there is not enough time between beats for the left ventricle to fill with blood.

In order for electricity to flow through the body and cause injury:

there must be a complete circuit between the electrical source and the ground

Internal heat production is called:

thermogenesis.

During a seizure, neurons are in a hypermetabolic state. This means that

they are using large amounts of glucose and producing lactic acid.

Unlike IM or SC injections, intravenously administered drugs rapidly affect the body because:

they bypass most barriers to drug absorption.

Hypoglycemic crisis tends to develop more often and more severely in children because:

they do not always eat correctly and on schedule.

Why is early defibrillation so important in a patient who is in cardiac arrest?

they need blood to be pumped through there body asap

How to treat a partial-thickness burn

thin walled blisters, skin is pink and moist, skin is soft and tender to the touch thickwalled blisters that often rupture, skin is red and blanched white, patient can still feel pressure at site, poor capillary refill to burn site

Delivery of the placenta marks the end of which stage of labor?

third

Following delivery of an infant that is 34 weeks' gestation, you should:

thoroughly dry and warm the newborn

If you use a waterless handwashing substitute in the field, it is important to:

thoroughly wash your hands with water as soon as possible.

The esophagus enters the thorax via the thoracic inlet and travels:

through the posterior thorax.

The amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during a single breath is called:

tidal volume.

Testicular torsion is a/an:

time-sensitive injury and requires rapid transport.

A potential complication associated with the administration of D50 is:

tissue necrosis if it extravasates into the soft tissues

When speaking to an elderly patient regarding his or her chest pain, you should ask the patient:

to describe the pain

What are the four colors used in triage and what do they indicate?

to indicate level of care for the patient, green is minor, yellow is delayed, red is immediate and black is deceased

When assessing an unresponsive 20-year-old male with a traumatic brain injury, you note that his left pupil is fully dilated and non-reactive. This indicates injury:

to the left cerebral hemisphere.

Which of the following is not a component of the water rescue model? Shout Reach Throw Tow

tow The water rescue model is intended to save a patient who is drowning. It includes calling out to the patient to have them move towards you. Reach for the patient, throw them a rope, row out to them, or swim to them if all else fails.

Death immediately following a burn is MOST commonly the result of:

toxic chemical inhalation.

Tracheal tugging, a sign of respiratory distress, is more prominent in children because the:

trachea is very narrow and is easily collapsible.

The small, rounded, fleshy bulge immediately anterior to the ear canal is called the:

tragus.

The 31 pairs of spinal nerves serve all of the following functions EXCEPT:

transmitting sensations directly to and from the brain.

A 4-year-old female has a peanut lodged in the external auditory canal of her right ear. You should:

transport her to the emergency department

A 54-year-old male convenience store clerk was shot in the left anterior chest during an attempted robbery. After ensuring that the scene is safe, you enter the store and perform a primary assessment. The patient is semiconscious, is in severe respiratory distress, and is pale. Further assessment reveals absent breath sounds on the left side of his chest, collapsed jugular veins, and a blood pressure of 70/44 mm Hg. In addition to managing his airway, you should:

transport immediately and perform invasive procedures en route.

When caring for a patient with significant thoracic trauma and signs of shock, it is MOST important to:

transport promptly to a trauma center.

The MOST important prehospital treatment for an abnormal fetal presentation is to:

transport the mother as soon as possible

You respond to a nursing home's call regarding an older patient who fell. During your assessment, you note injuries that are not consistent with the mechanism described. You should:

transport the patient and report your suspicions.

Command functions under the ICS include all of the following, EXCEPT:

triage officer

Blood follows a specific pathway through the heart. After traveling through the right atrium, blood goes through WHICH valve into the right ventricle?

tricuspid valve

The MOST effective method for delivering the highest concentration of oxygen and adequate tidal volume is the:

two-rescuer bag-mask technique

Common clinical findings in a patient with a suspected myocardial contusion include all of the following, EXCEPT:

unilaterally diminished or absent breath sounds.

Radiation is released into the atmosphere when:

unstable atoms emit excess energy in an attempt to stabilize.

Abdominal thrusts in a responsive child or adult with a severe upper airway obstruction are performed:

until he or she becomes unresponsive.

An anaphylactic reaction impairs effective breathing secondary to:

upper-airway swelling.

The MOST appropriate location to park your ambulance at a HazMat incident is:

upwind at least 100' from the incident.

You arrive at the scene of an overturned semi-trailer truck. There is an odd odor in the air and you can see material leaking from the truck. After ensuring that fire department and law enforcement personnel are notified, you should:

use binoculars to try to read the placard.

When assessing a patient with a grossly deformed humerus, you note that the radial pulse is absent and the extremity is becoming cyanotic. You should:

use constant, gentle manual traction to align the humerus.

In order to facilitate a safe and coordinated move, the team leader should:

use preparatory commands to initiate any moves.

When providing emotional support to the family of an infant who suddenly and unexpectedly died, you should:

use the infant's first name whenever possible.

Following a rapid delivery, your 28-year-old patient's uterus has inverted. The MOST appropriate initial management for this condition is to:

use the palm of your hand and make one attempt to replace the uterus.

Proper insertion of an intraosseous (IO) catheter involves:

using a twisting motion and inserting the catheter at a 90° angle

When carrying a patient up or down stairs, you should avoid:

using a wheeled stretcher whenever possible.

A linear skull fracture:

usually does not present with deformity of the skull.

A 21-year-old female in her third trimester of pregnancy was involved in a motor-vehicle crash. She was unrestrained and struck a telephone pole while traveling approximately 40 MPH. She complains of severe abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding and has signs of shock. While palpating her abdomen, you can feel a fetal body part through the abdominal wall. On the basis of the mechanism of injury and the patient's clinical presentation, you should suspect a/an:

uterine rupture.

In the pregnant patient, the secretion of oxytocin causes:

uterine smooth muscle contraction

High-voltage burn injuries occur MOST frequently in:

utility workers.

You are caring for a young female who experienced blunt head trauma and is unresponsive. You have inserted a King LT airway and are providing mild hyperventilation because she has signs of brain herniation. In doing this, you should:

utilize capnography and ensure that her end-tidal CO2 does not fall below 30 mm Hg.

A severe bacterial infection can result in shock due to:

vasodilation and internal plasma loss

A severe bacterial infection can result in shock due to:

vasodilation and internal plasma loss.

Blood enters the right atrium through the:

vena cavae and coronary sinus

Blood enters the right atrium through the:

vena cavae and coronary sinus.

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called:

ventilation.

A 40-year-old patient has sustained circumferential burns to the chest. The MOST serious complication associated with this type of burn injury is:

ventilatory insufficiency

Closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves occur during:

ventricular contraction.

The MOST common cardiac dysrhythmia associated with sudden cardiac death following an acute myocardial infarction is:

ventricular fibrillation.

What kind of mask gives the most accurate flow rate?

venturi mask

Blood leaves the capillary beds and is returned to the right side of the heart by the:

venules and veins

The chemical attacks that occurred in Tokyo between 1994 and 1995 were carried out by a/an:

violent religious group

The lungs are covered with a thin, slippery outer membrane called the:

visceral pleura.

While assessing a patient with an apparent behavioral crisis, he tells you that he sees a pink elephant in the corner of the room. This is an example of a(n):

visual hallucination

The external female genitalia are referred to as the:

vulva.

Following exposure to an allergen, an individual will MOST likely experience a severe allergic reaction if he or she:

was previously exposed and sensitized to the allergen

The process performed to artificially maximize the target population's exposure to a biologic agent, thereby exposing the greatest number of people and achieving the desired effect, is called:

weaponization

In determining the potential for a terrorist attack, you should routinely observe all of the following on every call, EXCEPT:

weather conditions

The absence of a pulse and breath sounds are NOT adequate in declaring death in patients who:

were acutely poisoned

The absence of a pulse and breath sounds are NOT adequate in declaring death in patients who:

were acutely poisoned.

All of the following signs are indicative of upper airway burns due to an inhalation injury, EXCEPT:

wheezing or rhonchi.

When ventilating an apneic adult with a simple barrier device, you should deliver each breath:

while watching for adequate chest rise.

Cardiac asthma is a condition in which a patient:

with congestive heart failure experiences wheezing due to constricted bronchi.

When performing CPR on a child, you should compress the chest:

with one or two hands.

Once the protective wrap is removed from a bag of IV fluid, the fluid must be used:

within 24 hours.

An intracerebral hematoma is the result of bleeding:

within the brain tissue itself.

An idiopathic seizure is a seizure

without an identifiable etiology

An idiopathic seizure is a seizure:

without an identifiable etiology.

Epinephrine is a critical treatment for patients with severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) because it:

works rapidly to raise the BP by constricting the vasculature and improves ventilation by dilating the bronchioles.

A 40-year-old female, who is conscious and alert with mild hypothermia, should receive active external rewarming. This involves:

wrapping her in blankets and applying heat packs to her groin

Libel

written defamation

A patient who has experienced a back injury, with or without spinal cord damage, should be triaged with a __________ tag during a mass-casualty incident.

yellow

Burn patients without airway compromise and patients with multiple bone or joint injuries should be marked with a __________ triage at a mass-casualty incident.

yellow

Ten days after treating a 34-year-old patient with tuberculosis, you are given a tuberculin skin test, which yields a positive result. This MOST likely indicates that:

you were exposed to another infected person before treating the 34-year-old patient.

Index of suspicion is MOST accurately defined as:

your awareness and concern for potentially serious underlying and unseen injuries or illness.

When a patient states that they are having an asthma attack, what is happening inside their body?

• Allergic reaction creating a spasm of the airways; difficulty exchanging air

How does Emphysema affect a patient's respiratory effort and breathing?

• Dyspnea (difficulty breathing) • Tachypnea (accelerated breathing) • Expiatory Wheezes • Retractions • Pursed lip • Dry cough • Fatigue • Anxiety • Barrel chest • Hypoxic drive- based on 02 levels in lungs, low 02 levels tell you to breath Emphysema is a chronic respiratory disease where there is over-inflation of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, causing a decrease in lung function, and often, breathlessness.

An 18-year-old female is experiencing an anxiety attack and is breathing at a rate of 40 breaths/min. Which of the following acid-base derangements will occur if her condition is not promptly treated?

↓ CO2 → ↓ H2CO3 → ↑ pH

What treatment would you administer to a patient with difficulty breathing due to Emphysema?

♣ Position of comfort ♣ O2 • 2-4L/min • Re-evaluate/adjust • PPV BVM • DO NOT WITHHOLD O2 Metered-dose-inhaler/ Bronchodilator