ALL for UNIT 2, ALL UNIT 3

PET

Tracks where a temporarily radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain of the person given it performs a given task -uses a radioactive tracer to show how well organs and tissues are working Ex: Monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that use more glucose in regions related to fear, memory, and expectations of reward and punishment

Agonist- neurons

(actor), mimics neurotransmitter, ex: morphine

Antagonist- neurons

(blocker), blocks neurotransmitter, ex: poison

Glial cells (glia)

(glia), provide protection and nourishment to neurons ex: if nerve cells are queen bees, glial cells are worker bees

Naturally get serotonin from

(inflates your mood) from the sun

Limbic System

3 parts: amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus Amy the hippo gets hypothermic when she drinks limeade

How many sections does the brain have and what are they

3 sections: hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Nervous system

6 parts, central, peripheral, autonomic, somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic

CT

X-rays of the head generate images that may locate brain damage Ex: Children's brain injuries, shown in CT scans, predict impairments in their intelligence and memory processing

MEG

a head coli records magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical currents -measures the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain Ex: Soldiers with PTSD, compared with those who don't, show stronger magnetic fields in the visual cortex when they see trauma-related images

Thyroid gland

affects metabolism among other things

Somatomotor (motor) cortex:

back of frontal lobe, controls muscle movements, right next to somatosensory cortex

Occipital lobe

back of head, above cerebellum, how you see If you get hit in the head could make you "see stars" or temporarily blur vision

Frontal lobe

behind forehead, largest lobe, recognize future consequences, making judgements, planning/decision making, abstract thought, personality, somatomotor (motor) cortex, broca's Area

Genome

blueprint for building a human

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Neuroplasticity:

brain is able to change, build, reorganize damage, automatically. Ex: if you have a stroke and lose ability to speak, you're able to relearn to speak

Hindbrain- parts

brain stem, reticular formation, medulla, pons, cerebellum

Parkinsons

can't control muscles, causing lots of tics all over

Axon

carry signals from one end to another

Blindsight

condition where a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

Cognitive neuroscience

connect the dots

Cell body

contains nucleus

Norepinephrine

controls alertness and arousal Undersupply linked to depression Oversupply linked to anxiety/mania

Autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat, digestion, breathing, etc. breaks into sympathetic and parasympathetic

Right side of brain

controls left side of body, creative side

Somatic nervous system

controls voluntary functions, ex: walking Afferent Nerves: sensory neurons Efferent Nerves: motor neurons

Fraternal twins

dizygotic twins different eggs fertilized simultaneously, share the same genes as siblings but are not identical

Dual processing

doing things subconsciously but conscience is still working The idea that we have two "different" minds and that our brain works on two levels, a conscious and deliberate high road and an unconscious, automatic low road

Left side of brain

dominant, controls right side of body, why most people are left handed, flexed in school

depolarization

during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell making it more positive inside

All-or-nothing law/response

either neuron will or won't fire

EEG

electrodes placed on the scalp measure electrical activity in neurons Ex: Symptoms of depression and anxiety correlate with increased activity in right frontal lobe, a brain area associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion

Amygdala

emotional memories, controls fear and anger

Glutamate

excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory, sends pain messages Undersupply linked to concentration problems Oversupply linked to seizures and migraines

Natural selection

explains how organisms adapt and change over time

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight response; automatically accelerates heart rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows down digestion

Somatosensory cortex

front of parietal lobe, controls 5 senses, right next to somatomotor cortex

Adrenal glands

help trigger the fight-or-flight response

Cerebellum

hindbrain, "little brain", back of brain, movement, memory, balance, judgement of time, sensory input, nonverbal learning, first part of brain impacted by alcohol

Pons

hindbrain, communicates the two halves of brain, connects hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain together, involved in respiration and REM sleep

Medulla

hindbrain, controls heartbeat, breathing, if damaged: death

Reticular formation

in hindbrain, controls arousal, if damaged: fall asleep and never wake up, or never fall asleep

Endorphins

influence the perception of pain and pleasure Undersupply linked to depression Oversupply can make people anxious/wired natural pain killers

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter; natural tranquilizer involved in calming Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia

Myelin Sheath

insulates and protects axon

Wernicke's area

language comprehension

Forebrain

largest, most complex of the brain layers, involved in memory, emotion, reasoning, personality, communication, complex thought, and other cognitive functions, has the cerebral cortex (all the lobes)

Genetic predisposition

likelihood of developing a disease or condition based on their genetic makeup

Cerebral Cortex

lobes- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Broca's area

make speech, next to ear

fMRI

measures blood flow to brain regions by comparing continuous MRI scans -measures brain activity in specific parts of the brain Ex: Years after surviving a near plane crash, passengers who viewed material related to their trauma showed greater activation in the brain's fear, memory, and visual centers than when they watched footage related to 9/11 terrorist attacks

Thalamus

midbrain, "switchboard", most important part of brain, top of brainstem, directs messages, receives sensory info, limbic system

Corpus Callosum

midbrain, connects two halves of brain, can be cut in half to treat epilepsy/seizures

Monist

mind, body, soul all one entity, all die together, body just dead, the end

Identical twins

monozygotic single fertilized egg that splits, all the genes are the same

Seretonin

mood, hunger, sleep, arousal Undersupply linked to depression

Midbrain

movement, sensation, allows for communication between hindbrain

Acetylcholine (ACh)

muscle action, learning, memory Undersupply linked to Alzheimer's disease Oversupply linked to paralysis (Black Widow venom)

Before neuron can fire again ___

neg ions need to return, refractory period

Once polarized ___

neuron is back to resting potential

Interneurons

neurons in the brain and spinal cord, that serve as an intermediary between sensory and motor neurons; carry info around the brain for processing

Vesicle holds ____

neurotransmitters (the messages)

Reuptake

once the neurotransmitter sends the message it goes back to be recycled

Sequential processing

only processing one thing at a time Ex: Move your dominant foot in a counterclockwise direction while writing the number 3 repeatedly at the same time.

Auditory Cortex

organization and processing of auditory info

Visual cortex

organization and processing of visual info

MRI

people sit or lie down in a chamber that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide a map of brain structure - detailed Ex: People with a history of violence tend to have smaller frontal lobes, especially in regions that aid moral judgment and self-control

Molecular genetics

prenatally what the person will look like

Wernicke's Aphasia

problems with speech, grammar jumbled

Hippocampus

processes and holds explicit memories (name, family, etc.), limbic system

Neurogenesis:

produce new neurons

Schwann cells

produces myelin for the myelin sheath

Dendrites

receives signals from other neurons

Hypothalamus

regulate endocrine system, homeostasis, "reward" system, puberty, limbic system, controls pituitary gland A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the area of hypothalamus

Parathyroids

regulate the level of calcium in the blood

Pancreas

regulates the level of sugar in the blood

Parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest; Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event

When neuron is not firing

resting potential, negative charge

Terminal branches

send signals to next neuron

peripheral nervous system

sensory and motor neurons that connect to brain and spinal cord breaks into autonomic and somatic

3 neurons

sensory, motor, interneurons

Temporal

side of head above ears, auditory, wernicke's area, auditory cortex, recognizes faces

Synapse (synaptic gap)

small space between neurons

Nodes of Ranvier

spaces between Schwann cells

Brain stem

the oldest part of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions, at the base of skull above spinal cord

duelist

the religious perspective on death, has some sort of afterlife, mind and soul carry on

Absolute threshold- neurons

too many positive then neuron fires, ex: if I pull a rubber band it'll eventually break, you've reached the threshold, rain cloud being filled with water

Parietal lobe

top of head, receives sensory input for touch, somatosensory cortex

Angular gyrus

understand written language and what it means

Dopamine

voluntary movement, learning, attention, emotion Undersupply linked to Parkinson's Oversupply linked to schizophrenia

action potential

when firing an impulse, a neuron is active and ions are exchanged. The ions are scrambled or depolarized.

resting potential

when not firing (or at rest), a neuron has a slightly negative charge. The ions are aligned or polarized.

Reuptake inhibitors

Drugs that interfere with the reuptake of neurotransmitters in the synapse so that a greater amount remains in the synapse

Nature vs. Nurture

Genes vs. Environment, which one plays a bigger role in psychological traits or behaviors, ex: twins separated at birth

Survival of the fittest

Natural selection, adaptation, mutation Everything in psychology is biological

Cortisol

Release point: adrenal glands Function: Maintain homeostasis (stress hormone)

Adrenaline

Release point: adrenal glands Function: prepare body for emergencies (fight or flight response)

Oxytocin

Release point: pituitary gland Function: facilitate lactation and improve relationships (bonding hormone)

Repolarization

Return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell.