Afras 170A Midterm

Why were Africans not allowed to join the war? Washington's first thoughts

- Because it would incite rebellion in the south

Which of the following is not true about African American families

- It was common that slave owners held marriage ceremonies for their slaves

What elements of Christianity did enslavers want their slaves to do with Christianity?

- Slaves must obey God, just like they were supposed to obey their masters

What was the significance of the northwest ordinance of 1787 for Africans?

- The ordinance set a precedent for limiting where slavery could and could not exist

European Slave Trade

- The trade of enslaved Africans from the Atlantic. The explorations of Portuguese mariners down the coast of West Africa in the 15th century 1545, Portuguese merchants on the West African coast began to supply enslaved Africans to the sugar planters. - slave trade gave europeans: economic profit, financed many of their ships and government taxes. blacks were enslaved with one purpose, economic profit.

Haitian Revolution

- a revolt in the french colony. - culminated in the ending of slavery in that region. -only revolt to lead to the founding of a nation. - put fear into the US elite, that haitian's might come to the US and create problems.

Ghana (300-1100CE)

-Leaders were named after the title Ghana, had a matrilineal system, power was passed through the daughter's side. -Had control of the gold and salt trade, were considered powerful. - They were also the first established African nation. - was conquered by almorivids, but their reign didnt last long because the people did not want to accept islam.

Songhai (1464-1598)

-Leaders were sunni Ali Ber and Askia Mohammed - had one of the most powerful militaries of that time period, also known for Timbuktu, a centralized university of learning in Africa .

Mali (1235-1600)

-Led by the Keita family by Sundiata - The first nation to travel, they reached the America's 150 years before Christopher Columbus - Mansa Musa took mali to mecca and showed the world the power and wealth of mali. -controlled the trans saharan trade

Jim crow laws

-State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States -Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965 -Jim Crow system was the following beliefs or rationalizations: -whites were superior to blacks in all important ways including but not limited to intelligence, morality, and civilized behavior -sexual relations between blacks and whites would produce a mongrel race which would destroy America -treating blacks as equals would encourage interracial sexual unions -any activity which suggested social equality encouraged interracial sexual relations -if necessary, violence must be used to keep blacks at the bottom of the racial hierarchy

age of enlightenment

-influence was newton's principia mathematica (based on natural law and human reason) -john locke applied this to his essay -in his essay: he said that natural rights of humans are shared and with an education anyone can learn and advance.

enslavement in the north

-was a religious utopia, so slavery was less common. - thanks to abolitionist and quakers, the fight against racism was much stronger. - climate was cooler, no staple crop, cotton and tobacco could only be farmed in the south, so north had a low profit. -lived with masters, worked on small farms.

segregation

-when allowed in churches and theaters, segregated -special difficulty trying to use transportation -JIM CROW -northern cities w/ residential segregation

2 different triangles

1. english goods to west africa for slaves, slaves to the west indies in exchange for sugar. 2. new england rum to africa for slaves, slaves to west indies for sugar, and used the sugar syrup to make their rum.

enslavement in the spanish colonies.

1565, helped build st. augustine florida, was a military outpost. black men were considered soldiers so they had the ability to acquire social status, join church. when the british came in 1763, many blacks along with whites retreated back to cuba, and it wasn't until britain came that plantation slavery was introduced.

enslavement in french colonies

1699 louisiana colony, it was a military outpost so not many slaves. after a while, slaves began to be imported, by 1731, blacks outnumbered whites. this was a place where black women would be constantly assaulted so they had a large biracial population. many of these people did not leave louisiana when it became a part of the USA.

Gabriel Prosser

A literate enslaved blacksmith - was inspired by haitian revolts so he planned his own. -word of his planned revolt got out, him and 25 others, were hung.

African women and the slave trade

Central focus of the islamic slave trade, some women where not thrown into the trade because africans preferred women in the fields. Women survived seasoning more often than men because they were not subject to field work.

demographics of enslavement

Demographics of 1820 -1.5 million+ enslaved ppl -233,500 free Africans -7.8 million whites Demographics of 1860 -nearly 4 million enslaved ppl -nearly 490,000 free Africans

African origins of human civilization

East Africa is the birthplace of civilization according to archaeological and biological evidence.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1793

Fugitive Slave Law of 1793: guaranteed a right of a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave Authorized local governments to seize and return escaped slaves to their owners and imposed penalties on anyone who aided in their flight

Why might an enslaver free an enslaved person

It might generate profit for them.

Charles Deslondes

Leader of a massive louisiana revolt. more than 200 people behind him, him and others were caught, and killed.

Arab Slave Trade

Led by sudanese horsemen, focused on children and female who would serve as concubines and servants.

Catholic Church

Papal Bull of 1455, gave portugal exclusive rights to africa and ushered in an unprecedented era of racism, legalized and riliguosly sanctioned the enslavement of africans by name of god. Papal Bull of 1493, gave portugal a part of the americas and spain the west. Bartolome de las Casas, catholic missionary, first one to say that african americans could serve as slaves/laborers.

Origin/Growth of Slave Trade

Portuguese merchants came down the guinea coast and began to trade slaves with the african traders. portuguese merchant got permission from king of benin to be able to trade slaves within his border at first african's didnt see it as wrong to trade their own kind to foreigners. disease and overwork killed many american indians, which led to the increase in slave labor.

Matrilineal Society

Power passed through the daughters side of the family.

Which of the following was NOT a direct or indirect result of the American Revolution?

Slavery came to and end.

Asientos

The church became the primary sanctioner for the enslaving of africans, they would sign an asiento with a country, which would give them complete control over a certain portion of the Africa.

What statements is not true of Early antislavery societies (before 1826)

They included african americans.

Seasoning

Up to a 2 year period after sale, where slaves are cultured and broken in, to plantation protocols. The seasoning was also what the people of the west indies called it when an American slave owner, preferred a broken in slave. Many of the slaves taken to the british colonies had been in the west indies before. also the demand for slaves in the west indies got too large and they could not supply it, so many of the slaves taken to the cotton, rice plantations came from africa. Was also a disciplinary process, had to learn new languages, given new names. Younger africans more sought after.

chattel slavery

african americans basically had the same rights as animals.

george washington

american army general, he at first opposed having blacks fight for him after he saw the power they had while fighting for the british, and then said, whichever side had the support of the african american, would be the side that would win.

bacon's rebellion

bacon wanted to kill Indians, but the mayor of the city traded with the Indians and he profited off of them, thus he didn't want to attack them. white indentured servants, indentured servants and black slaves joined in the rebellion against the planter elite. bacon died before it could take place.

women and enslavement

black women seen as tougher than white women so they had to work fields. in the north black women succeded as bakers, weavers. black women suffered a lack of medical attention which caused them to have complications at birth, also adding that many worked day and night until the day they gave birth. black women were taken advantage of by european captains and crews, they were also worth more because when they had a baby it was the slavers property. black men still more valuable then women.

Why did many Quakers take lead in abolitionism?

brotherhood and non-violence

american revolution

colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783, american patriots and the 13 colonies won independence from great britain. many black loyalist went back to the britain and the free colony of sierra leone, some were re-enslaved.

miscegenation

concept created in the british colonies, when an interracial relationship was happening.

conditions on slave ships

conditions were brutal, had 20-25 inches of head space. -they were not sanitary, lots of death and disease because of this. -many ships had such terrible conditions because of them being so tightly packed.

british abolition of the european slave trade

court ruiling in 1772, called for the end of enslavement in the british colonies. as time passed, the need for slave decreased and the british focused on the industry more. kingdoms in africa wanted to slave trade to continue because they had become dependent on them, this caused the europeans to set up colonies in those regions in order to supress the slave trade

england and the slave trade

dutch had control of slave trade, as the ASL grew, so did the wanting to control it. france, britain and the dutch went to war and the british came out on top. (seven years war) had control of the slave trade and of the asiento, which allowed them to supply slaves to all of the spanish american colonies. became so profitable to them that they helped fund the industrial revolution.

fear of immediate emancipation as way of the anti slavery societies

fears of immediate emancipation: - masters would abandon elderly slaves - assumed slaves needed training to be free

benjamin banneker

first african american employee to the US government challenged jefferson's view on blacks, he sent him a copy of his almanac in order to show that african americans were smart.

Crispus Attucks

first african american to die in the boston massacre, he was seen as a hero

phyllis wheatley

first published african american poet, born into slavery and was transported to the US at a young age. she became a fervent patriot unlike her ex-enslavers.

prince hall

formally enslaved, founder of the prince hall masonary also formed the african grand lodge of North America, established the first school for african american youth

anti slavery societies

founded by anthony benezet in 1787, a society for promoting the abolition of slavery only white americans allowed to join, and they were for gradual emancipation

richard allen and absalom jones

founded the free african society in 1787. allen founded the AME church in 1793 jones founded the AMEZ church in 1796. the free african society inspired the creation of many other societies.

Tea Act

gave the east india company full control of providing tea to the colonies. -sons of liberty dumped tea into boston harbor.

quakers

group that argued against enslavement because they were against the laws of god. the first group of white americans to become abolitionists. they took lead because of brotherhood and nonviolence

out of africa model

hypothesis that every living human comes from a small group in africa.

great awakening

jonathan edwards, george whitefield, and jon wesley, created the methodist church, where blacks were allowed to join, churches were still segregated. elite did not want enslaved blacks to be able to convert to christianity.

What is the actual name of the ancient African civ the Greeks named "Egypt" ?

kemet

black laws

laws that made it more difficult for blacks to come into an area, and laws that forbid blacks from entering certain professions like law and evidence laws limiting rights of black residents rarely allowed blacks to vote; often demanded segregated housing, schools, transportation; limited employment opportunities

resistance and rebellion

maroons: group of africans who escaped enslavement active resistance: poisining enslaver, setting fire to houses. passive: working slowly they broke tools, mistreated animals, destroyed cops...

enslavement in the british colonies.

organized religion, no staple crop, cooler climate, sufficient white labor, made life easier in the north. only 50k slaves in N, compared to 400K in the S. Slave codes much less strict in the north, slaves in new england could own, transfer and sell land. some parts of the north with larger black population had some stricter slave codes. first english settlement; Jamestown 1607

According to W.E.B. Du Bois, how many people fell victim to the European Slave Trade?

over 100 million people

lord dunmore

part of the british army, he fought against the colonist, he said that he would offer african americans a chance of freedom if they fought for his side.

indentured servitude

period of 2-7 years, where the person lost all rights and was binded by a contract, paying back a past due or serving time. many were promised a plot of land once they served their time, not many made it as they died from being overworked.

british racism

race was a leader in shaping the character of slavery in the british colonies. british always looked at others differently, started with irish. they automatically assumed the blacks were inferior. didnt want blacks to bear arms to convert to christianity.

stono rebellion

rebellion in 1739, were freedom fighters were slaughtered and their heads were posted on to sticks; deadliest revolt where 30 white colonist were killed. the whites then slaughtered the entire rebellion and posted all of their heads onto sticks, this discouraged the african americans from revolting.

middle passage

refers to the part where slaves were packed onto ships and shipped across the atlantic to the west indies

manumission and self purchase

self purchase for slaves, saw a rise in free african class in the south certain conditions to self purchase: 1. enslaver had to give permission and ability to earn money. 2. enslaver had to consent that they could buy their own freedom. Uncertain slavery: could gain freedom but would and could be taken back right away.

quock walker case

slave that left his master and began living as a free man. then sued for his freedom and won, using mass constitution, saying that all men are created equal. resulted in many slaves suing for freedom, not too long after, did mass abolish slavery.

northwest ordinance of 1787

state of ohio was a territory. said that any state that joined through the northwest ordinance would be a free state indiana, illinois and wisconsin would form from the northwest ordinance anything north of ohio river was against slavery this ordinance did not emancipate already enslaved african americans.

What did we learn from the story written by Olaudah Equiano, a formerly enslaved person?

that life on slave ships was brutal.

US constitution and slave trade

the constitution gave the federal government more power and ability to tax. constitution formally protected slavery, but would ban the slave trade, many abolitionist saw the constitution as evil. did not mention slavery, also gave way to the 3/5ths compromise.

role of africans during the american revolution

they were rejected by the general george washington, he thought that africans were cowardly and incite rebellion. they would fight for whichever side would offer them a better chance at freedom.

declaration of independece

thomas jefferson selected to write explanation of americas attempt at independence. blamed the british and george III, because he said that it was their fault that the african americans would rebel. most of the 56 signers were slave owners. inspired by newton and locke, natural laws and natural rights. jefferson didn't support the claim for independence from black people, he rejected the slave trade but didn't reject slavery itself.

elizabeth freeman

was a slave in the state of massachussetts but then sued for he freedom and won in court.

john newton

was an indentured servant, on a trip back from england he survived a fierce storm and then decided to become an evangelical christian. he saw no contradiction between his new religion and participating in the slave trade. 25 when he became captain to a slaver, would read bible to passengers. later became a fierce opponent of the slave trade, and wrote "amazing grace" as a way of asking for forgiveness.

triangular trade

went from europe to africa to the americas and back to europe. took from 2 to 6 months to make the trip.

Missouri compromise

Allowed for missouri to apply for statehood, entered as a slave state, maine entered as a free state. This was done to maintain a balance. no slavery allowed north of 36'30 line.

How did phillis wheatley distinguish herself?

As a poet