ALL AP Psychology Allender

Stroop effect

"colored words" experiment done to test the reaction time of a task; often used to demonstrate the nature of automatic processing vs. visual control

massed practice

"cramming" of rehearsal within a short time period; produces short-term learning that is not as effective as distributed practice

F (false - only medical doctors, e.g. psychiatrists, family doctors, neurologists can perform biomedical therapy)

(T/F) biomedical therapy can be performed by any trained psychologist

T (true)

(T/F) certain cell clusters in the hypothalamus are greater in gay men and women than straight men

T (true)

(T/F) children with a secure attachment to their parents grow up to be secure and self-reliant adults

T (true)

(T/F) children without sufficient care from their fathers tend to have more aggressive tendencies.

F (false)

(T/F) clinical psychologists are also medical doctors and can prescribe medication

T (true)

(T/F) cognition can skew the effects of aversive conditioning

T (true)

(T/F) cultures and societies affect the way we think

T (true)

(T/F) depression is less commonly diagnosed in collectivist cultures

T (true)

(T/F) depression is more common in women

F (false - depth perception is indeed innate as most 6-14 month old children did NOT cross the cliff)

(T/F) depth perception is not innate, as proven by Eleanor Gibson's visual cliff test in which 6-14 month-old infants still crossed the visual cliff

F (false)

(T/F) discrimination is a negative attitude held against a certain group.

F (false - these are true in schizophrenia)

(T/F) dissociative identity disorder has a high diagnosis rate, is identified around age 18-25, has biological basis, and is found around the world

T (true)

(T/F) dissociative identity disorder was not a common diagnosis until 1980

T (true)

(T/F) during free association, pausing, joking or changing the subject are considered signs of hidden anxiety

T (true)

(T/F) during infancy, there is no accurate predictor of a child's future intelligence levels

F (false - the patient is awake)

(T/F) during rTMS therapy, the patient is unconscious

T (true)

(T/F) electroconvulsive therapy can result in short-term memory loss

T (true)

(T/F) everyone dreams

F (false)

(T/F) fear requires cognitive processing

F (false - functionalism has been replaced with modern neuroscience)

(T/F) functionalism is still a valid scientific field of psychology

F (false - opposite is true)

(T/F) girls outnumber boys at both the high and low extremes of the intelligence bell curve

T (true)

(T/F) group therapy is preferred over individual therapy because it is less costly, saves time and allows for more empathy

F (false - only tells us how genetic influences can explain differences in people)

(T/F) heritability allows us to determine how much a trait is inherited by a child

T (true)

(T/F) homosexuality tends to run in families

F (false - imprinting is an animal phenomena, while human attachments develop via the mere exposure effect)

(T/F) human children can imprint

F (false - humanism focuses on the present)

(T/F) humanism focuses on past memories and relationships

F (false)

(T/F) identical twins always share the same placenta in the womb

T (true)

(T/F) identical twins share the same genes, but not necessarily the same copies of these genes

T (true)

(T/F) if someone loses sight in one eye, they can still determine depth but to lesser accuracy than with two eyes

F (false - the need for comfort was more important than food)

(T/F) in Harlow's study on rhesus monkeys, he observed that the need for food overrode the baby monkeys' need for comfort

F (false - opposite is true)

(T/F) in response to fear, women are more prone to withdrawal symptoms while men are more prone to consulting friends

F (false - instincts are far more complex than reflexes)

(T/F) instincts and reflexes are equivalent

T (true)

(T/F) language affects the way we think

F (false - light enters the eye in waves and is converted into electrical impulses)

(T/F) light enters the eye as an electrical impulse and is converted into light waves to be processed in the brain

F (false - females have a larger corpus callosum)

(T/F) males have a larger corpus callosum than females

T (true)

(T/F) many people stay at stage 4 (authority/social order) of Kohlberg's stages of moral development

F (false - the hippocampus encodes memories)

(T/F) memories are stored in the hippocampus.

F (false - opposite is true)

(T/F) men are better able to read emotional cues than women

T (true)

(T/F) men's sperm count decreases as they age

T (true)

(T/F) motivation may exist without a drive

T (true)

(T/F) negative behaviors can be modeled by children with abusive parents or by those who watch/play violent television/video games.

F (false - nightmares occur in REM sleep and usually result in some recollection)

(T/F) night terrors are synonymous with nightmares

T (true)

(T/F) night terrors usually have no treatment unless the symptoms are related to an anxiety disorder

T (true)

(T/F) once a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor in a post-synaptic neuron, it modifies the shape and function of the receptor

T (true)

(T/F) one's culture defines their emotional gestures

T (true)

(T/F) optimists can alleviate stress better and are therefore healthier

F (false - they change depending on weight changes)

(T/F) our set points are fixed

F (false - one normally goes through at least two of them)

(T/F) people always experience all five stages of grief

F (false)

(T/F) people whose qualities are opposite or vastly different still have a likely chance of being attracted to one another.

F (false - they have an external locus of control)

(T/F) people with depression have a strong internal locus of control

F (false - they actual exhibit better job performance)

(T/F) people with strong emotional intelligence usually exhibit poorer job performance

T (true)

(T/F) people's circadian rhythm changes as they age, and everyone eventually becomes a lark

F (false - phrenology is very unscientific but did lead to later studies on cortical specialization)

(T/F) phrenology has been proven to be a valid form of scientific study.

T (true)

(T/F) polygraph tests do not detect lies, but simply measure physiological responses

T (true)

(T/F) prejudice is a negative attitude held against a certain group.

T (true)

(T/F) psychiatrists are allowed to prescribe medication to their patients

F (false - only psychiatrists can prescribe drugs)

(T/F) psychologists can provide both therapy and prescription drugs

T (true)

(T/F) psychologists today have shifted towards a continuity-based model of developmental study

F (false - this is neuroticism)

(T/F) psychoticism refers to mental distress that doesn't prevent rational thought, and includes most dude anxiety disorders

F (false)

(T/F) reassurance from a doctor that a patient is fine will help relieve episodes of hypochondriasis

T (true)

(T/F) reflexes require no cognition in the brain.

F (false - in many cases this actually increases aggressive behavior)

(T/F) releasing frustration through aggressive acts (ex: hitting a punching bag) always works as a form of catharsis or relief.

T (true)

(T/F) schizophrenia is usually diagnosed around ages 18-25

F (false)

(T/F) sex is a psychological need

F (false)

(T/F) somatoform disorders are the same as factitious disorders

F (false)

(T/F) tasks involving difficulty and complex thinking require more arousal

T (true)

(T/F) teen frontal lobes develop at a slower rate than the limbic system

T (true)

(T/F) the College Board supports Sternberg's triarchic intelligence theory

T (true)

(T/F) the effects of antidepressants take up to four weeks to be felt

T (true)

(T/F) the fattier the myelin sheath, the faster the message passes

F (false - habituation is caused by the reticular formation)

(T/F) the habituation (familiarization) of certain sensations is a result of sensory adaptation

T (true)

(T/F) the nervous system is not fully developed during birth

T (true - system of smell perception is linked to the system of emotion, which explains why we have emotional responses to smells)

(T/F) the network from the nose to the brain is contained within the limbic system.

T (true)

(T/F) the results randomized clinical trials show that those who undergo therapy are more likely to improve than those who don't

F (false - smell is the only sense NOT regulated by the thalamus)

(T/F) the thalamus regulates olfaction (smell)

F (false - those with an EXTERNAL locus of control have low self-efficacy)

(T/F) those with an internal locus of control have low self-efficacy

T (true)

(T/F) those with antisocial personality disorder (psychopaths/sociopaths) have less frontal lobe tissue than a normal brain

T (true)

(T/F) twin studies have proven Eysenck's personality types to be partially hereditary

F (false - opposite is true)

(T/F) vowel phonemes carry more information than consonant phonemes

T (true)

(T/F) we are more likely to blame others' behavior on their personal character.

F (false)

(T/F) we are more likely to blame our failures on our personal characteristics.

F (false - they are born with all the eggs they will ever have)

(T/F) women only begin producing eggs at puberty

T (true)

(T/F) women typically have more emotional intelligence than men

epigenetic principle

Erik Erikson's argument that development is a result of both heredity and environment (nature + nurture)

Bobo Doll experiment

1961 psychological experiment done to test the effect of observational learning on young children modeling violent behavior

Noam Chomsky

American psychologist and linguist who argued that children are born with an innate capacity for developing language

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychologist who pioneered the psychoanalytic theory

d (CR - conditioned response)

Betty is a subject in an experiment in which the sound of a bell is followed quickly by a puff of air to her eye, causing her to blink. Before long, she blinks as soon as she hears the bell. what is her eye blink when she hears the bell? a. US b. UR c. CS d. CR

Alan Turing

British cryptanalyst during WWII; studied artificial intelligence

Rene Descartes

Enlightenment thinker known for the saying "I think, therefore I am"

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who coined the term "tabula rasa" (blank slate) to support Aristotle's theory of nurture

Hippocrates

Greek philosopher who proposed that changes in behavior/health were caused by physiological changes instead of divine power

Plato

Greek philosopher who proposed that we are born with all necessary knowledge and that the key to life was unlocking it (nature)

Aristotle

Greek philosopher who proposed that we are born with blank mental slates that are filled with knowledge based on our life experiences (nurture)

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting; unique variation on the general evolutionary design for human nature, expressed through traits/cultural situations

linkage analysis

analysis of the DNA of families affected by mood disorders + comparison to unaffected families

c (puberty)

at what stage of life do males begin producing sperm? a. conception b. early childhood c. puberty d. early adulthood

c (6 months)

at which age can babies usually recognize themselves in the mirror? a. 4 months b. 5 months c. 6 months d. 7 months

c (4)

at which age does a child's performance on an intelligence test accurately reflect his or her test performance as an adult? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b (15-18 months)

at which age will babies begin to touch their noses when they see it? a. 10-12 months b. 15-18 months c. 18-20 months c. 22-24 months

d (7)

at which point do a child's scores on intelligence tests become relatively stable or constant? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

d (formal operational stage)

at which stage of Piaget's four stages of development are teens? a. preoperational stage b. sensorimotor stage c. concrete operational stage d. formal operational stage

secure attachment

attachment bond that results from sensitive, responsive mothers

statistical significance

attained when results aren't up to random chance, confounding variables or the sample population

(x - mean) / (standard deviation)

Z score formula

collectivist

__________________ cultures prioritize group success, interpersonal relationships and shared harmony over individual success; usually found in communist/socialist governments

individualistic

__________________ cultures prioritize individual goals/achievements, intrapersonal relationships, independence, and self-identity over group success; usually found in democratic governments

positive

a ___________ correlation occurs when the two data sets are directly proportional

negative

a ___________ correlation occurs when the two data sets are inversely proportional

collectivist

a ___________________ society values group success

theory of mind

ability to acknowledge differences in mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions, etc.) and read others' mental states; develops in children during their preoperational stage

generalizability

ability to apply repetition of an experiment to larger portions of a population

discrimination (operant conditioning)

ability to discern between different responses and knowing which will be reinforced

emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions

creativity

ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

selective attention

ability to react to specific stimuli in the presence of many; severely lacking in schizophrenics

catatonia

abnormality of movement and behavior arising from a disturbed mental state (typically schizophrenia), includes immobility, extreme negativism and imitation of others' speech/movements

b (second child)

according to Adler's birth order theories, which child in a family is ambitious, well-adjusted and closest to superiority? a. first child b. second child c. youngest child d. middle child e. only child

c (youngest child)

according to Adler's birth order theories, which child in a family is often spoiled and experiences feelings of inferiority? a. first child b. second child c. youngest child d. middle child e. only child

e (only child)

according to Adler's birth order theories, which child in a family receives excessive attention from parents and has potential to become spoiled or at odds with a parent? a. first child b. second child c. youngest child d. middle child e. only child

a (first child)

according to Adler's birth order theories, which child in a family would feel responsible and protective but inferior to their siblings? a. first child b. second child c. youngest child d. middle child e. only child

working memory (short-term memory)

activated memory that briefly holds a few items, such as someone's phone number

priming

activation of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory or response

confederate

actor who participates in an experiment alongside the participants; not observed or recorded as they are working with the researcher

assimilation

addition of new information into preexisting schemas

pupil

adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

population

all of the people that a study can apply to

pessimism

explanatory style in which people perceive events as long-lasting (stable), all-affecting (global) and theirs to blame (internal)

operational definition

explicit (quantifiable) definition of a research variable or procedure

face validity

extent to which a test APPEARS to measure what it's intended to

predictive validity

extent to which a test accurately predicts the behavior it is designed to predict (ex: aptitude test)

construct validity

extent to which a test actually measures what it claims to be measuring (ex: intelligence test - does it actually test intelligence?)

validity

extent to which a test measures or predicts what it's supposed to

content validity

extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (ex: road test, course exam)

reliability

extent to which a test yields consistent results by retesting people to see if the scores correlate

experimental realism

extent to which an experiment can involve a participant and get them to behave in a way that is realistic/meaningful to what you're doing

mundane realism

extent to which the experimental situation or task is something the participants might do in real life

convergence

extent to which the eyes converge inward; determines the distance of an object from the viewer

heritability

extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to differing genes

confounding variable

external, uncontrolled variable that may arise when two variables are linked together in a way that may skew research (ex: effects of TV-watching on obesity; eating habits aren't considered)

glucose

form of simple sugar that circulates in the bloodstream and provides a major source of energy, mainly for neurons

William James

founder of functionalism

Sigmund Freud

founder of the psychoanalytic perspective

Electra complex

girls' unconscious sexual desire for their fathers; resolved during the phallic stage of psychosexual development

color blindness

happens as a result of a deficiency of the color receptors in the cones, bipolar cells and/or ganglion cells

teratogens

harmful substances that can bypass the placenta and harm the development of the embryo/fetus (ex: alcohol, drugs, viruses)

Heinz dilemma

hypothetical narrative intended to spur discussion on the morality of the actions taken by its protagonist

drive theory

idea that a physiological or biological need creates an a state of arousal that drives the organism to reduce said need (ex: eating to satisfy hunger, drinking to satisfy thirst)

reciprocity

idea that if someone gives you a small "gift" or donation, you will return the favor

arousal theory

idea that we are driven to maintain certain levels of arousal (intellectual/emotional/physical activity)

fundamental attribution error

idea that we attribute others' behavior to their personal disposition and fail to recognize their situation

self-serving bias

idea that we attribute our achievements to our personal disposition and our failures to the situation

cognitive dissonance theory

idea that we shift our attitudes to match our behaviors to cope with cognitive dissonance

minority influence

idea that when one person in a group holds fast to their beliefs, they can influence the opinions of others in the group

T (true)

identical twins have similar weights

recognition

identification of previously-learned information based on cues ("multiple choice question")

tardive dyskinesisa

involuntary movement of facial muscles, tongue and limbs; side effect of neuroleptic drugs

retrospective memory

involves memory of people, events and words encountered in one's past

prospective memory

involves memory of planned actions and intentions to be carried out at an appropriate time

top down processing

information processing guided from higher-level mental processes (perception) that works down to lower-level functions like sensation

bottom-up processing

information processing that begins with sensation and works up to the brain's integration of sensory info (perception)

unconscious mind

information processing that we are unaware of

acquisition (classical conditioning)

initial stage when a neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditioned response and begins to trigger a conditioned response (the "learning")

biological preparedness

innate (evolved) tendency to learn certain kinds of associations relatively quickly/easily

biological preparedness

innate tendency to learn certain kinds of associations relatively easily

subtle prejudice

inner, implicit attitudes that people hold towards a group (in some cases ingrained in society)

cognitive behavioral therapy

integrated therapy that uses behavioral approaches to remedy one's cognition

Stanford-Binet intelligence test

intelligence test developed by Lewis Terman and based on the studies of Alfred Binet, designed to account for cultural factors influencing intelligence

120

intelligence test score necessary to determine creativity

behavioral medicine

interdisciplinary field that applies behavioral/medical knowledge to health and disease

law of effect

law stating that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, while behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Weber's Law

law stating that for two stimuli to be perceived as different, they must differ by a constant minimum percentage (ratio) rather than a constant amount

discrimination (classical conditioning)

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do NOT signal the unconditioned stimulus

axon

long, threadlike fiber of a neuron along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells

case study

long-term study of one subject (descriptive)

amnesia

loss of memory

self-interest

main influence behind STAGE 2 of Kohlberg's stages of morality; children only help others if they get something in return

conformity

main influence behind STAGE 3 of Kohlberg's stages of morality; individuals are receptive to others' approval/disapproval and fulfill subscribed roles

social contract

main influence behind STAGE 5 of Kohlberg's stages of morality; characterized by democratic governments that only uphold laws meant to benefit general welfare

universal ethical principles

main influence behind STAGE 6 of Kohlberg's stages of morality; individuals believe in the virtues of democratic ideals but understand their limitations

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

major dopamine pathway which communicates directly to the nucleus accumbens (NA)

womb envy

male jealousy towards females out of a desire to procreate; suggested by Karen Horney as a counterpart to penis envy

congruence

match between one's real and ideal self; leads to self-actualization

glial cell

material of which the myelin sheath is comprised; nurtures, supports and protects neurons

basilar membrane

membrane that bends and stimulates nerve cells nearby to start transduction of sound waves

repressed memories

memories "hidden" in the unconscious mind that, according to Freud, could be revealed through dreams

flashbulb memory

memory characterized by a vivid snapshot of an emotionally-arousing moment in one's life; backed by scientific research but overlaps with Freud's repression theories

cognitive dissonance

mental tension that occurs when our actions become inconsistent with our attitudes

shaping

method of operant conditioning by which successive approximations toward a target behavior are reinforced

algorithm

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution but is usually more time-consuming

confrontational tactics

methods used in cognitive behavioral therapy that are intended to trigger irrational thoughts from patients and thereby work to improve them

median

middle value in a data set

telepathy

mind-to-mind communication

difference threshold (just noticeable difference/JND)

minimum difference between two stimuli, required for detection 50% of the time

absolute threshold

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

microexpressions

minor changes/subtleties in facial muscle movement that can indicate that someone is lying; studied by Paul Ekman

androgyny

mixing of masculine and feminine characteristics

method of loci

mnemonic device characterized by the creation of a "memory palace" through which one can mentally "move around" to locate information

peg word

mnemonic device characterized by the linkage of words with numbers to remember the order in which they are placed

chunking

mnemonic device characterized by the organization of information into familiar, manageable groups/units

first word method

mnemonic device characterized by the usage of acronyms representing the first word in a list or sentence (ex: ROYGBIV)

levels of processing model

model that analyzes how long and how well we remember information based on how deeply we process it

imitation (observational learning)

modeling of words and syntax of others' speech

psychodynamic theory

modern application of Freud's psychoanalytic theories

medical model of psychology

modern approach to mental health treatment that includes the diagnosis, treatment and (often) cure of disorders through therapy

iconic memory (photographic)

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

dysthymic disorder

mood disorder characterized by lessened symptoms of major depressive disorder that are chronic and longer-lasting

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

mood disorder characterized by recurring depression that happens during winter months; likely due to an imbalance of melatonin

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in which a person alternates between depression and mania

major depressive disorder

mood disorder in which a person experiences 2+ weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest/pleasure in most activities (in the absence of drugs/medical conditions)

feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of a stimulus (ex: shape, angle) and help the development of perceptions

Saturday night paralysis (palsy)

nerve damage caused by the manner in which an intoxicated person passes out

reflex arc

nerve pathway involved in a reflex action; processed in spinal cord

optic nerve

nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

mirror neurons

neurons in the frontal lobe that fire when performing certain actions (or observing others do so)

mirror neurons

neurons that activate during the performance or observation of an action; defective in autistic children

extraversion (E)

one of Carl Jung's eight personality types, characterized by a tendency to look to the outside world (especially people/social interactions) to fulfill pleasures

judging (J)

one of Carl Jung's eight personality types, characterized by neat, orderly, hardworking and punctual people similar to Freud's anal-retentive personality

taste aversion

occurs when an animal associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled or poisonous food substance

conciliation

occurs when both sides recognize a mutual interest and intent to reduce problems

negative reinforcement (phobias)

occurs when fear-triggering stimuli are avoided, thereby removing anxiety and reinforcing phobic behavior

perception (P)

one of Carl Jung's eight personality types, characterized by spontaneous people who make decisions based on their general mood/feeling

intuition (N)

one of Carl Jung's eight personality types, characterized by those who get their information from intuition rather than practical knowledge

thinking (T)

one of Carl Jung's eight personality types, characterized by those who make decisions based on reasoning, logic and procedures

feeling (F)

one of Carl Jung's eight personality types, characterized by those who make decisions based on their emotions

sensing (S)

one of Carl Jung's eight personality types, characterized by those who obtain information from their senses; typically realistic and simplistic

introversion (I)

one of Carl Jung's eight personality types, characterized by those with a tendency to prefer the world inside themselves, prefer privacy and are averse to social interaction

psychoticism

one of Eysenck's three personality dimensions, characterized by aggressiveness, hostility and ruthlessness

neuroticism

one of Eysenck's three personality dimensions, characterized by instability and tension

extroversion (Eysenck)

one of Eysenck's three personality dimensions, characterized by sociability and attention to one's external environment

analytical intelligence

one of Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence, assessed by intelligence tests to measure academic ability

practical intelligence

one of Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence, characterized by management skills and required for everyday tasks; difficult to quantify

creative intelligence

one of Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence, demonstrated by adapting to novel situations and generating ideas

transience

one of the "7 sins" of memory: decay of memory storage over time

blocking

one of the "7 sins" of memory: inability to retrieve stored information

absentmindedness

one of the "7 sins" of memory: inattention to detail, leading to encoding failure

bias

one of the "7 sins" of memory: influence of current feelings or attitudes on past memories

persistence

one of the "7 sins" of memory: intrusion of unwanted (often emotional/disturbing) memories into our thoughts and formations of new memories

suggestibility

one of the "7 sins" of memory: tendency for a leading question to influence a response and potentially lead to the misinformation effect

expertise

one of the 5 components of creativity: a well-developed base of knowledge

imaginative thinking

one of the 5 components of creativity: ability to see things to in a novel way, recognize patterns and make connections

intrinsic motivation

one of the 5 components of creativity: motivation driven by interest, satisfaction and personal challenge rather than external rewards, results and pressures

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

biofeedback

biomedical therapy that involves making patients aware of various physiological functions (ex: brainwaves, muscle tones, sweat, heart rate, etc.) using monitors to alleviate stress, migraines and blood pressure

vagus nerve stimulation

biomedical treatment of chronic depression in which a chest implant stimulates the vagus nerve to send signals to the limbic system

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

biomedical treatment of depression in which a magnetic coil is held close to the skull to emit pulses of magnetic energy to the brain

deep brain stimulation

biomedical treatment of depression which electrodes and a pacemaker are implanted in the cortical space between the frontal lobe and limbic system

fetal alcohol syndrome

birth defects resulting from the consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

human factor psychology

branch of psychology that explores how items and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

industrial-organizational psychology (IO)

branch of psychology that studies human behavior in the workplace with the intent of improvement

sexology

branch of scientific study developed by Alfred Kinsey, focuses on sexual interests, behavior and function

echoic memory

brief auditory recall (usually ranges towards the last five or six words just said)

iconic memory

brief photographic memory

myoclonic jerk

brief, involuntary twitching of muscles that sometimes occurs during stage 1 of sleep and wakes you up

neuron

building block of body's information system; cell that receives, processes and transmits nerve impulses

universal grammar

building blocks of language shared across all languages (ex: nouns, verbs, etc.)

sleep spindles

bursts of oscillatory brain activity occurring during stage 2 of sleep; indicate that you are entering or exiting REM sleep

c (7)

by which age (critical period) do children need to be exposed to language in order to be able to fully learn it? a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8

d (9)

by which age (critical) do DEAF children need to learn SIGN language? a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9

bipolar cells

cells that receive messages from rods and cones and relay the messages to the ganglion cells

ganglion cells

cells that receive messages from the bipolar cells and merge into the optic nerve

hippocampus

center of emotion, memory and the central nervous system

fovea

central spot on the retina on which the image is formed; point of maximum cone concentration and vision sharpness

action potential

change in electrical potential of a membrane that occurs when positively charged ions are carried to the cell membrane alongside neural messages

pinna

channels sound waves to the auditory canal

auditory canal

channels sound waves to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

secondary trait

characteristic apparent only in certain situations (ex: uncomfortable in confined spaces)

personality traits

characteristic patterns of behavior/dispositions to feel/act (does NOT explain personality formation)

adenosine

chemical compound released in the reticular pathway that induces sleepiness

gustatory sense

chemical sense that, from an evolutionary perspective, enables us to discern between healthy and toxic foods

psychoactive drug

chemical substance that alters perception, mood, consciousness and behavior

neurotransmitter

chemical substance that sends neural messages, released by nerve impulses

narcissistic personality disorder

cluster-B personality disorder characterized by a pervasive need for grandiosity/attention and a lack of empathy

borderline personality disorder

cluster-B personality disorder characterized by extremely binary thinking (no "grey areas") and unstable relationships, identity and self-image

histrionic personality disorder

cluster-B personality disorder characterized by pervasive attention-seeking behavior, including sexual seductiveness and shallow/exaggerated emotions

dependent personality disorder

cluster-C personality disorder characterized by pervasive psychological dependence on other people

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

cluster-C personality disorder characterized by rigid conformity to rules/moral codes and excessive orderliness

avoidant personality disorder

cluster-C personality disorder characterized by social inhibitions, feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation, and avoidance of social settings

schema

cognitive concept used to organize info; outline/model

schema

cognitive concepts that help organize and interpret information; studied by Jean Piaget

schema

cognitive concepts that help organize/interpret information; develops for familiar faces at around 8 months of age

mental retardation (cognitive disability)

cognitive disability signified by intelligence test scores below 70 as well as difficulties adapting to everyday life

rehearsal

cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a means of encoding it

harmful dysfunction

combination of deviance and distress that threatens to impair normal life function

chlorpromazine (thorazine)

common neuroleptic drug that blocks dopamine receptor sites

percentile rank

comparative rank against other scores

retinal disparity

comparison of images between the left and right eye that allows the brain to compute distance

free association

component of psychoanalysis in which a patient relaxes and freely expresses what's on their mind as a means of potentially uncovering unconscious thoughts/memories

dream analysis

component of psychoanalysis in which patients' dreams are studied to separate latent and manifest content

parasympathetic nervous system

component of the autonomic nervous system which inhibits adrenaline release after a fight-or-flight response to return the body to homeostasis

sympathetic nervous system

component of the autonomic nervous system which produces adrenaline in response to stimuli

autonomic nervous system

component of the central nervous system which activates an immediate fight-or-flight response to a stimulus

hypothalamus

component of the limbic system, regulates hunger

schema

concepts that help organize and interpret information (more prominent in adults than children)

stereotype threat

concern felt during a situation in which one has the potential to confirm a stereotype about their own social group

factitious disorder

condition in which a person acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, faking or exaggerating symptoms; NOT the same as somatoform disorders

addiction

condition in which the body must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms; results in compulsive drug craving and use against adverse consequences

synesthesia

cross-wiring of senses (ex: sounds evoking taste); occurs in every 1:200 to 1:2000 people and more prominent in females

rationalization

defense mechanism in which one creates false but seemingly credible justifications for their actions -- stating that you got fired because you didn't kiss up to your boss, not because you're a poor worker

denial

defense mechanism in which one claims or believes a distressing truth to be false -- parents refusing to believe their child was drunk

reaction formation

defense mechanism in which one exaggerates a response opposite to their emotions -- i love him because i hate him

repression

defense mechanism in which one pushes uncomfortable thoughts into their unconscious mind

sublimation

defense mechanism in which one redirects "unacceptable" urges to socially acceptable actions/occupations -- becoming a butcher because you like to cut things

displacement

defense mechanism in which one redirects their emotions to a substitute target -- kicking dog instead of mom

intellectualization

defense mechanism in which one takes an objective viewpoint towards emotionally distressing events to repress negative emotions -- focusing on details of funeral instead of sadness/grief

Down's syndrome

disorder that comes from an extra copy of chromosome 21; example of inadvertent mutation

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts and feelings

incongruence

disparity between one's real and ideal self

achievement gap

disparity of educational measures between performances of certain student groups based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic class and/or gender

psychogenic amnesia (dissociative amnesia)

dissociative disorder in which patients partially lose memories of their personal lives; likely caused by psychological stress

sample bias

error in sampling in which some members of the population are less likely to be included than others (unrepresentative sample)

type II error

error in statistical reasoning in which we accept a null hypothesis despite it being false

type I error

error in statistical reasoning in which we reject a null hypothesis despite it being true

placenta

organ in the uterus that transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to her offspring, and screens harmful substances from reaching the baby

amygdala

organ linked to the brain's limbic system; controls emotions

thalamus

organ that relays all sensory info except smell to the brain; Cannon and Bard argued that it relays info to both the limbic system and the frontal lobe simultaneously

anxiety hierarchy

organization of anxieties from mildly provoking to highly provoking; used in systematic desensitization

reticular formation

part of the brain that regulates the habituation of senses

anterior cingulate cortex

part of the frontal lobe that facilitates/tracks cognitive, physiological and emotional function; overactive in people with OCD

lateral hypothalamus

part of the hypothalamus that facilitates hunger

ventromedial hypothalamus

part of the hypothalamus that suppresses hunger (regulates satiation)

somatic nervous system

part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates operant conditioning

internal locus of control

perception that one controls his or her own fate

external locus of control

perception that one's fate is controlled by chance and outside forces

relative deprivation

perception that you are worse off relative to those with whom you compare yourself

self concept

perception/feeling about oneself

relative size

perceptual clue in which objects vary in perceived size depending on distance (ex: distant objects are smaller)

linear perspective

perceptual clue in which the relative size of parallel lines appears to change depending on the distance between them; parallel lines closer together appear longer than those far apart

grouping

perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

objectivity

perception and judgment based on factual evidence; no bias or personal opinion involved

subjectivity

perception and judgment based upon personal opinions

interposition

perception of an object as closer than another object if the first object obscures the second

relative light and shadow

perception of brighter objects as closer and dimmer objects as further away

relative clarity

perception of clearer objects as closer and hazier objects as further away

lightness constancy

perception of familiar objects having a constant lightness despite change in illumination

relative motion

perception of faster-moving objects as closer and slower objects as further away; similar to parallax effect

stroboscopic movement

perception of movement created by a rapid series of slightly-varied images (stop-motion)

productive language

period after 4 months of age during which babies are able to produce language

emerging adulthood

period between ages 18-25 in which college-age adults experience personal independence but are still financially dependent on their parents

receptive language

period between infancy and 4 months old in which babies are only able to receive language

critical period

period for attachment to occur between a child and caregiver, from 6 to 24 months of age

puberty

period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

parental consent

permission for an experiment granted by the parents of the participant with the knowledge of possible consequences; required if participant(s) are underage

informed consent

permission for an experiment granted by the participant with the knowledge of possible consequences

memory

persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information

supertaster

person with a low gustatory threshold; more common among women than men

type A personality

personality of those who are competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, anger-prone, and more likely to die of a heart attack

type B personality

personality of those who are easygoing and relaxed

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

personality questionnaire created by Hans Eysenck, measuring extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticism

Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory

personality questionnaire that attempts to sort people based on Carl Jung's eight personality types

Big 5 test (OCEAN)

personality test created by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae, that measures the five most common trait dimensions

projective tests

personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner thoughts; used today to assess the unconscious mind

anal expulsive

personality type in the anal stage of psychosexual development, characterized by carelessness, messiness and a lack of self-control

anal retentive

personality type in the anal stage of psychosexual development, characterized by stubbornness and a desire for order and perfection

oral receptive

personality type in the oral stage of psychosexual development, characterized by oral activity such as eating, drinking, etc.) in order to reduce tension; indicative of a needy and passive personality that is sensitive to rejection

oral aggressive

personality type in the oral stage of psychosexual development, characterized by verbal abuse of others

texture gradient

perception of smaller, more densely-packed groups of objects as further away and larger, loosely-dispersed objects as closer

shape constancy

perception of the form of familiar objects as constant despite change in distance/retinal image

size constancy

perception of the size of familiar objects as constant despite change in distance/retinal image

relative height

perception of vertically-oriented objects as larger than horizontally-oriented objects

collective efficacy

perception that collaborative effort will lead to group success

behavior feedback effect

phenomenon in which acting out emotions can influence your actual emotional state

spillover effect

phenomenon in which an aroused state can be experienced in different types of emotions depending on our interpretation of an event

overjustification effect

phenomenon in which an external reward becomes meaningless/ineffective when overused and doesn't foster motivation

facial feedback effect

phenomenon in which faking emotions (ex: smiling, frowning) can influence your actual emotional state

feel good, do good phenomenon

phenomenon in which feeling better makes you more inclined to help others

placebo effect

phenomenon in which members of a control group claim to experience the effects of the independent variable in an experimental group; can result in experimenter bias

state dependent memory (mood)

phenomenon in which memory retrieval improves when one is in the same mood/state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed

tip of the tongue phenomenon

phenomenon in which memory retrieval occurs in fragments, resulting in one's inability to fully recall a piece of information despite being aware they know it

imagination inflation

phenomenon in which one believes they have actually experienced a false memory (ex: alien abduction)

mood linkage

phenomenon in which our moods adapt to those around us

sleep paralysis

phenomenon in which people, either when falling asleep or waking up, temporarily experience an inability to move

overjustification effect

phenomenon in which reinforcers/rewards lose their effect or meaning when given too often, thereby reducing the desired behavior

spacing effect

phenomenon in which retention of information improves when rehearsal is distributed over time

social desirability effect

phenomenon in which survey respondents give socially acceptable answers rather than being completely honest

mere exposure effect

phenomenon in which the longer we are exposed to the ideas of parents, friends and others close to us, we will begin to accept said ideas as true

overjustification effect

phenomenon in which the repeated reinforcement of extrinsic rewards diminishes their effectiveness

context effect

phenomenon in which the situation or context we are in can influence our perceptions

Von Restorff effect

phenomenon in which unique or irregular items/information cues that stand out are more likely to be remembered

groupthink

phenomenon that occurs when a group is excited to reach a conclusion and overlooks potential problems in order to maintain group harmony

desensitization

phenomenon that occurs when people become less disturbed or averse to violence after repeatedly watching it on television or video games

mere exposure effect

phenomenon that occurs when the amount of time we spend around somebody directly affects how much we like them or feel attracted to them

retinal proteins

photoreceptors in the retina that are triggered by bright light; exposure to blue light keeps you awake

rods

photoreceptors in the retina that process black and white

cones

photoreceptors in the retina that process color

wording effect

possible effect on participants' survey responses based on the wording or phrasing of questions

hyperpolarization

process by which a neuron's cell body becomes negative after action potential; reverse of depolarization, prevents the neuron from receiving another stimulus

reuptake

process by which leftover neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft are reabsorbed by the next neuron

sensation

process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive stimuli

repolarization

process by which positive ions are pumped out of a neuron's cell body and the cell returns to resting potential

sensory deprivation

process by which someone is deprived of normal external stimuli such as sight and sound for an extended period of time, especially as an experimental technique

stress

process by which we perceive and respond to certain stressors (stimuli considered threatening/challenging)

individuation

process in which all aspects of one's personality are integrated into an organized whole; represented by the self (archetype)

fixation

process of becoming trapped in one behavior as a result of conflict in any of the psychosexual development stages

habituation

process of becoming used to a stimulus; if fear is habituated, then we are more prone to experiencing pleasure

repression

process of blocking out thoughts, feelings and memories into the unconscious mind

pruning

process of discarding unused neurons/neural connections

retrieval

process of extracting information from stored memory; in most cases, forgetting is the result of retrieval failure

memory trace

process of following the path of memories as they travel between neurons (stronger paths are associated with deeply processed information)

factor analysis

process of narrowing down scientific data to a manageable number of variables

perception

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects or events

perception

process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

self-actualization

process of reaching one's full potential

progressive relaxation training

process of sequentially relaxing individual muscle groups to achieve complete relaxation; used in systematic desensitization

mainstreaming

process of situating mentally disabled students into regular education programs

evidence-based practice

process of using statistical data from randomized trials to support the effectiveness of therapies (rather than testimonies, alternative therapy, etc.); supported by the APA

depolarization

processes by which a neuron's cell body becomes neutral when its charge is turned positive

parallel processing

processing multiple pieces of information at once (easier and faster)

encoding

processing of information in the memory system; occurs in the hippocampus

deep processing

processing of meanings and implications of information and associations between new memories and preexisting memories

shallow processing

processing of superficial, sensory information such as lines, curves, etc.

serial processing

processing pieces of information one at a time (more complex and time-consuming)

thematic apperception test (TAT)

projective test created by Henry Murray, in which subjects view ambiguous pictures and write stories about them

Rorschach inkblot test

projective test in which subjects look at ten inkblots and describe what they see

sleep debt

prolonged buildup of sleep deprivation

latent learning

property of learning identified by Edward Tolman, in which learning occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it

insight learning

property of learning identified by Wolfgang Kohler, in which answers can suddenly come to you without any sort of reinforcement

sensory interdependency

property of sensation in that our senses are dependent on one another and do not function independently

heritability

proportion of difference among individuals that we can attribute to genetic factors (NOT environmental/social factors)

confidentiality

protection of participants' identities (including the inability to link the participants' identities to the information provided to the researcher)

myelin sheath

protective layer of fatty tissue that insulates the axon

protein pump

protein that is capable of diffusing materials AGAINST their concentration gradient

channel

protein transporter molecule

acquisition (operant conditioning)

providing a reinforcer to get the subject to acquire the desired behavior (done through shaping)

Karen Horney

psychoanalyst who disputed Freud's ideas of penis envy and female superiority

Carl Jung

psychoanalyst who expanded upon Freudian theories of the unconscious mind and theorized eight different personality types

transfer

psychoanalytic process of communicating earlier emotions to the therapist to work through them

free assocation

psychoanalytic process of saying whatever comes to mind while in a relaxed state

interpretation

psychoanalytic technique of providing insights to underlying feelings/thoughts indicated by certain behaviors; highly subjective

anorexia nervosa

psychological disorder characterized by delusions that you are too fat when you're actually abnormally, dangerously thin from not eating

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social function

somatoform disorders

psychological disorders in which symptoms take a bodily form without any apparent physical cause

venturesome personality

one of the 5 components of creativity: personality characterized by an interest in new experiences, tolerance for ambiguity and risk, and perseverance through obstacles

creative environment

one of the 5 components of creativity: physical, social or cultural environment characterized by creative activity

neuroticism (big 5)

one of the big 5 trait dimensions, which measures: calm vs. anxious security vs. insecurity self-satisfaction vs. self-pity

openness

one of the big 5 trait dimensions, which measures: imagination vs. practical thinking variety vs. routine independence vs. conformity

conscientiousness

one of the big 5 trait dimensions, which measures: organized vs. disorganized careful vs. careless discipline vs. impulse

extraversion (big 5)

one of the big 5 trait dimensions, which measures: sociable vs. private fun-loving vs. sober affectionate vs. reserved

agreeableness

one of the big 5 trait dimensions, which measures: soft-hearted vs. ruthless trust vs. suspicion helpful vs. uncooperative

temperament

one's natural set of characteristic mental, physical and emotional reactions

locus of control

one's sense of personal control over themselves and their environment

nose

only body part not included in the sensory pathway

egocentrism

only considering things from one's own perspective

withdrawal

onset of symptoms, both mental and physical, that result from the discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

synapse

open space/junction between neurons across which nerve impulses travel to reach the next neuron

genuineness

openness with feels

explanatory style

optimism vs. pessimism

1. oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latent 5. genital

order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development (use numerical list)

amygdala

organ in the brain that allows our brains to work over long periods of time

hippocampus

organ in the brain that encodes explicit memories

olfactory bulb

organ in the brain that receives odor molecules entering through the nose

cerebellum

organ in the brain that stores procedural memories

amygdala

organ in the limbic system that processes fear

Broca's area

specialized area on the left side of the frontal lobe responsible for speech articulation; if damaged, speech will be slowed and slurred

Wernicke's area

specialized area within the parietal lobe that is also involved with language; allows for speech comprehension and the formation of comprehensive sentences

receptor

specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli

language

spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

oval window

spot on the cochlea that moves the cochlear fluid when hit by the stirrup

alarm

stage 1 of general adaptation syndrome: sympathetic nervous system releases adrenaline

resistance

stage 2 of general adaptation syndrome: after prolonged stress, cortisol begins to flow through our body

exhaustion

stage 3 of general adaptation syndrome: if stress continues, our immune system is weakened, making us susceptible to disease

resting potential

stage during which a neuron is at rest

one word stage (holophrase)

stage of productive language in which babies begin to speak with single-word sentences like "mommy"; usually around age 1

two word stage (telegraphic speech)

stage of productive language in which babies speak in two-word sentences like "mommy up", including proper syntactical rules; develops around age 2

15

standard deviation for any modern intelligence test

norm score

standardized test score of a comparison/pretest group used in comparison with the results of other students

mania

state in which a person is overly loud, excited, unintelligible, awake and sexually uninhibited

conscious

state of being aware of one's self and surroundings

a (clients - humanism promotes growth instead of remedy)

subjects of humanistic therapy are considered.... a. clients b. patients

paranoia

subtype of schizophrenia characterized by a preoccupation with delusions/hallucinations

undifferentiated schizophrenia

subtype of schizophrenia characterized by a variety of symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a single form of schizophrenia

disorganization

subtype of schizophrenia characterized by incoherent speech, errant behavior and flat/inappropriate emotion

residual schizophrenia

subtype of schizophrenia only diagnosed in those that have had previous schizophrenic episodes but now exhibit two or more mild symptoms

insight

sudden, often novel realization of a solution without any prior cognition

posthypnotic suggestion

suggestion made during a hypnosis session to be carried out after the subject awakens; often used to help alleviate headaches, asthma, skin disorders, pain and addictions

adaptation level phenomenon

tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by prior experience (ex: getting a pay raise, becoming adapted to the heightened income and considering it normal, requiring more pay raises to feel happy/excited)

outgroup homogeneity

tendency to inaccurately believe that all members of another group are similar or the same

misinformation effect

tendency to incorporate misleading information into one's memory of an event, leading to the creation of a false memory

confirmation bias

tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories

confirmation bias

tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation to our existing beliefs

self-fulfilling prophecy

tendency to let preconceived expectations of others influence how we treat them and thus bring about that behavior

overconfidence

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs

overconfidence

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

perceptual set

tendency to perceive or notice some aspects of sensory info and ignore others based on expectation, experience, context, etc.

social facilitation

tendency to perform better in the presence of others; only works if one is confident and skilled in the task at hand

social impairment

tendency to perform poorly if asked to perform a task that we are not skilled at or confident about

other race effect

tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than those of people of other races

primacy effect

tendency to recall the first item in a list

recency effect

tendency to recall the last item in a list

mood congruency effect

tendency to remember memories/events consistent with one's current mood

generalization (conditioning)

tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli; can occur with fear, increasing anxiety/phobias

confirmation bias

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions while ignoring or distorting contradictory information

functional fixedness

tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions without considering other applications

hindsight bias

tendency to view an event as predictable after it has happened ("I knew it all along phenomenon"); also applies to blaming a victim for their situation

social loafing

tendency, when working with a group, to slack off and allow others to complete work for us

tail of the whale

term given to the skew of a distribution graph as a result of outliers

mnemonic devices

techniques used to improve one's ability to remember information (ex: catchy acronyms)

sleep apnea

temporary cessation of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings; a symptom is often loud snoring

generalization (classical conditioning)

tendency for a conditioned response to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

bystander effect

tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are present (ex: group setting)

overgeneralization (overregularization)

tendency for infants to extend the application of a grammatical rule to words to which it doesn't apply (ex: I "goed" home); developed by a child's own ability and not through any teaching or modeling

positive transfer

tendency for learning in one situation to aid learning in another situation

retroactive interference

tendency for newly-learned information to affect our ability to recall old information

proactive interference

tendency for old memories to affect the retrieval of new memories; contributes to difficulties in learning new languages

person-situation controversy

tendency for one's behavior to deviate from stable personality traits in certain situations; identified by Walter Mischel

group polarization

tendency for our beliefs to grow stronger when we join a group with similar beliefs; results from group discussion and unity

proactive interference

tendency for previously-learned information to affect subsequent learning

age regression

tendency for someone who is hypnotized to behave like younger versions of themselves as a means of finding or expressing repressed memories -- throwing a temper tantrum

context effect

tendency for the setting in which material was learned to improve one's ability to remember said material

belief perseverance

tendency to adhere to our initial beliefs and ideas even after they've been discredit; inability to accept that we are wrong

mental set

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, typically one that has proven successful before

mental set

tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked in the past

actor/observer bias

tendency to attribute our own behavior to our situation and others' behavior to their personal disposition

hindsight bias

tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it ("I knew it all along" phenomenon)

confabulation

tendency to combine or substitute memories from events other than the one you're trying to remember

mere exposure effect

tendency to develop a preference/bond to objects/people as a result of familiarity to them; impacts attachment bonds in human children

outgroup bias

tendency to dislike a group that we don't belong to or don't associate with

deindividuation

tendency to engage in behavior uncharacteristic of oneself while in a large group setting; results from loss of self-awareness and individuality

REM rebound

tendency to fall into REM sleep more quickly as a result of prolonged sleep deprivation

ingroup bias

tendency to favor a group that we belong to or associate with

centration

tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation, problem or aspect; occurs in children during their preoperational stage

marshmallow test

test conducted by Walter Mischel that measures children's conscientiousness, thinking and judging via their capacity for delayed gratification

Turing test

test designed to measure the intelligence of machines

thematic apperception test (TAT)

test that provides you with an ambiguous picture which you are asked to write a story about within a time limit

blood, yellow bile, black bile, phelgm

the "four humors" of the body conceived by Roman physician Galen

functionalism

psychological idea that every feeling, emotion or thought in the mind is associated solely with the idea that each has a function that helps us adapt to our environment

behaviorism

psychological perspective focusing on observable behavior

humanism

psychological perspective founded upon the assumption that humans are inherently good and that our goal is to reach our full potential

structuralism

psychological perspective involving the analysis of the mind's structure, and the basic elements of the conscience such as emotions/sensations

functionalism

psychological perspective involving the understanding of cognitive processes and behaviors

humanism

psychological perspective stating that everyone is working to reach their full potential; assumes that human trains are inherently "good"

social-cultural perspective

psychological perspective that analyzes the influence of society and culture on behavior

cognitive perspective

psychological perspective that attributes gender differences to cognitive understanding (schema) of masculinity and femininity

behavioral perspective

psychological perspective that attributes gender differences to differences in learning based on operant conditioning

biological perspective

psychological perspective that attributes gender differences to heredity

social-cultural perspective

psychological perspective that attributes gender differences to social norms for the type of behavior expected out of each gender

evolutionary perspective

psychological perspective that attributes species survival/reproduction to gender differences

Gestalt psychology

psychological perspective that explains perception in terms of grouping; our brains will always try to make complete images out of incomplete stimuli

psychoanalytic perspective

psychological perspective that identifies differences in gender based on Freud's theories of sexuality and repression -- forgetting being sexually abused

behaviorism

psychological perspective that studies behavior in terms of conditioning/learning rather than cognition

psychoanalytic

psychological perspective/approach conceived by Sigmund Freud; based on the idea that personality, mental illness and motivation come from desires and memories retained unconsciously

evolutionary

psychological perspective/approach derived from evolutionary research by Charles Darwin; theorizes that human behavior is determined by genetic traits that result from natural selection

socio-cultural

psychological perspective/approach that analyzes the effects of different cultures and societies on behavior and perception

cognitive

psychological perspective/approach that focuses on the mental processes that allow us to learn and remember information

hierarchy of needs

psychological pyramid model developed by Abraham Maslow, categorizing needs from physiological to those of self-actualization

Gordon Allport

psychologist who approached personality through genetic traits that lasted a lifetime

Robert Sternberg

psychologist who argued for the triarchic theory of intelligence

Paul Ekman

psychologist who argued that facial expressions are universal and therefore biological (nature) instead of cultural/acquired (nurture)

John Watson

psychologist who coined the term "behaviorism" and proposed that learning occurs through experience; conducted the "Little Albert" experiment

Edward Thorndike

psychologist who conceived the law of effect

Albert Ellis

psychologist who developed cognitive behavioral therapy

Alfred Binet

psychologist who developed the first intelligence test in France to determine a child's mental age

Sigmund Freud

psychologist who developed the psychoanalytic perspective; focused on sexuality and the unconscious mind

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

psychologist who identified five stages of grief

Walter Mischel

psychologist who identified person-situation controversy and conducted the marshmallow test

Aaron Beck

psychologist who led the development of cognitive therapy

David Rosenhan

psychologist who performed a study testing whether hospitals misdiagnose certain disorders

Robert Rescorla

psychologist who proved the involvement of cognition in learning by discovering that experience with a stimulus increases the predictability of the stimulus

George Miller

psychologist who proved the magical number seven plus or minus two theory

Mary Ainsworth

psychologist who studied attachment bonds in children

Konrad Lorenz

psychologist who studied imprinting in baby birds

BF Skinner

psychologist who studied operant conditioning

Eleanor Gibson

psychologist who studied the innate human properties associated with depth perception

John Garcia

psychologist who studied trace conditioning and taste aversion

variable ratio schedule

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after an UNPREDICTABLE NUMBER of responses

fixed interval schedule

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a responses only after a SPECIFIED TIME has elapsed

accommodation

reorganization of new information into different schemas

replication

repetition of a study in order to ensure that results are true; allows the extension of the results to other groups and situations

sensorineural hearing loss

results from damage to the hair cells in the cochlea (indicated by tinnitus)

conduction hearing loss

results from damage to the tympanic membrane (eardrum) or ossicles

storage

retention of information encoded over time; memories are stored everywhere in the brain

recall

retrieval of previously-learned information without any memory cues ("short answer question")

psychometrics

science of measuring mental capacities and processes using statistical data

neuroscience

scientific study of the nervous system

psychophysics

scientific study of the relationship between stimuli (specified in physical terms) and the sensations/perceptions evoked by these stimuli

Albert Bandura

scientist who conducted the "Bobo Doll" aggression experiment in 1961

William Dement

scientist who first identified that dreaming occurs during REM sleep, and also started the first sleep lab

Michel Jouvet

scientist who pioneered study in paradoxical sleep through the use of cats to analyze levels of brain activity

Solomon Asch

scientist who studied conformity by using a "line test" on a participant and several confederates

T score

score that results from adding or subtracting the standard deviation from the mean depending on the Z score

working memory storage (short term)

second stage of memory storage, in which memories are stored before being potentially encoded

selective inattention

selectively ignoring unpleasant or anxiety-provoking stimuli

individual efficacy

self-efficacy in an individual

Kinsey Scale

sexual orientation measurement system developed by Alfred Kinsey; 0 = exclusively heterosexual, 6 = exclusively homosexual

approach-avoidance conflict

situation involving an option with both good and bad characteristics

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

situation involving several options, each with their pros and cons

avoidance-avoidance conflict

situation involving two negative options

approach-approach conflict

situation involving two positive options

REM behavior disorder

sleep disorder primarily occurring amongst middle-aged men, in which they do not become paralyzed during REM sleep and act out the vivid dreams they experience during REM

hypochondriasis (illness anxiety disorder)

somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

reinforcer

something that increases the likelihood that a specific behavior or response will occur

fraternal birth order effect

theory that men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay; doesn't have any scientific backing or explanation

Yerkes-Dodson Law

theory that performance increases with arousal, but only up to a certain point (graph is an inverted parabola/U-curve)

perceived control (locus of control)

theory that stress is worse if you think you have no control over your situation

reciprocal determinism

theory that your behavior can influence how others in your environment cognitively process your behavior and therefore behave towards you

long term memory storage

third stage of memory storage, in which encoded memories are stored and ready to be retrieved

testosterone, alcohol, drugs

three BIOCHEMICAL factors that affect aggression

limbic system, frontal lobe, hypothalamus

three NEURAL factors that affect aggression

proximity, physical attraction, similarity

three main factors that influence attraction

norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

three neurotransmitters that are all mono-amine (one NH2 group)

glutamate, GABA, serotonin

three neurotransmitters whose imbalanced concentrations may lead to anxiety

William Masters, Virginia Johnson

two sexologists who discovered the sexual response cycle; hint: their work directly inspired Showtime's TV series Masters of Sex

bipedalism

two-legged animal movement; example of naturally selected mutation

personal psychology

type of IO psychology focusing on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal and development; usually interview-based

organizational pscyhology

type of IO psychology focusing on how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction and productivity

retrograde amnesia

type of amnesia characterized by an inability to recall information from BEFORE the event (accident, operation, etc.) that caused the amnesia, but the ability to recall NEW info

anterograde amnesia

type of amnesia characterized by an inability to remember NEW information, but the ability to recall information PRIOR to the event (accident, operation, etc.) that caused the amnesia

fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

type of brain scan that measures brain activity by using MRI technology to detect changes associated with blood flow; shows both structure and function of the brain

CAT Scan (Computed Tomography Scan)

type of brain scan that shows brain features but not structure; used to determine brain injury

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography Scan)

type of brain scan that tags glucose levels to determine the level of activity happening in various parts of the brain; used to find diseases in the body

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

type of brain scan that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to produce pictures of organs and structures inside the body; allows for a very detailed structural image of the brain

higher order conditioning

type of classical conditioning in which a new neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned response

counterconditioning

type of classical conditioning in which stimuli that trigger maladaptive behaviors are associated/paired with new behaviors, leading to the extinction of the maladaptive response

delayed conditioning

type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is presented immediately before the unconditioned stimulus with brief overlap; Pavlov supported this method

jigsaw classroom

type of classroom in which students from an "expert" group are distributed among the rest of the classroom to share knowledge

trace conditioning

type of conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus is presented well AFTER the conditioned stimulus with a long-term delay; works to elicit taste aversion

exposure therapy

type of counterconditioning developed by Mary Cover Jones in which patients of anxiety are exposed to triggering stimuli in hopes of extinguishing the maladaptive response

aversive conditioning

type of counterconditioning that repeatedly associates an unpleasant/aversive stimulus with certain maladaptive behaviors until the behavior is extinguished

systematic desensitization

type of exposure therapy developed by Joseph Wolpe that associates a state of peaceful relaxedness with the gradually increasing exposure of anxiety-triggering stimuli

implosion therapy

type of exposure therapy in which a patient is exposed to exaggerated cases of a trigger stimuli

flooding

type of exposure therapy in which a patient is rapidly exposed to triggering stimuli in an attempt to extinguish the maladaptive response

virtual reality exposure therapy

type of exposure therapy used to extinguish frightened responses to situations that are difficult to simulate in a therapy environment (ex: flying)

field independence

type of field intelligence characterized by analytical thinking, organization, autonomy, focus and preference for grade-based progress and STEM education

field dependence

type of field intelligence characterized by broader (global) thinking, poorer organization, better social skills, tendency for distractions, and preference for social science education

representative heuristic

type of heuristic characterized by judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they match our prototype/stereotype

availability heuristic

type of heuristic characterized by judging the likelihood of events in terms of their availability in memory (if something just happened and is fresh in your mind, you will think of it)

client-centered therapy (patient-centered/person-centered)

type of humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers, in which therapists actively listen to their clients and openly accept them

disorganized-disoriented

type of insecure attachment characterized by children who are extremely distressed at their mother's absence but have little engagement with the mother when she is present

anxious-avoidant

type of insecure attachment characterized by children who avoid/ignore their mothers, are indifferent to the absence/presence of their mothers, have unexploratory personalities, and treat strangers/mothers relatively the same

anxious-resistant

type of insecure attachment characterized by stranger anxiety in a mother's presence, extreme distress at a mother's absence, and ambivalence/weak contact with the mother upon her return

crystalized intelligence

type of intelligence characterized by accumulated knowledge and verbal skills (increases with age)

fluid intelligence

type of intelligence characterized by the ability to reason in quick and abstract ways (decreases with age)

achievement test

type of intelligence test designed to assess cumulative learning (ex: AP exam)

aptitude test

type of intelligence test designed to predict future performance (ex: SAT, ACT)

standardized test

type of intelligence test given to a pretested group whose results are compared with those of other students

sports psychology

type of psychology that studies psychological and physiological factors that affect athletic performance

social psychology

type of psychology that studies the effects of social environments and personal interactions on attitudes and behaviors

positive punishment

type of punishment in which behaviors are DECREASED (or stopped) when a negative or aversive stimulus is INTRODUCED

negative punishment

type of punishment in which behaviors are DECREASED (or stopped) when a positive stimulus is removed

negative reinforcement

type of reinforcement in which behaviors INCREASE when a NEGATIVE stimulus is stopped or reduced

positive reinforcement

type of reinforcement in which behaviors are INCREASED by the use of POSITIVE stimuli or rewards

partial reinforcement

type of reinforcement in which the desired response is reinforced only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of the response but greater resistance to extinction

immediate gratification

type of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is given immediately after the desired behavior

delayed gratification

type of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is not given immediately after the desired behavior, but after a period of time (ex: getting paid)

primary reinforcer

type of reinforcer that is a biological necessity (ex: food, water)

conditioned reinforcer (secondary)

type of reinforcer that works through learned associations with primary reinforcers (ex: money, which can buy you food and shelter)

experimental research

type of research that is done to show cause and effect; includes independent and dependent variables

collectivist

type of society that promotes group success and harmony (ex: countries in East Asia)

individualistic

type of society that promotes individual rights and success (ex: democracy)

convergent thinking

type of thinking directed towards finding a single, correct answer (tested in intelligence tests)

divergent thinking

type of thinking directed towards finding broader, "out of the box" solutions (demonstrated through creativity)

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)

type of ventilation-based therapy for sleep apnea in which the patient uses a machine to supply the patient with air through the night

Asperger's syndrome

upper range of the autism spectrum, characterized by high performance

dream analysis

use of latent dream content to identify psychological problems; very subjective and unscientific

survey

use of questions to gather information about an individual or population (descriptive)

experiment

use of random subjects and variable manipulation to determine cause and effect

nearsightedness (myopia)

vision problem in which it is easier to see objects that are closer than farther away

farsightedness (hyperopia)

vision problem in which it is easier to see objects that are farther away than closer

foveal vision

vision where clarity (acuity) is highest/sharpest

binocular cues

visual stimuli processed by both eyes

monocular cues

visual stimuli that can be processed by one eye alone

supergo

voice of morality/conscience that focuses on acceptable behavior and strives for perfection; works on the ideal principle (perfection)

delta waves

waves produced during stages 3 and 4 of sleep

theta waves

waves produced when entering stage 1 of sleep

alpha waves

waves produced when you are relaxed

beta waves

waves produced while you are awake and alert

c (OCD)

which of the following anxiety disorders does the psychoanalytic perspective NOT attempt to explain? a. PTSD b. generalized anxiety disorder c. OCD d. panic disorder

a (theory of mind)

which of the following cognitive abilities do autistic children lack? a. theory of mind b. egocentrism c. assimilation d. animism

b (need for sex - sex is anyways not even a psychological need)

which of the following did the TAT test NOT measure? a. need for achievement b. need for sex c. need for affiliation d. need for power

b (Alzheimer's)

which of the following diseases is caused by the deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine? a. multiple sclerosis b. Alzheimer's c. Parkinson's d. cancer

c (Parkinson's)

which of the following diseases is caused by the deterioration of neurons that produce dopamine? a. emphysema b. Alzheimer's c. Parkinson's d. schizophrenia

a (IQ)

which of the following does the following formula calculate? (mental age / chronological age) * 100 a. IQ b. creative intelligence c. analytical intelligence d. G factor

b (adrenaline)

which of the following does the sympathetic nervous system release in response to excitatory stimuli? a. glutamate b. adrenaline c. endorphins d. GABA

c (opponent processing theory)

which of the following emotional theories explains psychological/emotional responses to drug use? a. James-Lange theory of emotion b. cognitive appraisal theory c. opponent processing theory d. gate control theory

agoraphobia

fear of inescapable situations; often develops as a coping mechanism for panic attacks

stranger anxiety

fear of unfamiliar people; develops at around 8 months of age

castration anxiety

fear that supposedly develops among boys with an Oedipus complex that their father will cut off their genitalia; resolved during the phallic stage of psychosexual development

stranger anxiety

fear/aversion to unfamiliar people; develops around 8 months of age alongside object permanence

variable

feature of a study that is subject to change

modeling

form of learning in which you learn how to act in a certain situation by observing and mimicking the behavior of others

blindsight

localized area of blindness in part of someone's field of vision

olfactory cortex

portion of the brain that processes olfaction (smell); located near the hippocampus, which is why smells invoke memories and emotional responses

fixed ratio schedule

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a SPECIFIED NUMBER of responses

insomnia

recurring inability to fall or stay asleep

nucleus accumbens (NA)

region of the brain that is responsible for regulating pleasure

somatosensory cortex

region of the brain that perceives touch; located between the ears

learned helplessness

reinforced lack of an internal locus of control, resulting in one's inability to believe they can help themselves; leads to depression and anxiety disorders

learned helplessness

reinforced sense of hopeless resignation that occurs when the patient learns they cannot avoid/escape repeated, aversive situations; contributes to depression

generalization (operant conditioning)

reinforcement of responses to stimuli similar to the original reinforcer

continuous reinforcement

reinforcement schedule in which the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs

identical twin study

study of identical twins in order to determine the role of genes in the development of certain traits and characteristics

longitudinal study

study of maturation or development through long-term use of the same subject(s)

cross sectional study

study of maturation or development through the examination of different subjects at various ages

parapsychology

study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

phrenology

study of physical characteristics of the skull in relation to character and mental abilities

psychopharmacology

study of the effects of drugs on cognition and behavior

serotonin, norepinephrine

two neurotransmitters whose deficit leads to increased hunger

hopelessness scale, anxiety inventory

two personality inventories developed by Aaron Beck that are designed to gauge one's explanatory style/learned helplessness

Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

two psychologists who developed the humanistic approach

Philippe Pinel, Dorothy Dix

two reformers that moved mental health treatment away from demonic symbolism and imprisonment to humane treatment

David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel

two scientists who won the Nobel Prize for the discovery of feature detector cells

F (false - do NOT use them with alcohol)

(T/F) antianxiety drugs can be used with alcohol

T (true)

(T/F) antianxiety drugs should be used in combination with psychotherapy

T (true)

(T/F) atypical antipsychotics are also used to treat bipolar disorder

T (true)

(T/F) autism is more likely to affect boys than girls

T (true)

(T/F) behavior can affect attitude.

T (true)

(T/F) aggressive tendencies have been shown to decrease after neutering/castration as a result of reduced testosterone.

T (true)

(T/F) alcoholics and users of over-the-counter sleep medications may not be able to dream

T (true)

(T/F) all intelligence tests are based around the values of white, Christian societies

F (false - they do, and various chimp studies have proven it)

(T/F) animals do not communicate

psychophysiological illness

"mind/body" illness, any stress-related physical illness like hypertension and some headaches

lark

"morning person" who wakes up and goes to bed early

owl

"night person" who goes to bed late and sleeps late

refractory period

"recharge period" immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation

T (true)

(T/F) "gifted" students on the extreme high end of the intelligence spectrum tend to grow up to be well-adjusted social adults

T (true)

(T/F) Neo-Freudians place emphasis on the conscious mind and downplay the influence of sexuality and aggression

F (false - Piaget argued for discontinuous development)

(T/F) Piaget argued for continuity-based development

F (false - Piaget developed a stage-based discontinuous model)

(T/F) Piaget followed a continuous model of development

F (false - it was theorized as Carl Jung as a counterpart to Freud's Oedipus complex)

(T/F) Sigmund Freud theorized the Electra complex

F (false)

(T/F) Spanish speakers are more extroverted while English speakers are more introverted

F (false - the conclusion was the opposite)

(T/F) Stanley Milgram concluded from his experiment that people will refuse to perform actions that go against their morals, even if ordered by an authority figure

F (false)

(T/F) a prejudice is an action.

T (true)

(T/F) a prejudice is an attitude.

F (false - the opposite is true; the absolute threshold of infants is extremely low and increases with age)

(T/F) absolute threshold decreases as you age; you are more sensitive to stimuli as an adult than as a child

T (true)

(T/F) according to Alfred Adler, varying feelings of superiority/inferiority can lead to rivalry between siblings

F (false - they only model behavior they are explicitly rewarded for)

(T/F) according to Skinner's behaviorist approach to gender, children model particular behaviors as long as they're not punished for them

F (false - vice versa is true)

(T/F) adolescents generally see a decline in peer influence and an increase in parental influence

F (false - this actually decreases/inhibits aggression)

(T/F) aggression levels increase when the brain's frontal lobe is damaged.

b (UR - unconditioned response)

Betty is a subject in an experiment in which the sound of a bell is followed quickly by a puff of air to her eye, causing her to blink. Before long, she blinks as soon as she hears the bell. what is her eye blink when the puff of air hits her eye? a. US b. UR c. CS d. CR

c (CS - conditioned stimulus)

Betty is a subject in an experiment in which the sound of a bell is followed quickly by a puff of air to her eye, causing her to blink. Before long, she blinks as soon as she hears the bell. what is the bell? a. US b. UR c. CS d. CR

a (US - unconditioned stimulus)

Betty is a subject in an experiment in which the sound of a bell is followed quickly by a puff of air to her eye, causing her to blink. Before long, she blinks as soon as she hears the bell. what is the puff of air? a. US b. UR c. CS d. CR

psychic apparatus

Freud's structural model of the psyche, comprised of an id, ego and superego; he attributed personality traits to conflicts between the three constructs

psychoanalysis

Freudian method of treating personality disorders, characterized by free association and dream analysis

manifest content

Freudian theory of content within dreams consisting of events from our daily lives; comprise most dreams

latent content

Freudian theory of hidden, underlying meanings within dreams that originate from the unconscious mind

repressed memories

Freudian theory of the presence of early, painful memories that become hidden within the unconscious mind

Oedipus complex

Freudian theory that boys are secretly attracted to their mothers and become jealous of their fathers as a result, and so mimic the behavior of their fathers to attract their mothers' attention

Electra complex

Freudian theory that girls are secretly attracted to their fathers and become jealous of their mothers as a result, and so mimic the behavior of their mothers to attract their fathers' attention

William Stern

German psychologist who developed the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula)

Wilhelm Wundt

German psychologist who opened the first lab dedicated to the study of psychology

Hermann Ebbinghaus

German psychologist whose syllable-based repetition tests proved that the amount of information remembered depends on the amount of time spent learning it

Carol Gilligan

Kohlberg's former research assistant, who criticized his study as only focusing on affluent white males

infantis

Latin for "not speaking"

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian psychologist who studied childhood social tensions and theorized the inferiority complex

contiguity model

Pavlov's learning model which demonstrated that the unconditioned stimulus has to follow immediately after the conditioned stimulus for the subject to anticipate it, and that the key to learning the association is the number of times the stimuli are paired

contingency model

Rescorla's learning model which demonstrated that the conditioned stimulus has to be a useful predictor of the unconditioned stimulus, and that conditioning is dependent on the subject's cognitive processing of the event and the pairings between the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus

Ivan Pavlov

Russian psychologist who pioneered classical conditioning

Philip Zimbardo

Stanford professor who conducted the infamous prison experiment in 1971

Stanley Milgram

Yale professor who conducted an infamous experiment regarding compliance in the 1960s

astigmatism

a defect in the eye caused by an irregularly-shaped cornea or lens, which results in distorted images, as light rays are prevented from meeting at a common focus

debriefing

a detailed, accurate overview of an experiment or research process given out to participants

negative

a distribution graph with relatively higher scores is skewed in the ____________ direction

positive

a distribution graph with relatively lower scores is skewed in the ____________ direction

deja vu

a feeling of having already experienced the present situation

central trait

a general/common characteristic; usually 5 to 10 per person (ex: cheerful, shy)

stereotype

a generalized belief about a group; can lead to prejudice

conditioned stimulus (CS)

a neutral stimulus that, after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually elicits a conditioned response

mediator

a person who attempts to make people involved in a conflict come to an agreement

cardinal trait

a person's defining characteristic

low balling

a persuasion tactic that involves offering someone an appealing "deal" and then disclosing its setbacks after they agree to it

exocytosis

a process by which the contents of a cell vesicle are released to the exterior, through fusion of the vesicle membrane with the cell membrane

dendrite

a short, branched extension of a neuron, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

norm

a social rule that is either stated or implied

estrogen

a woman's voice can change based on her ____________ levels.

d (superego)

according to Freud, anxiety occurs when the _____________ isn't controlled a. unconscious b. ego c. id d. superego

c (absolute threshold)

according to the signal detection theory, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that determine sensation and perception a. experience b. fatigue c. absolute threshold d. expectation

gender typing

acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine roles

accommodation

adjustment of the lens to help focus images

ostracism

aggression influenced by rejection or lack of conformity (ex: school shootings, workplace violence)

instrumental aggression

aggression that is committed to satisfy a goal or to somehow provide benefit (ex: football coach)

hostile aggression

aggression that results when a person feels pain, anger or frustration

problem-focused coping

alleviating stress by going to the source and changing the interaction or relationship with the stressor

emotion-focused coping

alleviating stress by ignoring the stressor and dealing with the emotional reaction by seeking support from friends/family

slow wave sleep

alternative name for stages 3 and 4 of sleep

relative luminance

amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings

sound compression

amplification of sounds coming from greater distances

individualistic

an _____________________ society values individual success

paradoxical sleep

another name for REM sleep; refers to the high levels of brain activity occurring during REM sleep when the body is paralyzed

soma

another name for the cell body of a neuron

atypical antipsychotics

antipsychotic drugs that target both dopamine and serotonin receptors; used to treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpiness and/or insomnia that lingers for 4+ weeks after a traumatic experience

obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and/or actions that impair effective functioning

generalized anxiety disorder

anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

phobia

anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation (ex: spiders, closed spaces)

panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations (panic attack)

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy, whether done reactively out of hostility, or proactively as a calculated means to an end

visual cliff

appearance of a drop in the ground below a glass surface; used to test depth perception in infants

self-fulfilling prophecy

applies to the idea that students who aren't "gifted" will enjoy less success than those who are because they don't have access to advanced educational programs offered to gifted students

persona

archetype representing how we represent ourselves to the world; appears as manifest content in dreams

anima (animus)

archetype representing one's our true self rather than the image we project to others; opposite of prescribed gender roles, latent in dreams

self (archetype)

archetype representing our full self, or the unification between the conscious and unconscious

shadow

archetype representing unconscious desires and repressed urges; appears in dreams as latent content

unconscious

area of the psyche where unknown thoughts and desires reside; plays a crucial role in conscious behavior

optic chiasm

area where the information carried by the optic nerve crosses from the brain's left hemisphere to the right hemisphere

Howard Gardner

argued that humans have eight different types of intelligence of varying strengths

nativist perspective

argument that children are born with an innate capacity for language and learn it at a rate too fast to be explained purely through psychological learning principles

Whorf's hypothesis (linguistic determination)

argument that language determines the way we think

mean

arithmetic average of a distribution of data

unconditional positive regard (acceptance)

attitude of total acceptable towards others

misattribution

attributing information to the wrong source

c (mirror neurons)

autism stems from a defect in one's... a. amygdala b. hippocampus c. mirror neurons d. glutamate production

mean

average of a data set

neurocognitive disorders (organic disorders)

axis-III mental disorders that can be attributed to biological pathology; divided into cognitive, medical and substance-related categories in the DSM-V

histogram

bar graph that maps frequency distribution as well as the measures of central tendency

negative

before action potential, the initial charge of ions in the cell membrane is ____________

maladaptive behavior

behavior that disables one's ability to adapt to new situations (ex: agoraphobia)

abnormal behavior

behavior that is potentially a psychology problem

Albert Bandura

behavioral psychologist who argued that we may learn fears by modeling the behaviors of our parents

Albert Bandura

behavioral psychologist who studied behavior modeling and developed the social-cognitive theory

Martin Seligman

behavioral psychologist who studied learned helplessness in dogs

BF Skinner

behaviorist who argued that language is a cultural and social construct learned via nurture

John Watson

behaviorist who classically conditioned an 11 month old child to fear furry objects

Ivan Pavlov

behaviorist who studied classical conditioning (salivation in dogs)

BF Skinner

behaviorist who trained pigeons to dance and read

a (positive reinforcement)

behaviorists argue that hypochondriasis is a form of a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment

self-efficacy

belief in our capability to succeed; reinforced by an internal locus of control

self efficacy

belief in your ability to succeed in a certain situation; defined by Albert Bandura and found in people who enjoy challenges, commit to interesting tasks and persevere through adversity -- more if have strong INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

animism

belief that everything is living; occurs in children during their preoperational stage

artificialism

belief that everything is manmade; occurs in children during their preoperational stage

just world phenomenon

belief that the world is a good place, and therefore those who do bad get what they deserve

c (2 and 2)

between what stages of sleep does rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occur? a. 2 and 3 b. 2 and 4 c. 2 and 2 d. 3 and 4

set point

biological "weight thermostat" that gauges bodily energy use based on an organism's weight/hunger levels; if you lose weight, you're more hungry, and if you gain weight, you're less hungry

dopamine, glutamate

biological causes of schizophrenia include an excess of ___________ receptors and impaired ____________ activity

maturation

biological growth process

physiological arousal

bodily sympathetic nervous system response

stirrup

bone in the middle ear that knocks onto the cochlea to transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear

Oedipus complex

boys' unconscious sexual desire for their mothers; resolved during the phallic stage of psychosexual development

sensory pathway

brain pathway comprised of sensory organs, the thalamus and part of the cerebral cortex

learning pathway

brain pathway comprised of the sensory organs, thalamus, hippocampus and frontal cortex

limbic pathway

brain pathway that includes the hippocampus, hypothalamus and the amygdala

reward pathway

brain pathway that involves the regulation of pleasure/positive sensations and encourages repetition of a particular behavior

reticular pathway

brain pathway that regulates whether we feel awake or sleepy; includes the brain stem, thalamus and the cerebrum

unconditional positive regard

caring, nonjudgmental attitude towards a client

inferiority complex

childhood perception of physical/social/intellectual inadequacies in oneself

Washoe

chimp who was able to learn 181 different signs to communicate and transferred some of this learning to her child via observation

XX

chromosome pairing in females that results in the production of more estrogen

XY

chromosome pairing in males that results in the production of more testosterone

Y chromosome

chromosome that originates from the father; signals greater testosterone production in males

X chromosome

chromosome that originates from the mother (and, in some occasions, the father)

benzodiazepine (benzos)

class of depressant medication that adds GABA to the bloodstream; prolonged usage can lead to reduced GABA and increased glutamate

flashbulb memories

clear memories of emotionally significant moments in one's past

schizoid personality disorder

cluster-A personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships or sharing time with others

paranoid personality disorder

cluster-A personality disorder characterized by irrational suspicions/mistrust of others

antisocial personality disorder (sociopathy/psychopathy)

cluster-B personality disorder characterized by a pervasive disregard for the law and the rights of others

hearing aids

devices that compress soft sounds to relieve hearing loss

ego

conscious psychic energy that mediates between the id and superego; works on the reality principle of satisfying the id's desires in realistic ways

manifest content

content of a dream consisting of real memories and overt subject matter

extrasensory perception (ESP)

controversial idea of perception through means other than known senses (ex: telepathy, clairvoyance)

eugenics

controversial idea proposing that those with higher measures of mental ability are more fit to reproduce than others

transduction

conversion of one form of energy to the other

0.33

correlation coefficient between brain size and intelligence

0.9

correlation coefficient of the Stanford-Binet and Weschler tests

Francis Galton

cousin of Darwin who proposed the concepts of eugenics (selective breeding based on mental ability), nature vs. nurture, psychometrics and survey/correlational research

Franz Anton Mesmer

created the theory of mesmerism (or animal magnetism) believing that he could extract "unhealthy auras" from animals using magnets

circadian rhythm

daily rhythmic device that regulates our biological processes (ex: sleep, eating habits)

normal distribution

data distribution in which the mean, median and mode are all relatively the same, and the graph is a symmetrical bell curve

b (hands)

deaf infants begin to babble with their... a. mouths b. hands c. feet d. heads

functional deafness

deafness to speech in languages outside your native tongue; develops around 10 months of age

extinction (operant conditioning)

decrease/disappearance of a behavior when no reinforcement is provided after it is performed

habituation

decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimulation

projection

defense mechanism in which one attributes uncomfortable feelings about themselves to others -- when you lose an argument and call the other person stupid

Alzheimer's

deficiency in crystallized intelligence as a result of a deterioration of acetylcholine

superiority

defined by Alfred Adler as an ideal combination of altruism, creativity, uniqueness and interest in social welfare

self (humanism)

defined by Carl Rogers as an organized, consistent set of beliefs about ourselves

incentive theory

defines incentive as a positive or negative external stimuli that you gravitate towards (reward/punishment); supported Skinner's studies

instinct theory

defines instincts are unlearned behaviors that have a fixed pattern throughout a species (ex: birds flying south)

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

degradation of the nervous system resulting from infants born without enzymes that process amino acids

opiate

depressant drug containing opium that slows down the nervous system and eventually replaces naturally-produced endorphins that regulate tolerance, dependence, withdrawal and addiction

achievement motivation

desire for significant accomplishment, high standards and mastery; defined by David McClelland

Lev Vygotsky

developmental psychologist who argued for a continuous, nurture-based model of cognitive development

Jean Piaget

developmental psychologist who identified four stages of development and argued for the influence of nature/inherent traits

Lawrence Kohlberg

developmental psychologist who identified three levels/six stages of moral development

Erik Erikson

developmental psychologist who studied psychosocial stages and attachment types

Jean Piaget

developmental psychologist who studied stages of cognition in children

Diana Baumrind

developmental psychologist who studied the effect of different parenting styles on a child's self-esteem/future personality

cochlear implant

device that can be implanted into someone's cochlea to stimulate it and thus enable hearing; only way to treat sensorineural hearing loss

range

difference between the largest and smallest values

Sunday night insomnia

difficulty of sleeping on a Sunday night; results from staying up late during the weekends

sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

extinction

disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced; allows for treatment of phobias and OCD

multiple sclerosis

disease caused by the breakdown of the myelin sheath

visual capture

dominance of vision over other senses in perception

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

drugs that block the reabsorption of serotonin

antianxiety drugs (anxiolytics)

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation by depressing the central nervous system

mood stabilizers

drugs used to treat bipolar depression

antidepressants

drugs used to treat depression and anxiety disorders by increasing norepinephrine/serotonin production

antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other severe cognitive disorders

serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)

dual-action antidepressants that block the reabsorption of both serotonin and norepinephrine

negative, positive

during resting potential, there is a _____________ charge INSIDE the cell body and a ____________ charge OUTSIDE

d (all of the above)

during what stages of sleep does non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep occur? a. stage 2 b. stage 3 c. stage 1 d. all of the above

c (16-18)

during which age range are personality disorders typically diagnosed? a. 5-10 b. 10-15 c. 16-18 d. 19-21

d (stage 3 and 4)

during which stage of sleep do bedwetting and sleepwalking occur? a. stage 2 b. stage 3 c. stage 4 d. stage 3 and 4

b (REM sleep)

during which stage of sleep do the most vivid dreams occur? a. NREM sleep b. REM sleep c. stage 2 d. stage 4

b (stage 2)

during which stage of sleep do you enter and leave REM sleep? a. stage 1 b. stage 2 c. stage 3 d. stage 4

c (stages 1, 2, 3, or 4)

during which stage of sleep does sleep-talking occur? a. stage 1 b. stages 1, 2, and 3 c. stages 1, 2, 3, or 4 d. stage 4

Beck's cognitive therapy

early form of cognitive therapy that seeks to replace unrealistic and negative thoughts with positive thoughts

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by recurrent binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors (ex: purging)

binge eating disorder

eating disorder characterized by significant binge eating followed by guilt/disgust, but without purging, fasting or excessive exercise

hypothesis

educated guess (testable prediction) on the outcome of an experiment

primary appraisal

emotional cognition involving assessment of the potential consequences of a situation

secondary appraisal

emotional cognition which involves deciding how we respond to a stimulus/situation

psychological addiction

emotional or mental (psychological) need for a drug

effortful processing

encoding of information that requires attention and conscious effort

semantic encoding

encoding of meanings/implications/definitions

visual encoding

encoding of pictures/images

acoustic encoding

encoding of sound, especially that of words

pituitary gland

endocrine gland that relays hormonal messages from the hypothalamus

attachment

enduring emotional bond; develops between parents and children at around 8 months of age

sexual orientation

enduring sexual attraction towards members of either one's own sex or the other sex

HM

epilepsy patient who had parts of his temporal lobe, hippocampus and amygdala removed in order to control his seizures; resulted in his ability to remember episodic memories from before his surgery but an inability to produce new long-term memories

sympathetic

epinephrine affects the _________________ nervous system

placebo effect

error in experimentation in which the control group experiences the same effect as the experimental group despite not being exposed to the independent variable (ex: someone given a useless pill starts to report beneficial effects)

experimenter bias

error in experimentation in which the experimenter alters results to support their theories (ex: word choice in surveys)

Hawthorne effect

error in naturalistic observation in which the researcher gets in the way of a participant and alters their behavior

Charles Darwin

evolutionary researcher whose findings influenced the evolutionary perspective

biological preparedness

evolved, inherent fear to dangerous objects/situations (ex: heights, spiders, etc.)

aerobic exercise

exercise that helps boost lung and heart capacity and release repressed emotions

reciprocity norm

expectation that people we help will not harm us and will help us in return for our assistance

penis envy

experienced by girls who are initially attached to their mothers but become drawn to their fathers as they become increasingly aware of their lack of a penis

jet lag

extreme tiredness after long flights across several time zones

change blindness/deafness

failing to notice changes in the environment around you (ex: change of person, change of voice)

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution/grandeur

gist memories

false or distorted memories that are easy to generalize and incorporate into other memories, thus creating more false memories

night terrors

feelings of dread that occur during stage 4 of sleep, resulting in the person waking up wide-eyed and screaming; occur most frequently among children aged 4-12

night terrors

feelings of dread that occur during stage 4 of sleep; typically result in the person waking up wide-eyed and screaming, and occur most often in children 4-12

zygote

fertilized egg; less than half survive beyond two weeks of conception

blood brain barrier

filtering mechanism of the capillaries that carry blood to the brain and spinal cord tissue, blocking the passage of certain substances; made up of glial cells

Daniel M'Naghten

first case of the insanity plea, in which a man who assassinated the British prime minister's assistant was found not guilty

spermarche

first ejaculation; occurs in boys around age 14

menarche

first menstrual period; occurs in girls around age 12.5

sensory memory storage

first stage of memory storage, in which paying attention to sensory information allows it to be stored in short-term memory

babbling stage

first stage of productive language, in which babies spontaneously utter a variety of sounds (goo goo, ga ga)

Margaret Floy Washburn

first woman to receive a PhD in psychology

ventricles

fluid-filled sacs that gradually replace missing brain tissue in schizophrenics

selective attention

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

id

force of unconscious energy that strives to satisfy primal (aggressive/sexual) needs; works on the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification

light exposure therapy

form of alternative therapy in which depressed patients are exposed to bright light during winter mornings; appears to be effective in treating seasonal affective disorder

rebirthing therapy

form of alternative therapy that engages patients in reenacting the supposed trauma of childbirth - proven to be ineffective

energy therapy

form of alternative therapy that involves the manipulation of "energy fields" - proven to be ineffective

recovery-memory therapy

form of alternative therapy that seeks to uncover repressed memories of child abuse - proven to be ineffective

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

form of alternative therapy that tracks eye movement while patients imagine traumatic scenarios in order to reprocess repressed memories; appears to be effective in treating anxiety

rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT)

form of cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis, in which irrational beliefs about certain events are changed to rational beliefs, thus bringing about healthier behavioral consequences

gestalt therapy

form of group therapy developed by Fritz Perls that applies humanistic and psychoanalytic approaches to a group setting and focuses on present circumstances

family therapy

form of group therapy in which families are treated as a whole, with individual behaviors attributed to family influence

milieu therapy

form of group therapy in which patients enter a treatment center whose environment in completely controlled in order to assist patient well-being

sexual response cycle

four-stage sexual cycle consisting of excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution (+ refractory period for men)

gender stereotypes

generalized schema of how each gender should look and act; cognitive equivalent of gender typing

Turner syndrome

genetic defect in females born with only one X chromosome (XO)

Flynn effect

gradual increase in standardized test scores across the world since the 1930s

forgetting curve

graph developed by Hermann Ebbinghaus illustrating the decline of memory retention over time

scatterplot

graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data

bruxism

grinding of the teeth that occurs during sleep; very common among women

sleep inertia

groggy sensation resulting from lack of sleep or frequent napping; short memory memory, inability to "snap out of it"

schizophrenia

group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized/delusional thoughts, disturbed perceptions and inappropriate thoughts/actions

experimental group

group of subjects in an experiment that are exposed to the variable under study

control group

group of subjects in an experiment that are not affected by the independent variable; used as a comparison group when results are evaluated

experimental group

group of subjects or variables in an experiment that are affected by the independent variable

control group

group of subjects or variables in an experiment that aren't affected by the independent variable

marijuana (THC)

hallucinogen containing THC, which is fat-soluble and thus long-lasting, and binds to cannbinoid receptors to inhibit neural activity

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

hallucinogen that releases serotonin and blocks its neural reuptake

PCP (phencyclidine)

hallucinogen that releases serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine but blocks their reuptake

coronary heart disease

heart disease characterized by clogging of the arteries; increased by stress

amplitude

height of a sound wave (larger = louder)

latent content

hidden or underlying meaning of a dream

latent content

hidden psychological meaning of a dream

flashbulb memories

highly detailed and vivid memories/"snapshots" whose strength is proportionate to one's emotional connection with them

estrogen

hormone predominantly secreted in females, responsible for the development of female reproductive organs

insulin

hormone produced by the pancreas; helped move glucose into the bloodstream and liver for storage

cortisol

hormone produced in the adrenal glands that regulates stress

testosterone

hormone responsible for the development of male reproductive organs; also present in females

melatonin

hormone secreted by the pineal gland that regulates the sleep cycle; less = awake

explanatory style

how an individual explains the events and situations that occur around them; can be either positive (optimistic) or negative (pessimistic)

a (inventories/peer reports)

how did Gordon Allport gather his research? a. inventories/peer reports b. longitudinal studies c. neuroscience d. observational studies

b (surveys/interviews)

how do humanists gather their research? a. case studies b. surveys/interviews c. projective tests d. neuroscience

b (25)

how many hours is one circadian rhythm cycle? a. 24 b. 25 c. 26 d. 27

b (imprisoned in asylums)

how were patients exhibiting abnormal behavior trated in ancient times? a. rehabilitated in hospitals b. imprisoned in asylums c. killed on the streets d. kept at home

Abraham Maslow

humanist who created the hierarchy of needs

active listening

humanistic process of listening to and reiterating/reflecting/supporting the thoughts and statements of clients

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychologist who believed that while people inherently have self-actualizing tendencies, their environment can skew their development towards their full potential

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychologist who created a "hierarchy of needs" that organizes human desires from physiological needs to self-actualization

ghrelin

hunger-arousing hormone produced in the stomach, regulated by circadian rhythm

obestatin

hunger-suppressing hormone produced in the stomach

null hypothesis

hypothesis that states that there is no relationship between the two variables being tested; used to verify that results aren't up to chance

Ames illusion

illusion of "growing"/"shrinking" of people as they move across an oddly-angled room, based on the assumption that all rooms have 90-degree angles

Ponzo illusion

illusion of distant objects appearing larger (ex: lines on the railroad)

Wundt-Jastrow Illusion

illusion of length difference created by two identical objects

phi phenomenon

illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession (pink dots/green dot)

moon illusion

illusion of the moon looking larger near the horizon due to its size relative to other objects

table illusion

illusion of vertically-oriented objects appearing larger

afterimage

image of opposing colors produced when the original image is gone

optical illusion

image perceived by the brain as something other than what it really is

manifest content

imagery and events comprising a dream; Freud believed that latent content (psychological meaning) was hidden within this

modeling

imitating others' behavior based on observing it

intuition

immediate understanding based on instinctive/automatic feeling or thought

sensory memory

immediate, brief recording of sensory information

intuition

immediate/automatic instincts/thoughts, not always reliable

aphasia

impaired use of language, usually caused by damage to the Broca's or Wernicke's areas

priming

implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences one's perception or memory of another stimulus

c (those who were told about the drug)

in Schacter and Singer's epinephrine trial, which of the following was the CONTROL group? a. those who were not told about the drug b. those who experienced no effects c. those who were told about the drug d. those who claimed to experience the drug's effects

d (response to the confederates)

in Schacter and Singer's epinephrine trial, which of the following was the DEPENDENT variable? a. type of drug used b. age of patient c. what the patients were told about the drug d. response to the confederates

a (those who were told they would experience no effects)

in Schacter and Singer's epinephrine trial, which of the following was the EXPERIMENTAL group? a. those who were told they would experience no effects b. those who were not told about the drug c. those who were told about the drug d. those who claimed to experience the drug's effects

c (what the patients were told about the drug)

in Schacter and Singer's epinephrine trial, which of the following was the INDEPENDENT variable? a. type of drug used b. age of patient c. what the patients were told about the drug d. response to the confederates

a (dogs with escapable collars)

in Seligman's learned helplessness experiment, which of the following was the CONTROL group? a. dogs with escapable collars b. dogs with inescapable collars

b (dogs with inescapable collars)

in Seligman's learned helplessness experiment, which of the following was the EXPERIMENTAL group? a. dogs with escapable collars b. dogs with inescapable collars

frontal cortex, limbic system

in the limbic pathway, neural messages are transferred to the _________ __________, which tells us how to feel, then sent back to the _________ ___________ to reinforce emotional learning

infantile amnesia

inability of children under 3 to remember information as a result of an underdeveloped hippocampus and frontal lobe

source amnesia

inability to remember the source of a particular piece of information, while retaining the information itself

fixation

inability to see a problem from a new perspective or mental set

cognitive development

increase in complexity of dreams in relation to cognitive growth

Doppler effect

increase or decrease in sound frequency as the sound and the observer move toward or away from each other

long term potentiation

increased firing rate of neural synapses; provides the basis for learning and memory

Genie

infamous "wild child" who was imprisoned in her home for 12 years and lost the ability to learn or communicate language

display rules

informal norms that define when you can and cannot display emotion (ex: "no crying in baseball")

attention

is necessary for working memory to function

word salad

jumbled ideas that lead to incoherent sentence delivery

insecure attachment

lack of emotional attachment between a child and a caregiver; results in frightened, unexploratory temperaments

American Psychological Association (APA)

largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the USA

conditioned response (CR)

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

retina

light-sensitive inner surface of the eye that contains photoreceptors and neurons that process visual information

savant syndrome

limited mental ability but extraordinary skill in a particular area

frequency distribution

list of all data collected, in order

sound localization

listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in terms of direction and distance

100

mean score for any modern intelligence test

Z score

measure of how many standard deviations above or below the mean a raw score is

alternate form method

measure of reliability based on comparison between scores on two different tests on the same material to the same subjects

test-retest reliability

measure of reliability based on comparison between test scores of the same test given at different times

split-half reliability

measure of reliability based on comparison between test scores of two testing groups

dispersion

measure of the extent to which a set of data varies from the mean value

episodic memory

memory of events from one's own life

semantic memory

memory of facts and word definitions

declarative memory (explicit)

memory of facts, data and events that we can consciously recall

procedural memory (implicit)

memory of information we can remember without conscious recall (ex: walking, speaking)

archetypes

memory traces inherited from an ancestral collective unconscious, as theorized by Carl Jung

b (recreational - from an evolutionary perspective, male mates mainly look to pass on genes to the next generation)

men approach sex in a ____________ manner a. relational b. recreational

a (at peak fertility)

men are primarily attracted to women who are... a. at peak fertility b. in their 20s c. in their 30s d. similar in appearance to their mothers

cognition

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating information

Down's syndrome

mental disability caused by having duplicates of chromosome 21; usually leads to mental retardation

concepts

mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas of people

prototype

mental image of a typical example of a category; same as a stereotype

language acquisition device (LAD)

mental or biological means of acquiring language (ex: Broca's area, Wernicke's area)

imagery

mental pictures; powerful aid to processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations; varies between cultures/societies

cognitive map

mental representation of one's physical environment

clozapine

most common atypical antipsychotic

diagnostic and statistical manual (DSM-V)

most commonly used manual of diagnosis/treatment for mental disorders

mode

most frequent value in a data set

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

most widely used personality test for identifying psychological disorders; has 567 true/false questions

extrinsic motivation

motivation driven by an external reward

intrinsic motivation

motivation driven by internal desire/personal interest

affiliation motive

motivation to belong; is considered an evolved trait

diffusion

movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

effector

muscle, gland or organ capable of responding to a stimulus (ex: muscle contraction, gland secretion)

mirror image perception

mutual view held by conflicting parties, in which each side sees themselves as good and the other side as bad

temperament

natural disposition to a particular mood

motivation

need or desire that energizes/directs behavior

self-transcendence

need to find a meaning and identity beyond oneself

glutamate

neurotransmitter responsible for long-term potentiation

serotonin

neurotransmitter that increases the ability of synapses to transmit signals

GABA

neurotransmitter whose receptor is a chloride channel

dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, glutamate

neurotransmitters whose receptors are also sodium channels (excitatory)

frequency

number of wavelengths passing a point in one second (determines pitch of sound)

correlation coefficient

numerical value representing the strength of a correlation

social responsibility norm

obligation to help those in need (ex: elderly, animals, children, etc.)

PT Barnum effect (Forer effect)

observation that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people

overt prejudice

obvious negative attitudes that people display towards a group (ex: racial slurs)

testing bias

occurs in intelligence tests as they are largely based around white, middle-class values

cocktail party effect

our ability to only attend to one voice or group of voices among many

real self

our actual, unaltered identity

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

ideal self

our perception of others' expectations of us; only matches real self after one has a positive self concept

self reference effect

our tendency to better remember information that pertains to ourselves

serial position effect

our tendency to recall the first and last pieces of information from a list or larger body of info

cornea

outer layer of the eye that protects it and bends light waves to enter the eye

research design

overall strategy used to collect, measure and analyze data in order to address a research problem

association

pairing of stimuli

conflict

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and mental defects in infants born to mothers who drank alcohol while pregnant

physical addiction

physical need for a drug, indicated by withdrawal symptoms that occur when the drug is reduced or removed

James Braid

pioneer of hypnosis who based some of his research on the findings of Mesmer

blind spot

point at which the ganglion cells merge into the optic nerve and exit the eye; insensitive to light

threshold

point at which we begin to detect a stimulus

menopause

point at which women stop producing estrogen and thereby lose the ability to reproduce; usually occurs around age 50

neural repair

preservation of neural pathways by dreams

fear

primary emotional response that does not involve cognition (goes straight from thalamus to amygdala)

dual processing

principle that information is often simultaneously processed in separate conscious and unconscious tracks

conservation

principle that quantity/mass remains the same despite a change in shape

P value

probability value of getting results that challenge the original hypothesis; should be less than or equal to 5% in order to maintain statistical significance

shaping

procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer approximations of a desired behavior

Raymond Cattell

psychologist who used factor analysis to identify 16 personality traits he measured in his 16PF Questionnaire; however, his tests were poorly received by the scientific community for measuring too many dimensions

Albert Bandura

psychologist whose "Bobo Doll" experiment is one of the leading studies in observation learning

George Sperling

psychologist whose tests proved the existence of iconic memory

insanity

psychotic break from reality; sometimes used as a legal defense to prove that the defendant was not capable of willfully committing a crime

mutations

random errors in gene replication that can lead to changes in an animal

variable interval schedule

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at UNPREDICTABLE TIME intervals

imprinting

rapid learning that occurs during a brief receptive period soon after birth/hatching, in which animals bonds to the type of animals/objects it meets at birth and begins to pattern its behavior after them

acute schizophrenia (reactive)

rapidly developing schizophrenia, usually with positive symptoms and likely chance of recovery

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternative personalities

fugue state (dissociated fugue)

rare psychological disorder in which a person loses memory of their personal identity; characterized by wandering

conversion disorder

rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences specific and genuine physical symptoms for which there is no physiological basis; conversion of psychological problems into physical problems

basal metabolic rate

rate at which the body exerts energy for basic bodily functions; lower with fat

3/1

ratio of glial cells to neurons

3/2

ratio of sodium to potassium in action potential

self-actualization

realizing your full potential

spontaneous recovery (operant conditioning)

reappearance of an extinguished behavior after a certain time period

spontaneous recovery (classical conditioning)

reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of time has elapsed

dichotic listening

reception of different messages to either ear; processed via selective attention

naturalistic observation

recording behavior of individuals in their natural environment without interruption (descriptive)

backmasking

recording sounds and messages into an audio track that is meant to be played forwards (used as a test of stimulus detection)

tolerance

reduced effects of a drug as a result of prolonged usage in similar doses; requires the user to take greater doses in order to experience the drug's effects

Neo-Freudians

refers psychodynamic psychologists who incorporate Freudian theories such as the psychic apparatus and unconscious mind into their studies

zone of proximal development (ZDP)

refers to a range of tasks too difficult for a child to learn on their own and thus requiring adult assistance; identified by Vygotsky

deviant

refers to behavior that is different from what is socially acceptable; causes the person distress

ghost child

refers to children born after the death of an earlier child, who may receive increased attention from his or her mother

mental illness

refers to clinical symptoms of any disorder that require psychological treatment

intimacy

refers to close, loving relationships; developed after realization of one's identity

change

refers to gradual changes in personality through interaction with our environments

nature

refers to inherent traits and genetic factors that influence identity (ex: personality, physique)

primary sex characteristics

refers to maturation of reproductive organs

dystonic

refers to negative developmental traits

stability

refers to personality traits that are present during infancy and endure throughout a lifespan

syntonic

refers to positive developmental traits

nurture

refers to the external, environmental factors that affect identity (ex: social relationships, childhood experiences)

secondary sex characteristics

refers to the maturation of non-reproductive sexual characteristics, ex: breasts, hips, deepened voice, etc.

cognition

refers to the reception, processing, storage and usage of information in the brain

correlation

relationship between two variables; refers to the general trends which the variables follow and doesn't prove causation

long term memory

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; allows of retrieval of information

learning

relatively permanent change in organisms' behavior to due experience

homeostasis

relatively stable equilibrium of mental/biological processes; the "normal state"

correlational research

research based on analyzing trends and relationships between variables; no independent/dependent variable, no causation

naturalistic observation

research method in which subjects are observed in their natural environment, uninterrupted by the researcher

survey

research method in which subjects respond to a series of questions

descriptive research

research that describes phenomena without showing cause and effect

Charles Darwin

researcher who pioneered studies on evolution and evolutionary psychology; hypothesized that facial expressions allowed early humans to communicate without the use of language (nonverbal communication)

Harry Harlow

researcher who studied rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers to analyze the role of comfort in social development

unconscious mind

reservoir for repressed, "unacceptable" thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories

compliance

response (submission) made in reaction to a request; adapting actions to someone else's wishes without necessarily believing in them

emotion

response of a whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience

reinforcement

rewards given to children when they employ language correctly

iris

ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil; controls the size of the pupil opening to adjust for differently-sized light waves entering the eye

semantics

rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes (ex: adding "ed" to the end of some words signifies past tense)

syntax

rules by which we order words into sentences

representative sample

sample size that accurately reflects its population; required for the comparison group in standardized tests

representative sample

sample that represents the rest of its population; data collected on the sample can be used to draw generalizations on the entire population

Kim Peek

savant who became popular after the biographical film Rain Man

personality inventories

self-reporting questionnaires used to determine personality traits; scored objectively, usually by a computer

auditory nerve

sends auditory messages through the thalamus to the auditory cortex

hypnagogic hallucination

sensation of falling, sometimes experienced during stage 1 of sleep

gender identity

sense of being male or female that comes from the role society has assigned us

social identity

sense of self in relation to group membership

identity

sense of self, as defined by Erikson

basic trust

sense that the world is predictable/reliable; develops in children who have a secure attachment to their caregivers

hallucinations

sensory experiences without sensory stimuli (usually auditory)

social script

set of behaviors, actions and/or consequences that serve as instructions on to how to behave in a social setting; usually derived from movies/television or past experiences

gender roles

set of cultural norms that determine expected behaviors for males and females

serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, epinephrine, dopamine

seven neurotransmitters that comprise the acronym "SNAGGED"

superordinate goal

shared goal that overrides differences between conflicting parties

collective unconscious

shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from one's ancestors; conceptualized by Carl Jung as an extension of Freud's theories on the unconscious

empathy

sharing/mirroring others' feelings

acuity

sharpness/clarity of vision

quasi-experiment

similar to an experiment, except the data results in a correlation

glucose

simple sugar compound, released more during periods of excitement of stress; stimulates neural activity to increase long term potentiation

heuristic

simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgments or solve problems, but is usually more error-prone

reflex

simplest form of behavior (ex: sneezing, blinking)

reflexes

simplest form of behavior; exhibited by newborns but lost over time

chronic schizophrenia (process)

slow-developing schizophrenia, usually with negative symptoms and slim chance of recovery

ossicle

small bone found in the middle ear; transmits sounds from the air to the cochlea

sample

smaller group taken from a population

phoneme

smallest distinctive sound unit in language (ex: "bad" vs "bat" [d/t], "pad" vs. "pat" [d/t])

morpheme

smallest unit in language that carries meaning (ex: "pre" (prefix), "ed" (suffix), "I", "a")

ostracism

social exclusion; can lead to suicide and depression

hypnosis

social interaction in which one person "suggests" to the other that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts and behaviors will spontaneously occur (based on dissociation/split in consciousness)

body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)

somatoform disorder characterized by an obsessive preoccupation with a perceived defect in one's physical appearance

pain disorder

somatoform disorder characterized by chronic pain experienced by a patient that seems to come from psychological stress

factor analysis

statistical procedure used to uncover relationships among multiple variables

inferential statistics

statistics used to draw inferences about an entire population; generalizable

descriptive statistics

statistics used to organize and summarize data about a sample; non-generalizable

nicotine

stimulant drug found in cigarettes that accelerates the nervous system through the release of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

caffeine

stimulant drug found in coffee that binds to adenosine receptors; withdrawal occurs 50% of the time

cocaine

stimulant drug that causes a major upsurge in the production of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, which depletes the brain's supply of these neurotransmitters and causes a "crash" as the drug loses effect

ecstasy (MDMA)

stimulant/hallucinogen that releases serotonin and dopamine while blocking their reuptake; elicits a feeling of euphoria and increased sensations

neutral stimulus

stimulus that initially produces no response

subliminal message

stimulus that is detected below the absolute threshold (can occur 50% of the time)

unconditioned stimulus (US)

stimulus that naturally and automatically elicits a response without any conditioning

personal unconscious

storehouse of personal memories; believed by Carl Jung to be Freud's definition of the unconscious mind

cortisol

stress-regulating hormone; highly active/constant in children with insecure attachments

scaffold

structure for knowledge gradually attained over the maturation process

Mary Calkins

student of William James; first female president of the APA

G. Stanley Hall

student of William James; founder and first president of the APA

adoption studies

studies that allow researchers to compare the development of children to both their biological and adopted parents

cross-sectional study

study in which multiple researchers test and compare the intelligence scores of people of various ages

double blind procedure

study in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is being assigned to the control/experimental group; used in psychopharmacology

longitudinal study

study in which one subject or group is followed and tested over an extended period of time

case study

study of a single case over an extended period of time

adoption study

study of adoptees in order to examine genetic and environmental effects on phenotype

cognitive neuroscience

study of brain activity associated with with cognition (perception, thinking, memory, language)

psychology

study of emotion, cognition and behavior, and their relationship with one another

developmental psychology

study of how an individual grows and changes from birth to death

lobotomy

surgery in which the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the limbic system are severed; no longer used due to the drastic psychological consequences on one's personality

psychosurgery

surgery that removes/destroys brain tissues to alter behavior; most drastic and least-used form of biomedical therapy

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

syndrome studied by Hans Selye, during which our bodies go through alarm, resistance and exhaustion in response to stress

methadone

synthetic laboratory variant of opium that has legal uses as a painkiller and treatment for opiate addiction

methamphetamine (crystal meth)

synthetic stimulant drug that increases (and eventually replaces) the production of dopamine

social support system

system of family, friends and pets that provide us with emotional support

grammar

system of rules that enable us to communicate and include semantics and syntax

token economy

system of using coins/tokens as reinforcers of desired behaviors

meta-analysis

systematic procedure for statistically combining the results of multiple studies

door in the face

the ______ ___ ____ ______ phenomenon occurs when you make a large or outrageous request that you know the other person will refuse, but then follow it up with a smaller, more agreeable one

foot in the door

the ______ ___ _____ _______ phenomenon is the tendency for people to comply with larger requests if they agree to a series of smaller, simpler ones beforehand

thalamus, hippocampus

the ___________ determines where info needs to go in order to be perceived; this destination is the ___________________

central

the ____________ route to persuasion involves the use of facts, figures and other information that listeners can process and potentially be persuaded by

peripheral

the _______________ route to persuasion involves invoking instinctive judgments by the listener to change their opinion (ex: appearance, celebrity endorsements)

perceptual adaptation

the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted field of vision

selective attention

the ability to focus attention on certain stimuli over others; often facilitates hypnosis

precognition

the ability to perceive future events

depth perception

the ability to perceive objects in three dimensions

clairvoyance

the ability to perceive remote events that are outside of one's sensory field

modeling

the act of imitating behavior

ethnocentrism

the basic belief that our culture or group is superior to others

higher

the concentration of neurotransmitters INSIDE an open vesicle is ___________ than the concentration of neurotransmitters on the EXTERIOR

Franz Gall

the creator of phrenology

extinction (classical conditioning)

the diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus does NOT follow the conditioned stimulus

axon terminal (terminal buttons)

the enlarged ends of dendrites in a neuron, by which neural messages make synaptic contact with other neurons

preconventional morality

the first LEVEL of Kohlberg's stages of morality; involves children under the age of 9 and is self-centered

sensorimotor stage

the first of Piaget's four stages of development, going from birth to two years of sage; children learn to comprehend using their senses and gain control of their motor cortex

formal operational stage

the fourth of Piaget's four stages of development, going from age 12 to adulthood; children develop abstract thinking and systematic reasoning skills

frustration-aggression principle

the idea that frustration creates anger, which could generate aggression

observational learning theory

the idea that one learns through observing

social influence theory

the idea that we are "role playing" depending on our social situation; applies to hypnosis in that the subject's dedication to their role may enable them to ignore distracting stimuli

attribution theory

the idea that we explain someone's behavior by linking it to either the situation or the person's disposition

chameleon effect

the idea that we like to "fit in" instead of stick out; this also involves mimicking others' tone and expressions

scapegoat theory

the idea that we look for someone to blame for societal issues

diffusion of responsibility

the idea that we think someone else will step up and help a situation

normative social influence

the idea that we want to gain approval (or avoid disapproval) from society

social exchange theory

the idea that we weigh the benefits and costs of a relationship and use that as a rationale for performing an altruistic act

informational social influence

the idea that we're unsure how to act in social situations and therefore follow others' behavior based on observing them

contact theory

the idea/theory that contact between groups lowers tension

relearning

the learning of previously-learned material for a second time

parallel processing

the mind's ability to process many aspects of a problem or stimulus simultaneously (ex: vision - color, movement, form, depth)

b (volume)

the number of hair cells stimulated at once determines the __________ of the sound a. frequency b. volume c. distance

conventional morality

the second LEVEL of Kohlberg's stages of morality; involves adolescents/adults and focuses on laws, norms, social rules and helping others

preoperational stage

the second of Piaget's four stages of development, going from two to six/seven years of age; children develop language and cognition skills

psychokinesis

the supposed ability to move objects by mental effort alone

social trap

the tendency for conflicting parties to get caught in destructive behavior whenever they pursue their own interests

post-conventional morality

the third LEVEL of Kohlberg's stages of morality; involves individuals that see themselves as separate from society and view rules as meant for change

concrete operational stage

the third of Piaget's four stages of development, going six/seven to eleven years of age; children develop the ability to understand conservation, analogies and arithmetic

variance, standard deviation

the two measures of dispersion

object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they can't be observed, ex: seen, heard, touched, etc. (absent in babies during their sensorimotor stage)

framing

the way a problem or scenario is presented; can alter cognition behind a response (ex: wording effect)

social cognition

the way we gather, use and interpret information about the social aspects of the world around us; impacts our view on ourselves and others

proximity, similarity

two main factors that influence grouping/association of stimuli

motivated forgetting

theorized psychological behavior in which people may forget unwanted/repressed memories; conceived by Sigmund Freud

dissociation theory

theory conceived by Ernst Hilgard, suggesting that hypnosis causes one's conscious mind to split into various levels that operate independent of one another

activation synthesis theory

theory conceived by scientist Allan Hobson that random visual memories of our dreams result from our brains' attempts at organizing and perceiving stimuli

natural selection

theory developed by Charles Darwin that allows us to identify behavior/mental processes that we and other animals have developed and pass on to lead to increased reproduction/survival

cognitive appraisal theory

theory developed by Richard Lazarus, stating that our emotional experience depends on our interpretation (cognition) of our physiological responses to the situation we are in

opponent processing theory

theory developed by Richard Solomon, stating that experiencing a negative emotion suppresses positive emotions (ex: fear suppresses pleasure) - hint: name is shared with a color vision theory

discontinuity

theory of development based on a series of distinct, sequential stages that build upon one another

continuity

theory of development based on gradual, cumulative changes from conception to death

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion

theory of emotion stating that emotional responses are determined by our cognition of an event (event >> physiological response >> cognition >> emotion)

James-Lange theory of emotion

theory of emotion stating that our awareness of physiological responses leads to our conscious experience of emotion (based on functionalism) - stimulus >> response >> emotion

Common-Bard theory of emotion

theory of emotion stating that our conscious experience of emotion accompanies physiological response (stimulus >> response + emotion at the same time)

signal detection theory

theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a fake stimulus (signal) amidst background information (noise)

diathesis-stress model

theory stating that a genetic predisposition towards a disorder could be triggered/worsened by environmental events

opponent processing theory

theory stating that opposing retinal processes (red/green, yellow/blue, white/black) enable color vision

social cognitive theory

theory stating that pieces of one's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others' social interactions, experiences, etc.

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

theory stating that the retina contains three different color receptors (red, blue, green) which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

magical number seven, plus or minus two

theory stating that we can typically store about seven bits of information in our short term memory at one time

frequency theory

theory stating that we hear different pitches based on the frequency (speed) at which the cochlea vibrates

place theory

theory stating that we hear different pitches because sound waves trigger activity at different spots on the cochlear membrane

theory of mind

theory suggesting our ability to judge someone else's mental state

social-cognitive theory

theory that behavior is influenced by the interaction between personality traits and cognitive interpretation of one's social environment

psychoanalytic approach

therapy conceived by Sigmund Freud that attempts to bring repressed memories into conscious awareness

biomedical approach

therapy involving prescribed medications/medical procedures that directly act on the patient's nervous system

humanistic approach

therapy that aims to boost self-fulfillment by helping increase one's self-awareness and self-acceptance

insight therapy

therapy that aims to improve psychological functioning by increasing client awareness of underlying motives/defenses; applies to both psychoanalysis and humanism

behavioral approach (behaviorism)

therapy that applies principles of learning (conditioning) to eliminate maladaptive behavior

cognitive approach

therapy that involves the introduction of more adaptive forms of thought in order to remedy maladaptive behavior

eclectic approach

therapy that uses techniques from both psychotherapy and biomedical therapy

hypnotherapy

therapy through hypnosis; can be used to possibly enable patients to treat themselves and is often an effective treatment for chronic pain

metacognition

thinking about thinking

suprachiasmatic nucleus

tiny region above the optic nerve that regulates your circadian rhythm

barbiturate

tranquilizer that slows down the nervous system; used as a sedative or sleep medication

lens

transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques, patient-therapist interaction, and no drugs

randomized clinical trials

trials that involve randomly-assigned patients to therapy or no therapy in order to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy

cochlea

tube in the inner ear carrying fluid that stimulates the nerve cells in the basilar membrane

fraternal twins (dizygotic)

twins that develop from separate fertilized eggs and share a fetal environment but are no more similar than ordinary siblings

identical twins (monozygotic)

twins that develop from the same fertilized egg and are genetically identical, sharing the same DNA and chromosomal makeup

Y chromosome, twin studies

two GENETIC factors that affect aggression

thalamus, amygdala

two areas of the brain that are particularly active during schizophrenic hallucinations

alone, guilty

two cases in which altruism works: 1. when __________ 2. when feeling ___________

sodium, potassium

two compounds that make up the positively-charged ions used in action potential

sodium, chloride

two compounds whose channels can open to modify a receptor in a post-synaptic neuron

obedience, punishment

two factors influencing STAGE 1 of Kohlberg's stages of morality; actions are taken based on rewards/punishments

authority, social order

two factors influencing STAGE 4 of Kohlberg's stages of morality; individuals place importance on upholding societal rules

Weschler test (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale/WAIS)

type of intelligence test measuring overall intelligence, comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory and processing speed, all to help identify learning disabilities

insight learning

type of learning discovered by Wolfgang Kohler, in which one arrives at a solution or realization without any prior cognition

operant conditioning

type of learning in which a behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer

observational learning

type of learning in which behavior is modeled based on observing others' behavior

classical conditioning

type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli (involuntary responses that we learn to coordinate with certain stimuli)

intrinsic motivation

type of motivation driving behaviors done for one's own self-interest; more likely to guarantee success in academics and career choices

extrinsic motivation

type of motivation driving behaviors done for rewards or results; applies to the overjustification effect

interneuron

type of neuron located in the spinal cord and brain; transmits impulses between other neurons

sensory (afferent)

type of neuron that receives neural messages at sensory receptor sites (ex: from touch) and sends messages to the brain in response

motor (efferent)

type of neuron that transmits messages from the brain back to muscles/glands to coordinate a response

inhibitory

type of neurotransmitter that PREVENTS neural firing

excitatory

type of neurotransmitter that PROMOTES neural firing

mono amine

type of neurotransmitter that has only one NH2 group

behavior modification

type of operant conditioning that reinforces desired behaviors and ignores/punishes maladaptive behaviors in order to extinguish them

authoritative

type of parenting style exhibited by parents who are both demanding and responsive, explaining the reasoning for certain rules and encouraging discussion for rules once their children are older

authoritarian

type of parenting style exhibited by parents who impose rules and expect obedience without much leniency

permissive

type of parenting style exhibited by parents who submit to their children's desires, making few demands and using little punishment

figure-ground relationship

type of perceptual grouping in which our brains perceive objects as distinct from their background

institutional power

type of power characterized by organizing others for the advancement of an institution/group

personal power

type of power characterized for directing others for furthering one's sense of superiority

time based prospective memory

type of prospective memory that involves remembering to perform a certain action at a PARTICULAR TIME

event based prospective memory

type of prospective memory that involves remembering to perform a certain action under SPECIFIC CIRCUMSTANCES

human factors psychology

type of psychology that focuses on aiding product design that emphasizes on user-friendliness and ergonomic value

clinical psychology

type of psychology that focuses on diagnosing and testing mental, emotional and behavioral psychology

industrial/organizational psychology

type of psychology that focuses on factors within a workplace environment that motivate employees to increase productivity; often hired by major corporations to place people in positions matching their interests

counseling psychology

type of psychology that focuses on helping people overcome everyday stress, challenges and personal issues (no diagnosis or treatment)

school psychology

type of psychology that focuses on identifying learning disorders or cognitive disabilities that impair student learning

developmental psychology

type of psychology that focuses on physical, cognitive and social changes that humans undergo; studies all stages of life

psychometric psychology

type of psychology that focuses on psychological testing based on statistical procedures; measures tests based on standardization, reliability and validity

educational psychology

type of psychology that focuses on the effects of a learning environment on student learning

biological psychology

type of psychology that focuses on the study of the brain and the nervous system; also known as neuroscience

cognitive psychology

type of psychology that focuses on thoughts, perception, learning, memory and problem solving (and their effects on behavior)

personality psychology

type of psychology that focuses on traits that determine human behavior

fetus

unborn offspring that develops 8-9 weeks into conception and begins development of organs

embryo

unborn offspring that develops about two weeks into conception after the placenta attaches a zygote to the mother's uterine wall

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of information such as time, space, frequency and well-learned information

narcolepsy

uncontrollable sleep attacks in which the person lapses directly into REM sleep

G factor (generalized intelligence)

underlying mental ability measured by an intelligence test; conceived by Charles Spearman

self concept

understanding of oneself; impaired in children deprived of attachment

object permanence

understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed (ex: seen, heard, touched etc.); develops around 8 months of age

Freudian slip

unintentional error in speech regarded as revealing unconscious feelings/thoughts

prejudice

unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group

discrimination

unjustified action taken against others based on prejudice

prejudice

unjustified attitude held towards others

unconditioned response (UR)

unlearned, involuntary, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

behavior modification

used to teach children a new, desirable behavior by rewarding the desirable behavior and ignoring any undesired behaviors

independent variable

variable in an experiment that is compared or manipulated

independent variable

variable in an experiment that is manipulated

dependent variable

variable in an experiment that is measured

dependent variable

variable in an experiment that is measured; experimental outcome

controlled variable

variable in an experiment that is unchanged

uncontrolled variable

variable that a researcher cannot or did not control

defense mechanisms

various forms of psychological conflict resolution in the latent psychosexual stage of development; developed by the ego to resolve conflict between the id and superego

legally insane

verdict in which the defendant receives psychological treatment and is released when deemed mentally competent

guilty but mentally ill

verdict in which the defendant receives psychological treatment but must also serve jail time and be held responsible for their crime

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

vibrates in response to sound waves

1. denial 2. anger 3. bargaining 4. depression 5. acceptance

what are the five stages of grief (in order - list them in numerical format)?

-3, -2, -1, M, 1, 2, 3

what are the seven Z score values?

exposure therapy, aversive conditioning

what are the two types of counterconditioning?

d (all of the above)

what causes REM rebound? a. sleep deprivation b. alcohol hangovers c. sleep medications d. all of the above

c (stay up as late as you can in your new location)

what do you do if you experience jet lag? a. go to sleep as soon as you arrive at your new location b. take melatonin pills c. stay up as late as you can in your new location d. take naps frequently across the day

b (there are no clearly-defined variables or hypothesis and thus it is not an experiment - the other three choices are ethical concerns, not design flaws)

what is a DESIGN FLAW in Zimbardo's prison experiment? a. the prisoners were subject to psychological torture b. there are no clearly-defined variables or hypothesis and thus it is not an experiment c. the guards were becoming increasingly brutal and violent d. the prisoners were forced into dismal and dirty conditions and denied freedom

d (a & b)

what is an adverse effect of experiencing long term stress? a. shrunken hippocampus b. degraded neural connections c. nightmares d. a & b

a (1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, 2, 3, 4...)

what is the correct order of the sleep cycle? a. 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM, 2, 3, 4... b. 4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, REM, 4, 3, 2... c. REM, 1, 2, 3, 4, REM, 1... d. 2, 3, 4, 3, REM, 2, 1, 2, REM, 4, 3, 2...

d (a & b)

what led to the move from asylums to hospitals in 1900s? a. discovery that syphilis infects the brain b. reform efforts for humane treatment c. improved medical technology d. a & b

b (short-term memories that haven't been encoded are lost)

what may happen to your memory if you experience head trauma or an electroshock? a. previously-encoded memories are lost b. short-term memories that haven't been encoded are lost c. long-term memories are lost d. repressed memories are brought forth

mean, median, mode

what the three measures of central tendency?

b (hospitals were deinstitutionalized)

what was major reform in mental health treatment occurred in the 1950s? a. hospitals replaced asylums b. hospitals were deinstitutionalized c. asylums received better sanitation standards d. medical technologies improved

a (PTSD)

which of the following anxiety disorders does the behavioral perspective NOT attempt to explain? a. PTSD b. phobias c. panic disorder d. OCD

a (hit)

when a signal is present and the individual is able to respond to it, the detection is a a. hit b. miss

b (miss)

when a signal is present but there is no response from the individual, the detection is a a. hit b. miss

b (during the peak of their fertility)

when are women's natural voices most commonly perceived as attractive or "sexy"? a. during sexual intercourse b. during the peak of their fertility c. during their mid-30's d. during pregnancy

correct rejection

when no stimulus is present and the individual does not respond

false alarm

when no stimulus is present but the individual responds as if there was one

blame the victim dynamic

when one concludes that a victim got what they deserved or "had it coming to them"

smaller, bigger

when perceiving motion, objects getting ____________ are "retreating" while objects getting ______________ are "approaching"

conformity

when we adjust or behavior/thinking to match a group standard

dispositional attribution

when we attribute a person's behavior to their inherent characteristics

situational attribution

when we attribute a person's behavior to their situation

c (case studies/interviews)

where did Freud gather most of his research? a. neuroscience b. surveys/questionnaires c. case studies/interviews d. projective tests

c (wrestling)

which if the following is NOT one of the main ways to alleviate stress? a. aerobic exercise b. spirituality/faith c. wrestling d. meditation

d (130)

which intelligence test score marks the threshold above which the "high extreme" end of the spectrum lies? a. 80 b. 100 c. 120 d. 130

b (70)

which intelligence test score marks the threshold below which the "low extreme" end of the spectrum lies? a. 60 b. 70 c. 80 d. 85

b (temporal)

which lobe is the auditory cortex located in? a. parietal b. temporal c. frontal d. occipital

a (axis I)

which of the five axes of clinical questioning assesses whether a clinical syndrome is present? a. axis I b. axis II c. axis III d. axis IV e. axis V

c (axis III)

which of the five axes of clinical questioning assesses whether a general medical condition (ex: diabetes, hypertension) is present? a. axis I b. axis II c. axis III d. axis IV e. axis V

b (axis II)

which of the five axes of clinical questioning assesses whether a personality disorder or cognitive disability is present? a. axis I b. axis II c. axis III d. axis IV e. axis V

d (axis IV)

which of the five axes of clinical questioning assesses whether psychosocial or environmental issues are present? a. axis I b. axis II c. axis III d. axis IV e. axis V

e (axis V)

which of the five axes of clinical questioning provides a global assessment of the patient's function? a. axis I b. axis II c. axis III d. axis IV e. axis V

c (overactive anterior cingulate cortex)

which of the following explanations of anxiety disorders is NOT part of the cognitive perspective? a. negative/irrational/unrealistic thoughts b. maladaptive thoughts c. overactive anterior cingulate cortex d. negative/pessimistic explanatory style

a (anxious-resistant)

which of the following insecure attachment types applies to mothers who are only engaged with their children on their own terms? a. anxious-resistant b. anxious-avoidant c. disorganized-disoriented

b (anxious-avoidant)

which of the following insecure attachment types applies to mothers who do not engage the child? a. anxious-resistant b. anxious-avoidant c. disorganized-disoriented

c (disorganized-disoriented)

which of the following insecure attachment types applies to mothers who have experienced trauma/abuse before or after childbirth? a. anxious-resistant b. anxious-avoidant c. disorganized-disoriented

c (hallucinations)

which of the following is NOT a NEGATIVE symptom of schizophrenia? a. toneless voice b. expressionless face c. hallucinations d. catatonia

a (catatonia)

which of the following is NOT a POSITIVE symptom of schizophrenia? a. catatonia b. hallucinations c. word salad d. inappropriate emotions

d (all of the above are causes of grouping)

which of the following is NOT a cause of grouping? a. proximity b. connectedness c. continuation d. all of the above are causes of grouping

d (the group is at least two people)

which of the following is NOT a condition that increases conformity? a. you feel insecure b. you admire the group's status or members c. the group is at least three people d. the group is at least two people e. you haven't made a prior commitment

c (the person receiving orders is generally resistant to authority)

which of the following is NOT a condition that leads to obedience? a. the person giving orders is in close proximity b. the person giving orders is an authority figure c. the person receiving orders is generally resistant to authority d. the victim is depersonalized and at a distance e. there are no role models for defiance

c (fatigue)

which of the following is NOT a factor that leads to hypnosis? a. authoritative personality b. social influence c. fatigue d. imagination

c (only collectivist)

which of the following is NOT a flaw in the humanistic perspective? a. subjective b. only individualistic c. only collectivist d. does not consider evil

c (birth defects - this is genetic (nature))

which of the following is NOT a possible environmental/nurture factor that leads to obesity? a. sleep loss b. social conformity c. birth defects d. modeling parents' behavior e. reinforcement

d (catatonia)

which of the following is NOT a side effect of SNRI drugs? a. dry mouth b. weight gain c. hypertension d. catatonia

c (personality inventories)

which of the following is NOT a technique used in the psychoanalytic approach? a. hypnosis b. dream analysis c. personality inventories d. projective tests

c (economic)

which of the following is NOT among Gardner's 8 types of intelligence? a. kinesthetic b. interpersonal c. economic d. intrapersonal

d (political)

which of the following is NOT among Gardner's 8 types of intelligence? a. linguistic b. musical c. naturalistic d. political

b (precognitive)

which of the following is NOT among Gardner's 8 types of intelligence? a. logical b. precognitive c. interpersonal d. spatial

d (reflection)

which of the following is NOT among the four most common memory archetypes? a. shadow b. anima c. animus d. reflection

b (anxious-disorganized)

which of the following is NOT among the three types of insecure attachment? a. anxious-resistant b. anxious-disorganized c. anxious-avoidant d. disorganized-disoriented

b (ativan)

which of the following is NOT an SSRI antidepressant? a. prozac b. ativan c. paxil d. zoloft

c (clozapine)

which of the following is NOT an antianxiety drug? a. benzodiazepine b. xanax c. clozapine d. ativan

d (idea of female superiority)

which of the following is NOT an error in Freud's studies? a. subjectivity b. focus on childhood c. idea of female inferiority d. idea of female superiority

c (misinformation in the manual)

which of the following is NOT an issue identified with using the DSM-V? a. potential overdiagnosis b. labels/stigma c. misinformation in the manual d. potential misdiagnosis

d (biting)

which of the following is NOT one of newborns' primary reflexes? a. swallowing b. breathing c. rooting d. biting

d (stranger anxiety in mother's presence)

which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of a child with secure attachment?> a. distress @ mother's absence b. exploratory personality c. seeking contact with a mother upon her return from an absence d. stranger anxiety in mother's presence

c (greater self-reliance/independence as adults)

which of the following is NOT one of the consequences of attachment deprivation? a. withdrawn/frightened temperament b. higher probability of abuse c. greater self-reliance/independence as adults d. difficulty forming relationships

d (accelerated nervous system)

which of the following is NOT one of the effects of alcohol? a. loosened inhibitions b. suppressed REM sleep c. decelerated nervous system d. accelerated nervous system

c (extrinsic motivation)

which of the following is NOT one of the five components of creativity? a. imaginative thinking b. creative environment/culture c. extrinsic motivation d. intrinsic motivation e. venturesome personality

c (spicy - this is a somatosensation)

which of the following is NOT one of the five tastes? a. bitter b. sweet c. spicy d. salty e. umami

b (sleep helps protect from many diseases)

which of the following is NOT one of the main theories on why we sleep? a. sleep protects us b. sleep helps protect from many diseases c. sleep restores brain tissue d. sleep helps maintain memory

c (fundamental attribution error)

which of the following is NOT one of the problems of trait theory? a. person-situation controversy b. does not address individual changes/differences c. fundamental attribution error d. social desirability effect

c (it only focuses on white women)

which of the following is NOT one of the shortcomings identified in Kohlberg's morality study? a. it only focuses on white males b. it only applies to individualist societies c. it only focuses on white women d. it does not factor in a female perspective

b (they come unhappy and leave happy)

which of the following is NOT part of the way CLIENTS view psychotherapy? a. they enter in a time of crisis and hope to improve on their own b. they come unhappy and leave happy c. they want to believe it's effective d. they speak kindly of their therapists no matter what

c (OCD)

which of the following is NOT treated with aversive conditioning? a. alcoholism b. nail biting c. OCD d. bedwetting

b (crystallized intelligence)

which of the following is NOT typically lost as a result of age? a. immune system strength b. crystallized intelligence c. fluid intelligence d. long-term potentiation of memories

b (anxiolytics)

which of the following is NOT used to treat bipolar disorder? a. mood stabilizers b. anxiolytics c. anticonvulsants d. antipsychotics

d (b & c)

which of the following is a Freudian theory that remains valid in present-day psychodynamic studies? a. Freudian slips b. unconscious mind c. defense mechanisms d. b & c`

d (b & c)

which of the following is a possible treatment for night terrors? a. melatonin b. benzodiazepine c. anti-depressants d. b & c

a (benzodiazepine)

which of the following is a treatment for REM behavior disorder? a. benzodiazepine b. morphine c. melatonin d. medical marijuana

c (nightguards)

which of the following is a treatment for bruxism? a. benzodiazepine b. melatonin c. nightguards d. anti-depressants

d (a & b)

which of the following is a treatment for insomnia? a. therapy b. anti-anxiety medication c. stimulant drugs d. a & b

b (stimulant drugs)

which of the following is a treatment for narcolepsy? a. melatonin b. stimulant drugs c. morphine d. anti-anxiety medication

d (all of the above)

which of the following is a viable treatment to mental illness? a. 2+ social interactions per week b. optimism c. healthy diet d. all of the above

d (all of the above)

which of the following is a viable treatment to mental illness? a. 30 minutes of exercise per day b. 30 minutes of morning light per day c. 7-8 hours average sleep d. all of the above

d (schizophrenia)

which of the following is caused by an excess of dopamine? a. emphysema b. Alzheimer's c. Parkinson's d. schizophrenia

b (frontal lobe)

which of the following is inactive or impaired in people suffering from depression? a. parietal lobe b. frontal lobe c. hypothalamus d. corpus callosum

d (all of the above are stressful events)

which of the following is not one a category of stressful events? a. catastrophes b. daily hassles c. significant life changes d. all of the above are stressful events

b (glucose)

which of the following is secreted into the bloodstream by the liver in response to adrenaline release from the sympathetic nervous system? a. oxygen b. glucose c. epinephrine d. testosterone

d (optic nerve >> thalamus >> visual cortex)

which of the following is the correct order in which information travels from the optic nerve? a. optic nerve >> visual cortex >> thalamus b. thalamus >> visual cortex >> optic nerve c. visual cortex >> thalamus >> optic nerve d. optic nerve >> thalamus >> visual cortex

c (brain stem >> thalamus >> gustatory cortex)

which of the following is the correct path taken by neural impulses from cranial nerve 7? a. brain stem >> gustatory cortex >> thalamus b. gustatory cortex >> brain stem >> thalamus c. brain stem >> thalamus >> gustatory cortex d. thalamus >> gustatory cortex >> brain stem

a (lithium)

which of the following is the most common mood stabilizer? a. lithium b. prozac c. LSD d. paxil

c (encoding)

which of the following is the process of turning short-term memories into long-term memories? a. storage b. recall c. encoding d. attention

d (b & c)

which of the following neurotransmitters can lead to depression and anxiety at low levels? a. GABA b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. b & c

b (reticular formation)

which of the following organs in the brain regulates the habituation of senses? a. amygdala b. reticular formation c. angular gyrus d. hippocampus

b (permissive)

which of the following parenting styles causes children to become immature and aggressive? a. authoritative b. permissive c. authoritarian

a (authoritative)

which of the following parenting styles causes children to have high self-esteem, self-reliance, social competence and emotional intelligence? a. authoritative b. permissive c. authoritarian

c (authoritarian)

which of the following parenting styles causes children to have lower self-esteem, weak social skills and a conditioned sense of fear? a. authoritative b. permissive c. authoritarian

b (Vygotsky)

which of the following psychologists emphasized on language in their theories on development? a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Freud d. Zimbardo

a (clients come unhappy and leave happy)

which of the following summarizes the way CLINICIANS view psychotherapy? a. clients come unhappy and leave happy b. problems may persist with a client c. clients often improve out of confirmation bias d. clients leave therapy wanting to improve themselves

d (fluid operational stage)

which of the following was NOT one of Jean Piaget's stages of development? a. sensorimotor stage b. preoperational stage c. concrete operational stage d. fluid operational stage

b (only middle-class men were used as a sample - the other three options are ethical concerns, not design flaws)

which of the following was a DESIGN FLAW in Milgram's experiment? a. mental distress experienced by participants b. only middle-class men were used as a sample c. participants weren't debriefed on the details of the experiment d. participants were persuaded or ordered to continue their involvement in the experiment

c (participants weren't debriefed on the details of the experiment - the other three options are design flaws, not ethical concerns)

which of the following was an ETHICAL CONCERN in Milgram's experiment? a. only men were chosen as a sample b. only "blue collar" workers that were used to receiving orders were chosen c. participants weren't debriefed on the details of the experiment

b (children who didn't view aggressive adults)

which of the following was the CONTROL group in Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment? a. children who viewed aggressive adults b. children who didn't view aggressive adults

a (children who viewed aggressive adults)

which of the following was the EXPERIMENTAL group in Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment? a. children who viewed aggressive adults b. children who didn't view aggressive adults

a (Nazi war crimes during World War II - the other three events all took place long after Milgram's experiment)

which of the following was the primary influence behind Milgram's experiment? a. Nazi war crimes during World War II b. the Abu Ghraib prison torture scandal in Iraq c. Zimbardo's prison experiment at Stanford d. rumors surrounding the Church of Scientology

frontal cortex

which part of the brain feeds signals back to an activity to encourage more of a behavior?

c (variable ratio)

which reinforcement schedule is the most effective? a. variable interval b. fixed ratio c. variable ratio d. fixed interval

3, 4

which stages of sleep do you lose as the night progresses?

a (glucose, amygdala)

which two biological components of memory ensure the permanence of memories produced during stressful situations? a. glucose, amygdala b. glutamate, amygdala c. serotonin, hippocampus d. thalamus, serotonin

simultaneous, backward

which two conditioning schedules do NOT work?

b (frontal, parietal)

which two lobes of the brain are larger than other areas in brains displaying high intelligence (ex: Einstein)? a. occipital, frontal b. frontal, parietal c. temporal, parietal d. frontal, temporal

norepinephrine, serotonin

which two neurotransmitters are low during depression?

b (hypothalamus, pituitary gland)

which two organs produce cortisol during your body's fight-or-flight response? a. hypothalamus, pineal gland b. hypothalamus, pituitary gland c. hippocampus, pituitary gland d. hippocampus, liver

lymphocytes

white blood cells that fight infections

Kitty Genovese

woman who was raped and murdered in New York City in 1964; bystanders closed their windows instead of helping

b (relational - mainly ties to prolonged nature of pregnancy and subsequent childcare)

women approach sex in a ____________ manner a. recreational b. relational

c (dominant, bold, affluent)

women are primarily attracted to men who are... a. submissive, weak, poor b. submissive, bold, affluent c. dominant, bold, affluent d. dominant, shy, poor