All Terms

madrigal

"part song for 4+ voices sung a cappella, composed in a free style dictated by the text, sometimes set to elaborate counterpoint. Primarily English/Italian songs of the 16th and 17th centuries, intended for domestic use

Philippe Verdelot

(1480-1530) early madrigalist, French composer active in Italy, 4 voice homophic madrigal

Franchino Gaffurio

1451-1522, Incorporated Greek theory in his writings, most influential treatises of his time, Revived Greek ideas, New thoughts on modes, consonance/dissonance, elements, scope of tonal system, tuning, music/words

Georg Philipp Telemann

1681-1767, established german style of his time, 3000+ works

Jean-Philippe Rameau

1683-1764, Theory of Harmony Traite de l'harmonie, organist, Lully's successor for opera, Lullistes vs Ramistes

Johann Sebastian Bach

1685-1750

motet

" almost any polyphonic composition on a latin text, nonliturgical sacred vocal work in the contemporaneous (or historical) style

Fanny Hensel

Skilled pianist composer, Performed and composed in private and semiprivate settings, Led a salon where played piano and showed compositions, Home was big enough to have 200 people at the salon, 400+ works, Mendelssohn sister

Verdi Approach to opera

ability to capture character, feeling and situation in memorable melodies that sound fresh and familiar, Many use simple form like AABA, easy to follow, Combine regular phrasing and plain harmony with intriguing rhythmic and melodic motive, Typically uses Rossini's scene structure, Preferred stories that had succeeded as spoken drama, like Shakespeare, Schiller, Hugo plays

Cultural Presentation Project

US effort to present and demonstrate racial diversity, given the negatives of racial image. Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong

siciliana

a type of aria or instrumental movement of the Baroque period, in slow 6/8 or 12/8 time with lilting rhythms; also, a slow gigue for dancing

reform opera

a type of opera, championed by Christoph Willibald Gluck, which embodied sensibility and aimed to be natural and true to real life, especially in accompanied recitative

cyclicism

a unifying compositional device in which a theme, melody, or thematic material recurs in more than one movement of a multimovement work

Brustwek

above music rack

Sonata da Chiesa/church sonata

abstract movements, often included 1+ with dance rhythms or binary form, church as part of mass or antiphons or private concerts

musica ficta

accidentals (both notated or unnotated) in piece of music for the purpose of creating a smooth clausura vera or to avoid undesirable intervals

musico

a women dressed as a man to play the second leading role in opera; pre-Bellini/Donizetti

Style luthe (lute style, now known as style brise)

broken style, Broken chords, Sketched in the melody, bass, and harmony by sounding the appropriate tones in various reisters bc of the lute

Style brise

broken style, harpsichord

Heinrich Schutz

church music, text expression, studied with Gabrieli, chapel master in Dresden, applied new Italian style to church music

overstringing

crossing the bass strings over the other strings in a piano

Daniel Read

1757-1836, new world composer, followed Billings lead

Enrico Caruso

1873-1921, Italian tenor, made his first recoding in 1902, one of the earliest to be recorded, encouraged the medium's acceptance for opera

Sergei Rachmaninov

1873-1943, Made his living as a pianist, Left Russia in 1917 after the Russian Revolution to the US, 3 symphonies, symphonic poem the Isle of the Dead, choral symphony The Bells, Most characteristic music is for piano, especially 24 preludes, 2 sets of etudes, 4 piano concertos, Music combines influences from Western composers like Mendelssohn and Chopin with Russian elements from Orthodox liturgical music to Tchaikovsky

pastorela

Provençal, "pastoral". troubadour courtly song. mock-popular style, depicting conversation between a knight and a shepherdess

Horatio Parker

American composer, organist, teache, taught Ives at Yale

Robert Morris

American composer, theorist, taught at Yale/ESM, electronic music, computer and improv music, influenced by non-western music

Don Randel

American musicologist, specializing in the music of the Middle Ages and Renaissance in Spain and France

parallel period

Antecedent-Consequent pairing; the beginning of the consequent begins as a repetition to the antecedent

Spanish variations composers

Antonio de Cabezon (organist), Enriquez de Valderrabano (lutenist)

Orientalism

the musical representation of non-European (generally Asian) cultures; before the 19th century, defined by the Janissary music of the Ottoman Empire; from the late 19th century on, resources expanded to Asia (Javanese gamelan) and Africa (the expansion of timbres and complexity in percussion parts); only in the post-WWII period did Orientalism give way to the idea of world music

transcription

the notation in music in any style by listening to a performance or recording, however complicated; the transfer of music from one notational system to another; a synonym for arrangement, especially the Romantic-era translation of operatic excerpts into solo piano works

sublime

the notion, first articulated in the 18th century and accepted by Romanticists, of the great and incomprehensible, even the painful and terrifying, being greater than the merely beautiful

formes fixes

three chief poetic forms used for late Medieval songs; ballade, virelai, rondeau, all add refrain to a stanza in AAB form, used in troubiere songs, secular music

Nadezhda von Meck

wealthy widow financially supported him, corresponded

third relationship

when the roots of adjacent chords are a third apart

z-relation

when two hexachords share the same interval vector, but do not share the same pitch class set. there are 30 out of 50 hexachords that are connected by z-relations. the others shrae the same pitch set classes, and therefore have invariant qualities.

Polychordal motets

works for 2 choirs, Gabrieli Canzon septimi toni

Strophic variation

write out each strophe, varying the melody and the duration of the harmonies to reflect the accentuation and meaning of the text

The Doctrine of Imitation

how music affected behavior, music that imitated a certain ethos aroused it in the listener, Aristotle

Musica humana

human music, harmonizes and unifies the body and sound

tragedy

humans are helpless; supernatural forces; negative things happen

pastorale

idyllic nature piece, invoking idealized shepherds (Nativity) or a dramatic scene. Forerunner of opera

communism

left-wing sociopolitical movement dominating much of Eastern Europe and Asia in the 20th Century; cultural impact led to ongoing battles betweens the nations of a unified, nonelitist state and individual artistic expression

biologism

life is no more than the sum of physical facts—birth, death, survival, procreation

Paganini

most celebrated violin virtuoso of 19th c, 24 caprices for solo violin, rivalry with Louis Spohr, honored with Order of the Golden Spur (Pope Leo), sponsored Berlioz even though didn't like commission, famous violns Il cannone guarnerius, hubay, amati, stradivari

Passion

most common type of historia, musical setting of crucifixion

normal order

most compact span of notes

Conradin Kretzer

most famous song cycle omposer in his time (early 19th c)

Esterhazy Princes

most powerful nobles in hungary, Haydn patron

Giulio Rospigliosi (later Pope Clement IC)

most prolific librettist, helped create libretto writing as a separate craft, most famous libretto Sant Alessio, Rome

Scehoenberg Atonal works

mostly vocal works, The Book of Hanging Gardens, 3 piano pieces, 5 orchestral pieces, Erwartung, opera

Ruchpositiv

mounted in choir balcony

collage

multiple tunes layered on top of each other . pasting together and superimposing of disparate styles, creating a unique whole; eclectic approach akin to impulses in art and literature

Melos

music as a performing art, melody derives from this, defined by Plato in Republic as a blend of text, rhythm, and harmonia

4 new elements in late 15 or early 16, Reinforced by writing, originated in imitation of ancient practice

music as servant of words and conveyor of feeling, Music as social accomplishment all should have, Expressive power of the modes, Use of chromaticism

modal/modality

music based on church modes. original modes = dorian, phrygian, lydian, mixolydian; ionian and aeolian added in the Renaissance.

service

musical portions of the Anglican liturgy, includes portions of Mass Ordinary. Short (concise and syllabic setting) or Great (expansive counterpoint)

developing variation

musical process by which motivic fragments are constantly evolving, not only in development sections, but also throughout the work; Schoenberg associated this term with the music of Johannes Brahms

Historia

musical setting based on biblical narrative, prominent Lutheran genre

Classicism

musical style prevailing from 1750-1820, embodied in the works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven

music drama

name given by Richard Wagner to his later operas

Edwin Franko Goldman and son Richard Franko Goldman

nationally broadcast Goldman Band summer series from Central Park

diastematic neumes

neumes at varying heights above the text, indicate the size and direction of intervals

Patronage for music

notable patrons: kings of France, England, dukes of burgundy and savory, and Italian rulers

tablature

notational system using symbols rather than staff notation. lute music!

Einstein on the Beach

opera, collaboration with Robert WiIson, Avoids narrative, no sung text other than solfege, nonsensical stage action, Philip Glass

Claudio Monteverdi

opera, only vocal works, expressive devices, Italian, duke of mantua, L'Orfeo, St. Marks in venice, 250 madrigals, L'incoronazione di Poppea

Anna Renzi

operatic diva, Leading lady of the venetian operatic stage in the 1640s

madrigal

part song for 4+ voices sung a cappella, composed in a free style dictated by the text, sometimes set to elaborate counterpoint. Primarily English/Italian songs of the 16th and 17th centuries, intended for domestic use

performance art

performing an action in a public place constitutes a work of art, 1960s, spearheaded by Fluxus (loose group of avant garde artists in Europe and US). an umbrella song for post-WWII actions that may have been framed as works of art; such actions may be scripted or unscripted, random or carefully orchestrated, spontaneous or carefully-planned, with or without audience participation; performance art may take place in any venue or setting, for any length of time, and involve an individual or group; often, but not necessarily multidiscplinary in nater

Rota

perpetual canon or unison round: Sumer is incumen in (ex)

Basso ostinato

persistent bass

cantus firmus

pre-existing melody, often drawn from chant, used as the basis for a new polyphonic composition, coined by theorist Hieronymus de Moravia

Concitato genre or stile concitato

style to convey anger and warlike actions, Monteverdi, opera, rapid reiteration on a single note

contrafactum

substitution of a new text (often sacred) for an original (often secular) for use with Protestant chorale texts and Catholic masses (parody mass on secular motet)

partita

suite. typically for solo instrument or chamber ensemble

Louis XIV

sun king, 1643-1715, patron of the arts

Castrati

sung female roles

rock

term applied to 1960s rock'n'roll as it shifted away from its R&B dance origins (the "roll") in style, and later, subject matter; centered in Britain and America, rock was intended for listening, not dancing; by the 1970s, its composers focused on the idea of "meaning' rather than its earlier utilitarianism

Baroque

term used to encompass the music of the period from approximately 1600-1750—the first Italian operas to the death of JS Bach

Jules Michelet

termed renaissance, French for rebirth

scena

the double aria and orchestra introduction, accompanied recitatives, and tempo di mezzi that precede it. important set piece of several smaller pieces (finales), a scene with a self-contained dramatic trajectory focusing on the changing emotions of one or more characters

Urlinie

the fundamental line, Schenkerian analysis, fills in the spaces created by the descending arpeggiation of the tonic triad, stepwise descent from one of the triad notes to the tonic

tenor

the fundamental voice in a polyphonic composition, lower voice holds the principal melody, upper part elaborates an underlying note against note counterpoint with the tenor, containing the chant and serving as the basis against which each other voice bases its own counterpoint. May have been performed instrumentally; serves as primary organizing factor until rhythmically-equal parts become dominant around 1500

Hermeneutic

theory of interpretation of verbal and nonverbal communication

Alban Berg

1885-1935, Infused post tonal idiom with forms and procedures of tonal music like Schoenberg but also with expressive gestures, characteristic styles, and other elements that conveyed meanings and feelings to listeners, studied with Schoenberg and adopted his atonal and 12 tone methods, Often chose rows that allowed for tonal sounding chords and progressions, Connects new style with past, Gives music emotional impact

Heitor Villa-Lobos

1887-1959, Brazilian Composer, Traditional Brazilian elements with modernist techniques, Spent time in Paris then returned to Brazil, Instituted a national effort to promote music in schools

Nadia Boulanger

1887-1979, French pedagogue, promoted Faure and Stravinsky, students include Aaron Copland, Virgil Thomson, Roy Harris, Walter Piston, Ross Lee Finney, Elliott Carter

Max Steiner

1888-1971, immigrant from Vienna, worked on broadway, established the model for the Hollywood film score with music for King Kong , leitmotifs like wagner, Casablanca, Gone with the Wind

Louis Durey

1888-1979, left the group early, Les Six

Sergey Prokofiev

1891-1953, Initial reputation before 1918 as Radical modernist, combined striking dissonance with motoric rhythms, Left Russia after the revolution, 2 decades residing/touring N. America and western Europe composing solo piano works and concertos for him to play and larger works for commissions, Returned to Russia in 1936 with promises of commissions/performances, Reworked theatrical and film works into concert works, WWII brought relaxation of govt control, turned to absolute music in classical genres (Piano sonatas nos. 6-8, 5th symphony, Largely tonal works with unexpected harmonic juxtapositions)

Cole Porter

1891-1964, Composed lyrics and music for his songs, Studied music at Yale, Harvard, Schola Cantorum in Paris, Style: Suave, urbane, sophisticated lyrics , Catchy and memorable tunes, Wrote exclusively for theater and Hollywood musicals

Claude Champagne

1891-1965, First Canadian composer to get international fame, French Canadian fiddle music and dance tunes in his youth, Influenced by Russian composers, Studied in Paris, Exposed to Renaissance polyphony, Faure, Debussy, Linked their modal practices to Canadian folk music

Adolph Weiss

1891-1971, introduced Schoenberg's methods to the US in 1927

Arthur Honegger

1892-1955, Les Six, Music of dynamic action and graphic gesture, Short-breathed melodies, Strong ostinato rhythms, Bold colors, dissonant harmonies , Modernist descriptive music, Pacific 231 symphonic movement translating the impression of a speeding train, King David oratorio Gave him international reputation, neoclassicism

Darius Milhaud

1892-1974, Les Six, Big amount of music in many styles, Diverse in stylel and approach, Jewish heritage, Open to sounds and styles of Americas, 2 year stay in Brazil, Style, Syncopated rhythms and diatonic melodies of Brazilian dance, Polytonality, Jazz influenced, La Creation du monde, Jazz and neoclassicism

Ragtime

A lot of instruments soloing at the same time; steady, stride bass, syncopated treble, Joplin Maple Leaf Rag

Cumulative Form

A main theme is only heard in fragments and paraphrases until the end. Procedures of thematic fragmentation and development from European sonata forms and symphonies, but reverses the normal course of events so that the development happens 1st and the themes appear only at the end

Germaine Tailleferre

1892-1983, Les Six, Most in tune with neoclassical ideals, Drawing on Couperin and Rameau

Ernest MacMillan

1893-1973, Head of Toronto conservatory and university, conducted Toronto Symphony, Collected and arranged native music, edited anthology of Canadian songs, Edited first book on Canadian music

blue note

A note sung or played at a slightly lower pitch level than that of the major scale for expressive purposes. Typically the alteration of a semitone or less, but varying with players/genres. Blues singer will sing these notes sharp so that they lie in the crack between major and minor (scale degrees 3 or 6)

Carlos Chavez

1899-1978, Mexican Composer, Conductor of Mexico's first professional orchestra , Director of Mexican national conservatory, Used Aztec scenarios, Indian melodies

Georges Auric

1899-1983, Les Six, Inspired by Satie's avantgarde approach

Galant Style

18th c, smooth, easy, sophisticated, French word for courtly manner, freer more songlike, homophonic, 2-4 m phrases, originated in Italian operas and concertos, Haydn, JC Bach, rococo ornamentation, (not the serious fugal style of baroque, less polyphony),

Opera Buffa

18th century Italian comic opera, full length work with 6+ singing characters, sung throughout, ordinary people, entertained and moral purpose, dialogue in rapid recitative accompanied by continuo- often keyboard alone

Kol Nidre

Aramaic text recited in the synagogue on the evening service before Yom Kippur.

Double Tonic Complex

A situation where two key tonic chords

Charlie Parker

1920-1955

Iannis Xenakis

1922-2001, One of the first to write pieces whose material consists primarily of striking sound combinations that create interesting and novel textures, organized by gradual or sudden processes of change for acoustic instruments, Greek, spent most of career in France, Engineer, architect, and composer, Saw mathematics as fundamental to music and architecture, music based on math

Gyorgy Ligeti

1923-2006, Hungarian composer, Music for Stanley Kubrick's scifi movie A Space Odyssey, Music in constant motion, yet static harmonically. And melodically, Atmospheres, micropolyphony, accessible modernism,

Hank Williams

19231953, country music

Gunther Schullre

1925, third stream

Luciano Berio

1925-2003, Italian composer, New virtuosity in his music, Sequenza works for solo instrument: Virtuosic, title refers to sequence of harmonic fields explored over the course of the piece, Works in graphic notation in Sequenza III, Often places vowels and syllables in graded sequences based on phonetic qualities, Music based on borrowed material, Sinfonia: Most of scherzo mvmt of Mahler 2, superimposed on. An amplified verbal commentary and musical commentary by a large orchestra; Overlays quotations from 100+ other works

Krzystof Penderecki

1933, music of texture and process, neo-romanticism, Reputation made with pieces based on texture and process, Focused increasingly on melody and drew on past styles, genres, harmonic practices, Threnody: one of best known pieces based on texture and process, For victims of Hiroshima, 52 string instruments, Measures time by seconds

Peter Maxwell Davies

1934, English composer, Drew on chant and English renaissance music, Emphasizes gulf between modern times and distant past by distorting source of material or transforming it through modern procedures

Alfred Schnittke

1934-1998, Worked in Soviet Union, known for film music, Moved to Germany, Exposed to western trends when Russia relaxed, Turned to polystylism, Incorporates works from classic composers, embodies contrast of styles and historical periods, Defamiliarizes each style through canons and polytonality

Arvo Part

1935, Estonian composer, Individual style using simplest materials, Studied Gregorian chant and early polyphony, Tintinnbuli

La Monte Young

1935, Music centers on a small number of pitches sustained at great length , challenges traditional concepts of music, The Dream House: sound and light environment

Terry Riley

1935, Patterns created through repetition, tape loops, in C

Binary Form (Rounded)

A-section: tonic-dominant. B-section: dominant-tonic. A-section returns: tonic statement of original.

Peter Schickele (PDQ Bach)

1935, Wittiest and most popular composer to use quotation and stylistic allusion, Mostly tonal, Draw on variety of styles from Stravinksy to jazz and rock, Create form and expression through contrasts of style, mood, texture, figuration, timbre, dynamics, other factors, Sometimes quotes for humor, Spoof old music, funny personality as untalented., Son of Bach, performing conventions go away, Bizzare instruments featured

Binary Form (Balanced)

A-section: tonic-dominant. B-section: dominant-tonic. B-section ends in the same manner as A-section

Binary Form (Simple)

A-section: tonic-dominant. B-section: dominant-tonic. Both sections distinct.

12-bar Blues (chord substitution)

AAB. I-(IV)-I-I, IV-IV-I-I, (ii)-(V)-I-I, Parker Bird Blues

12-bar Blues (basic)

AAB. I-I-I-I, IV-IV-I-I, V-IV-I-I (or V), Bessie Smith Backwater Blues

12-bar Blues (chord substitution)

AAB. I-V/ chords until IV on fifth bar; IV must always arrive on m. 5 to be a blues progression, Parker Blues for Alice

Formes fixes rondeau

AB a A ab AB

Rondeau formes fixes

AB a A ab AB

Da capo aria

ABA form aria, Scarlatti, late 17th century

Schoenberg Op 11

ABA', hexachordal, organized by shape and set class

Da Capo Aria

ABA, allowed variation, 1st half of 18th century

Steve Reich

1936, Developed quasi-canonic procedure where musicians play the same material out of phase with each other, Began in the electronic studio, Come Out: superimposes tape loops on spoken phrases, Piano Phase: pianists repeat same figure, gradually pull apart, come back, gradual changes, Toured with his ensemble, By 1980s no longer subscribed to minimalist aesthetic, Instead used minimalist techniques to create large scale works, Often drew on jewish Heritage, Applied minimalism to art music, considered postminimalist, Moved from avant garde experimentation to focus on construction in 1970s

Philip Glass

1937, Studied at U of Chicago and Julliard and with Nadia Boulanger, Worked with Indian sitarist Ravi Shankar in Paris, Works since mid 1960s are deeply influenced by rhythmic organization of Indian Music , Emphasize melodiousness, consonance, simple harmonic progressions, abundant amplification of rock music

John Corigliano

1938, American composer, Juxtaposes styles to convey meanings

The Technique of My Musical Language

1944 Messaien, Book, writing meditative music

John Tavener

1944, English composer, Works have spiritual meanings, Wrote works influenced by Stravinksy's serialism and block construction, Incorporated elements from Orthodox liturgical music, Sacred choral works in a harmonically simple, chant derivied idiom

Claude Michel Schonberg

1944, French musical composer, Les Mis, Miss Saigon

Heinrich Isaac songs with French, Italian, and German texts

Adapted Italian style for some of his German Lieder and songs, Like Italian songs: parts move in similar rhythm, rests separating phrases, cadences resolve to full triads

John Adams

1947, Traced a path from minimalism to postminimalist style, gates, Continued to use minimalist techniques in later works but also embraced elements from op and classical music, Integrates traditional harmonic and contrapuntal procedures with minimalist, Greater variety and range than most of contemporaries, Flexible and emotional power, Nixon in China (Formality of Baroque historical era, minimalist techniques, short driving pulsating ideas, insistently repeated, constantly evolve, orchestra dominated by brass, winds percussion), Short Ride on a Fast Machine

Andrew Lloyd Webber

1948, Leading english composer of musicals, Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita, Cats, Phantom of the Opera, Sunset Boulevard, Wide range of styles to suit dramatic situation, Maintains traditional focus on lyrical, affecting melody

Birgh Sheng

1955, Born, trained in China, Moved to NY, career in US, Integrate elements of Asian and Western music, respects integrity of each, Insired by Bartok , Seven Tuns Heard in China for solo cello, European tradition: (Sequences, double stops, implied polyphony), Blends Chinese, western, and modern music

Osvaldo Golijov

1960, Argentine Jewish Family, Heard classical music, Piazzollas' nuevo tango, synagogue music, klezmer- incorporates, Studied with George Crumb

Fusion

1970 Miles Davis launches the trend with Bitches Brew, Joined jazz with rock electric guitar, rhythms and character of soul, rhythm and blues, Way to renew jazz and appeal to wider public, Other fusion artists, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea

Disco

1970s, dance music, Steady 4/4 met, uniform dance tempo, Lush orchestrations, slick production, relentless beat

doctrine of affections

Affektenlehre. an attempt to codify musical-emotional expression by ascribing conventional meanings to specific keys, tempi, rhythmic patterns, and intervals. Musical figures conceived in this manner returned throughout a movement to offer consistency of emotional quality throughout the movement (baroque concern).

Paul Simon

African influenced grammy award winning album Graceland

Nigerian Fela Kuti

African musician, merged pop styles from US with local traditions, world beat

World Beat

African pop music that reached international audiences

Mighty Handful

19th c Russia had 2 style traits- (other traditions, Rubinstein), these used musical experimentation based on folk sources,modal scales, non-functional progressions, Scriabin

Berlin Singakademie

19th century choral society, began as a singing class for wealthy women and accepted men in 1971, 1800 directed by Carl Friedrich Zelter (Mendelssohn teacher), huge size 150 members, added an orchestra, had 350+ singers when he died, conducted St. Matthew Passion that revived Bach

Blues

African-American folk genre. Poorly-understood beginnings. Performance by self-accompanying singer (with guitar or banjo) using a framework, such as the 12-bar blues. Music was structured in an AAB setting, with all poetric lines rhyhming

opéra-lyrique

19th-century musical genre combing the accompanied recitative of grand opera with characterization of a less heroic group of individuals and with less grandiose if often tragic plots; makes use of attractive ("lyrical") melodies reminiscent of domestic songs and ballroom dances rather than of contemporaneous music drama; unrelated to the Baroque tragédie-lyrique

Risorgimento

19th-century political movement that sought and accomplished the unification and independence of Italy; Giuseppe Verdi became a symbol of the movement, and served in the chamber of deputies and the senate of the new nation

diatonic hexachord

1st 6 notes of the diatonic scale

Oscar Sonneck

1st critical scholar and bibliographer of American music, founding editor for the Musical Quarterly, 1st serious student of early music in America, chief of music division of Library of Congress

Ottaviano Petrucci

1st printer of polyphonic music, published 3 books of Josquin masses

Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice

Aida, musical composer

Schoenberg students

Alban Berg, Anton Webern

Framing ritornellos

2 extended solo passages framed with ritornellos

Antiphonal chant

2 groups alternate

Rondellus

2 or 3 phrases, heard simultaneously are taken up in turn by each voice

Double motet

2 texts above the tenor

Romance

2-4 voices or solo voice and guitar/harp accompaniment

Gustav Leonhardt

20th c, Dutch keyboard player, conductor, musicologist, teacher and editor. He was a leading figure in the movement to perform music on period instruments. Recorded complete Bach cantatas

Basso Ostinato

Also called ground bass, Bass repeats a pattern while the melody above it changes, Triple or compound meter, 2, 4, or 8 measures long, Underlay many songs and instrumental works of the early 17th century

Prokofiev Style

Alternation of acerbic dryness, lyricism, motoric rhythms

Paul Hindemith

20th c, late romantic style then individual expressionist, new objectivity, musical procedures like motivic development and polyphony of individual lines, all music was neotonal, gebrauchmusik, music banned by Nazis, Mathis de Mahler (opera): neo-romantic, harmonic fluctuation

rise of instrumental music dates

2nd half of 17th c

Kyrie

3 invocations, symbolize the trinity

Pitch class sets

1 of the notes of the chromatic scale in any octave, Integrated melody and harmony by composing with the tones of a motive which springs directly from developmental variation, Manipulated notes and intervals of a motive to create chords and new melodies

David Lewin

American music theorist, music critic and composer. Called "the most original and far-ranging theorist of his generation" (Cohn 2001), he did his most influential theoretical work on the development of transformational theory, which involves the application of mathematical group theory to music.

Richard Taruskin

American musicologist, music historian, and critic , 20th, choral conductor at Columbia, viola da gamba with the Aulos Ensemble, studied at Columbia, specialized in Russian music (Tchaikovsky)

Harmonice musices odechaton in 1501

100 polyphonic pieces, Ottaviano Petrucci

Harmonice musices odechaton

100 polyphonic pieces, Ottaviano Petrucci, 1st collection of printed polyphonic music, 1501

Leonin

1150-1201, Cathedral of Paris, poet, priest, Singer, organum composer, Compiled Magnus liber organi, Organum style, Viderunt omnes , Two voices, 2 different styles of polyphony, organum and discant, Parallels the contrast seen in Aquitanian polyphony

ii-V-I (chord progression)

12-bar blues chord substitution. See above - 12-bar Blues (chord substitution)

Philippe de Vitry

1291-1361, French composer, poet, church canon, administrator for the duke of Bourbon and King of France, bishop of Meaux, Named as inventor of new art: ars nova, Treatise from 1320 representing his teaching implies that the ars nova was invented by him

Aquitanian Polyphony

12th century, France, More ornate, Discant, florid organum, Sources are 3 manuscripts from the Abbey of St. Martial at Limoges in Aquitane and copied in Aquitanian notation

Johannes Ciconia

1370-1412, One of first northerners to make his career in Italy, Born, trained in Flanders, Served in Rome, Pavia, Padua

Guillaume du Fay

1397-1474, Burgundian Court, honorary position, Travelled often, much of career in Cambrai, International style of mid 15th century, Priest, served pope, Chansons blended national style

minstrel

13th century, specialized musicians, traveled, many employed at a court or city for part of year, came from varied backgrounds

Binchois (Giles de Bus)

1400-1460, Burgundy court, Philip the good, Created burgundian style, Known for chansons, De plus en plus, Varies rhythm m. to m.

Jean de Ockeghem (Johannes)

1420-1497, Served king of France, Known for masses, Singer, composer, teacher, Didn't travel as much- no Italian influences, Not a huge output, concealed canons, overlapping cadences, Obrecht has clear, easily apparent structure and shape

Johannes Tinctoris

1435-1511, Liber de arte contrapuncti/A book on the Art of Counterpoint

Johannes Tinctoris

1435-1511, Liber de arte contrapuncti/A book on the Art of Counterpoint, one of leading treatises of the 15th century, Hated older works with more dissonance than consonance, Sympathized with humanism, Strict rules for introducing dissonances, passing/neighbor tones on unstressed beats, syncopated passages at cadencces, Forbids parallel 5/8

Heinrich Isaac

1450-1517, Worked for 2 of most important patrons in Europe- Lorenzo Medici, Maximilian I, Familiar with range of European styles, Heinrich Isaac Works, 35 masses, 50 motets

Josquin des Prez (Josquin Lebloitte dit Desprez)

1450-1521, Motets, masses, songs, Much of career in Italy

Josquin des Prez

1450-1521, Prestigious positions, Courts, church, France, Italy, Motets, masses, songs, Much of career in Italy

Franchino Gaffurio

1451-1522, Incorporated Greek theory in his writings, most influential treatises of his time, Revived Greek ideas, New thoughts on modes, consonance/dissonance, elements, scope of tonal system, tuning, music/words, Morales student

Jacob Obrecht

1457-1505, 30 masses Based on cantus firmus, 28 motets, Chansons songs in dutch, instrumental pieces

Ottaviano Petrucci

1466-1539, Brought 1st collection of printed polyphonic music in 1501, Got a monopoly/copyright on his printing method, 59 volumes of vocal and instrumental music

Liber de arte contrapuncti A Book on the Art of Counterpoint

1477, Johannes Tinctoris, One of leading treatises of the 15th century, Hated older works with more dissonance than consonance, Sympathized with humanism, Strict rules for introducing dissonances, passing/neighbor tones on unstressed beats, syncopated passages at cadences, Forbids parallel 5/8

Pietro Aaron

1480-1550, Explained this new approach in Toscanello en musica (a new harmonic concept), Priest, composer, theorist, Wrote some of the 1st musical treatises in Italian

Pietro Aaron

1480-1550, cantus tenor framework replaced by equal voices in Toscanello en musica (a new harmonic concept), Priest, composer, theorist, Wrote some of the 1st musical treatises in Italian

Heinrich Glareanus

1488-1563, Dodekachordon (12 strings lyre, 1547) , added 4 new modes to the traditional 8, used names of ancient Greek tonoi: Aeolian, Hypoaeloian, Ionian, Hypoionian, said polyphonic music could be understood as modal

Heinrich Glareanus

1488-1563, Dodekachordon (12 strings lyre, 1547) added 4 new modes to the traditional 8, used names of ancient Greek tonoi: Aeolian, Hypoaeloian,said polyphonic music could be understood as modal Ionian, Hypoionian

madrigal

14th-Century Italian secular song for 2-3 voices, setting poems comprising three-line stanzas with melismatic upper part and a concluding ritornello (refrain)

Cristobal de Morales

1500-1553, biggest Spanish composer of 1st half of 16th century, Papal chapel in Italy, taught Francisco Guerrero

Cipriano de Rore

1516-1565, leading midcentury madrigal composer, worked in Italy, St. Mark's in Venice, capture meaning of text, chromaticism as. Expressive

Gioseffo Zarlino

1517-1590 Le istitutioni harmoniche The harmonic foundations, 1558, later treatise that refines TInctoris' thoughts

Luca Marenzio

1553-1599, leading late madrigalist, evoking text almost literally

Lodovico Viadana

1560-1627, Small sacred concertos, pioneer in using small vocal concerto for church music, 1602 collection Cento concerti ecclesiastici, first volume of sacred vocal music printed with basso continuo

Jacopo Corsi

1561-1602, took over sponsorship of discussions/performances like Florentine Camerata after Bardi moved to rome in 1592, participants included Ottavio Rinuccini (poet), Jacopo Peri (singer, composer)

Carlo Gesualdo Prince of venosa

1561-1613, murderous aristocrat, madrigalist, modern poems, dramatic depictions through sharp contrasts between diatonic and chromatic passages, dissonance/consonance, chordal/imitative textures, rhythms

Gesualdo

1561-1613, murderous aristocrat, madrigalist, modern poems, dramatic depictions through sharp contrasts between diatonic and chromatic passages, dissonance/consonance, chordal/imitative textures, rhythms

Claudio Monteverdi

1567-1643, Background, Peri and Caccini earlier, the most renowned early opera composer , Only wrote vocal works including sacred music, madrigals, operas, Known for creating expressive devices and combining styles and genres to capture feelings/personalities in music, Born in Cremona, northern Italy, Trained by cathedral music direct, Composition prodigy, Worked for Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga who commissioned L'Orfeo, Maestro di cappella at St. Mark's in Venice in 1613, Sacred music for St. Marks

Leon Modena

1571-1648, humanist scholar, rabbi, cantor, reason improvised polyphony was performed in the synagogue in Ferrara as early as 1604, became cantor at Venice synagogue and promoted polyphony, writings on music

Alessandro Grandi

1586-1630, Small sacred concertos, Monteverdi's deputy at St. Marks in Venice in the 1620s, Composed many solo motets using new monody style, O quam tu pulchra es, 1625

Dieterich Buxtehude

1637-1707, One of best known Lutheran composers of late 17th century, Concerto chorale, Organist, Organ music, sacred vocal works, Organ pieces: Strong themes, virtuosic for both hands, Influenced Bach

Bay Psalm Book

1640, first book published in N. America, New England puritans, Calvinists, metrical psalm singing, congregations taught to read notes

Heinrich Biber

1644-1704, German catholic church music, polychordal music, Composed Missa Salisburgensis: huge work, 7 groups in Salzburg cathedral

Pietro Metastasio

1698-1782, Italian poet, gave opera seria its standard form, his dramas set to music 100s of times, court poet in Vienna, heroic operas pit love against duty, stories based on greek or latin tales, promote morality, enlightenment

Johann Adolf Hasse

1699-1783, popular opera composer middle of 18th century, master of opera seria, directed music at the court of the elector of saxony in Dresden, spent hears in Italy, italian style, Metastasio librettos

In Nomine

16th and 17th c English composers wrote 200+ pieces for consort or keyboard, Set over the same cantus firmus bc John Taverner's Missa Gloria tibi trinitas, Became one of the most popular genres of English music for viol consort

Gioseffo Zarlino

16th c theorist, Le istitutioni harmoniche The harmonic foundations, 1558, later treatise that refines TInctoris' thoughts, greater perfect system, intervals, counterpoint, composition, mensural notation, 10 rules for text underlay in polyphony, Dimostrationi harmoniche, sopplimenti musicali

Italian madrigal

16th century, showing text accents/images/emotions with music

Giovanni Battista Sammartini

1700-1775, most prominent early symphony composer

Farinelli

1705-1782, Carlo Broschi, castrato, Naples, international star

Baldassare Galuppi

1706-1785, developed ensemble finale in his comic operas

Carlo Goldoni

1707-1793, Italian dramatist, introduced refinements in the comic opera libretto, serious sentimental or woeful plots began to be included

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

1710-1736, intermezzo La Serva Padrona, opera in miniature with 3 characters, dialogue in simple recit accompanied by harpsichord and sustaining bass instrument, speech-like rhythms over freely modulating harmonies

William Boyce

1710-1779, composer for Chapel Royal, famous for theater music

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1712-1778, pro Italian opera, French querelle des bouffons, balanced phrases, simple harmonies, primacy of melody, subordinate accompaniment

John Stanley

1712-1786, orchestral and organ music, anthems, oratorio, cantata

Niccolo Jommelli

1714-1774, Italian composer, prominent figure of 18thc opera reform, Stuttgart court with French taste, cosmopolitan type of opera, 100 stage works, later operas provided models within opera seria for a more continuous dramatic flow and more important role for orchestra

Well Tempered Clavier

1722 and 1740, Bach's 2 harpsichord books, each have 24 prelude and fugue pairs in every maj/min key

Traite de l'harmonie

1722, treatise on harmony, Rameau, one of the most important theory works, each chord has a fundamental tone (root), fundamental bass, chord keeps identity through inversions, coined tonic, dominant, subdominant, modulation

Johann Adam Hiller

1728-1804, principal singspiel composer

Classic period

1730-1815

Alekasander Pushkin

1799-1837, Russia's leading poet, Ruslan and Lyudmila

intermezzo

17th and 18th century type of opera buffa in two parts, inserted between the acts of an opera seria; short character piece for piano. Italian comic opera, performed in 2-3 segments between the acts of a serious opera or play, originated in naples and venice around 1700, alternating recit and arias

Episodes

17th century fugue period of free counterpoint between subject statements

Adolphe Adam

1803-1856, music for romantic ballet Giselle, used recurring motives and recollection of earlier material to highlight the progress of the drama similar to opera

Johann Strauss (elder)

1804-1849, led Viennese dance orchestras, , early 19th century orchestra composer

Mikhail Glinka

1804-1857, First Russian composer recognized by Russians and internationally as an equal to Western contemporaries

Marie Taglioni

1804-1884, introduced the romantic ballet style, toured North America for 2 years and introduced European ballet there

Salomon Sulzer

1804-1890, first influential composer of reform Judaism movement, cantor at the reformed synagogue in Vienna, updated traditional chants, wrote service music in modern styles for soloist and choir, commissioned music from other composers including Schubert

James P Clarke

1807-1877, first to earn Bachelor of Music from a North American University, song composer in Canada, Scottish born, church musician

Ambroise Thomas

1811- 1869, lyric opera composer, Mignon

Franz Liszt

1811-1886, 1848 retired from career as pianist, became court music director at Weimar, composed Music no longer vehicle to show off virtuosity, poetic ide and logical development of the material became more important, Thematic transformation, choral music

Liszt, Nuages Gris

4 cycle augmented triads, not functional tonality but clear motives and phrasing

Frottola

4 part syllabic, homophonic, strophic song, Italian, Marco Cara (lo non compro piu Spranza), patron Isabella D'Este, simple ditatonic melodies, mock-pop song to amuse court, chamber music at court

Barber of Seville

1816, most successful Rossini Opera

Charles Gonoud

1818-1893, most famous lyric opera Faust, also Romeo et Juliette, shaped melodies around natural French speech rhythms creating asymmetrical phrases and novel contours, suave, sensuous impression came to seem characteristic of French music

Stanislaw Moniuszko

1819-1872, inaugurated a tradition of Polish national opera, Polish

Jacques Offenbach

1819-1880, work influenced developments in comic opera, founded opera bouffe

Clara Schumann

1819-1896, One of the foremost pianists, composer and teacher, child prodigy, Several collections of lieder, Similar composition style to husband, Long preludes, postlude, voice and piano equal, Similar figuration throughout each song

Bedrich Smetana

1824-1884, Bohemia national theater conductor, won sponsored contest for the best historical and comic operas in Czech, 8 operas form the core of Czech operatic rep, The Bartered Bride secured international reputation, Czech subjects and national traditions for sets/costumes, Influenced by New German School especially Liszt, Dvorak, esp. Wagner, Sought to create national music style with String Quartet 1 and cycle of 6 symphonic poems

Anton Bruckner

1824-1896, Goal to absorb Wagner's style and ethos into the traditional symphony and writing church music that united the technical resources of 19th c music with reverent, liturgical approach to the text, Devout catholic thoroughly schooled in counterpoint, Organist at cathedral in Linz and court organist in Vienna from 1867-death, Internationally renowned organ virtuoso, taught at Vienna conservatory and lectured at University of Vienna

Johann Strauss (Young)

1825-1899, Viennese, Die Fledermaus, master of operetta in the generation after offenbach

Eduard Hanslick

1825-1904, music critic, biggest proponent of absolute music, claimed music should be understood and appreciated on its own terms rather than for its ties to anything outside music

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

1829-1869, Pianist, composer, toured, First American composer with an international reputation, Used melodies and rhythms from Mother's West Indian heritage, made his reputation, Incorporated American sounds and. Rhythms into piano works for European market similar to Chopin mazurkas and Liszt Hungarian rhapsodies, Familiarized other composers with New World Music, Bizet, Offenbach, Borodin, Debussy, Ravel

Anton Rubenstein

1829-1894, piano virtuoso, helped to popularize the concertos of Beethoven, Mozart, and older composers

Anton Rubinstein

1829-1894, virtuoso pianist, composer, founded the St. Petersburg Conservatory in 1862, program of training on western model

Tony Pastor

183-1908, new York theater impresario, invented vaudeville by bringing variety shows out of the saloon and into music halls that respectable women could attend, became the major form of theatrical entertainment in the US until talking movies in the 1920s

Joseph Joachim

1831-1907, violin virtuoso, helped to popularize the concertos of Beethoven, Mozart, and older composers

Nikolay Rubinstein

1835-1881, pianist, founded the Moscow Conservatory in 1866, western model

Leo Delibes

1836-1891, leading ballet composer, Coppelia, Sylvia

Antonio Carlos Gomes

1836-1896, Brazilian, 2 operas in Portuguese, later operas written in Italy and Italian, Il Guarany opera on Brazilian subject but Italian style

Mily Balakirev

1837-1910, Leader of the mighty 5, informal teacher, Wrote little for the stage, 2 collections of folk songs

Modest Musorgsky

1839-1881, Clerk in civil service, most of musical training from Balakirev, Essentially tonal harmony, clear sense of key but sometimes seems more modal than tonal, dissonances left hanging or resolve unconventionally , Often juxtaposes distantly related harmonies usually joined by common tone, block construction

John Knowles Paine

1839-1906, trained by a German immigrant, became Harvard's first professor of music, influenced by Brahms

Piotr Il'Yich Tchaikovsky

1840-1893, Leading Russian composer of the 19th century, Reconcile nationalist and international tendencies in Russian music, Combined Russian heritage with Italian opera, French ballet, German symphony and song, Background, ballets, Law school, civil servant for 4 years, St. Petersburg Conservatory studying with Anton Rubinstein, Taught at Moscow Conservatory, supported by von Meck, Wrote many works for the stage: incidental music, ballets, operas

Admired Emmanuel Chabrier

1841-1894, French older contemporary of Debussy, influenced Debussy

Felipe Pedrell

1841-1922, sparked nationalist revival with his editions of 16th c Spanish composers, operas, Spanish

Arthur Sullivan

1842-1900, English composer, operetta, team with Gilbert, master of operetta in the generation after offenbach

Jules Massenet

1842-1912, most famous French composer of the time, lyric operas, Manon, Werther, shaped melodies around natural French speech rhythms creating asymmetrical phrases and novel contours, suave, sensuous impression came to seem characteristic of French music

Arrigo Boito

1842-1918, poet and composer, librettos for Verdi's last 2 operas

Edvard Grieg

1843-1907, Songs, short piano pieces, orchestral suites that emulated the modal melodies and harmonies as well as dance rhythms of native Norway, Ethnic character in his songs, especially with Norwegian texts, Studied at Leipzig Conservatory, absorbed tradition of Mendelssohn and Schumann, Influences: Norwegian folk songs and dances (Modal turns of melody and harmony , Frequent drones in the bass or middle register, Combination of ¾ and 6/8 rhythm), Chopin (Delicate grace notes, mordents)

George Whitefield Chadwick

1854-1931, studied at NEC and became it's director, influenced by Brahms, developed idiom. Laced with American traits like pentatonic melodies and characteristic rhythms from Protestant psalmody and African Caribbean dances

John Philip Sousa

1854-1932, El Capitan operetta

Ruggo Leoncavallo

1858-1919, one act opera I Pagliacci, verismo

Hugo Wolf

1860-1903, best known for adapting Wagner methods to German Lied, Also wrote piano pieces, a string quartet, symphonic works, choruses, and an opera, Indicated new equality between words and music, derived from Wagner's approach to opera, Little use for folk-song type of melody and strophic structures characteristic of. Brahms, instead applied Wagner's notion of a collective artwork, achieving a fusion of poetry and music and of voice and piano without subordinating either to the other

Horatio Parker

1863-1919, Chadwick's student, taught at Yale and first dean there, influenced by Brahms, believed Americans should write best music they could

Pietro Mascagni

1863-1945, one act opera Cavalleria rusticana, verismo

Alexander Scriabin

1872-1915, Began by writing nocturnes, preludes, etudes, mazurkas in the manner of Chopin, Then absorbed chromaticism of Liszt and Wagner, octatonic scale and exotic elements from Rimsky-Korsakov, juxtaposition of texture, scale and figuration from Debussy and Russian composers, Gradually evolved a complex harmonic vocabulary of his own

Typical French grand Opera characteristics

5 long acts, Huge cast, Ballet, Dramatic scenery and lighting effects

pentatonic scale

5 semitones apart

Ralph Vaughan Williams

1872-1958, More national in style than Holst, 9 symphonies, orchestral pieces, film scores, band music, songs, operas, choral pieces, inspired by (Folk song, English hymnody, Earlier English composers: Thomas Tallis, Henry Purcell, Studied with Ravel and influenced by Debussy, Bach Handel), wrote both art music and practical or utilitarian music using elements from each tradition in the other, Musical editor of the new English Hymnal, Conducted local amateur singers and players, links to amateur music kept Williams and other English composers from cultivating an esoteric style only for the elite, National Quality of his Music, Incorporation or imitation of British folk tunes, Using modal harmony of 16th century English composers, English Folk Song Suite, Toccata Marziale, band composer, drew on folk songs for themes, distributed the melodic content more evenly between winds and brass, used modal harmonies within a tonal context, developed symphonic style of instrumentation

W. C. Handy

1873-1958, publisher, father of the blues, introduced blues songs into sheet music in 1912, solidified 12 bar blues form

Mid 16th century madrigalists

5 voices, frequent texture change, free alternation with homophony and imitative or free polyphony, Ciprino d Rore

Josquin Motets

50+, Freely composed, varied texts, Style: Clarity in phrasing and form and tonal organization, Fluid, tuneful melodies, Transparent textures, Use of imitation and homophony, Text declamation

Rhythmic modes

6 basic patterns called modes, patterns of longs and breves, rhythmic interpretation of mensural notation

All-combinatorial hexachord

6 of them. one is [012345]. combinatorial under the operations of R, R(I), I

Guido of Arezzo Hexachord system

6 step solmization pattern developed into this, interval pattern of six notes with a semitone between mi and fa

Gustav Holst

1874-1934, Suites, English composer, drew on folk songs for themes, distributed the melodic content more evenly between winds and brass, used modal harmonies within a tonal context, developed symphonic style of instrumentation

octatonic

8-note musical scale; most famous alternates whole- and half-steps

Orchestral instrumentation end of the 19th century

90 players, bigger range, valves for trumpet, horns, tuba joined in 1830s

Musica enchiriadis and Scolica enchiriadis

9th century treatises on organum, Organum as two or more voices singing different notes in combinations

Virelai formes fixes

A bba A bba A bba A

Cecelian Movement

A cappella singing of sacred music | Reaction to liberalization of the Enlightenment, against works like Beethoven's Missa solemnis

Baroque organ builders

Arp Schnitger, Gottfried Silbermann

Toccata, fantasia, prelude

Baroque keyboard or lute pieces in improvisatory style

Queen Christine of Sweden

Corelli, Scarlatti

Poets Wolf dedicated a lieder collection to

Eduard Morike, Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff, Goethe, Spanish Poems, Italian Poems

Psalm tones

Formulas for singing psalms in the office, intonation, recitation on the reciting tone, mediant, termination

An Essay on the Opera

Francesco Algarotti, 1755, argument for opera reform, more integrated approach of French serious opera and the tradition of Greek tragedy

Ornette Coleman

Free Jazz" 1960

agréments

French, "embellishments". crucial stylistic element of French Baroque music. Extensive series of ornaments that worked in tandem with bass harmony to punctuate the lines and to enhance rhetorical projection

Augenmusik

German, "eye music". Describes geographical features on a score that, when performed, are inaudible to audience members

Minnesang

German, "love song". modeled on troubadour courtly love song.

Marie Antoinette

Gluck

Obrecht Style

Imitation more frequently than earlier composers, Point of imitation, Tonal clarity and transparency, Short, defined melodic ideas

alla turca

In Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 11. Uses Janissary March - Turkish elements- like Die Entfuhrung. In rondo form, ABCDECABC

Date opera originated

Originated around 1600

Jonathan Larson

Rent, musical composer

Government of Finland

Sibelius

Vorspiel

Vorspiel is the name given to the preludes of Richard Wagner's operas. Several of these preludes are often performed in the concert halls today, including the prelude to Tristan und Isolde, Siegfried's Idyl, and Das Rheingold. In these preludes, Wagner will introduce the leitmotifs that will be present throughout the opera. -discuss leitmotifs and how the vorspiel is essentially a truncated story, with all the leitmotivs that will be made apparent during the opera, -discuss the tristan chord and unresolved half-diminished seventh chords

St. Louis Blues

WC Handy, Tin Pan Alley (W 28th St)

King Ludwig II of Bavaria

Wagner

Vorspiel

Wagnerian prologue

English virginalists (keyboard composers)

William Byrd, John Bull, Orlando Gibbons, ex: Byrd Pavana Lachrymae, Typically used dances or familiar songs of the time as themes for variation

Aro-American Symphony

William Grant Still, 1st symphonic work by an A.Amer to be performed by major US symphony, A. American musical elements with traditional European 4 mvmt framework, Mvmt 1: sonata form with theme in 12 bar blues structure, 2nd spiritual theme, Call and response, syncopation, jazz harmonies, dialogue in instruments, timbre

Jazz

a musical style originating at the beginning of the 20th century in African-American communities in the southern United States, a confluence of African and European music traditions incorporating the outlines of late 19th- and 20th-century American popular music; West African influence evident in the use of blue notes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note; characterized by spontaneity and vitality of musical production in which improvisation came to play a key role

refrain

a recurring phrase or verse with music

whole-tone scale

a scale that excludes half-steps; there are only two complimentary whole-tone hexatonic scales; their lack of leading tones eliminates all tonal functions

hexachord

a six-note pitch segment recognized by Guido d'Arezzo in the 11th century, represented by the solfège syllables ut, re, mi, fa, sol, and la (after a pedagogical song titled Ut queant laxis); basis of musical theory through the Renaissance; 6 step solmization pattern developed into this, interval pattern of six notes with a semitone between mi and fa

thoroughbass

a system for improvising chords over given symbols in the bass

hexachordal combinatoriality

aggregates through R, I, R(I)

Nondiegetic music or underscoring

background music, film music category

best descriptor of the baroque period

basso continuo texture, major and minor tonality becomes the generator and governor of musical form

vida

brief troubadour and trouvère biographies contained within their song collections

Adolphe Sax

created saxophone

Maffeo Barberini

elected Pope Urban VIII in 1623, his nephews sponsored opera, Rome

Mikhail Fokine

founder of the modern ballet style, Stravinsky choreographer

Tetrachord

four notes spanning a P4

Emilio de Cavalieri

in charge of theater, art, music at Florentine ducal court, Musical morality play Rappresentatione di Anima et di Corpo

aggregate

in serial theory, the complete set of all twelve pitch classes

Aristotle Politics

influential Greek writing on the uses and effects of music

accacciatura

keyboard ornament. Simultaneous striking of of neighboring harmonic and nonharmonic tones and immediately releasing the latter.

Giacomo Carissimi

leading composer of Latin oratorios, Jephte, stile concitato

Pythagorean intonation

middle ages, 4/5ths perfectly tunes, 3/6 dissonant and bad, out of tune

exposition

opening section in sonata form; demonstrates thematic contrast and modulation to a related key

Closely related key

relative minor, dominant, subdominant

Chant performance options

responsorial, antiphonal, direct (no alternation)

Intonation

rising motive used only for the first verse

Schola cantorum

school of singers

regal

small reed organ

ballade style

texture of 3-voiced music from the 14th and 15th centuries; treble-dominated texture in which top voice melody is accompanied by slower-moving lower voices (instruments or voices)

Pointillistic

textures stripped to bare essentials, Often only 1-4 notes at once or in the same instrument in succession, Webern

Javanese gamelan music

textures, instrumentation, rippling figuration melody, gong sounds, Drew on Asian music to explore new sounds/textures, Tippet

primitivism

that which is least mediated by society is closest to the truth (childhood, peasants, savages, etc.)

scenario

the "libretto" of a ballet; a combination of plot development and emotional exploration

interval vector

the array of intervals present in a musical segment; an interval vector has six digits, indicating the number of intervals presents; {m2/M7, M2/m7, m3/M6, M3/m6, P4/P5, TT}. Example: C major triad = {001110}, because all available intervals within the CM triad include a minor third, major third, and perfect fifth, but omits dissonant intervals, such as any seconds, sevenths, or tritones.

Tin Pan Alley

the collective name given to the preponderance of NYC music publishers and songwriters who dominated Americna popular music in the late 19th century and early 20th century

synesthesia (LUCE)

the equivalence and interchangeability of the five primary sense experiences; in music, primarily the relationship between pitch and color, explored in Scriabin's color organ concept

diatonic

the field of pitches and pitch relationships reducible to a specific and functional arrangement of tones and semitones; specifically, the major and minor scales recognized in Western music since the music of the Baroque

imbroglio

the moment of greatest, hopeless plot confusion in the story, preceding the disentanglement and resolution

Mannheim School

the orchestral techniques pioneered by the court orchestra of Mannheim, early classical period composers: led by Stamitz, Richter, Carl Stamitz, Beck, Franzl, Cannabich. Influenced Haydn and Hofmann

parody/imitation mass

the practice of reworking a polyphonic composition (i.e. motet/chanson) to serve as basis of mass, using several voices

contrafactum

the replacement of an original text with a new text

Interval Class Vector

the unique intervallic configuration of each set class

interval vector

the unique intervallic configuration of each set class

underscoring

the use of background music to support the action and dialogue of a film; continuous, leitmotif-laden symphonic music is one result, drawn from late Romantic opera

microtonality

the use of pitches smaller than a half-step; basis for various experiments and tuning systems, notably by composers out of the American mainstream

harmonic rhythm

underlying rhythm articulated by changes of harmony within a given phrase or structure, often applied to the rate of change in chords

Stravinsky Distinctive trademarks forged during Russian period (to about 1918)

undermining meter through unpredictable accents and rests or rapid changes of meter, Frequent ostinatos, Layering and juxtaposition of static blocks of sound, Discontinuity and interruption, Dissonance based on diatonic, octatonic and other collections, Dry, anti-lyrical but colorful use of instruments

harmonia

unification of parts in an orderly whole, Greek writers perceived music as a reflection of the order of the universe

cyclic principle

unifying a multi-movement work with a recurrent use of the primary theme

Public concert

until 1670s concerts were private, Middle class, king couldn't pay musicians well, led to commercial concert halls

Scordatura

unusual tunings of violin strings

chromaticism

use of 2+ successive semitones moving in the same direction, mid 16th c composers started to use direct dramatic motion as an expressive device (B-Bb) and was never used in musica ficta

Chromaticism

use of 2+ successive semitones moving in the same direction, mid 16th c composers started to use direct dramatic motion as an expressive device (B-Bb) and was never used in musica ficta, inspired by Greek practice

paraphrase

use of a melody for imitation and other contrapuntal techniques

19th century German elements

use of simple folklike melodies introduces a german national element, Increasingly chromatic harmony , Use of orchestral color for dramatic expression, More equal role for the orchestra (in contrast to Italian focus on singing), Melodrama

A cappella

used before 19th c to denote the old contrapuntal style stile antico, 19th c meant unaccompanied

Organ chorales

verses alternate congregation unison singing and polyphonic setting for choir or organ

Cadential 6/4 Chord

what some may call a I6/4 is actually conceptualized as a V6-4 suspension to V5-4 at a cadence

hymnody

repertoire of hymns within a specific tradition

color

repetition of a pitch sequence without regard to changing rhythmic values, recurring segment of melody

ostinato

repetitive pitch/rhythm structure, often associated with primitive or exotic elements

Tract

replaces alleluia in lent

Jerry Wexler

reporter for Billboard, coined the term rhythm and blues

Formes fixes virelai

A bba A bba A bba A

Formes fixes ballade

Aab C aab C aab C

Rondeau form

AbaAabAB

Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge

Bartok, Britten, Ravel, Stravinsky, Copland

Prince Karl von Lichnowsky

Beethoven

Italian composers with careers in Germany

Carlo Pallavicino, Agostino Stefani

Francesco Zabarella

Ciconia

Composer Rameau based his rules of tonality on

Corelli

Construction options for chorale prelude

Each phrase of the melody is the subject of a point of imitation, Phrases appear in turn usually in the top voice in long notes with little ornamentation, each phrase preceded by imitative development in other voices in diminution (shorter notes), Melody appears in the top voice, ornamented, accompanying voices vary from phrase to phrase, Melody accompanied in 1+ voices by a motive or rhythmic figure not related to the melody itself

Corelli Trio Sonatas

Emphasized lyricism over virtuosity, Rarely used extreme range, fast runs, or difficult double stops, 2 violins treated equally: frequently cross and exchange

Ars cantus mensurabilis (The Art of Measurable Music)

Franconian notation, Franco of Cologne

Lied

German, "song". setting of a lyric poem for voice accompanied by piano

Madrigal comedy/cycle

Groups of madrigals in a series to represent a succession of scenes or a simple plot, Some were miniature dramas using contrasting groups of voices to suggest dialogue between characters, Experience expressing emotion and dramatizing text through music laid foundation for opera

Micrologus

Guido of Arezzo treatise, guide for singers, notes intervals, scales, modes, melodic composition, improvised polyphony

14th century composers

Guillaume de Machaut, Francesco Landini, Both focused on secular music

Duke of Chandos

Handel

Earl of Burlington

Handel

Elector of Hanover

Handel

King George I

Handel

Beethoven Middle period 1802-1814

Heiligenstadt Testament, Instrumental music as drama, Expansiveness, dynamism, unusual features, Sense of experiencing a dramatic conflict, climax, and catharsis, Forms often expanded to unprecedented lengths, Economical in his material, 1814 was the height of his popularity

Versuch einer Anleitung zur Composition (Introductory Essay on Composition

Heinrich Christoph Koch (1749-1816), thorough guide to melodic composition based on rhetorical principles, 3 volumes, for amateurs to compose, make a melody by combining incises

Lorenzo de Medici

Heinrich Isaac

Ordo virtutum

Hildegard of Bingen, 1151, earliest surviving music drama not attached to the liturgy, more surviving chants than any other middle age composer

Mathis de Mahler

Hindemith opera, Examining role of artist in relation to politics and power, More accessible neo-romantic style, Less dissonant linear counterpoint and more systematic tonal organization, harmonic fluctuation

16th century polyphonic music

Homophonic texture important, often alternated with imitative texture, Music of Obrecht's generation is more imitative and homophonic than Ockeghem

Innigkeit

Innerness. Poignant, intimate feeling

favola in musica

Italian, "musical tale". description of early baroque opera

Lute songs

John Dowland, Thomas Campion, more personal genre than madrigal with more serious and literary texts, music reflects mood, less word painting in than madrigals, lute in tablature

Printing from single impression (staff, notes etc. at once)

John Rastell in London 1520, Pierre Attaingnant 1528 large scale

Mahler Instrumentation and Sound

Large number of performers, Imaginative combinations of instruments, often creates many different chamber orchestra groupings , envisioned music as an at not just of notes but sound itself

Magnum opus musicum

Lassus collection of motets, trans. Great work of music, 1604 posthumously published

Notre Dame Polyphony

Late 12th/early 13th century Parisian style of polyphony, Created for the opening of Notre Dame Cathedral, Rhythmic modes, Notre dame musicians first to have notation that showed duration since Ancient Greece

The Polyphonic Mass

Late 14th, early 15th C- many polyphonic settings of mass ordinary texts, In 15thc, it became the practice to set the ordinary as a whole piece, not separate, This idea led by Dunstable, Leonel Power

Hindemith Weimar period works

Late romantic style, then developed an individual expressionist language, Adopted aesthetic stance of new objectivity, Avoided romantic expressivity, Focus on purely musical procedures like motivic development and polyphony of independent lines, All music was neotonal,

Dies irae

Latin sequence, attributed to Celano or Orsini, Requiem mass, Mozart Requiem, Berlioz Symphonie Fantastique, Crumb Black Angels, Gounod Faust, Holst Plantes,

John Playford

London publisher, collected tunes for traditional English country dances

Sibelius Style

Modal melodies, Uncomplicated rhythms, Insistent repetition of brief motives, Ostinatos, Pedal points, Strong contrasts of orchestral timbres and textures

Jupiter Symphony, K551

Mozart, 18th c, C major (Viennese tradition for birth/weddings), finale mix sonata form and 18th c fugue/counterpoint, Mozart style: 1st theme, several ideas with strangely contrasting topics, influenced by Fux counterpoint

Karl Husa

Music for Prague, originally composed for concert band, written by university composer, commissioned by college ensemble, prompted by political concerns (occupation of Czech by Russia), combines quoted material with obvious meanings with abstract procedures, variety of modern resources like 12 tone, indeterminacy, and all percussion mvmt

Polyphony

Music in which voices sing together in independent parts, often church music, led to 4 concepts that distinguish western music: counterpoint, harmony, notation, composition, began as a manner of performance, became a practice of oral composition, developed into written tradition

Neotonality

Music that doesn't follow the rules of traditional harmony and cant be described as tonal, tonal center through repeated assertions, Bartok, Stravinsky

Beethoven Symphony no. 5

Musical projection of his resolution

Cantata

New genre of vocal chamber music that emerged during the 17th century in Italy, Means a piece "to be sung", Before 1620 meant a published collection of arias in strophic variation form, By midcentury meant a secular composition with continuo, usually for solo voice on a lyrical or quasi-dramatic text, consisting of several sections including both recit and aria, most composed for private performances in patron homes. 17th century Italy vocal chamber music genre, private aristocratic performances, Rosis, Cesti, Carissimi, Strozzi

Late 17, early 18 great violin. Makers of Cremona/N. Italy

Nicolo Amati, Antonio Stradivari, Giuseppe Bartolomeo Guarneri

Romantic era virtuoso

Nicolo Paganini, Franz Liszt

Hildegard of Bingen

Noble family, consecrated to the church, prioress of the convent in Disibodenberg, founded her own convent around 1150 at Rupertsberg, Famous for prophecies, Wrote religious poems set to music, Wrote primarily antiphons and responsories for the office and sequences for masses, Works preserved in 2 manuscripts organized in a liturgical cycle, Ordo virtutum, more surviving chants than any other middle age composer, unusual sequences -paired lines often differed in syllable count and accent

Louis XI

Ockeghem

Late 16th century madrigals

Orlande de Lassus, Philippe de Monte

Berg Opus 2, no 2

Outer sections French 6 whole tone chords moving in interval 1 (upper voice), interval 5 bass voice, Window of disorder in tonal world, ABA' form, Semi tonal, key signature but cyclic collections

model for 16th c. counterpoint

Palestrina

Ravel Innovative textures

Parallel dissonant chords under rushing scales, Chords and arpeggiated figures that emphasize open 5ths and 4ths, Juxtaposes whole tone with diatonic music, Unlike Debussy, treats whole tone sonorities as dissonant harmonies that must resolve, Creates a complex reworking of the traditional ii-V-I tonal cadence

Louis Aguste Buffet

Paris clarinet

Concert Spirituel

Parisian concert series; earliest significant concert series. Featured opening overture (Italian symphonia or symphonie), virtuoso instrumental solos,

Hard Bop

Percussive, propulsive side of Jazz, Kenny Calrke,Max Roach, Art Blakey

The first operas

Peri Dafne, Peri L'Euridice

In arboris Tuba sacre fidei/Virgo sum

Philipe de Vitry, isorhythm, tenor color, mixes duple and triple groupings or imperfect and perfect division of the long or breve: ars nova new technique

important greek philosophers

Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, Aristides Quintilianus, Aristoxenus

Republic and Timaeus

Plato, influential Greek writing on the uses and effects of music, defined melos as a blend of text, rhythm, and harmonia

Pastoral drama

Play in verse with music and songs interspersed, Told of idyllic love in rural settings, Rustic youths, maidens, Simple subjects, bucolic landscapes, nostalgia for classical antiquity, earthly paradise. Opera source

German romantic opera characteristics

Plots from medieval history, legend, or fairy tale, Story with supernatural beings and happenings set against a background of wilderness and mystery, Supernatural incidents, natural, intertwined with fate of humans

Exoticism examples

Rameau Les Indes galantes, Puccini Madama Butterfly

Ars Subtilor

Rapid notes in various divisions of the beat like triplets

Classic era elements in Mahler Symphony 4

Recalls late 18th century symphony by referencing Haydn and Mozart's styles and using sonata form conventions and contrasts it with Romantic styles, Follows Mozart in using contrasting rhythmic and melodic figures

Barberini

Rossi

Renaissance Villancico

Secular song in mock-peasant style

Hildago

Spanish composer (akin to Lully in France)

Luis de Narvaez

Spanish composer of intabulations

Luis Milan

Spanish fantasia composer, El Maestro

Variations on standard airs for singing verses

Spanish guardame las vacas, Italian romanesca and ruggiero

Petrushka chord

Superimposition of C Major and F# Major triads

English madrigals

Thomas morley, tomas weelkes, john wilbye

Tragedie en Musique Style

Tonal: used the new sstem of major and minor keys, not modal, sometimes evades the cadence by using a 1st inversion tonic triad to prolong the harmonic tension

Concertato medium impact on madrigal

Trace change from unaccompanied polyphonic madrigal to concerted madrigal with instrumental accompaniment in Monteverdi's 5-8 madrigal books, All include basso continuo, some other instruments, Solos, duets, trios set off against vocal ensemble, Instrumental introductions and ritornellos

Stravinsky's Rite chord, aka atonal triad (Schoenberg)

Tritone + P4 (016)

cornetto

Tubular wooden instrument. Finger holes. Cup-shaped mouthpiece.

Janissary music

Turkish soldiers, alla turca, Mozart Rondo alla turca, Haydn Military Symphony, Beethoven 9th

Schoenberg Developing Variation

Turned away from late romantic gigantism and toward chamber music, Influenced by Brahm's developing variation and used in his own works, Ex: String Quartet no. 1 in D minor: All the themes and most subsidiary voices evolve from a few themes

Symphony 1 in C major, 1800

Uses model of Haydn and Mozart's late symphonies, Different: Slow introduction that avoids any definitive tonic cadence, Careful dynamic shadings, Unusual prominence for the woodwinds, Scherzo like 3rd movement, Long codas for the other movements

Divertisements

Usually at the center or end of every act, Extended episodes, Directly continued the French ballet tradition

19th century Short choral works on secular texts

Usually homophonic with melody in the upper voice

Orchestral concerto

Work in several mvmts emphasizing 1st violin and bass (as opposed to contrapuntal texture of the sonata)

Schubert song cycles

[Don Gayseros, William Meister, Vier Canzonen, Walter Scott Lady of the Lake], Die Schone Mullerin 1823 [Muller], Wintereisse 1827 [Muller], Schwanegesang 1828 [Heine mostly]

chasse

a 3-voice French medieval canon

program music

a broad category of pieces with sometimes elaborate background stories or extramusical references

Early 13th century Motet

added latin words to upper voices of discant clausulae, Usually have different text in each voice, Poet fit words to existing duplum melody, Varying number of notes in each short phrase created poems with irregular line lengths, accentuation, and rhyme scheme, source was notre dame clausulae

13th c motets

adding 1+ voices above a tenor

organum

adding a voice to a chant, Early organum started as a melody against a drone, Found in European folk traditions, Asian cultures, earliest form of Western polyphony, dating from 11th Century. Second voice improvised over a chant; later, a florid part over slow-moving, untexted chant line. By 13th Century, three florid texted parts might exist above chant line, in modal rhythm

Organum

adding an organal voice to a chant

14th c chansons

adding tenor to fit with the cantus and adding a 3rd or 4th voice around

ornamentation

addition of mostly-stereotyped melodic figures to a line of music. improvised by performer or composed by composer/editor. Handel's were written out

Sum of inversion

addition of pitch classes, way of identifying inversion. Even (wedge starts on same note), odd (sum is an odd number, axis point is the place where two notes meet at a semitone)

Tutti

all

Homophony

all voices move in essentially same rhythm, lower parts accompany cantus w/constant sonorities

rococo

also, galant style. seen in couperin and rameau

transposition

altering a set of notes while maintaining the intervallic relationship, same tn and sc

hexatonic scale

alternating 1 and 3 half steps (4 of them)

Notes inegales

alternating longer notes on the beat with shorter off beats to make lilting rhythms like triplets or dotted figures, expression and elegance

Call and response

alternating short phrases between a leader and the group

octatonic scale

alternating whole/half steps (3 of them)

Odhecaton

anthology of polyphonic secular songs published by Ottaviano Petrucci in 1501 in Venice. It was the first book of polyphonic music ever to be printed using movable type, 100 songs of harmonic music, music by Ockeghem, des Prez, Bosnois, Obrecht, edited by Petrus Castellanus

Chorale prelude

any chorale based organ work, short piece in which the entire melody is presented just once in recognizable form, 1st started in middle of the 17th century, Single variation on a chorale

Chromatic saturation

appearance of all 12 pitch classes within a segment of music

concertato style

approach featuring alternation between different combinations of voices and instruments, with emphasis on short-range contrast. Music calls for specific insturments, marking the beginning of the art of orchestration; important concept through the Baroque era and eventually evolving into the concerto concept, with increased interest in long-range continuity and focus on a soloist or group of soloists

Recitative arioso or arioso

aria styles with ritornellos, triple time, declarations of love, between recitative and and aria, opera, Monteverdi

Responsories

bible lessons with a musical response

Stravinsky Style traits in Petrushka

blocks of static harmony with repetitive melodic/rhythmic patterns, Abrupt shifts from one block to another, Interruption and juxtaposition of diverse textures like cubism, Used Russian folk tunes, popular French song, Viennese waltzes, Preserved context, highlighted differences between styles to make distinctive blocks of sound

Sound masses

body of sounds characterized by a particular timbre, register, rhythm, and melodic gesture. May be stable or gradually transformed, Hyperprism

Giuseppe Torelli

bologna school, concerto composer, 1658-1709

Beethoven Early period 1770-1802

born in Bonn, Germany, Born in Bonn, Germany, Studied piano and violin with his father Johann, Studied organ and composing with Neefe, 1787 moved to Vienna, met Mozart, Studied with Haydn, Studied counterpoint for a year with Albrechtsberger, 1815 became guardian for nephew Karl, Solo keyboard music for amateur market, similar to Mozart

Agreements

brief ornaments

Erich Wolfgang Korngold

brought experience as Viennese composer of opera and classical concert works to scores for Errol Flynn swashbucklers, film composer

Rossini crescendo

building up excitement by repeating a phrase, louder each time and often at a higher pitch

important 15th century court

burgundy, cosmopolitan atmosphere

Later 13th century motets

by 1250, motets were the rule, tenor melodies from other sources like other chants and secular music, tenor became cantus firmus, Franconian notation

Guido of Arezzo

ca 991-1033, arrangement of lines and spaces, line of red ink for F, yellow ink for C, use of lines and letters, culminating in the staff and clefs

Micropolyphony

canons with many lines moving at different rates to create the effect of a mass of sound slowly moving through space, Ligeti

Anthony van Hoboken

catalogued Haydn's works, 3 big volumes

Counter reformation

catholic response, music included Palestrina

Polystylism

combination of new and older styles created through quaotation or stylistic allusion

Ligatures

combinations of notegroups, indicate different patterns of longs (long notes) and breves (short notes)

invariance

common tones

Cosmopolitan style

composers introduced to many styles and also travelled around, Led to development of an international style

tonicization

compositionally or analytically, the treatment of pitch other than the overall tonic as a "temporary tonic" by emphasizing the scale and harmonies of that key

concerto delle donne

consort of women singers in the court at Ferrara; madrigals

Developing variation

continuously building on germinal ideas, term by Schoenberg, prevalent in many of Brahms's works

Georg Muffat

converted sonatas into concertos, introduced Italian and French styles into Germany

Inversional balance

creating a wedge of inversion, part of the 19th century window of disorder, a balance between two parts that create symmetry

Beethoven Third Period 1815-1827

could hardly hear by 1818, High degree of contrast in Style, figuration, character, meter, tempo, Addressing most compositions to connoisseurs, Meant to be studied not just played for pleasure, Musical language more concentrated, Classical forms remained under new contours, new sonorities, Use of traditional styles familiar styles/genres for expressive purposes or to reflect on tradition, Variation technique: harmonic plan, rhythmic quirk of deemphasizing the downbeat, neighbor note motion in the melody- preserves these kind of things through a diverse series of variations, Imitative counterpoint, especially fugue; Reconceiving multimovement form: Different number and arrangement of movements, Often linking mvmt without pause; Unity: Integrate mvmts more closely, Ex: uses motivic and key relationships

Pythagoras

d. 500 BCE, Founder of Greek music theory, Numbers are the key to the universe and music is inseparable from numbers, Rhythms ordered by numbers, Discovered that the octave, fifth, fourth consonances are related to numbers, Intervals, Pythagorean view of music as a system of pitch and rhythm governed by the same mathematical laws that operated in the visible and invisible world

balletto

dance-like, homophonic vocal piece

Miklos Rozsa

developed Angular, contrapuntal yet tonal modernism definied film noir genre, film music composer

Bernstein

dissonant modernist style in ON the Waterfront, film music composer

cori spezzati

divided choirs (choral or instrumental)

Plainsong mass

each movement based on an existing chant, gave the mass coherence because the borrowed melodies made liturgical sense but weren't musically related

Equal temperament

each semitone is same, Invented in 16th c, widespread use in the 19th c, All intervals are usable bc all approximate mathematically

Exposition

each set of entries

Old Hall manuscript

earliest largely-intact source of English polyphonic church music; ca. 1370-1420

vihuela

early Spanish guitar

Minuet

elegant couple dance in moderate triple meters

Bel canto

elegant style of singing characterized by seemingly effortless technique, large range, agility, flexibility, control of every type of melody from long lyrical lines through florid embellishment, Rossini operas most important element is the voice

Permutaton Fugue

elements of fugue and strict canon are combined, Bach cantata

Affections

emotions, 17th century, Peri Monteverdi, Vivaldi, Bach

Popular songs

entertain audience, accommodate amateurs performers, sell as many copies of music as possible, immediate appeal catchiness

Weltanschauungsmusik

essentially maximalism: assoc with mahler

Carl Maria von Weber Der Freischutz

established German Romantic opera, Unusual orchestration and harmonies, Ordinary people center stage, talking and singing about their concerns, loves, and fears, Libretto exemplifies characteristics of german romantic opera

Standard for classical concert overture

established by Mendelssohn, perpetual motion for a full orchestra, light bustling string texture, sonata form without repeats, orchestral colo evokes imagery

Syllabic

every syllable has a single note

Hard bop

extension of bebop. R&B meets bebop; heavy chromaticism, fast chord changes

Thomas Edison

first playable sound recording in 1877

The Jazz Singer

first talking picture

Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck

fantasia, dutch organist, 1562-1621

Samuel Scheidt

fantasia, german, 1587-1654

coloratura

fast virtuosic singing sections. Bel canto arias. Rossini and Donizetti had lots of coloratura moments

bourrée

fast, duple dance movement. optional in baroque suite.

Termination

final cadence for each verse

Mass Ordinary

five unchanging texts of the Roman Catholic Mass: Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei. Components of a cyclic Mass composition.

Idee fixe

fixed idea or obsession, melody used in each movement to represent the obsessive image of the hero's beloved, transforming it to suite the mood and situation at each point in the story, Symphonie Fantastique Berlioz

rubato

flexible treatment of tempo in which melody is allowed to freely wander over a steady accompaniment

Inversion

flipping sets, same sc, different tn class

Inversional wedge

flipping the given notes around an access point by mirroring ascending or descending motions around the central axis.

Giulio Caccini

florentine camerata

Offertory

florid chant on a psalm

Coloratura

florid ornamentation

Frederick the Great

flute performer and composer

interval class

follows equivalence of intervals- only 0-6 (7 is 5)

Reinhard Keiser

foremost early german opera composer

virelai

form of Medieval and early Renaissance song. One of the formes fixes

Talking points for analysis

form, key areas/cadence, themes/motives, rhythm/meter (hypermeter, phrase rhythm), pitch treatment (harmony, linear processes), text painting/narrative/process (tale to be told)

Pandiatonicism

free use of all 7 notes of the diatonic scale in melodic, harmonic, and contrapuntal combinations, using the diatonic (as opposed to the chromatic) scale without the limitations of functional tonality, Stravinsky, coined by Slonimsky (Music Since 1900), Copland Rodeo & Appalachian Spring

mélodie

french equivalent of the german lied

Prince Karl von Lichnowsky

gave Beethoven rooms, sponsored concerts, Beethoven patron

melodrama

genre of musical theater that combined spoken dialogue with background music. accompanied speech, spoken over an instrumental/orchestral background

circle of fifths

geometrical representation of the relationships among the twelve tones of the chromatic scale, their corresponding key signatures, nd the associated major/minor keys, based on the interval of the perfect fifth ascending or descending perfect fourth

Orchestral suite

german dance suite patterned after Lully's ballets and operas, Muffat

Teleological genesis

goal directed process of generating a theme from motivic fragments, sometimes over an entire movement or symphony, Sibelius

Schoenberg Nonrepetition Style

goal to continue the tradition but say something new, Believed all great composers of the past contributed something new, His career was a process of developing variation on the ideas and procedures in the Austro-German tradition, ex is his opera Erwartung

Benevoli

grand polychordal style, church music

Magnus liber organi

great book of organum compiled by Leonin, Notre Dame School of Polyphony

Hauptwerk

great organ, main group of pipes

Madrigal comedy/cycle

group of madrigals to represent a simple plot, L'Amfiparnaso

Collegium musicum

group of middle class amateurs, gathered to play, sing, listen to music, many organized in schools

concertino

group of soloists in a concerto grosso, alternating with the large ensemble (ripieno)

Tonaries

grouped chants by mode (church modes)

Court chapels

groups of salaried musicians and clerics associated with a ruler not building, All over Europe in late 14th/early 15th centuries, Most 15th/16th century composers were trained as choir boys and hired as singers for churches or court chapels, Some choir schools taught music theory and other subjects, Most prominent 15th century/early 16th composers came from Flanders, the Netherlands, and northern France

suite

groups of stylized dances, Many begin with prelude in the style of a toccata or other abstract work. an ordered set of instrumental or orchestral pieces, freqently based on dance movements, performed in a concert setting; a set of extracts taken from a stage work, for concert performance, often intended to encourage performances of the entire work

Oberwerk

high above the great

Prix de Rome

high prize for composers, prize is (fame) and 3-5 years of funded work in Rome, began during the reign of Louis the 14th in the 1660's, and lasted until the 1960's. It was originally for artists and painters, and was opened to composers in 1800. , helped to jumpstart many composer's careers. Notable winners of the Prix de Rome are Debussy and Berlioz in 1830 and 1880, and Sancan, Dutilleux, and Bozza in the 20th century. composers would enter with a fugue to show their abilities, and then the ones that passed through would write a dramatic cantata on a text chosen by the judges, Lili Boulanger was the first woman to win

Bebop

highly virtuosic, fast-paced jazz. fast fingers, fast harmonic progression

opéra-ballet

hybrid form of opera. dramatic elements reduced to emphasize dancing, choral, scenic elements.

hypermeter

hypermeter in brahmns can present as displaced downbeats (ex. sounds like it is in 2/4 but is in 3/4). hyptermeter generally, teh bear is the bear

Socialist Realism

ideal for soviet arts, Realistic style portraying socialism positively, Simple, accessible language centered on melody, often folk styles, Patriotic or inspirational subject matter. the official arts doctrine of the USSR in place from the 1930s on; this prescribed "a creative method based on the truthful, historically concrete artistic reflection of reality in its revolutionary development. Musical art was to derive from folklore or at least non-specialist styles familiar and meaningful to all; its texts were to show loyalty to the Communist Party and to conform with official doctrine; its application to music proved unpredicatble and consequently threatened the lives and art of Russian composers

Tippett

imaginative rethinking of Bach's passions, mix baroque lutheran chorales and negro spirituals, A child of our time

Panisorhythm

isorhythm in more than one part, ex: Machaut

principal type of polyphony in early 15th c

isorhythmic motets

George Gershwin

jazz influenced classical music, pop songs, musicals , lyrics by brother, Ira Gershwin, started writing for revues, Musicals, syncopation, ragtime elements, rapid harmony change, I Got Rhythm

Café concerts

joined food and beverage service of a café with musical entertainment, usually songs on sentimental, comic, or political topics

Style of 1420-1490

kept forms fixes, cantus firmus structure, stratified counterpoint based on structural tenor; new: wider ranges, more voice equality, more imitation

Variations or partite

keyboard and lute variations on borrowed or newly composed themes

Notable 15th century patrons

kings of France, England, dukes of burgundy and savory, and Italian rulers

Minnesinger

knightly poet musicians, 12-14th C, wrote in middle high german

Agnus Dei

lamb of God

lauda/laude

late-Medieval and early-Renaissance Italian vernacular sacred song. primarily monophonic, develeoped polyphonic settings later. Mostly in virelai form. Contrafactum: Italian text replaces French text with same music. sacred Italian monophonic songs, composed in cities, sung in processions of religious penitents and confraternities

Revolutionary hymns

large choral works for government festivals to celebrate the revolution

oratorio

large-scale dramatic work based on a religious (usually Biblical) topic; neither liturgical nor theatrical in intent, but performed in concert setting

goliard songs

late 10-13th c, wandering students and clerics

Prima donna

lead soprana in opera

Divertissements

long interludes of dancing and choral singing

Musical morality play Rappresentatione di Anima et di Corpo

longest entire musical stage work, 1600, Rome, mounted smaller scenes with his own music

Intabulations

lute/keyboard improvised or written down arrangements of vocal music, written in tab

Rusalka

lyric fairy tale opera, used Rimsky Korsakov's dichotomy between diatonic world of humanity and fantastic style for nature spirits

Airs

lyrical moments, songs with rhyming text and regular meter and phrasing often in the meter/form of a dance, French

Periodic melodies

middle of 18th century, new musical language, natural, expressive, immediately appealing to a wide audience

ballad

main narrative genre of Romantic folk poetry; sung narrative poem, often including dramatic dialogue between humans and supernatural beings and typically ending in disaster

chromatic mediant

major 3 chord (ex: CM to EM)

Landini cadence

major 6th expanding to an octave between cantus and tenor

Castrati

male singers who were altered to maintain their youthful voice, sung female parts, in the late 17th century male roles were sung by castrati and they became a symbol of desire

castrato

male soprano/contralto whose vocal quality resulted from preadolescent castration. Baroque opera.

chansonniers

manuscript anthologies, preserved songs

Eton Choir Book

manuscript collection of English sacred music from the late-15th Century; one of the few collections of Latin liturgical music to survive the Renaissance

hexachordal mutation

medieval term for modulation from one hexachord to another; ut may be placed upon C, F, or G to allow the singer to access the full gamut of possible pitches. To avoid tritones, the hard B-natural (durum) may be lowered to the soft B-flat (mollis).

Caudae

melismatic passages

ostinato

melodic motive or phrase persistently (obstinately) repeated by composer.

hymn

metrical song of praise derived from Greek pagan practice; now applied to vernacular Christian worship songs

happenings

minimally-planned performance events involving traditional and non-traditional media; forerunners of so-called mixed media and performance art.

solmization

mnemonic device associated syllables with intervals. Developed by Guido d'Arezzo, syllables corresponding to patterns of tones/semitones to facilitate sight singing, hexachord system

medieval carole

monophonic dance song with alternating solo and choral

ondes martenot

monophonic electronic instrument introduced by Maurice Martenot; pieces for this instrument by Olivier Messiaen. electronic instrument controlled by a wire, ribbon, or keyboard, produced 1 note at a time, electronic sound production

cantiga

monophonic song from Spain, usually in honor of the Virgin Mary

Gregorian chant

monophonic, unaccompanied music of Eastern and Western Christian liturgy; texts taken mostly from Psalms, along with other scriptural sources, Created by codification of liturgy and music under roman leaders and Frankish kings, schola cantorum

galliard

more lively than pavanne, AABBCC form, leaping dance in fast triple meter; often preceded by pavane.

Harmonic fluctuation

new harmonic method by Hindemith, fairly consonant chords progress towards combinations containing greater tension and dissonance which are resolved suddenly or by slowly moderating the tension and dissonance

Bebop

new jazz style built around virtuosic soloists fronting small combos, New York soloists with swing bands met in after hours clubs after gigs over, Cutting contests, Charlie Parker, Dizzie Gillespie, Anthropology, Musicians, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell, Kenny Clarke, Max Roach

Through-composed

new music for every line of poetry

authentic modes

odd numbered modes, cover a range from a step below the final to an octave above it

auxiliary cadence

off tonic opening (starts off tonic), ex: the key at the end is the real tonic, nto the opning, Wolf

Small ensemble (concertino)

often 2 violins, cello, continuo (like trio sonata)

Stile antico

old, contrapuntal style

George Balanchine

one of Stravinsky's favorite choreographers, founded the New York City Ballet

verismo

operatic parallel to realism in literature, present everyday people especially lower classes in familiar situations, often brutal or sordid events, music responds directly to text driven by vocal melody not earlier operatic conventions, in late 19th-early 20th c used more broadly for artworks including operas that reacted against romantic idealism and turned away from a reliance on conventions, introduced novel elements such as plot, verse, form, harmony, melodic style. Italian, "realism". a late 19th-century Italian movement to make opera more immediate by rejecting traditional vocal virtuosity in the name of forceful emotional simplicity; by a radical reduction in scale and tone through which intensity took the place of grandeur; and by an increased interest in the lives of the lower classes, often in dialect; taking its cues from Verdi, the movement was embodied in the works of Puccini and his contemporaries

3 main types of 19th century choral music

oratorios, short choral works on secular texts, liturgical works/anthems/hymns/sacred pieces

Principal voice

original chant melody

unusual sequences

paired lines often differed in syllable count and accent

Querelle des bouffons

pamphlet war 1752-54, critical opposition to state subsidized French opera, Italian opera vs French opera supporters

Count Basie

pianist, simple textures, riffs and blues (stride/big band era)

Diminution

playing in shorter notes

Cutting contests

playing standards fast and in different keys, bebop

Jean-Philippe Quinault

playwright, 5 act dramas combined series plots with frequent divertissements, long intervals of dancing and choral singing

lute

plucked stringed instrument. fretted. pear-shaped body, bent pegbox. 11 strings tuned to 6 pitches.

harpsichord

plucked-string keyboard instrument. leading continuo instrument.

psalm

poems of priase from Hebrew book of psalms, sacred song or hymn. texts taken from Book of Psalms and used in Christian and Jewish worship. Book of psalm setting = psalter.

bards

poet singers in celtic lands, sang epics at banquets, accompanied self with harp, fiddle

Chansons

polyphonic, treble dominated songs

Homophony

prominent bass and treble lines with written or improvised inner parts for harmony

Introit

psalm sung by choir

Hybrid Piece

qualities from multiple styles, ex: tonal and cyclic

Alan Lomax

recorded blues artist in rural south

Humanism effects on music

recovery of ancient texts, Music resembling language became more important than the connection of music to mathematics, Composers expanded the range of pieces, Contrasts between registers and textures

Air serieux

serious air

Recitation formulas

simple melodic outlines that can be used with different texts

Pietists

simple music, emphasized private devotions and reading

folk song

simple, rustic, or peasant song. Traditionally found in oral tradition, but latterly applied to composed pieces attaining widespread popularity

cross-rhythm

simultaneous use of conflicting rhythmic patterns or accents

Sara Vaughan

singer influenced ella

Monophonic

single melodic line, ancient Greek music

solfege

solmization syllables, fixed and movable do, Zoltan Kodaly

Recitative Style

speech song, opera, ancient Greek, voice moves freely over sustained basso continuo

Dramatic opera/semi-opera

spoken play with overture and 4+ masques or musical episodes. Public theater, Purcell

March

staple of band repertory, Standard march form at midcentury, Brief intro usually 4 measures, 2 strains or periods, each repeated, Trio in contrasting key (often subdominant) with optional introduction and 2 repeated strains, Da capo repetition of the march up to the trio

Schoenberg Atonal Music

started composing in 1908, Pieces that avoid establishing any note as tonal center

Credo

statement of faith

Walking bass

steadily moving pattern of 8th notes under free imitation between violins, Corelli

Neumatic

syllables carry 1-6 notes, generally 1 neume per syllable

Hazzan

synagogue cantor

Basso continuo

system of notation, continuous bass or thoroughbass, melody written out but performer fills in chords or inner parts

Tafelmusik

table music

Renaissance instruments

tabor, side drum, kettledrums, cymbals, triangles, bells, recorders, transverse flute, shawms, cornetts, trumpets, sackbut, crumhorn

pantomime

the "recitative" of a ballet; unfolding of the plot

sacralization of music

the Romantic elevation of the art form to a highly spiritual level, encouraging the belief that music could improve people and society aesthetically, ethically, and even politically

historicism

the application of an older, recognizable approach to contemporary composition; the notion of inevitability in stylistic development

Corelli style

tonal, chains of suspensions, sequences, almost completely diatonic, logical modulations, all same key or relative minor

Cantus

top line

Gesamtkunstwerk

total or collective art, oneness of drama and music, Reversed hierarchy of voice and orchestra, orchestra lead

Shape note singing

tradition of performing music like the Sacred Harp, shape of the noteheads indicates solmization syllables, easy sight reading

Gamelan

traditional ensemble music of the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese peoples of Indonesia, made up predominantly of percussive instruments. consisting largely of several varieties of gongs and various sets of tuned metal instruments that are struck with mallets

Cardinal Mazarin

tried to establish Italian opera in France, Commissioned Lugii Rossi's Orfeo and Cavalli's Ercole amante

respond (responsory)

tripartite call-and-response structure between cantor and choir. Freely-composed begun by cantor-respond by choir-Verse to psalm tone sung by cantor-respond by choir. Bible lessons with a musical response

Perfect or major division

triple

minuet & trio

triple-meter form used in most third movements of Classical symphonies

Chorale variations

tune serves as a theme, aka chorale partita

English air style

tuneful, diatonic, major mode, simple catchy rhythms

Rossini's Style

tunefulness (combining catchy melodies with snappy rhythms and clear phrases), Rossini crescendo, Often repeats ideas, usually with a new twist, Sparse orchestration supports, not competes with singer, features individual instruments (often winds) for color, Original not complex harmonic schemes, Likes to juxtapose 3rd related keys like other early 19th c composers

Organ chorales

tunes enhanced by harmony and counterpoint

enharmonic

two notes sounding the same, but written differently

polychord

two or more chords superimposed on one another.

piano duet

two people—four hands—playing at one keyboard; a form of domestic music-making from the Classical era onward, both practical and pedagogically-useful

Opera

union of poetry, drama, music, and stagecraft

sonata form

used for first movements of symphonies, string quartets, sonatas, and concerti (with alteration). Tonal contrast, thematic contrast, development section. early Classical = rounded binary form; high classical = true sonata form. added coda with Beethoven establishes sonata form as a four-part form. Grew out of Baroque binary form; eventually developed into three distinct parts. Exposition moves from I to a related key, followed by repeat sign; second features thematic fragments and rearrangements in a tonally unstable setting; third part signaled by a double return to thematic content and tonic and all themes transposed to tonic.

Significant genres of the 16th century

villancico, frottola, French chanson, Italian madrigal, lute song

Biagio Marini

violinist at St. Marks, 1594-1663, violin sonatas

Arcangelo Corelli

violinist, composer, patron Queen Christina of Sweden, trio sonatas

paraphrase (Piano)

virtuosic piano piece, usually based on operatic arias, in the spirit of a fantasia

Guidonian Hand

visual teaching aid. shows notes of modes and solmization syllables at specific points of the human hand.

Asian exotic style in 19th century

vocal melismas, melodic chromaticism, augmented 2nds, double reed instruments

Imitative counterpoint

voices imitate a motive or phrase in another voice, often a 4, 5, or 8ve away

Mensuration canon

voices move at different rates of speed by using mensuration signs, ex: missa prolationum Ockeghem

Allemande

was a dance, in baroque is highly stylized in a moderately fast 4/4 beginning with an upbeat

splitting the octave

way of architecture in tonal music, min 3rd segments, major 2nd (wholte tone-Ravel, Debussy, impressionist), tritone (Bartok), equal division of the octave (new version of tonality)

Direct

without alternation

recorder

wooden flute, beaked mouthpiece, vertical position.

Johannes Martini

worked in Italy, wrote instrumental music, La Martinella, ensemble work based on imitation mixed with free counterpoint, independent of dances and song melodies

museum culture

the idea that music needed to preserve the works of the past in the repertoire because of their being of permanent value; now applied to the present focus on music of the past, to the virtual exclusion of contemporary or even recent works, in performance

Adam Guettel

the light in the piazza, musical composer

organicism

the notion that all movements of a musical composition are thematically-related, based on the work's opening measures. artists shape works so that all parts are unified by being derived from a common source, organic relationships of the themes, sections, movements, and other parts to the whole becomes more important than rhetorical structure or persuasive force

prolation

the number of subdivisions (2 or 3) per mensural whole-note (semibreve). Mensural notation, discussed in the Ars Novae treatise of Franco de Cologne

pandiatonicism

the practice of using the diatonic notes of the scale without the restrictions of functional tonality; tertian chords w/o characteristic resolutions or chord progressions

Prix de Rome

the prize of Rome, in which students of the Paris Conservatoire would be hosted for 3-5 years in Rome, where they would compose a significant work for premiere in Paris upon their return. Previous prizewinners include Claude Debussy (La Damoiselle élue) and Lili Boulanger (Faust et Héléne).

double return

the simultaneous return of the home key and the opening theme. First seen in the Sonatas of D. Scarlatti, although it wasn't popular until WF Bach. Used in the sinfonias and sonatas of Mozart, Haydn, Sammartini

subject

the single main theme of a fugue

ethnomusicology

the study of music outside of the Western classical music tradition using fieldwork methods traditionally associated with anthropology

inversion

the turning upside-down of a melody; in 12-tone or serial music, the inversion of a row or series of notes

monodrama

theatrical or operatic piece performed by a single actor/singer, using music and speech to portray one character.

Turmsonaten

tower sonatas, played daily on wind instruments from tower of town hall or church

Stadtpfeifer

town musicians, right to provide music in the city, Germany

Vernacular music

traditions intended to reach a broad musical public in a widely understood language

Billie Holiday

tragic life. "Lady Day"

paraphrase

transformation of an existing melody into a new cantus firmus

metric modulation

transition is made from 1 tempo and meter to another through an intermediary stage that shares aspects of both, results in a precise proportional change in the value of a durational unit

metric modulation

transition made from 1 tempo/meter to another through anintermediary stage that has aspects of both, proportional change in the value of a duratinal unit, developed by Elliot Carter, String Quartet no. 2

Debussy, Voiles Faun Prelude

tritone, impressionism, ABA form, themes based on chromatic, pentatonic, whole tone, fluid sense of meter

Clausulae vera

true close cadence, cadence formed by approach to perfect consonance, always a major 6 to a P8 or minor 3rd moving to perfect unison, starting point for any medieval and renaissance cadence (modified when get to Palestrina)

Rounded Binary Form

two repeated sections, opening theme returns at end, classical, often Haydn/Beethoven/Mozart

set cardinality

two sets have the same number of distinct notes

Double Fugue

two subjects that are often developed simultaneously, 2 kinds: 2nd subject presented simultaneously (ex Mozart Kyrie Eleison) or all subjects have their own expositions and they aren't combined until later (ex Bach Fugue in WTC book 2)

Hocket

two voices alternate in rapid succession, each resting while the other sings, Seen in 13th c conductus and motets, 14th c isorhythmic works, Vitry

binary form

two-part form. Each part repeated. A-section moves to dominant or mediant; B-section returns to tonic.

ricercare

type of prelude, improv influenced, Evolved into a motetlike succession of imitative sections, Word means to seek out, attempt, Early ones for lute were short and improvisatory, Transferred to the keyboard, By 1540 consisted of successive themes, developed in imitation, overlapping. With the next at a cadence, a term first applied to rhapsodic lute preludes in the 16th century; became a contrapuntal instrumental genre modeled on the ars perfecta vocal style; in the Baroque, a kind of strict fugue with short thematic subjects

Buxtehude Toccatas

typify 17th c German composers, Series of short sections in free style alternate with larger ones in imitative counterpoint, Great variety of figuration, Free sections simulate improv by contrasting irregular rhythm with driving 16th notes, using irregular phrases, inconclusive ends, abrupt texture, harmony or melodic changes, Praeludium

a cappella

unaccompanied singing. "in the chapel". Early Gregorian chant was a cappella. Return to a cappella singing by composers of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, as well as composers of the later Cecelian movement. Schubert later wrote a cappella songs for four voices that became popular with the singing clubs in Germany in the early 1800's.

monophony

unaccompanied solo or unison singing

Florid organum

upper voice sings notegroups of varying lengths above each note of the lower voice, which moves more slowly than the upper

duplum

upper voice, the voice above the tenor in a polyphonic organum or discant

far out point

used in the sonatas and concetos of Haydn, Scarlatti, Handel.

Pythagorean intonation

used throughout middle ages, 4/5ths perfectly tuned, 3rd, 6th bad, Complex ratios that made them dissonant by definition

figured music

used to denote polyphony before 1600

cyclic principle

using the same, or closely-related, thematic material in two or movements of a larger work.

Liber usualis

usual book, common book, not from medieval period, official collection of plainchants from roman catholic church, ex: Machaut La Messe de Nostre Dame built on a plainchant from this collection

Baroque instrumental pieces that vary a given melody

variations, partita

New renaissance instrumental genres

variations, prelude, fantasia, toccata, ricercare, canzona, sonata

prepared piano

various objects put between piano strings, Cage, drawing upon Henry Cowell's earlier experiments, an invention of John Cage in which he turned a grand piano into a multifarious percussion band by inserting metal screws, pencil erasers, and other objects between the piano strings to alter the timbre.

voice exchange

voices trade phrases that emphasizes striking dissonances before resolving to the 5th/8ve above tenor

prima prattica

Italian, "first practice". 16th century style of vocal polyphony codified by Zarlino. A term used in early 17th-century Italy to distinguish Renaissance polyphony from the new, more dissonant style (seconda pratica)

dramma giocoso

Italian, "humorous drama". common in 18th Century. Mozart called it an opera buffa

stile antico

Italian, "old style". Composing in the style of Palestrina, that is, acceptable to Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent, and the model for subsequent papal chapel composers.

passacaglia

Italian, "passacalles". Improvisational set of triple-meter variations on cadential patterns, developed by early Baroque guitarists; later composed for solo instruments or chamber ensembles; eventually interchangeable with the chaconne

fascism

authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. totalitarian single-party state, mass mobilization through indoctrination, physical education, family policy). Musical censorship based on racial hatred

DuFay French characteristics

ballade form, many long melismas, frequent syncopation, some free dissonances

3 types of Formes Fixes

ballade, rondeau, virelai, all add refrain to a stanza in AAB form, used in trouviere songs, secular music

sinfonia

baroque orchestral piece used as an introduction to an opera, oratorio, cantata, or suite, established by Scarlatti, led to the symphony, ex: Stamitz Sinfonia

Communion

based on a psalm, sung by choir

paraphrase mass

based on plainchant hymn, hymn melody not cantus firmus but paraphrased in all 4 voices, phrases from a hymn melody adapted as motives, treated in points of imitation, sound resembles imitation mass, ex: Missa Pange Lingua, the transformation of an existing melody into a new cantus firmus

Handel and Haydn society

founded in Boston in 1815, still active, In 1829, Bach added when Mendelssohn conducted the Berlin Singakademie in Bach's St. Matthew Passion, 1833 St John Passion and 1834 Mass in B Minor performances began the Bach revival of vocal music, Encouraged new music

Anne Danican Philidor

founded the concert spiritual series in Paris, 1725, public concert

Jacques Arcadelt

franco-flemish composer worked in rome, mixed homophony with occasional imitation, madrigals, (1507-1568)

Edict of Nantes

freedom to protestants, Henri IV of France

Schola Cantorum

founded in 1894 by Vincent d'Indy (1851-1931), emphasized broad historical studies in music, including focus on counterpoint and classical form composition

The emancipation of dissonance

freeing dissonance from its need to resolve to consonance, so that any combination of tones could serve as a stable chord that didn't require resolution, Schoenberg

Periodicity

frequent resting points break the melodic flow into segments that relate to each other as parts of a larger whole

Responsorial

from response, soloist alternates with choir/congregation

Responsorial chant

from response, soloist alternates with choir/congregation

spectralism

interest in timbral structure and form, orchestration; technology-aided understanding of timbral manipulation, but not necessarily composed with the aid of technology

copula

intermediate texture in Medieval organum. Duplum sings 2 phrases in regular modal patterns over sustained tenor notes. Ratio of notes in duplum to tenor becomes smaller than organum, but remains larger than discant.

Gesamtkunstwerk

intertwining of action, scenery, music, Wagner Tristan und Isolde. German, "total or united work". A work of art, often operatic, that makes use of all or many media (music, theatre, visual art) as directed by a single creator.

Psalm tone

intonation-reciting tone-mediant-reciting tone-termination. One for each mode. Mode of the antiphon matches mode of the psalm

Ondes Martenot

invented in 1928 by Maurice Martenot, electronic instrument controlled by a wire, ribbon, or keyboard, produced 1 note at a time, electronic sound production

Emile Berliner

invented recording system for a flat disc in 1887, record players became available in 1890

inversional symmetry

inversion is a flip, flips onto itself for symmetry, When a collection maps on itself at least one inversional level

clavichord

keyboard instrument capable of dynamic gradations unavailable on the harpsichord by with much softer dynamic range; best-suited for performances in smaller spaces

Anna Amalia duchess of saxe Weimar

keyboard player, composer, patron

Fantasia

keyboard, imitative work on a larger scale than ricercare, more complex formal organization, Sweelinck, Scheidt

Cantilenas

more sophisticated genre of English polyphony, Included characteristic consonances of faburden, Freely composed, mostly homorhythmic settings of latin texts, Not based on existing chant melodies, Parallel 4/3 chords interspersed with other consonant sonorities

opera seria

noble, "serious" style of Italian opera that dominated European music throughout the 18th century, with its standard alternation of recitative and aria and focus on larger-than-life characters

Louis Armstrong

nola jazz, king oliver's creole band, okeh, hot five and hot seven

Gabrieli Sonata pian'e forte

one of the first instrumental ensemble pieces to designate specific instruments in the printed parts and one of the earliest dynamic markings in music

Vaclav Nijinsky

one of the greatest dancers of the early 20th century, Stravinsky choreographer

Billy Strayhorn

pianist, composer, arranger, shared composing duties with Ellington, Take the A Train, Cotton Club in Harlem, Lush Life, jazz nutcracker

Rise of monody

solo voice accompanied by a chord-strumming instrument of figured bass, imitation of Greek theatrical declamation, polyphonic 16th c style

Grand motet

soloist, double chorus, orchestra, feature sections in different meters and tempos, Lully, Charpentier, church music. like large scale concertos of Gabrieli), several sections in different meters and tempos

symphonic binary form

sonata form. binary in basic construction (rise from tonic to related key in A-section, return to tonic from related key in B-section). However, a three-part structure arose from the double return in the B-section of the home key and opening theme, resulting in a superseding three-part structure now known as exposition-development-return.

Parlor songs

songs for home performance in US and Canada

Ballads or drawing room ballads

songs for home performances in Britain

Arias

songs for solo voice and continuo with strophic text

Ambrosian Chant

songs of the Milanese rite, after bishop of Milan St. Ambrose

Lieder ohne Worte

songs without words, Mendelssohn best known piano works, 48 short pieces in 8 books

Notre dame clausulae

source for early 13th century motets

Bartolome Ramis de Parcia

spanish mathematician, theorist living in Italy proposed a tuning system in 1482 that made perfectly tuned 3rds 6ths systems become known as just intonation

Cleonides

species, semitones, diatonic genus, identified the modes, tonoi

Klangfarbenmelodie

splitting a musical line between several instrumetns, changes of tone color perceived as parallel to changing pitches in a melody, tone color melody, Webern Symphony op 21, like pointillism in the arts, from Schoenberg's Harmonielehre, Schoenberg 5 Pieces fo Orchestra, Webern arrangement of Bach's Ricercar, Schoenberg orchestration of Bach's St. Anne's Prelude

"So What" Voicing

stack of 4ths with 3rd on top

2nd half of 17th c church music

still Palestrina style and newer concerted styles w/basso continuo, solo singers

douchaine

straight-capped shawm w/ mellower, softer sound

Conservatoire

stressed technical training, emphasis on opera, most prestigious, 1st place could guarantee career

Simple recitative (recitativo semplice)

stretches of dialogue or monologue in a speech like fashion accompanied only by basso continuo

chorale

strophic, unison Lutheran hymn based on Gregorian chant or original melody; harmonization of such a hymn, congregational hymn, 4 part harmonized settings, originally started as a metric, rhymed strophic poem and melody in unison with simple rhythm

impromptu

structurally-free character pieces giving the impression of "white-hot" improvisation

Alla turca

style of a Turkish military band, exoticism, Turkish Janissary Bands, Haydn Military Symphony, Mozart Turkish Rondo, Beethoven Turkish March

Musique Mesuree

style of chanson, imitate rhythm of Greek poetry, academie de poesie et de musique, revive effects of ancient Greek music, de Baif poet, late 1600s, Claude le Jeune

stile concitato

style of dramatic expression. excitement portrayed through rapid repeated strokes (string tremolo)

Recurring elements in motet tenors

talea, color, could be same length

Cultural nationalism

teaching a national language in the schools rather than local dialects, creating national newspapers and journals, and cultivating a national identity through the arts

call and response

technique in which a succession of two distinct phrases are played by different musicians, where the second phrase is heard as an echo of or response to the initial phrase

thematische Arbeit : "Thematic Work"

techniques used within harmonically-governed forms to manipulate thematic material. Thematic material is expanded, broken into elements, regrouped, manipulated. Used by the end of the 1700's, explained in Koch's Treatise "Musical Lexicon"

Sibelius

teleological genesis/cumulative form, rotational form (Symphony 5)

isorhythm

term used by modern scholars to denote the use of recurrent nonsynchronous rhythmic and pitch patterns as a main structural component in late Medieval music (color-pitch and talea-rhythm), characterizes French and Italian music of the 14th century, interplay between structure and pleasure, rhythmic and melodic patterning in standardized forms for secular song, arranging durations in a pattern that repeats, Tenor is laid out in segments of identical rhythm, Philippe de Vitry motets, extends practice from notre Dame clausulae and 13th c motets where tenor often repeats a rhythmic patterns and may also repeat a segment of melody

Renaissance

termed by Jules Michelet, French for rebirth, late 15th century, 2 emerging textures: imitative counterpoint, homophony

Stravinsky pieces for string quartet

tetrachordal cells and sets, based on interval 5 and 4

libretto

text of an opera, a play usually in rhymed or unrhymed verse, combined with continuous or nearly continuous music, staged with scenery, costumes, and action. text that is set in an extended musical work, such as an opera, oratorio, or musical

dialectic

the belief that human history develops according to a process in which a concept (thesis) inevitably gives rise to its opposite (antithesis); the subsequent interaction produces a resolution (synthesis) that in turn becomes the thesis that begins the process anew.

Second Viennese School

the circle of composers who studied with Arnold Schoenberg, notably Anton Webern and Alban Berg; the group paralleled the stylistic developments of their teacher in early 20th-century Vienna, first characterized by late-Romantic expanded tonality, later, a totally chromatic atonal Expressionism and eventually Schoenberg's serial 12-tone technique

cabaletta

the concluding faster section of a two-part complex aria or duet in Italian opera

subtactile

the coordination of rhythmic consistency at the metric division-level

countersubject

the counterpoint with which the initial voice accompanies an answer in a fugue

twelve-tone technique

the earliest form of serialism, in which all 12 chromatic pitches have equal importance, leading to "pantonal" or "atonal" composition, as championed by Schoenberg

Roaring Twenties

the era between the end of WWI and the onset of the Great Depression, an age of dynamic social change and contradiction, especially in urban centers; in popular music, the rise of jazz and urban blues; in art music, the flowering of Neoclassical style

ragtime

the highly-syncopated African-American music of great popularity between around 1890 and the end of WWI; a character piece exemplified by the piano music of Scott Joplin and influential on European composers. Style popular from 1890-1910 , Featured syncopated rhythm against a regular, march like bass, Derived from clapping Juba of blacks, survival of African drum and hand clapping, Emphasis on offbeats in one rhythmic layer against steady beats in another reflects the complex cross-rhythms common in African music

Charles II King of Navarre

Machaut

Jean de France

Machaut

Major 14th century composers

Machaut, Landini

Solesmes chant notation

modern editions of chant

Stile moderno

modern style

Le livre du voir dit

Machut collection of works and methods

Schoenberg Op 19

cycles, dyad, cycle+, dynamics make form, wedge voice leading

Pierre Attaingnant

1528 large scale printing, First French music printer, chanson collections, 1494-1552

Ella Fitzgerald

Duke Ellington, It don't mean a thing. Cultural presentation project and Weill's Mack the Knife

Walter Odington

English theorist, said around 1300 that major and min 3rds are consonances

tinta

a color/tone, specifically associated with Verdi opera; ranges from a melodic motive to timbral choice

patter song

a comic aria in which a character has to enunciate a text at rapid fire speed.

aggregate harmonies

"ultimate" chords, each containing all twelve pitches of the chromatic scale. ex. Scriaben uses them

Aristotle Poetics

enumerated the elements of poetry as melody, rhythm, and language, all artful speech includes music

Michael tippet

English, Rhythmic/metrical independence of instrumental parts from English Renaissance Music, Javanese gamelan music

la contenance angloise

French, "English manner". English polyphonic technique influencing later French composers. Use of 6/3 chords

Messiaen, Quartet for the End of Time

modes of limited transposition, transpositional symmetry, hybrid piece

Empfindsamkeit

German equivalent of sensibility. a musical aesthetic aiming to express and transmit varying human emotions, unlike the objective portrayal found in opera seria

Meistersinger

German master singers, unaccompanied solo song

Carl Dahlhaus

German musicologist, development of musicology, co-founder of the Darmstadt new music festival, taught Berlin insitute of technology,

5 categories of renaissance instrumental music

dance music, vocal arrangements, setting existing melodies, variations, abstract instrumental works

Janequin

Renaissance French composer, famous for chansons (like Sermisy), helped to develop Parisian chanson, famous bc music printed by Attaingnant

Musica getutscht (Music Explained)

Sebastian Virdung, book about instruments

academy

a learned society of members furthering the arts. Hosted public and private concerts. ex. florentine camerata of 1600, arcadian academy of 1700

Choral societies

amateur choruses, members paid dues, Berlin Singakademie was one of the first

twelve-tone method (dodecaphony)

ambiguous. referring to the use of 12 chromatic pitches without clear definition as to how.

magyar nóta

"Hungarian music". Urban popular music derived from Romani (gypsy) culture; misunderstood as indigenous Hungarian music by Franz Liszt, Johannes Brahms

l'Homme armé

"The Armed Man"; anonymous song used as the cantus firmus of or melodic resource for more than forty masses by Renaissance composers from Dufay to Palestrina. Used on such a wide scale, these masses represent a cross-section of compositions over the course of 150 years.

caprice

"according to the fancy of the performer". Used to designate a piece with sudden contrasts and unexpected efforts

bel canto

"beautiful singing"; vocal technique. Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti. Early Verdi resembles Bel Canto, but moves to verismo in his later works

fauxbourdon

"false bass". Improvisatory technique of singing a fourth below the melody, creating 6/3 chords.

mimesis

"imitation of nature"; art derives power from mirroring reality

scherzo

"joke". movement in triple meter, faster than minuet. less predictable, more humorous, more characterful. replaces the minuet and trio as the third movement of a four-movement work; fast-moving independent composition

courante

"running" dance in triple meter. lilting hemiola effect caused by patterns cutting across the pulse. paired with allemande. dance in binary form in a moderate triple or compound meter, begins with an upbeat, moderate triple or compound meter or shifts between the two

tonality

"system of pitch organization. one central tone and chord. functional importance on dominant and subdominant. key structure of a movement is related to this. Baroque: emphasis on dominant/subdominant/relative major & minor | Classical: parallel major and minor | Romantic: third relationships

Morton Subotnick

(1933) wrote Apples of the Moon, created n the Buchla synthesizer, first electronic piece to be commissioned by a record company

passacaglia

(Bassacaglia) repeated bass line over and over

in Toscanello en musica

(a new harmonic concept), Pietro Aaron, 15th c treatise, cantus tenor framework replaced by equal voices

chaconne

(chaconne=chords) based on repeated chord progression

source music

(diagetic music)

Cleonides

(modes)->Musica/Scholica Enchiriadis->Garlandia rhythmic modes & ligatures 1240 (and thirds as imperfect consonances)

Mystic chord

-Scriaben, used in his orchestral work Prometheus, which used a large instrumental scoring combined with lights (because of his synesthesia). The mystic chord is essentially a stack of fourths, and its starting pitches are C-F#-Bb-E-A-D. It stacks an augmented fourth, diminished fourth, another augmented fourth, and two perfect fourths on top of each other. Scriaben then used this chord as the the basis of a hexachordal scale, using it throughout the work. The work premiered in the first decade of the 1900's. The term "mystic" chord, evokes Scriaben's continued musical efforts to represent the enormous and the divine. Near the end of his life, he began composing a massive work involving thousands of participants, that would literally cause the end of the world, but it was not completed before his death.

lauda

-vernacular sacred song popular in the 1300 and 1400's. Lauda, also called lauda spirituele, are associated with Christmas, began as monophonic songs, and evolved to be a polyphonic genre in the 1400's. parallels the growth of the troubadors and trouveres in the 1300's (Adam de la Halle, Guillaume de Machaut...laudas were influenced by the formes fixes. lauda were eventually replaced by the oratorio. Josquin des Prez's (1450-1521) motets and masses (ex. Missa Pange Lingua) are influenced by tunes from lauda. lauda composers: Jacopo da Bologna (who also wrote a wild bird madrigal in 1390), Francesca Landini (1350-1400)

Liszt Symphonic Poems

1 mvmt programmatic work with sections of contrasting character and tempo, 1848 retired from career as pianist, became court music director at Weimar, composed

Orlande de Lassus/Orlando di Lasso

1532-1594, franco-flemish composer in Germany, duke of Bavaria, great sacred composer of 16th century, more secular works than Palestrina, advocate of emotional expression and text depiction, magnum opus musicum, 700+ motets, versatile style

Giaches de Wert

1535-1596, Italy, developed dramatic style of bold leaps, extravagant contrasts, later madrigalists

Will Marion Cook

1869-1944, classically trained African American composer, introduced new rhythms into Broadway tradition with Clorindy, the origin of the cakewalk, IN Dahomey, brought the cakewalk and ragtime style to Europe

Ring Cycle Story

German national epic , Stories from medieval german epic poems and Nordic legends, Linked by common characters and musical motives , Value of love and people's willingness to abandon it for worldy ends

Maddalena Casulana

1544-1590, first woman whose music was published and to regard herself as a professional, First Book of Madrigals

John Blow

1649-1708, Organist Westminster, Chapel Royal, Masque, venus and Adonis, Overture/prologue in French style, Italian style, English rhythms and melody

Girolamo Mei

1519-1594, Florentine scholar, edited Greek dramas, worked in Rome as cardinal secretary, investigated role of Greek music in the theater, letters about Greek music

Johann Pachelbel

1653-1706, Nuremberg, canon for 3 violas and continuo

Vincenzo Galilei

1520s-1591, theorist and composer, father of galileo, Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna, used Mei's doctrines to attack vocal counterpoint, advocated a type of monody: argued only a single line of melody could express a line of poetry

Ad Organum Faciendum

1100 treatise on making organum, treatise showing rules for improvising or composing in the new style, added voice usually lies above the chant (not below) Organal voice moves against the chant, note for note, Consonances remain unison, 4th, 5th 8ve, Organal voice more disjunct than chant

Tomas Luis de Victoria

1548-1611, most famous Spanish composer of 16th century, only sacred music, catholic, mastered palestrina's style but his style is shorter, less florid melodies, more frequent cadences and chromatic alterations, more contrasting passages in homophony or triple meter

Girolamo Frescobaldi

1583-1643, one of first composers to focus on instrumental music, keyboard music, organist at St. Peter's in Rome, typically feature a succession of brief sections focused on a particular figure that is subtly varied, Fiori musicali

Heinrich Schutz

1585-1672, Master at applying the new Italian styles to church music, Many books of sacred concertos, Studied in Venice with Gabrieli, Known for writing music captures the meanings and imagery of the text, Court organist in Kassel, Chapel master for elector's court in Dresden, Wrote music for all major ceremonies including the first German opera, Didn't write independent instrumental music, Rapid alternation of style, shows influence of Monteverdi and Grandi, historias and passions

Johann Hermann Schein

1586-1630, published 2 important collections at Leipzig, Opella nova, Lutheran church music, small sacred concerto, blends Lutheran chorale tradition with modern Italian style. biblical motets, published 2 duet collections Opella nova, blending Lutheran chorale traditions with modern Italian style

Alessandro Grandi

1586-2630, monteverdi's deputy at St. Marks, solo motets, monody, O quam tu pulchra es

Francesca Caccini

1587-1645, Singer, teacher, composer, Highest paid musician employed by grand duke of Tuscany, One of the most prolific composers of dramatic music at the time

Nicholas Yonge

1588, Madrigal collection Musica transalpine, London clerk, active amateur musician

Lucrezia Vizzana

1590-1662, nun at Santa Cristina della Fondazza in Bologna, musically trained, published Componimenti musicali in Venice 1623, 20 motets for 1-2 soprano voices with basso continuo incorporating elements of theatrical monody

Leonel Power

15th, English composer of the late medieval/early renaissance, along with Dunstable one of the major English music figures, contenance angloise

Francesco Cavalli

1602-1676, leading venetian opera composer, Monteverdi student, organist and St. Mark's, 30+ operas, Giasone, arias in the lyric style

Margarita Cozzolani

1602-1677, Daughter of wealthy merchant, Took nun name Chiara, Published 4 collections of sacred concertos, Settings marked by variety in style and scoring, reordering liturgical texts, frequent use of refrains, sequences, repeating bass lines

Orazio Benevoli

1605-1672, master of large scale sacred concertos, major figure in 17th century catholic music, wrote psalms, motets, masses for 3+ choirs with organ for St. Peter's in Rome in 1640s, combined sonorities with skill, alternating antiphonal effects with massive climaxes

Giacomo Carissimi

1605-1674, Leading composer of Latin oratorios, Jephte

Maurizio Cazzati

1616-1678, 50 collections of sacred vocal musicm Music director Bologna, San Peronio, Encompasses modern and Palestrina style in his works, 1st sonatas to include trumpet

Maurizio Cazzati

1616-1678, music director church of san petronio in Bologna

Barbara Strozzi

1619-1677 Performances for intimate, private gatherings, Born in venice, daughter of poet/librettist Giulio Strozzi, Studied with Francesco Cavalli, leading Venetian opera composer and Monteverdi student, Published collections of vocal music, more than any composer of the time, 100+ madrigals, arias, cantatas, motets, One of most prolific composers of vocal chamber music of the century, Lagrime mie

Antonio Cesti

1623-1669, excelled in lyrical arias and duets, spent career abroad, moved to imperial court in Vienna, Il pomo d'oro performed for Emperor Leopold I wedding, Orontea was. One of most frequently performed operas in 17th century

Jean Baptiste Lully

1632-1687, French court, Louis XIV, dramatic music, French opera, tragedie en musique

Jean Baptiste Lully

1632-1687, Louis XIV's favorite musician, Wrote music for ballets and religious services at court, Known for dramatic music, Created distinctive French opera, Established the Academie Royale de Musique, Created Tragedie en Musique, Worked with playwright Jean-Philippe Quinault, created tragedie lyrique, his orchestra became model for modern orchestra

Marc-Antoine Charpentier

1634-1704, Carissimi student, Popular solo airs composer, French style embellishments and Italian aria style

Dieterich Buxtehude

1637-1707, Lutheran composer, concertato chorale, organist, St. Marys, Abendmusiken-public concerts of sacred vocal music

Heinrich Biber

1644-1704, composed Missa salisburgensis

Arcangelo Corelli

1653-1713, Almost all music in 3 genres: trio sonata, solo violin sonata, concerto grosso, Established standards of form, style, playing, Italian, Rome, Patron Queen Christina of Sweden, Violinist, teacher, director, Led one of 1st orchestras in Italy, Starting in 1681 published series of trio sonatas, violin sonatas, concerti grossi

Bartolemeo Cristofori

1655-1732, invented the piano in 1770 in Florence

Giuseppe Torelli

1658-1709, Leading figure in Bologna school, Orchestral concerto, solo concerto, concerto grosso, framing ritornellos

Alessandro Scarlatti

1660-1725, leading Italian opera composer

Francois Couperin

1668-1733, blended French and Italian style, harpsichord teacher and suites, French trio sonatas Les Nations

Erdmann Neumeister

1671-1756, Lutheran theologian and poet, introduced cantata as a sacred work for musical setting

Louis Nicolas Clerambault

1676-1749, published 5 cantata books, alternated recitatives in the manner of Lully with Italian arias, French composer

Antonio Vivaldi

1678-1742, Best known Italian composer of the early 18th century, Venice, virtuoso violinist, composer of opera cantata and sacred music, known for his 500 concertos, Pio Ospedale della Pieta

Domenico Scarlatti

1685-1757, 18th century Keyboard composer, contemporary of Handel, served King of Portugal, followed his pupil the king's daughter to Madrid when she married Prince Ferdinand of Spain, Spanish court, Essercizi collection of harpsichord sonatas, prolific sonata composer

George Frideric Handel

1685-1759, Best known for inventing the English oratorio and his Italian operas, well-travelled, lifelong support of the british royal family

Francesco Geminiani

1687-1762, violin virtuoso in Rome, corelli tradition

Pietro Locatelli

1695-1764, violin virtuoso in Rome, corelli tradition

Johann Ernst

1696-1715, prince of Weimar, violinist, instrumental composer

Jean-Marie Leclair

1697-1764, principal French composer of violin sonatas, combined classic purity of corelli with French grace and sweetness of melody

Nicola Logroscino

1698-1765, developed ensemble finale in his comic operas

Pietro Metastasio

1698-1782, Italian opera librettist

Charles Avison

1709-1770, orchestral and organ music, anthems, oratorio, cantata

Christoph Willibald Gluck

1714-1787, synthesized French, Italian, German opera styles, toured Europe, patron Marie Antoinette, affected by opera reform, abolish distinctions of national style

Gluck

1714-1787, synthesized French, Italian, German opera styles, toured Europe, patron Marie Antoinette, affected by opera reform, abolish distinctions of national style

John Field

1782-1837, Irish pianist composer, invented nocturne genre

Lous Spohr

1784-1859, introduced conducting with a baton when rehearsing London Phil in 1820, German composer, violinist, conductor

CPE Bach

1714-1788, Court of Frederick the Great in Berlin, then music director of churches in Hamburg, Composed oratorios, songs, symphonies, concertos, chamber music, Most important are keyboard works, Clavichord , 8 sets of keyboard sonatas, 5 sets of sonatas plus rondos/fantasias, Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments, Established the 3 movement pattern for the sonata in keyboard music, Empfindsam style. Versuch über die fahre Art das Klavier zu spielen; performance practice and philosophy. "The Art of Playing the Keyboard"

Georg Christoph Wagensel

1715-1777, Vienna symphony composer, pleasant lyricism, good humor, contrasting first mvmt theme groups that later became important characteristics of Mozart's music

Johann Stamitz

1717-1757, composer, made the Mannheim orchestra international famous for unprecedented dynamic range (he exploited in his music), first symphony composer to consistently use the standard plan: 4 mvmts with a minuet and trio as the third and very fast finale (often presto), first to introduce strongly contrasting and full-blown theme after the modulation to the dominant

Leopold Mozart

1719-1787, Violinist for the archbishop of Salzburg, Deputy Kapellmeister in 1763, Composer, treatise on violin playing (1756)

Johann Schobert

1725-1767, simulated orchestral effects in harpsichord writing through rapid figuration and thick chordal textures, imitated by Mozart, ex: rapid alternating notes to simulate orchestral string tremolos

Tommaso Traetta

1727-1779, opera reform, Parma court with French taste, combine best fo French tragedie en musique and Italian opera seria, choruses, influenced by Rameau, Italian recit and aria but forms beyond convention of da capo aria

Francois-Joseph Gossec

1734-1829, Paris leading composer of symphonies, string quartets, and comic operas, popular composer of revolutionary period, one of first Paris Conservatoire directors

Johannes Herbst

1735-1612, PA, pastor, hundreds of sacred songs and anthems, Moravian

Johann Christian Bach

1735-1782, among the first to compose piano concertos, trained by JS and CPE Bach, studied and worked in Italy, moved to London, performer, teacher, impresario, composed concertos, symphonies, chamber music, keyboard music, and operas, galant style works, influenced Mozart

John Antes

1740-1811, first native born American composer of chamber music, Moravian, wrote sacred vocal and secular instrumental works in European style

William Billings

1746-1800, music for puritans in the new world, New England Psalm-Singer, 108 psalms and hymn settings, 15 anthems and choral canons, first published collection of music composed in N. America and by a single composer, The Continental Harmony, plain tunes, fuging tunes in later music

Johann Friedrich Peter

1746-1813, Moravian, wrote sacred vocal and secular instrumental works in European style

Andrew Law

1748-1821, new world composer, followed Billings lead

Dmitri Bortnyansky

1751-1825, chapel master and director of imperial chapel choir at St. Petersburg, developed new style of Russian church music, inspired by modal chants, free rhythm, unaccompanied voices in single/double choruses with octave doublings

Muzio Clementi

1752-1832, Italian composer active in London, Beethoven borrowed from his sonatas

Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments

1753-62, musical practice of the period

7 years war/French and Indian war

1756-1763, France losing power, Austro-Hungarian Empire increasing influence, led to Vienna as the musical capital in Europe

New England Psalm Singer

1770, 108 psalms and hymn settings, 15 anthems and choral canons, first published collection of music composed in N. America and by a single composer

Ludwig Van Beethoven

1770-1827, Enlightenment ideals, Absorbed music of Haydn and Mozart, French Revolution

Arthur Schopenhauer

1788-1860, philosopher, influenced Wagner's dramas after 1850, pessimistic views gained influence after the failed revolutions of 1848, the World as Will and Representation, music is the one art that embodied the deepest reality of all human experience- our emotions and drives, and could give immediate expression to these universal feelings and impulses in concrete definite form with the intervention of words

Maria Szymanowska

1789-1831, polish pianist composer, active in Russia, wrote piano nocturnes

Eugene Scribe

1791-1861, librettist, Co-authored libretto to La muette de Portici, Created the mix of formality, spectacle, and historical, political, or religious themes that defined the new genre

Giacomo Meyerbeer

1791-1864, leading composer of grand opera, Set the pattern for the musical treatment to dramatize the action

Gioachino Rossini

1792-1868, Italian son of horn/trumpet and opera singer, Most popular and influential opera composer of his generation, Blended aspects of opera buffa and seria into his comic and serious operas, made them more varied and appealing, Studied music of Haydn and Mozart in Bologna conservatory, First opera in 1810, 1815 musical director of Teatro San Carlo in Naples, Bc no copyright, had to constantly produce new works, often borrowing or reworking overtures and arias from other works, Married soprano Isabella Colbran, traveled to London, settled in Paris where he was director of the Theatre Italian where he wrote William tell in French

Lowell Mason

1792-1872, Massachusetts, trained in harmony and composition by German immigrant, president of the Handel and Haydn society, helped found the Boston Academy of Music, introduced music into the regular school curriculum, established the American tradition of music education in schools, against yankee tunesmith (shapenote) style, championed modest European style, composed 1,200 European style hymns

Heinrich Christoph Koch's Introductory Essay on Composition

1793, discusses phrases, periods, describes sonata form (first mvmt form) as expanded version of binary form with 2 large sections, each which may be repeated, the first moving from tonic to dominant (or relative major in minor) and the second returning to the tonic, the first section has one main period, the second two, Typical phrase is 4 measures , Overall plan for organizing a movement

Gaetano Donizetti

1797-1848, One of most prolific Italian composers during the 2nd quarter of the 19th century, Composed oratorios, cantatas, chamber, and church music, 100 songs, several symphonies, 70 operas

Jacques Champion de Chambonnieres

17th century harpsichord composer

Jean Henry D'Anglebert

17th century harpsichord composer

Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre

17th century harpsichord composer, Original child prodigy of music, Patron Louis XIV, First ballet and opera written by a French woman, Best known for 2 published collections of harpsichord pieces, 3 books of cantatas, Violin and trio sonatas

Solesmes

1800's monks in the Solesme abbey of Benedictine, determined historical performance practice of gregorian chant notation. performance without any regular meter or beat, melodic shape determines phrasing and text determines accent. equal values per note/neume

Vincenzo Bellini

1801-1835, Younger contemporary of Rossini, prominent after Rossini retired, Preferred dramas of passion with fast, gripping action

Joseph Lanner

1801-1843, led Viennese dance orchestras, early 19th century orchestra composer

Felix Mendelssohn

1809-1847, One of leading german romantic composers, Blended influences from Bach, Handel, Mozart, Beethoven and contemporaries, Combined contrapuntal skill and formal clarity with Romantic expression, Beautiful melodies, unpredictable rhythms, Virtuoso piano organ performer, Music director in Dusseldorf, classical romanticism, Much more classic sound than Berlioz, Uses classic models with departures showing impact of romanticism, A midsummer night's dream, director and conductor of Gewandhaus Orchestra in Leipzig, director in Berlin, Founded the Leipzig Conservatory in 1843

Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov

1844-1908, Studied with private teachers, Balakirev, and career in Russian Navy, 1871 professor at St. Petersburg Conservatory, Edited, completed and orchestrated works by Glinka, Musorgsky, Borodin, and others , Championed Russian music as a conductor at home and western Europe, Best known for Programmatic orchestral works, Also wrote symphonies, chamber music, choruses, songs , Wrote a harmony text and manual on orchestration most frequently used in Russia

Richard Wagner

1813-1883, Music as servant of drama, Leitmotivs, Creative manipulation of chromatic harmony, Born in Leipzig, Germany, Inspired by Weber's operas and Beethoven's symphonies , Studied music in Dresden, Leipzig, Composed piano pieces, overtures, symphony (Beethoven style) as a student, 1830s began writing operas and held positions with regional opera companies , 1839-42 lived in Paris as a music journalist, 1842 moved to Dresden where Rienzi was successful and Der fliegende Hollander ,1843 appointed second kapellmeister for king. Of Saxony and Dresden, Had to flee Germany after supporting the 1848-49 insurrection, Stipend from 2 female patrons, 1864 new patron: King Ludwig II of Bavaria (Paid his gambling debts, Annual pension, Sponsored production of Tristan und Isolde, Die Meistersinger, first 2 Rings), 1872 festival theater at Beyreuth, 1876, first festival premiered complete Ring

Giuseppe Verdi

1813-1901, Music called epitome of romantic drama and passion, Son of an innkeeper, Studied music as a child, Church organist age 9, Studied privately in Milan, Music director in Busseto, Wanted career composing opera

Cesar Franck

1822-1890, cosmopolitan tradition, Born in Belgium, Studied at Paris Conservatoire, professor of organ there in 1871, Mainly instrumental genres and oratorio, Style was blending traditional counterpoint and classical forms with Liszt's thematic transformation, Wagner's harmony, and the Romantic idea of cyclic unification, His improvisatory style inaugurated a new type of organ music in France dominated by lyrical themes, contrapuntal development, orchestral color, founder of modern French chamber music (all are cyclic, featuring recurring/transformed themes in 2+ mvmts

Patrick S. Gilmore

1829-1892, Irish born, formed American band in 1858, enlisted with them in the Union army and led them in concerts after the war, organized 5 day national peace jubilee in Boston in 1869 featuring 2,000+ performers in cluding Johann Strauss, toured the nation and international tour, success led to more professional touring bands

Aleksander Borodin

1833-1887, mighty 5, Chemist, Many unfinished works including Prince Igor (4 act opera in French grand opera tradition, finished posthumously by Korsakov and Glazunov, contrasts Russian characters with folk melodies and Polovtsians exotic style associated with Asian music), Principal instrumental works: 2 string quartets, Symphony no. 2, symphonic sketch, Chamber and orchestral works characterized by songlike themes, transparent instrumentax textures, modally tinged harmonies, original method of spinning out an entire movement from a single pregnant thematic idea, Only mighty five devotee of chamber music ad Mendelssohn admirer, Seldom quoted folk songs like Balakirev and Cui, but melodies reflect folk spirit

Johannes Brahms

1833-1897, Leading composer of his time in every field excerpt opera, Born in Hamburg, Studied piano, cello, horn as a child, Developed love for Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven in piano and theory lessons, Earned money in teens playing pop music at restaurants and dance halls which fostered a lifelong taste for folk and popular music especially Hungarian- gypsy style, 1853 met Joseph Joachim and Schumanns who were his strongest supporters, Schumann praised Brahms in print launching his career, Made living as a pianist, conductor, and selling music to publishers, Conducted Singakademie in Vienna 1862-63, moved there 1868, Directed chorus and orchestra of Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Editor for CPE Bach, Couperin, Schumann, Schubert, Chopin, Style: 3 against 2 patterns

Theodore Thomas

1835-1905, One of the most famous immigrant musicians, Violin with the NY Phil and Academy of Music, Conducted Brooklyn Phil, 1865 founded professional orchestra: Theodore Thomas Orchestra, Became the best and most financially successful in US, Concert hall classical concerts, outdoor lighter music, dance while introducing public to classics in small doses, 1890 became first conductor of Chicago Symphony

Glinka A Life for the Tsar

1836, pro-govt historical drama established his reputation, First Russian opera sung throughout, mix of western traditions and Russian characteristics

Antonin Dvorak

1841-1904, 12 operas, Plots based on Czech village life, fairy tales, Slavic history, Dmitrij, Rusalka, Influenced by New German School, 9 symphonies, 4 concertos, dances, and other works for orchestra, Many pieces in international style such as symphony 6 with allusions to Beethoven and Brahms, Other works like Slavonic Dances, Husitska, Dumky use elements from Czech traditional music to achieve a national idiom, Blended folk and national elements with a more broadly international language that drew on older contemporaries from Wagner to Brahms, Believed that a truly national music could derive only from folk traditions

claveçin, clavier

German or French term for keyboard or keyboard instrument

Gabriel Faure

1845-1924, Studied under Saint Saens at the Ecole Niedermeyer, Held posts as an organist, A founder of the Societe Nationale, Professor of composition at Paris Conservatoire in 1896, it's director from 1905-20, A few large works like the Requiem but primarily composed songs, piano music, Began by composing songs in Gounod style, Lyrical melody with no virtuosity remained basis of his style, Maturity 1885, developed new language in which melodic lines are fragmented and harmony becomes much less directional

Opera and Drama

1851, Essays, function of music to serve drama, Beethoven had done everything possible in instrumental music, he was the path forward by joining 2 worlds

Leos Janacek

1854-1928, Leading 20th century Czech composer of western art music especially opera but sought national style, Collected and edited folk music from Moravia, Studied the rhythms and inflections of peasant speech and song

John Philip Sousa

1854-1932, conducted US Marine band, raised it to national prominence, organized his band in 1892, annual US tours, European tours, world tour

Edward Elgar

1857-1934, Not influenced by nationalism, no folk songs or noticeable national tradition, Derived harmonic style from Brahms, Wagner, Drew from Wagner the system of leitmotivs in his oratorios, British

Giacomo Puccini

1858-1924, Most successful Italian opera composer after Verdi, Studied in Milan conservatory, Attention with first opera: Le villi , 3rd opera made him internationally famous: Manon Lescaut

Ethel Smyth

1858-1944, 6 operas, the Wreckers, British

Victor Herbert

1859-1924, achieved successes in the US with his operettas Babes in Toyland and Naughty Marietta

Edward MacDowell

1860-1908, New Yorker first professor of music at Columbia University in New York, influenced by Wagner, Liszt, opposed jingoistic nationalism but nationalism important for international fame

Isaac Albeniz

1860-1909, Best known for piano music, wrote several operas and other works, Iberia collection of 12 piano pieces in 4 books blended Spanish melodic traits and dance rhythms with colorful virtuoso style that drew on List and Debussy, Spanish composer

Gustav Mahler

1860-1911, Leading Austro German composer of symphonies after Brahms and Bruckner , One of greatest masters of song for voice and orchestra, Studied piano and composition at the Conservatory and University of Vienna , Friends with Hugo Wolf and Bruckner, Became avid Wagnerian, also influenced by Brahms , Made living as a conductor renowned for dynamism, precision, expressivity, tyrannical perfectionism, Director of Vienna opera in 1897, converted to Catholicism to get the job, 1907 in New York as conductor of German opera at the Met and later director of the NY Phil, Composed in summers between conducting seasons, 9 symphonies, 10th unfinished, 5 multimovement works for voice with orchestra, programmatic content

Claude Debussy

1862-1918, Studied at the Paris Conservatoire, Worked for Nadezhda von Meck (Tchaikovsky patron) and travelled to Russia twice where encountered works of Rimsky Korsakov and others that influenced his style and orchestration, Won Prix de Rome in 1884 and spent 2 years in Italy, Started by composing a series of songs, early piano music, prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, and his opera Pelleas et Melisande whose 1902 premiere made him a star, Very interested in texts, Music critic

Richard Strauss

1864-1949, Conductor for opera houses in Munich, Weimar, Berlin, Vienna, Known best for tone poems, operas, lieder, Early compositions emulated Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Teenage heard Wagner's operas and changed style , Chief models for program music: Berlioz, Liszt, Colorful orchestration, transformation of themes, types of program, Works inspired by literature and personal experience, Don Juan, Till Eulenspiegel, Established himself in 1880s-90s as the leading composer of symphonic poems after Liszt

Finland: Jean Sibelius

1865-1957, Symphonic poems, symphonies, violin concerto, Established reputation as Finland's leading composer in 1890s with a series of symphonic poems (Most famous: Finlandia), Supported from 1897-death by Finnish govt as a national artist

Erik Satie

1866-1925, Wittily upends conventional ideas, Use of modal and unresolved chords Influenced Debussy and Ravel who used them differently, Wanted to make music that made us focus on the present

Enrique Granados

1867-1916, Spanish ComposerBest known for piano music, wrote several operas and other works, Based piano pieces on dances from all over Spain, Influenced by keyboard sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti and 18th century theatrical styles of the tonadilla and zarzuela to flamenco guitar and Andalusian song

Scott Joplin

1867-1917, Leading ragtime composer, Studied music in Texarkana Texas, moved to New York in 1907, Opera Treemonisha , Best known for piano rags, especially Maple Leaf Rag, African American music characteristics, Repetition of short rhythmic pattern like syncopation and multiple rhythmic layers

Amy Marcy Beach

1867-1944, Boston composer, couldn't study or teach because excluded women from universities, child prodigy, studied piano, harmony, counterpoint privately, self-taught composer, wrote large scale works to prove ppl wrong that women could write in longer forms, 120 songs, dozens of piano and choral pieces, internationally recognized as one of America's leading composers, most of works in German classic tradition

Paul Hayse

German poet, translator, late 19th c

Joseph Carl Breil

1870-1926, popularized idea of a film score, orchestral score for D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation, an offensive racist film whose success highlighted the immense social impact of the movies, included excerpts arranged from Wagner, Tchaikovsky, popular songs, and other sources with his own music

Franz Lehar

1870-1948, The Merry Widow, gave Viennese opera new life

Florent Schmitt

1870-1958, Dionysiaques, French composer, band music

Arnold Schoenberg

1874-1951, Committed to continue the German classical tradition, Move beyond tonality to atonality, Began by writing tonal works in late Romantic style, Developing Variation, nonrepetition, atonal music, 12 tone method, Born in Vienna, son of a Jewish shopkeeper, Violin lessons age 8, self-taught composer, Had to work as a bank clerk when father died , Minimal composition instruction but Alexander von Zemlinsky served as teacher/listener, Moved to Berlin, worked at a cabaret until Strauss got him a job teaching composition at the Stern Conservatory ,Taught composition privately, He had Mahler and other progressive's support until adopted atonality in 1908, After WWI, founded and directed the society for Private Musical Performances in Vienna, Moved to France after Nazis came to power, then travelled to LA and was a professor at UCLA until retirement

Charles Ives

1874-1954, Synthesized international and regional musical traditions, 1st major exponent of Experimental music (traditional rules but change some, ex: drumming on the piano, polytonal), American, Yale studied with Horatio Parker, Church organist for teen/20s, Job in insurance, 1902- on only classical genres but styles/sounds of other traditions for extramusical meanings, cumulative form, program music, collage, Frequently mixed styles in a single piece

Maurice Ravel

1875-1937, Some music impressionist like Debussy but his music encompasses a variety of influences, Distinctive characteristic: consummate craftsman, traditional forms, diatonic melodies, complex harmonies with an essentially tonal language

The Ring Cycle

1876, Das Rheingold, Die Walkure , Siegfried , Gotterdammerung

Manuel de Falla

1876-1946, Principal Spanish composer of the 20th century, Developed diverse nationalism that resisted the merly extic, Collected and arranged national folk songs, Early works like La vida breve opera, ballets El amor brujo, El sombrero de tres picos Imbued with melodic and rhythmic qualities of Spanish pop music , Mature works Harken back to Spanish Baroque, Combines national elements with neoclassic approach popular after WWI

Bela Bartok

1881-1945, Hungarian, Studied at the Hungarian Royal Academy of Music in Budapest, Pianist, composer, Taught at the Academy of Music then Academy of Sciences with Kodaly as ethnomusicologist , Moved to NY to escape Nazis, Wanted to create Hungarian music idiom, collected and studied peasant music, combined peasant music and classical elements for neotonality

Percy Grainger

1882-1961, Irish tune from County Derry, Lincolnshire Posy, Australian band composer, drew on folk songs for themes, distributed the melodic content more evenly between winds and brass, used modal harmonies within a tonal context, developed symphonic style of instrumentation

Igor Stravinsky

1882-1971, Started as a Russian nationalist, became a cosmopolitan, Through him, elements of Russian music became part of a common international modernist practice, Born near St. Petersburg, Russia, well to do musical family, Piano lessons in age 9, music theory lessons in teens, never attended conservatory, Studied privately with Rimsky Korsakov, Commissioned by impresario Sergei Diaghilev to write famous ballets: Firebird, Petrushka, Rite, Moved to France, Switzerland due to Russian Revolution and WWI, then US, neoclassicism, neotonality, serialism after 1953

Anton Webern

1883-1945, Studied musicology under Guido Adler at the University of Vienna, Believed history can only move forward, not backward, Argued 12 tone was the inevitable result of music's evolution because it combined the most advanced approaches to pitch, musical space, and the representation of musical ideas, Composer as an artist expressing new ideas but also a researcher making new discoveries, Studied with Schoenberg, Mostly small chamber ensembles, Equal amounts of instrumental and vocal

Edgard Varese

1883-1965, Electronic music and new instruments, Wanted to liberate composition from conventional melody, harmony, meter, regular pulse, recurrent beat, and traditional orchestration, Sounds as structural components of music, organized sound, All sounds acceptable as raw material, Music as spatial, sound masses, French born, Studied at Schola Cantorum and Conservatoire, Brief career in Paris and Berlin as a composer and conductor of early and contemporary music, Moved to New York in 1915

Joe King Oliver

1885-1938, cornet, Chicago, King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, invited Louis Armstrong to play, Recorded for OKeh Records and Gennett

Jelly Roll Morton

1890-1941, early jazz pianist, composer, new orleans native

Jelly Roll Morton

1890-1941, piano

Lied

German polyphonic song

Paul Hindemith

1895-1963, Most of music banned and attacked in Press by Nazis as cultural Bolshevism, Late 1920s began composing Gebrauchsmusik, taught at the Berlin School, Yale, University of Zurich, Professional violin and viola performer, conductor, Goal to create music high in quality, modern, challenging yet rewarding to perform for young/amateur performers, Disturbed by growing gulf between composers and passive public, 1936 Nazis forbade performances of his music, Moved to Switzerland and then United States until back to Switzerland, Sonatas for every instrument

William Grant Still

1895-1978, American idioms into art music, Composition studies with George Whitefield Chadwick and Edwgard Varese, Worked as an arranger for W. C. Handy's dance band, Broke racial barriers as a composer and conductor, 150+ compositions including operas, ballets, symphonies, chamber works, choral pieces, solo vocal works

Carl Orff

1895-1982, Carmina Burana , Drew on Stravinsky, folk songs, chant, medieval secular song, Pseudo-antique style based on drones, ostinatos, harmonic stasis, strophic repetition

Virgil Thomson

1896-1989, Critic for New York Herald Tribune and composer, Studied at Harvard and paris with Boulanger, Influenced by Satie: Rejected modernisms complexity, unfamiliarity, obsession with the past; Satie's avant gardism; Music that's simple, direct, playful, and focused on the present, Opera 4 Saints in 3 Acts (absurdist, worked with Gertrude Stein libretto), Wrote film scores, Used American folk elements from cowboy songs to spirituals

George Gershwin

1897-1938, Known for broadway shows, pop songs, Late 1920s-1930s established himself as most famous and performed American composer in classical genres, Fused disparate traditions like art music and jazz, American music, Studied classical piano including Chopin, Liszt, Debussy, Private lessons in harmony, ounterpoint, form, orchestration, Studied composition with Cowell, Rhapsody in Blue (Paul Whiteman, Incorporated jazz, blues, pop music into art music)

Henry Cowell

1897-1965, American, little training in European music, From start of composing, sought new resources for music, Many experimental pieces, tone clusters, Used so often, it became identified as his invention, The Banshee , Interested in non western music, Book New Musical Resources

Silvestre Revueltas

1899-1940, Studied in Mexico, America, back to Mexico to be Chavez's assistant conductor, Didn't use folk songs, Melodies modeled on Mexican folk and popular music mixed with modernist idiom, influenced by Stravinsky

Francis Poulenc

1899-1963, Les Six, Influenced by Parisian popular chanson tradition , Ingratiating harmonic idiom, draws grace and wit from pop styles and satirical mimicry mixed with fluent melody, Classical genres and forms with mildly dissonant harmonies

Duke Ellington

1899-1974, Cotton Club in Harlem: Group was house band there, preeminent nightclub in Harlem; Jimmie Blanton bass, Ben Webster tenor sax; Billy Strayhorn pianist, composer, arranger, shared composing duties with Ellington, Take the A Train; Used the band to workshop pieces, experimented with longer works; Moved more towards arrangements (from improv), Inspired by Debussy, Stravinsky, Gershwin, Pianist, 1930s-early 40s leading figure in jazz, contrafact

Metastasio

18th c Italian poet, gave opera seria its standard form, his dramas set to music 100s of times, court poet in Vienna, heroic operas pit love against duty, stories based on greek or latin tales, promote morality, enlightenment, Hasse (Ruggiero)

Galant

18th century new style, french term for courtly manner in literature, freer more songlike homophonic writing, originated in Italian operas and concertos

style galant

18th-century movement emphasizing pleasant, easily-absorbed melody with light accompaniment. Homophonic reaction to Baroque equal-voiced contrapuntal textures. Found in the musics of England, France, Italy, Germany.. simple accompanimental patterns (i.e. Alberti bass), periodic phrasing, melody-accompaniment texture, no counterpoint. outgoing, outward directed, social music. light texture, elegant style from early Classical period.

Kurt Weill

1900-1950, Opera composer in berlin, Exponent of the New Objectivity, Political left, collaborated with playwright Bertolt Brecht, Music that parodied American hit songs, Juxtaposed 18th century ballad texts, European dance music, American jazz, Left when Nazis for US, composed for broadway

Colin McPhee

1900-1964, Canadian-American composer, studied music in Bali, transcribed gamelan music for western instruments, composed orchestral works and other pieces that drew on Balinese materials

Aaron Copland

1900-1990, 1920s: stringent dissonance; 1930s/40s: streamlined style combining modernism with national American idioms, Jewish, gay, left politics, Organized concert series and groups of predecessors and contemporaries, Influenced Bernstein, Ellito Carter, David Del Tredici, Exposed to ragtime, pop music growing up in NY, Studied piano, theory, composition in European tradition, Studied in Paris with Nadia Boulanger

Ernst Krenek

1900-1991, composer, explained New objectivity as opposed complexity and promoted the se of familiar elements, borrowing from pop music and jazz or from classical and baroque procedures, Jonny spielt auf opera set in present time, interaction of European composer and African American jazz musician

Michael Daughterty

1954, American composer, Played in jazz and rock bands as a teenager, Studied at Yale, IRCAM in Paris, with Ligeti in Hamburg, Combines modernist structural principles with elements of pop music, American pop culture in pieces, Superman Metropolis Symphony, Bizarro, Jackie O, Dead Elvis

Ruth Crawford Seeger

1901-195, search for new procedures,First woman to win a Guggenheim Fellowship in music, Influenced by the New Deal, Preserving folk songs as a better contribution than modernist works, Collaborated with writer Carl Sandburg and folklorists John and Alan Lomax, Edited American folk songs from field recordings , Published transcriptions and arrangements, Advocacy in preserving American traditional music

Ruther Crawford Seeger

1901-195, search for new procedures,First woman to win a Guggenheim Fellowship in music, Influenced by the New Deal, Preserving folk songs as a better contribution than modernist works, Collaborated with writer Carl Sandburg and folklorists John and Alan Lomax, Edited American folk songs from field recordings , Published transcriptions and arrangements, Advocacy in preserving American traditional music

Louis Armstrong

1901-1971, trumpet, Recorded with his band Hot Five or Hot Seven, West End Blues , 12 bar blues, improv

Harry Partch

1901-1974, Explored new instrumental sounds with new approach to pitch, Repudiated equal temperament and western harmony and counterpoint, Monophonic musical ideal, harkening back to ancient Greeks, Devised new scale with 43 notes to the octave based on just intonation, Notes relate to each other through pure intervals from the harmonic series, Built new instruments to play this scale, Modified guitars, marimbas, tuned cloud chamber bowls, gourd tree, kithara, 1950/60s works has these instruments with speaking/chanting voices and dancing

Dmitri Shostakovich

1906-1975, Entire career and education in Russia, Studied at the Conservatory in Petrograd (later Leningrad, now St. Petersburg), 1920s more aligned with modernist than proletarian wing in Russia, Famous from 1st symphony premiere in 1926 and opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District in 1934, Stalin saw it in 1936 and was angd by discordant modernist music and surrealistic portrayal of violence and sex, Lost favored status, feared for his life

Elliot Carter

1908, Wrote for virtuoso performers, Complex, nonserial style characterized by innovations in rhythm and form, developed metric modulation

Oliver Messiaen

1908-1992, Avignon, southern France, Studied organ and composition at Paris Conservatoire, Organist at St. Trinite in Paris, Professor of Harmony at Paris Conservatoire, Taught Boulez, Stockhausen, Ton de Leeuw (Netherland composer), Devout Catholic, many religious pieces, Quatuor pour la fin du temps

Django Reinhardt

1910-1953, gypsy guitarist, formed most successful European jazz band the Quintette du Hot Club de France

Samuel Barber

1910-1981, American composer, Committed to tonality, Adagio for Strings, Often uses modernist resources in tonal music , Piano sonata uses 12 tone rows tonally , The Monk and His Cat

Leonard Bernstein

1910-1990, Broadway and classical music, 1944 conducted, NY Phil as a last minute replacement, Broadway musical On the town, Conductor, composer of symphonies and vocal music, West Side Story: Lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, Arthur Laurents book, Variety of musical styles

Pierre Schaeffer

1910-1995, pioneered music using recorded sounds assembled at Radiodiffusion Francaise in paris in the 1940s, called it musique concrete, electronic music

John Cage

1912-1992, Studied with Cowell and Schoenberg, Mid 1930s: serial music, 1940s: experimentalist, 1950s/60s: radical reconceptions of music that made him the leading composer of postwar avant garde, Late 1930s/early 40s:Percussion works and durational form; Search for new sounds (influenced by Cowell); Nontraditional instruments like tin cans, buzzer, electronics, Composing for percussion question of form bc usually based on pitch, themes, development, Devised structures based on duration where the proportions of the whole are reflected in each part, Square root form

The Art of Noises: Futurist Manifesto

1913, Futurist painter Luigi Russolo argued that musical sounds had become stale and the modern world of machines required a new kind of music based on noise, 6 families of noise, Built new instruments capable of producing a specific kind of noise, Only a fragment of his music survives and the instruments destroyed during WWII

Benjamin Britten

1913-1976, Studied at the Royal College of Music, English Composer, Wrote music for films in late 1930s-taught him to communicate with simple means, Like copland, tempered modernism with simplicity, Influenced by humanitarian concerns , Music for amateurs, Choral music for church choir, schools, amateur choruses, Gay: wrote music for partner Peter Pears (tenor), operas with gay themes, Pacifist, Music has a quality of social engagement

Witold Lutoslawski

1913-1994, Selective use of indeterminacy, Unlike Cage, insisted on his authorship of the entire composition, suggess modernist more than avant garde, String Quartet: Pitches and rhythms specified but not coordination of parts

Frederick Fennell

1914-2005, Found Eastman Wind Ensemble dedicated solely to serious music, Each instrumental part essential, spread to other schools

Milton Babbitt

1916, leading composer and theorist in US, total serialism, Music grew more complex as went beyond Schoenberg practices to realize new serialism potential, Combinatorial rows and derived rows related by trichords and organized duration through number rows, Early 1960s: all partition arrays of interrelated rows using all possible ways of segmenting the row into groups of various lengths, Same time also developed a time point approach to duration: measures of music divided. Into 12 equal units of time, notes assigned using a grid, works combining prerecorded tape with live performance, Philomel includes altered recorded fragments of the singer and electronic sounds,

Free Jazz

1960s, Ornette Coleman, Free Jazz, Experimental style moved away from jazz standards, language built of melodies and harmonic gestures, innovative sounds, atonality, free forms

Alberto Ginastera

1916-1983, Argentina, most prominent Latin American composer after Villa-Lobos, Nationalism and international sources, Career in 3 periods: Objective Nationalism to 1947: Tonal music influenced with traditional argentine folk elements, 2nd period: Subjective nationalism 1947-57: Original style thoruhg Bartok-like synthesis of native and international elements, Neo-expressionims after 1957: Combines earlier traits with 12 tone and avant garde techniques, Turn from nationalism to abstract style is typical of postwar era

Dizzie Gillespie

1917-1993

Lou Harrison

1917-2003, Cowell's student and friend, combined interests in just intoation and inventing new instruemnts, inspired by Partch, with enthusiasm for Asian music, visited Korea and Taiwan then wrote works combining Western and Asian instruments, introduces dozens of pieces for traditional Javanese gamelan

George Rochberg

1918-205, Wrote mostly serial music but found it inadequate to express the death of his son in 1964, Turned in 1965 to works based on borrowed material, Quotes from other modern composers like Boulez, Berio, Varese, Ives , Other works quote from Mozart, Beethoven, Mahler, Webern, Varese, Stockhausen, Pieces based on Bach, Turned from serialism to quotation in the 1960s, 1970s used romantic and early modernist styles for their expressive potential, Mixture of idioms challenged the traditional expectation that music be stylistically uniform, Choice to reclaim styles of the past and use them to make their resources his own without distancing effects like Stravinsky's neoclassicism or Schnittke's polystylism

Stravinsky Neoclassical Period

1919-1951, started by orchestrating Pergolesi music for ballet Pulcinella, turn away from Russian folk music, Anti-Romantic tone, Preference for balance, coolness, objectivity, absolute (not program) music, Frequent ostinatos, Often combines more than one style into his own idiom

Astor Piazzolla

1921-1992, Argentine composer, Combined Argentine tradition of tango with jazz and classical music: new style: neuvo tango, Improvisation. From jazz, Elements from classical tradition: baroque procedures of counterpoint, fugue, passacaglia, Modernist chromaticism, dissonance, angular melodies, Extended forms and music worth listening for own sake, Encountered jazz in NY childhood, Professional tango musician in Argentina, Studied composition with Alberto Ginastere and Nadia Boulanger

Lukas Foss

1922, Baroque variations transform pieces by Handel, Scarlatti, Bach by adding clusters, fading out to inaudibility

Willie Mae "Big Mama" thorton

1926-1984, black blues singer, rhythm and blues

Earle Brown

1926-2002, Graphic notation with indeterminacy , Inspired by mobiles of Alexander Calder, Open form pieces, Musicians play completely scored fragments with leeway in choice of pitches, in the order and tempos determined by the conductor

George Crumb

1929, New sounds from ordinary instruments and objects, Black Angels: String quartet electronically amplified to produce surrealistic dreamlike juxtapositions

Ruth Crawford Seeger New York Period

1929-1933, Experimented with serial techniques, Serialism in places other than pitch, String Quartet

Toru Takemitsu

1930-1996 ,wrote music for western ensembles and inspired by European influences, blended native Japanese music with European tradition

Sofia Gubaidulina

1931, Soviet Union, Almost all spiritual works , Sonata for violin and cello inspired by 18th century devotional texts, Works express religious extramusical meanings

Johnny Cash

1932-2003, country music

R. Murray Schafer

1933, Leading Canadian composer of the era, Wide variety of styles from neoclassical to avant garde, Most of pieces based on extramusical inspirations, Culture of Iits (natives of Canada) , Environmental music, out of concert hall: Music for Wilderness (12 trombones at a lake)

David Del Tredici

1937, Neoromanticism, Atonal and serialism in the 1960s, Set excerpts from Lewis Carroll's stories for children, changed his style, Folk group, soprano narrates, Nonsense tonality, Slightly off kilter dance rhythms, Multiple layers in different tempos, Mostly tonal music, folklike episodes, idiom like Strauss, electronic Theremin, Tonal and atonal styles side by side, Renounced modernist ideology of progress, Mix diverse styles in coherent whole

Joan Tower

1938, American composer, Works based on images

Ellen Taaffe Zwilich

1939, accessible modernism, Joins continuous variation with older formal devises of recurrence and contrast, Like Schoenberg, presents main idea and elaborates it through developing variation, Basic idea is simple, clear texture, makes music easy to follow, Symphony no. 1 won the first Pulitzer prize in music for a woman

Charles Dodge

1942, Pioneer of computer music, Speech Songs has computer synthesized vocal sounds, developed software to create computer works, manipulates recorded sounds, uses them like pitched percussion, Draws on pop traditions, tonal harmony, regular meter, propulsive beat, layered syncopated rhythms

Laurie Anderson

1947, Leading performance artists, Wide range of media, singing, violin playing, poetry, speaking, electronics, film slides and lighting, O Superman features her synthesized processed voice in simple, repetitive song with light electronic accompaniment was a pop hit

Shostakovich Later works

1948 crackdown, he was denounced along with Prokofiev and others, Had to write patriotic film scores and choral paeans to gain rehabilitation with the regime

Kevin Volans

1949, S. African native, Combines Western and African traditions

theremin

1st successful electronic instrument, invented in 1920 by Lev Termen, changed pitch according to the distance between the instrument's antenna and performer's hand, electronic sound production. the earliest electronic instrument still in use, invented by Russian physicist Lev Sergeyevich Termen in 1920; the disruption of an electromagnetic field (for example, a hand) would produce a pitch from the radio oscillator within a preset range; later models allowed for dynamic control

Aristoxenus

2 or 3 CE Aristotle pupil, Rhythmic Elements

Binary form

2 roughly equal sections, each repeated, 1st leading harmonically form the tonic to close on the dominant, second returns to tonic

Roy Harris

20th c American symphonist, modal

Walton

20th c english composer, drawing room entertainment, light, no nonsense anti-omanticism

Reger

20th c, Bach fantatic- contrapuntal virtuosity and chromaticism, organ works

Trichords

3 note groupings within the row, Babbitt

basic cell

3 or 4 note collections that have a structural function

Beethoven Concertos

3 piano concertos to play at his own concerts in Vienna but these concertos in his middle period are on a grander scale, Soloist often co-equal with the orchestra, like a hero in a drama, Dramatic interaction between soloist and orchestra

Earlier dances

3 repeated sections of the pavane, repeating bass of the passamezzo

Triple motet

3 texts above tenor

fauxbourdon

3 voices. Chant in top voice (cantus). Doubled at fourth below (fauxbourdon). Bass = doubling at sixth below.

Choralis constantinus

3 volume cycle of settings of the proper

just intonation

3,6ths in tune, tuning system, acoustically pure ntervals, 4 sizes of semitones between steps, inspired Harry Partch to create new scale (43), Bartolome Ramis de Parcia (Spanish theorist) proposed this in 15th c, made perfectly tuned 3rds and 6ths, some sonorities are unusable, enharmonic pitches can become different pitches, special instruments created

Orchestral instrumentation start of the 19th century

40 players

Boethius

480 CA-524, most revered music authority of the middle ages, De institutione musica, music as part of the quadrivium, science of numbers and numerical ratios, 3 types of music:

Aristides Quintilianus

4th century CE, last important writer of Greek music theory

Dramatic Oratorio

A dramatic, non-staged storyline collection of hymns or anthems

motto theme

A motive appearing at the beginning of several or all movements of a Renaissance mass

anthem oratorio

A non-staged, non-dramatic collection of hymns or anthems drawn from the scriptures. Anthem = English polyphonic sacred work

Neo-Romanticism

A return, especially during the post-World War II era, to the emotional expression associated with 19th-century tonal musical style

Neo-Tonalism

A stylistic umbrella embracing musical composition in the 20th and 21st centuries that is exlectic and unbound by "rules"; may incorporate atonality and tonality in the same score

Beethoven song cycle

An die ferne Geliebte 1816, "to the distant beloved", first major song cycle by a big composer

Irving Berlin

America's most prolific songwriters, Known for sentimental and patriotic tunes, Chief ragtime composer in America, Many songs for revues

Stephen Sondheim

American composer and lyricist known for his work in musical theatre, west side story lyrics, Into the woods

New renaissance counterpoint

Based on preference for consonance, 3rds, 6ths, P5/8

Charlie Parker

Bebop, Anthropology

Dizzie Gillespie

Bebop, Anthropology

Rhythmic elements

Aristoxenus, Rhythm in music aligned with poetic rhythm, Defines durations as multiples of a basic unit of time, Continuous movement of the voice and diastemic (intervallic) movement, Melody consists of a series of notes, each on a single pitch, an interval is formed between two notes of different pitch, a scale is a series of 3+ different pitches in ascending or descending order

Big Bands and Swing bandleaders

Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Paul Whiteman, Benny Goodman

Experimental jazz

Art Ensemble of Chicago, Jazz as an art music for select audience of connoisseurs, Embraces influences from nonwestern music to performance art

Three Compositions for Piano

Babbitt, 1st piece to apply serial principles to duration

Orgelbuchlein

Bach's little organ book, Weimar, 45 chorale preludes, pedagogical

passion oratorio

Baroque setting of the Crucifixion story based on one of the four New Testament gospels; there are recitative parts for a narrator (the Evangelist) and various characters; arias reveal the Christian believer's reaction to the events; and the crowd, with its changing emotions, its represented by the chorus

cantata

Baroque vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment; originally for solo voice; later, a liturgical work in several movements, often involving a choir

figured music

Baroque-specific meaning: florid polyphony using Baroque affective language. contrast with congregational chorale setting.

Lobkowitz, Kinsky, Rudolph

Beethoven annuity to stay in Vienna

Appassionata sonata

Beethoven middle period, piano sonata, early 19th c, dedicated to Count Franz von Brunswick, 3 movements, sonata allegro form, ends in tragedy

recitative

Began with Peri's Euridice, continued with Monteverdi's Orfeo. Followed contours of spoken French and shifted the metric notation between duple and triple to allow the most natural declamation of words, Continues the French tradition (dating back to musique mesure) and air de cour of using irregular metric groupings to reflect rhythms of the text

Corelli Chamber sonatas

Begin with prelude, Then 2-3 dances (like French Suite), 1st 2 mvmts like a church sonata

New conventions Rossini established for Italian opera would endure for over half a century

Bel canto, tunefulness, scene structure

Bulgarian rhythm

Bela Bartok- 6 dances in Bulgarian Rhythm, the use of asymmetrical rhythm groups within measures, particularly in a fast tempo

Felice Romani

Bellini's his favorite librettist, Built action into the aria not just recit, Created opportunities for lyrical moments in the recit

Rhythm

Benedictine monks of Abbey of Solesmes in France under Dom Andre Mocquereau

Lulu

Berg's 2nd opera, 12 tone, libretto from Wedekind's plays, story of Lulu who goes from mistress to street prostitute, femme fatale, Berg died before completion, serialism, each character has own row

Wozzeck

Berg, example of expressionist opera, Libretto arranged by Berg from Georg Buchner (1813-1837) fragmentary play, Music is atonal, not 12 tone, Some Sprechstimme, Highlights drama and organizes music with leitmotivs, pitch class sets assigned to main characters, and traditional forms that comment on the situation/characters

Treatise on Instrumentation and Orchestration

Berlioz, 1843, instrumentation bible of 19th century

Duke of Burgundy

Busnoys

John Dunstable

Biggest English composer in 1st ½ of 15th c, Mostly isorhythmic motets principal type of polyphony in early 15th c, Mathematician, composer, astronomer, Served Duke of Bedford, dowager queen of England, duke of Gloucester, Most of career in France, Most influential English composer on continental composers, 3 voice sacred works: Paraphrase (chant elaborated in top voice, melody given a rhythm and ornamented by adding notes around the choir, Quam Pulchra pg 173-4), Style: No 2 measures in a row have the same rhythm, Mostly stepwise melody or step and 3rds

Antoine Busnoys

Biggest chanson composer of his time, Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy, Maximilia, Mix triple, duple, Melody combines smooth scalar motion with constantly changing rhythms

Puccini Style

Blended verdi's focus on vocal melody with Wagner's approach like leitmotivs, less reliance on conventional operatic forms, and a greater role for the orchestra in creating musical continuity, Arias, choruses, ensembles part of a continuous flow, Replaces Rossini's scene structure with fluid succession of sections in different tempos and characters, blurs distinction between recitative and aria, Juxtaposes different styles and harmonies to suggest contrasting characters

Impressionism

Borrowed term. Reference to the objective tone-painting procedures of Debussy. Parallel chord movement, unresolved dissonances of 7th and 9th chords, whole-tone scales, and subtle timbral treatment. Musical Impressionism encompassed calculated effects of spontaneity, fascination with subtle gradations in color and texture, and a greater interest in sensuousness than in psychology or strongly declared emotion. strong musical imagery, instrumental technique, colorful harmonies, Daphnis et Chloe Ravel

Le Marteau sans maître

Boulez Best known piece, fused pointillist style and serial methods with sensitive musical realization of the text, Ensemble is a different combination in each movement, Vocal line characterized by wide melodic intervals, glissandos, occasional Sprechstimme

Schoenberg is Dead

Boulez essay, praises Schoemberg for inventing 12 tone but says didn't take far enough, serial everything

War Requiem

Britten, Commissioned for consecration of new cathedral at Coventry that was destroyed in German bombing WWII, Latin text of Requiem mass with verses by Wilfred Owen and English soldier and poet killed in WWI

Motets in Later 13th Century

By about 1250 3 voice motets were the rule, After midcentury, composers drew motet tenor melodies from sources other than notre dame clausulae including other chants and secular music, tenor became a cantus firmus, Needed new rhythmic notation as moved away from adding text to a clausula

Types of chant

Byzantine, Ambrosian, Gregorian

instrumental recitative

CPE Bach Fantasia

Puritans

Calvinist, Metrical psalm singing, Bay Psalm Book, Congregations taught to read notes, not rote learning

Satie Set of 3 Gymnopedies for Piano

Challenge romantic notion of expressivity and individuality, instead of offering variety, are all plain and unemotional, Same slow tempo, same accompaniment pattern, almost the same melodic rhythm, similar modal harmonies and puzzling dynamics

French poets that Debussy set

Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, ballades of 15th c poet Francois Villon

part song

Choral parallel to the pied or parlor song, scored for 2+ voice parts, Sung unaccompanied or voices doubled on piano or organ, Good for domestic music making or public performance, Mostly syllabic and closely attuned to poetry, Schubert, Mendelsohn, Schumann, Liszt, Hensel, almost every other composer in Northern and Central Europe, Topics: patriotic, sentimental, convivial, nature. typically a piece for 4 solo voices (or choral voices), with the melody in the highest voice (soprano or first tenor); in the 19th century, a genre geared toward domestic music-making, most popular in Germany and England, for male, female, or mixed chorus

Rhythm Changes

Chord progression (I Got Rhythm): I-vi-ii-V-iii-vi-ii-V-i-i7-iv-#iv-V6/5-vi-ii5-i

Bird Blues

Chord substitions in place of basic chord progression. Inputting ii-V in each bar of the key of the following measure. Possibility for tritone substition to get a descending chromatic line. Parker Bird Blues

African-American spiritual

Christian religious songs of the enslaved African peoples of the United States; resource for American nationalism/exoticism (Dvorák) and for jazz

Corelli Solo sonatas (violin)

Church and chamber, Similar mvmt patterns but more virtuosity, Allegro mvmt: violin has double and triple stops to simulate trio sonata and fugue

rondo form

Classical form in which a lively opening thematic section alternates with episodes, then concludes with the theme (and often a coda); common in the last movements of symphonies, concerti, and sonatas. ABACA. ABACABA FOR SONATA RONDO FORM

sinfonia concertante

Classical-era multimovement successor to the concerto grosso that features 2, 3, 4, or more soloists who interact more with one another (like the earlier concertino) than with the larger ensemble (the latter-day ripieno); the term symphony applies more to the sounding together of parts, rather than the symphonic form, per se.

Species

Cleonides, three main consonances of perfect fourth, fifth, and octave were subdivided into tones and semitones in only a limited number of ways

Large Scale Sacred Concerto

Combined 4 vocal soloists, 4pt chorus, 6pt instrumental ensemble, organs, Styles from modern arias and instrumental canzonas to renaissance imitative polyphony, Ex: Gabrieli In exxlesiis, Written for major feast days, Orazio Benevoli

Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg

Comedy, historical figure of Hans Sachs, Mostly diatonic (unlike Wagner's other late operas which are highly chromatic)

Donizetti Style Characteristics

Comic operas often mix sentimentality with comedy, Serious operas move drama forward, occasionally avoiding cadences that would cause applause which, sustained dramatic tension until the major scene finished, Reminiscence Motive, Flexible adaptation of Rossini's standard scene structure to suit the drama typical of Donizetti and served as a model for Verdi

Rossini's Last decade

Composed music for church and salons that didn't publish, Witty piano pieces and songs, often parodies of other music, Influenced Saint Saens, Satie and others anticipating French neoclassicism of the 20th century

French Revolution 1789 Affect on Music

Composers wrote marches and symphonies for wind band for public

Symphonie Concertante

Concerto-like work with 2+ soloists and orchestra, main material in solo

Cantus Firmus Mass (aka tenor mass)

Construct movements around the same cantus firmus, usually in the tenor, Started with English composers, principal type of mass in 2nd half of 15th century, Tenor cantus firmus, early ones for 3 voices, then 4 voice

chanson (French) in Josquin;'s time

French secular polyphonic piece, homophonic and homorhythmic (with some imitations), strophic, No more forms fixes, Instead strophic texts and 4 or 5 line poems, No 3 voice- now 4 or 5, Not layered counterpoint- now equal parts, Ex: Mille regretez

The Association for Contemporary Music

Continue the modernist trends established by Scriabin, Promoted contact with the West, Sponsored performances of Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Hindemith, etc.

Karlheinz Stockhausen of Cologne

Continued to develop serial procedures in Kontra-Punkte, Moved towards. Combining serialism with other methods, One of pioneers of electronic music , Adopted indeterminacy Influenced by Cage, movement form in later works, 1960s works several use quotation or collage, Music marked by a constant search for new procedures, Experimental aspects of his works, trying out new resources or avant garde meant to shock his audience, Often used recorded sounds alongside electronic. Ones: Gesand der Junglinge-incorporated a boys voice, first major electronic piece to use multiple tracks played in concert through several loudspeakers placed throughout, Used borrowed material in several works, Intention not to interpret but to hear familiar, old performed musical material with new ears, New way of relating music of the present to that of the past

Janacek Style

Contrasting sonorities, harmonies, motives, tone colors, Asserted independence from Austria in melodic style and characteristic procedures, Music relies on contrasting sonorities, harmonies, motives, tone colors, Proceeds primarily by repeating and juxtaposing ideas in a manner akin to Musorgsky or Debussy rather than developing them like Germanic tradition

bergerette

French song. 15th century. identical in structure to virelai, but with only one stanza.

Moravians

Conversant with European trends (more so than puritans), German speaking protestants from Moravia, bohemia, southern Germany, settled in PA and NC, Embellished their church services with concerted arias and motets in current styles, Used organs, strings, instruments in church, Regularly played chamber music and symphonies by leading European composers

Chacona

Conveys opposite emotion of desc. Tetrachord, Vivacious dance song imported from Latin America into Spain then Italy, Refrain followed a simple repeating pattern of chords played on the guitar, Suggests happy feelings inspired by nature

Duke Ellington

Cottontail

Jean Baptiste Lully

Created Tragedie en Musique, Quinalt, French Overture, Louis XIV, ballets and religious services at court, dramatic music, created distinctive French opera, established Academie Royale de Musique, Armide, Divertisements, model for modern orchestra, established french style (notes inegales, overdotting), Grand Motet, Armide, Te Deum

air de coeur

French strophic song for 1-2 voices, dominant French music after 1580, irregular rhythms

contredanse

Dance form in 2/4 or 6/8, fast, used by Beethoven and Mozart

Tritone Substition (chord progression)

Dominant 9th chord (flat 9); drop the bass for a tritone lower and enharmonically respell remaining notes, now you have a new dominant ninth chord

Impressionist

Debussy's music often called this referencing the art movement but he is closer to symbolism, Sense of detached observation

Shostakovich 7th symphony

Defense of Leningrad against Hitler

Counterpoint in 2nd half of 15th century

Departure from counterpoint based on the cantus and tenor toward greater equality of voices

Andreas Werckmeister

Der Edlen Music-Kunst, the noble art of music 1691, music is a gift of God only to be used in his honor, Baroque

Passions of the Soul

Descartes treatise, affections, analyze and catalogue the affections, for every motion stimulating the senses thre is a specific emotion evoked in the soul

Common basso ostinato patterns

Descending tetrachord (stepwise descent spanning a 4th), Falling contour and constant repetition are suited to lament

Motown

Detroit based record company founded by A. American entrepreneur Berry Gordy, Intention to create pop music appeal to both black and white audiences, Smokey Robinson, Supremes, temptations, Four Tops, Martha and Vandellas, Got start in Mowtown: Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder, Michael Jackson

Rossini Scene structure

Developed scene structure that distributed the story throughout an act and integrated new plot developments or changes of mood within an aria or ensemble, Begins with instrumental intro and recit section accompanied by orchestra, Aria with 2 main sections (Lyrical cantabile; Lively and brilliant cabaletta)

Adam Krieger

Dresden ,most notable song and cantata composer

Tannhausser

Dresden 1845, Wagner, German legend of sin and redemption, Introduced new flexible, semi-declamatory vocal line that became his normal text setting method

Se la face ay pale

DuFay, Strong English influence, Tenor and cantus are equally tuneful, Rhythm energy of French ars nova- frequent syncopation, constant vary rhythm

Later Wagner operas

Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg, Parsifal, Tristan und Isolde

MGG

Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, german music encyclopedia

Beethoven Op 18 String Quartets

Different from Haydn/Mozart: Individuality of every movement, Character of themes, Frequent unexpected turns of phrase, Unconventional modulations, Subtleties of form

Court ballet/ballet de cour

Distinctive French genre, Substantial musical-dramatic work, staged with costumes and scenery, Featured members of the court and professional dancers, Several acts each with a series of entrees that had solo songs, choruses, instrumental dances

Tin Pan Alley

District on West 28th street in NY where beginning in 1880s, publishers specializing in pop songs were located

Traditional Jazz

Dixieland, Ragtime. African-American Spiritual. Pre-Swing band.

Alberti bass

Domenico Alberti (1710-1746), breaks each of the underlying chords into a simple repeating pattern of short notes that produce a discreet chordal background. broken-triad pattern used in bass parts of the Classical era (Lo-Hi-Mid-Hi); periodic phrases tend to be balanced - antecedent-consequent pairings. Popularized by Domenico Alberti in the early 1700's, and used extensively in Mozart's piano pieces for students.

commedia dell'arte

Early professional theatre. features use of pantomime, improvised performances. Built on sketches or scenarios, entrances and exits are scripted. Features the lazzo (joke, something witty). Characters = stereotypes (Arlechino/Harlequin, Pierrot, Pantalone, il Dottore, Pulcinella, etc.). May have originated in the Venetian Carnival. Inspired works such as Stravinsky's Pulcinella, Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire, and opera buffa of Rossini, Verdi, Puccini

symphony (sinfonia)

Early symphonies arose from the opera overture tradition. The overture, a fast-slow-fast format, gave way to separate movements under the hands of Sammartini, who established the format for sinfonias as a fast sonata first movement, slow second movement, and dancelike third movement

Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians

Encouraged simple tonal music with wide appeal, especially mass songs, Thought other association music was elitist

Henry Purcell

England's leading composer, dramatic music, Dido and Aeneas, chapel royal, organist Westminster abbey, vocal music, set English words movingly yet with natural declamation

Polyphonic carol

English 15th c genre, Derived from medieval carole, 2 or 3 pt setting of poem in English, latin or mix, Mostly religious subject especially Christmas, Stanzas sung to same music, burden or refrain with own phrase sung at beginning and repeated after stanza

contenance angloise

English Quality, French poet Martin le Franc described DuFay and Binchois as this for emulating Dunstable and the three as founders of a new art, French, "English manner". contemporaneous term for 15th Century English polyphony using full, rich sonorities based on the 3rd and 6th (first-inversion harmonies)

semi-opera

English Restoration-era entertainments combining spoken plays with masque-like episodes employing singing and dancing characters. Similar to comédies-ballets/tragédies lyriques. Partly-spoken, partly sung.

consort music

English chamber music

Andrew Lloyd Webber

English composer, impresario, musical theater, 21 musicals, 2 film scores, knighted, many awards (Tonys, Grammys), Phantom of the Opera, Jesus Christ Superstar, Joseph and Amazing, Cats

Gilbert and Sullivan

English composers, operetta team. Pirates of Penzance, late 19th c, 14 comic operas, Mikado, Gilbert wrote libretti, Sullivan composed music, influenced devleopment of musical theater, producer Richard D'Oyly Carte, Savoy Theater built for their works

consort song

English genre for voice accompanied by a consort of viols, William Byrd, a composition featuring 1-2 voices accompanied by a consort (typically of viols)

anthem

English language, homophonic style simpler than motet, clear text declamation. Verse anthem alternates soloist with choir (antiphonal, but not between two choirs)

W. S. Gilbert

English librettist, operetta team with Sullivan, master of operetta in the generation after offenbach

Thomas Morley

English madrigals, canzonets, ballets, treatise-A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke, madrigal collection The Triumphes of Oriana

Thomas Weelkes

English poet, source for madrigals

George Edwardes

English theater manager, established musical genre by combining elements of variety shows, comic operas, and plays in a series of productions at the Gaiety theatre in London in the 1890s

ballad opera

English theatrical entertainment. Spoken comic play, interpolated short songs borrowed from popular songs of the day.

masque

English. staged entertainment including poetry, dance, music, scenery, costumes; elaborate stage design and costumes; masks used by participants for disguise; evolved into late 17th century English dramas and semi-operas (Purcell the Fairy Queen). song-and-dance interlude within a play, with a well-defined plot. court entertainment, English, similar to opera, instrumental music, dancing, songs, choruses, costumes, scenery, long collaborative spectacles like French court ballets rather than unified dramas with one composer

JC Bach

Enriched keyboard and symphonic works with features from Italian opera, songful themes, tasteful appoggiaturas and triplets, harmonic ambiguities, Mozart's approach to concerto form has significant parallels to him

trouvère

Esteemed singer-poets active in northern France. 11th-14th centuries. Genres included chanson d'amour, jeu-parti, pastourelles. Religious and Crusade songs. Spoke old french

Haydn Patron

Esterhazy Princes

Accessible modernism

Etudes for solo piano that combined elements of earlier music: dissonant textures that gradually changed, with the virtuoso tradition of the 19th century, Ideas are simple and familiar but move so quickly that they fuse together in an undulating texture where the individual lines are hard to hear and sound like micropolyphony, Varies texture through number of simultaneous lines, interval between them, range, dynamics, Ligeti

Mensural Notation

European system of musical notation from 1260-1600, way to notate complex rhythms beyond the possibilities of neumes, de Vitry Ars Nova, divide time into modus, tempus, prolatio, colored and black notes showed changes in note values

Edward E Rice

Evangeline 1874, first musical comedy and ancestor to modern musical

Opera comique

French version of light opera, began 1710 as popular entertainment at suburban parish fairs, vaudevilles, spoken dialogue not recitative, mix of French and italian

Bartok Music for Strings Percussion and Celesta 1

Even inversion, centricity, symmetry, Opening is contrapuntal, imitative passages, 5ths symmetrical around A, through mvmt, Mm. 5-9 succession of intervals assign consonances to intervals, get sense of resolution, chromicized counterpoint, Patterns of voice leading that produce predictable, recurring harmonies, Fibonacci series and golden section ratio, Tritone axes

Debussy Style

Exotic scales (whole tone, octatonic, pentatonic), Motives often don't develop but may repeat with small changes, Dissonances need not resolve, sonorities may move in parallel motion, Contrasts of scale type underlie the articulation of phrases and sections, Maintains a tonal focus kind of key center but defied the conventional tonal relationships between chords and allowed each chord independence

Mahler Symphony as World

Extended Beethoven's concept of the symphony as a bold personal statement, Used musical style as topics like Mozart, Often drew on the styles and rhythms of Austrian folk songs and dances

Petrushka chord

F# and C major triads

Coltrane avant garde style

Fast playing, motivic development, new sonorities, greater dissonance and sound density

Art songs

Faure, Wolf, precisely notated piano parts, tended to be through composed not strophic, meant to engage listeners on high artistic plane, required high professional standards of pianist/singer

Basse danse (low dance)

Favorite courtly dance of 15th and early 16th c, Stately couple dance, Triple or duple meter, 6 or 4 measure phrases, Regular, repetitive form, Short notes on downbeat in 1st section, Rest on downbeat in the 2nd, dance using a gliding or walking step, mostly improvised

songs without words

Felix Mendelssohn's gently lyrical character pieces for piano, published in 8 books and enormously popular

Beethoven Opera

Fidelio, Leonore, Operas on rescue themes and humanitarian ideals of the revolution

Bruckner Style characteristics

Finales often recycle subjects from earlier movements, Experience as an organist informed his orchestration , Instruments or groups brought in, opposed, combined just like contrasting keyboards of an organ, Massive blocks of sound, suggest organist's improv

Strauss Operas

First success was Salome in 1901, After this almost exclusively wrote opera, Setting of Oscar Wilde one act play, adapted libretto himself, New levels of dissonance for bizarre dark plot, models: Wagner, Mozart, Heightened musical coherence and dramatic power with leitmotivs and association of keys with characters, Later operas show his use of musical styles and intensification of the polarities inherent in tonality to depict characters and convey drama

Classic blues

First to be recorded, Primarily African American women, Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Alberta Hunter, W. C. Handy

Locations of Most prominent 15th century/early 16th composers

Flanders, the Netherlands, France

Adrian Willaert

Flemish catholic composer, preserved careful dissonance treatment and voice equality, expand number of voices from 4 to 5/6, clearly defined mode of polyphonic works, mostly duple meter, imitative polyphony with varied motives, overlapping phrases, imitation mass as most common type, freely treated chant melodies

Nicolas Gombert

Flemish catholic composer, preserved careful dissonance treatment and voice equality, expand number of voices from 4 to 5/6, clearly defined mode of polyphonic works, mostly duple meter, imitative polyphony with varied motives, overlapping phrases, imitation mass as most common type, freely treated chant melodies

Jacobus Clemens

Flemish, chapel of Emperor Charles V, catholic composer, preserved careful dissonance treatment and voice equality, expand number of voices from 4 to 5/6, clearly defined mode of polyphonic works, mostly duple meter, imitative polyphony with varied motives, overlapping phrases, imitation mass as most common type, freely treated chant melodies

Retransition

Following a sonata development, the retransition serves to reestablish the tonic for a recapitulation.

Airs de cour

French nationalistic, Homophonic, strophic song for 4-5 voices or solo voice with lute, Written by composers associated with French royal court, Sung as independent vocal music or part of court ballet, Mostly syllabic with simple, diatonic, arching melodies, Tends to lack melismas, sequences, motivic construction, chromaticism, and word painting used by, Italian composers, Many feature irregular alternation of long/short notes and duple/triple meter groups

Franconian notation

Franco of Cologne's new system in his Ars cantus mensurabilis (The Art of Measurable Music) in 1280: Franconian Method, Relative durations signified by note shapes for the first time, 4 signs for single notes: Double long, long, breve, semibreve, Based on ternary groupings of the tempus (basic unit) , Three tempora make a perfection (measure with 3 beats) Franco of Cologne's new system in his Ars cantus mensurabilis (The Art of Measurable Music) in 1280: Franconian Method, Relative durations signified by note shapes for the first time, 4 signs for single notes: Double long, long, breve, semibreve, Based on ternary groupings of the tempus (basic unit), Three tempora make a perfection akin to a measure of 3 beats

New German School

Franz Brendel coined the term in 1859 for composers he felt were leading the new developments, Primarily Wagner, Liszt, Berlioz and their next gen disciples, Liszt and Berlioz weren't german but he claimed were in spirit bc they modeled after Beethoven. mid-19th-century term applied to the circle of composers around Franz Liszt in Weimar; attached to Richard Wagner and Hector Berlioz (first called zukunfstmusik)

Schumann song cycles

Frauenlieben und Leben 1830, female perspective, Dichterliebe 1840 [Heine], Liederkreis 1840 [one Heine], [Myrthen, dedicated to Clara]

rondeau

French Medieval round dance song setting. 13-line poem broken into 3 stanzas of 5-, 3-, and 5-lines; set to two musical phrases. dance song with refrain in 2 phrases whose music is also used for the verse

mélodie

French art song, lighter than chanson, analogous to German Lied

Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre

French composer, child prodigy, sang and harpsichord in Louis XIV court, first opera written by a French woman Cephale et Procris, 2 published collections of harpsichord pieces and books of cantatas

tragédie-lyrique

French equivalent of Italian opera seria, with similar seriousness of tone but with a focus on preservation of the text when set to music and the frequent presence of dance interludes (the Paris Opera required such ballets well into the 19th century)

Unmeasured prelude

French genre, nonmetric notation gives rhythmic freedom like improv

Louis Vierne

French organist at Notre Dame, composer, 6 organ symphonies, Messe solennelle for choir and 2 organs, taught Nadia Bulanger, nearly blind, 24 fantasy pieces

style hongrois

French, "Hungarian style". 19th century Viennese belied that urban gypsy music it had imported was native to Hungary, rural, and exotic; none of which was true; however, the belief was widespread enough to result in numerous "Hungarian" pieces, notably by Liszt and Brahms

Querelle des Bouffons

French, "Quarrel of the Buffoons". A philosophical battle between rival musical styles, in Paris between 1752-54, specifically, the relative merits of French and Italian opera

ballet de cour

French, "court ballet". Elaborate spectacle of dance, poetry, and decor in which the King occasionally took part. Overall effect represented divinely instituted political and social hierarchy of French monarchy.

ballade

French, "danced song". Genre of Medieval poetry consisting of three structurally-identical stanzas concluding with the same refrain line and sung to the same music. formes fixes, Aab C aab C aab C

idée fixe

French, "fixed idea". term invented by Hector Berlioz for a musical idea that recurs obsessively within a work, thus recalling the associated programmatic idea.

Musique d'ameublement

French, "furniture music". A genre invented and named by Erik Satie, described by Darius Milhaud as "background music that would vary like the furniture of the rooms in which it was played" and "that would not be listened to"; inspiration for commercially-recorded mood music to suit different environments, but ironically viewed by John Cage as a forerunner of works such as 4'33"—music that was meant for listening

pastiche

French, "imitation". a musical piece parodying an earlier style; distinct from pasticcio (Italian, "pastry"), a single theatrical or instrumental work involving pieces by several composers

gigue

French, "jig". jig, originated in british isles, in France became stylized as movement in fast compound meter with wide melodic leaps and continuously lively triplets, often begin with fugal imitation. Up-tempo dance, dotted rhythms, duple meter. imported from England and Ireland. Standard movement of instrumental suite.

operetta

French, "little opera". A return to the less serious type of opéra comique, with its lighter music and subject matter; developed in the 1850s, this Parisian genre featured dancing, frivolous buffoonery, familiar tunes "borrowed" from other operas, and social/political satire; increasingly sentimental genre under Austrian composers; came to America in this more serious form before being superseded by musicals

ballet d'action

French, "pantomime". Costumed ballet using gesture, dance, and instrumental music to tell a story without song or spoken text. Gesture functions as recitative, set dances express emotional content in the same manner as an operatic aria.

chansons de geste

French, "song of gesture". Lyrical, epic poem sung to short melodic formulas by trouvères.

chanson

French, "song". French-language, lyric-driven, polyphonic secular song, up to around 1600. ¿trouvère?

Air de cour

French, homophonic, strophic song for 4-5 voices or solo voice and lute, French royal court, independent vocal music or part of court ballet, mostly syllabic with simple, diatonic melodies, lack melismas, sequences, chromaticism and other Italian word painting

Hector Berlioz

French, self taught composer, Abandoned medical school to be. Composer, Won the Prix de Rome in 1830, stipend let him live and work in Rome, One of first to make career of orchestral conducting, Idee fixe, Treatise on Instrumentation and Orchestration, programmatic romanticism

Ballet de cour/Court ballet

French, substantial musical-dramatic work, staged with costumes and scenery, featured members of the court and professionals, several acts/entrees

Contenance Angloise style

Frequent use of harmonic 3rds and 6ths often in parallel motion, Making pervasive consonance with few dissonances, Common features: Simple melodies, Regular phrasing, Primarily syllabic text setting, Homorhythmic texture, Style comes from 13th c English polyphony and become stronger features in 14+15th c English music

Fiori Musicali

Frescobaldi set of 3 organ masses

Johann Jacob Froberger

Frescobaldi student, organist in Vienna court, toccatas, alternate improv passages with sections in imitative counterpoint, model for later composes like Buxtehude and Bach

Tristan chord

From bottom: Tritone, M6, P4 (F-B-D#-G#). Resolves to E Dom7 chord

answer

Fugue. Entrance of the second voice at the dominant.

ripieno

Full. the tutti group in an orchestra in a Baroque concerto, alternating with the concertino

Gradus ad Parnassum

Fux treatise on counterpoint

Petrus de Cruce

Gave more variety to the Franconian Method

Ancient Voices of Children

George Crumb, Cycle of 4 songs on poems by Federico Garcia Lorco, Unusual sound sources: toy piano, musical saw, harmonica, mandolin, Tibetan prayer stones, Japanese temple bells, electric piano, Special effects from from conventional instruments: bend pitch of piano with chisel to strings, thread paper in harp, tune mandolin quarter tone flat

Carl Heinrich Graun

German composer, oratorio, church music

Gebrauchsmusik

German term, meaning "utility music", for music that exists not only for its own sake, but which was composed for some specific, identifiable purpose. This purpose can be a particular historical event, like a political rally or a military ceremony, or it can be more general, as with music written to accompany dance, or music written for amateurs or students to perform. Hindemith, musicologist Paul Nettl

Grundgestalt

German, "basic shape". Schoenberg's term for a motivic complex presented at the beginning of a work that serves as the source for everythign that follows, whether melodic, harmonic, or contrapuntal in nature; theoretically, their relationships can be uncovered through analysis.

Elektronische Musik

German, "electronic music". Music based on electronically-altered (musique concrète) or newly-synthesized sounds. Post-WWII composers appreciated the neutrality of synthesized sound and its freedom from worldly associations.

Gebrauchsmusik

German, "music for use". Early 20th-century non-elitist German culture. Utilitarian purpose, especially that which was written for student or amateur performance (Hausmusik), rather than professionals. Associated with works by Paul Hindemith.

Zukunftsmusik

German, "music of the future". A Wagnerian concept applied to his vision of the Gesamtkunstwerk; considered inappropriate to the aesthetics of other modern composers, the term was superseded by the collective term the "New German School"

Neue Sachlichkeit

German, "new objectivity". Post-WWI music, a desire for stylistic concreteness, alertness, sobriety, hard reality, and matter-of-factness, often couched in neo-Baroque modeling and eclectic use of popular music and jazz. New objectivity or new realism, opposition to the emotional intensity of the late romantics and expressionism of Schoenberg and Berg, Trend emerged in the 1920s, Ernst Krenek, Jonny spielt auf opera, Music should be objective in its expression, not subjective or extreme, Music is nto autonomous, Music should be widely accessible, communicate clearly, draw connections to current time

Zeitoper

German, "opera of the time". early 20th-century German topical theatre concerning present-day issues, rather than enduring themes; the Zeitoper composer was acting as a citizen commentator, not a priest of art, and made free use of satire, both musical and narrative

Sprechstimme

German, "speech voice". between singing and speaking. voice touches the pitch before moving away; does not settle on a particular pitch (think parlando); used by Arnold Schoenberg, his Modernist contemporaries, and later composers. speaking voice, approximating the written pitches in the gliding tones of speech while following the notated rhythm exactly

Klangfarbenmelodie

German, "tone-color melody". Arnold Schoenberg's term for a compositional technique in which a musical line or melody is distributed among several instruments, emphasizing its timbral and textural components; when applied to a single note, the potential for a compositional structure results. changes of tone color perceived as parallel to changing pitches in a melody, Webern

allemande

German. Slower stately movement in broad quadruple meter

John Coltrane

Giant steps, a love supreme (post-bop)

Mitrofan Belyayev

Glazunov, Rimsky-Korsakov, Borodin

Birgh Sheng Chinese Style

Grace notes, glissandos, sudden dynamic changes, flexible rhythm, Mostly pentatonic Chinese tune used as a source and fragmented using both baroque and modernist methods including polytonality

James Brydges, Earl of Carnarvon

Handel

King George II

Handel

Marquis Ruspoli

Handel

Queen Anne

Handel

Israel in Egypt

Handel oratorio, old testament story, Jennens libretto, not popular, revised then was better, big focus on chorus

German composers of Italian Operas

Handel, Hasse, Gluck, Mozart

Punk

Hard driving style voicing teenage alienation, Sex Pistols (most popular punk band), Edgy fashion

Ptolomy

Harmonia. Aristoxenus (diastemic/intervallic, GPS 4 tetrachords, 300)

Esterhazy Family

Haydn

Charles Seeger

He developed theories about dissonant counterpoint, rhythmic freedom between contrapuntal voices, and modern techniques that Ruth helped to refine

declamation motet

Homorhythmic, conductus-style motet

Opera bouffe

In France Serious theaters controlled by government so bouffe could satirize society more freely, Emerged in 1850s, Emphasized smart, witty, satirical elements of comic opera, Founded by Jacques Offenbach, Appealing melody and rhythm, simple textures and harmonies, conventional formal patterns

Ursatz

In Schenkerian analysis, the fundamental structure (German: Ursatz) describes the structure of a tonal work as it occurs at the most remote (or "background") level and in the most abstract form. A basic elaboration of the tonic triad, it consists of the fundamental line accompanied by the bass arpeggiation.

solfege

In his Micrologus of 1028, Guido d'Arezzo describes a system for ear-training and sight-singing that we now call solfege. In his system, Guido's use of a basic hexachord relies on the first six pitches in the modern-day octaves, called "ut, re, mi, fa, sol, and la" after a pedagogical piece called Ut queant laxis. These syllables may be mutated from final note of C to a final note of F or G, allowing for the full reach of the entire octave. In an effort to avoid the tritone, the B may either be hard (durum) or soft (mollis). Later updated to the solfege system produced the syllable "si" or "ti" to cover the seventh scale degree of the diatonic scale, changed the "ut" to "do". The fixed solfege system fixes "do" on C; a movable system allows for do to occur on the first scale degree in any major or minor key. Further adaptations of the solfege system allow for la-based minor, in which la is the first scale degree for a minor mode; fixed modal systems, in which do = ionian, re = dorian, etc.; and chromatic solfege, i.e. do-di/ra-re-me-mi-fa-fi-sol-si/le-la-te-ti-do.

Morton Feldman

Indeterminacy, Associated with NY abstract expressionist painters, Inspired him to trust instinct, reject compositional systems and traditional expressive forms, compose in a manner analogous to their flat, abstract images, Projection I for cello uses boxes, not notes, Deemphasizes pitch to focus attention on other aspects of the music, Typically sparse texture, quiet, atonal, pointillistic (influenced by Webern)

Ravi Shankar

Indian musician and a composer of Hindustani classical music, sitar, 20th c, toured playing Indian music, assocaition with Beatles and George Harrison helped popularize Indian music in west

Swing

Individual Improvisation within Big Band setting; 5 saxophones, 4 trombone, 4/5 trumpets, rhythm section

Copland Americanist style

Influenced by great depression and socialism, music for the masses, Reduced modernist technique to its essence of counterpoint, dissonance, juxtaposition, simple textures, diatonic melodies, harmonies, Appalachian Spring: Ballet but known as an orchestral suite , Variations on shaker hymn, Transparent, widely spaced sonorities, Emtpy octaves and 5ths, Diatonic dissonances

Fauxbourdon

Inspired by English faburden, Dufay wrote 24 pieces inspired by this, Produced harmony of 6/3 sonorities with the 3 voices

IRCAM

Institute de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique. Pierre Boulez, director. Opens in 1977; focus on electro-acoustique research. Now focused on computer music production and research

Beethoven Emphasis on continuity

Intentionally blurring divisions between phrases, Placing cadences on weak beats, Continuity between movements, sometimes no pause between mvmt

Mass Parts/ Proper

Introit, Kyrie, Gloria, Greater Doxology, Gradual, Alleluia, Tract, Sequence, Credo, Offertory, Sanctus, Agnus Dei, Communion

Maximilian I

Isaac

Choralis Constantinus

Isaac collection of mass propers, commissioned by the Constance Cathedral

Choralis Constantinus

Isaac, 3 volume cycle of settings of the proper, almost 400 Gregorian chant based polyphonic motets for mass

Fracesco Landini

Italian Trecento, Leading composer of ballate, Foremost Italian musician of the trecento, Smoother melodies than machaut, Landini cadence, Upper voice: down by step, skip up: ex: C, B, D, Lower voice: down by step: ex: E, D, Blind organist, Leading composer of ballate, Foremost Italian musician of the trecento, Smoother melodies than machaut, blind organist

Francesco Landini (1325-1397)

Italian Trecento, Leading composer of ballate, Foremost Italian musician of the trecento, Smoother melodies than machaut, Landini cadence, Upper voice: down by step, skip up: ex: C, B, D, Lower voice: down by step: ex: E, D, Blind organist, Leading composer of ballate, Foremost Italian musician of the trecento, Smoother melodies than machaut, blind organist

Villanella

Italian chordal song. lively strophic piece in homophonic style, 3 voices 1540s, Naples, parallel 5ths and crudities to suggest rustic character, Italian

Ennio Morricone

Italian composer, new pop style for western scores, film music composer

Conservatories

Italian homes for orphaned and poor boys that taught music, pupils had musical careers and helped to spread Italian music across Europe

frottola

Italian version of villancico, 16th century, 4 part strophic song set syllabically and homophonically, melody in upper voice, marked rhythmic patterns, simple diatonic harmonies, tune for singing poetry, simple earthy music, not folk, mock- pop songs for courtly elite. syllabic, homophonic song for 3+ voices - often four voices with the melody in the top line, either a cappella or with continuo. . Predecessor to Renaissance madrigal of the mid 1500's. aristocratic Italian secular song, typically solo, w/ dance-like character. Lighter, treble-dominated tone and texture than Renaissance madrigal. Used for poems w/ appropriate meter. Petrucci published 11 books of frottolas

caccia

Italian, "chase". 13th-century type of madrigal comprising two sections (terzetti, ritornello); 3-voice texture; cantus running against untexted tenor

opera buffa

Italian, "comic opera". applied first to Neapolitan-language works in the late Baroque, then to Italian works between 1750 and 1860 (Mozart, Rossini); characteristics include rapid-fire secco recitative, vigorous stage business, and a formally-complex, often polytextural finale with dramatic confusion leading to a peaceful resolution. Also used "normal" characters instead of nobles

ballata

Italian, "danced song". Genre of Medieval Italian secular song; viralai form

divertimento

Italian, "entertainment music". usually scored for a combination of solo instruments and light in approach

impresario

Italian, "entrepreneur". A person who organizes and finances concerts, plays, or operas; an individual who uses contacts and influence to hire composers and singers at the behest of theatrical organizations.

bel canto

Italian, "fine singing". Term describing the Italian operatic style of the Romantic era. Features virtuosic coloratura vocal parts emphasizing upper registers and paralleled increasingly emotional scenarios and louder, more dramatic orchestral accompaniments.

stile rappresentativo

Italian, "representational style". style of singing developed in early Italian monody, then transferred to the first operas. more expressive than speech, but not as melodious as song; a dramatic recitative style in which vocal lines move freely over a simple basso continuo

ritornello

Italian, "return". The concluding refrain in the Italian caccia and madrigal, setting the same text to the same music.

tenore di forza

Italian, "strong tenor". 19-century bel canto voice type stronger than the lyric tenor, in which the full, or chest, voice was maintained over the entire range; the even more powerful tenore robusto became the heroic voice of late Romantic opera, the equivalent of the German Heldentenor.

sinfonia

Italian, "symphony". Used as an introduction (instrumental) movement to a Baroque opera, suite/piece. abstract ensemble piece, often serves as a prelude, 17th century

stretto

Italian, "to tighten". foreshortening device in fugue in which voices anticipate their predicted entries on the subject and the answer. In an aria or instrumental movement, stretto is a faster near the end. Ex. Beethoven Fifth last movement, Chopin Ballade No. 3

Dallipicolla

Italy's most outstanding 20th c composer, transparent textures, 12 tone but used to enhance modal-diatonic music, lyrical serialism

Oratorios

Italy, religious dramatic music combining narrative, dialogue and commentary, similar to opera but rarely stged, action described not played, narrator, chorus could participate, Carissimi

Cumulative form example

Ives Symphony 3

Prince Leopold

JS Bach

Goldberg Variations

JS Bach collection for harpsichord, mid 18th, important examples of variation form, named after Johann Gottlieb Goldberg, published by Schmid, for 2 manual harpsichord, figured bass

Famous bandleaders

James Reese Europe, Tim Brymn, William H. Tyers, Ford Dabney

42nd Street

Jazz clubs, musicals, broadway, theatre district

Soul Jazz

Jazz, Blues, Gospel meet (NPR). Associated with the Civil Rights movement. Laid back.

Beethoven middle period patrons

Jerome Bonaparte offered Beethoven position in Kassel but Prince Franz Joseph von Lobkowitz, Prince Kinsky, and Archduke Rudolph provided Beethoven a lifetime annuity to stay in Vienna

New Orleans Jazz Musicians

Joe King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton

Fux

Johann Joseph Fux was an Austrian composer, music theorist and pedagogue of the late Baroque era. He is most famous as the author of Gradus ad Parnassum (treatise on counterpoint)

The Beatles

John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Ringo Starr, 1996 American tour started the "British Invasion" Many blues based bands, Guitar virtuosos like Hendrix, Clapton

Smooth Jazz

Kenny G, David Sanborn, Seen as sellout, easy listening commercialism

ars nova

Latin for "new art"; the style represented by Guillaume de Machaut and composers of the fourteenth century. Use of mensural notation to notate rhythm; break from earlier use of rhythmic modes. Rhythm may now be divided into triple or duple instead of just triple. Tempus = division of the breve, prolation = division of the semibreve. has come to denote the new French musical style inaugurated by de Vitry in the 1310s and continued into the 1370s

sequence

Latin hymn. 9th-16th centuries. Syllabic settings of non-Biblical texts to newly-composed music. Intended for Feast days, but gradually added to Mass Proper to be sung following the Alleluia. All but five eliminated during the Council of Trent. popular genre late 9-12th century, set syllabically to a text mostly in couplets and sung after alleluia at mass occasionly sung by choir after alleluia

musica ficta

Latin, "false music". Refers to any accidentals or chromatic alterations by the performer that lie outside the notational system used in Medieval and Renaissance music; often a dilemma for present-day interpreters of music

fugue

Latin, "flight, fleeing". Texture in which a subject is presented in onve voice and followed by 1+ voices. instrumental genre with non-thematic episodes; vocal compositional procedure. genre of serious pieces that treat one theme in continuous imitation

cauda

Latin, "tail". Polyphonic melisma, written in ligatures, on the penultimate syllable of a conductus

ligatures

Latin, "to bind". single neume representing two or more pitches in Medieval chant and polyphony, combinations of notegroups, indicate different patterns of longs (long notes) and breves (short notes)

Machaut Major works

Le livre du voir dit, Messe de Nostre Dame (One of the earlies polyphonic settings of the mass ordinary), Hoquetus David, 23 motets (Longer and more rhythmically complex than his predecessors, early in his career, 20 isorhythmic based on tenor from chant, 3 use secular songs), Monophonic songs (Trouviere tradition)

Berlioz Influence on future composers

Leader of romantic movement's radical wing, Enriched orchestral music with new harmony, color, expression, and form, Idee fixe led to cyclical symphony in later 19th century ,Instrumental color rivaled harmony and melody as expressive tool

Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)

Leading composer and poet of French Ars Nova period, narrative poems, royal patrons, One of the first composers to compile his complete works and talk of his working methods, Messe de Nostre Dame, Hoquetus David, longer more rhythmically complex motets than his predecessors, monophonic songs in the trouviere tradition, mostly isorhythmic motets based on tenors from chant

Ligue de la Patrie Francaise

League of the French Homeland, conservative nationalist group joined with Vincent d'Indy's schola cantorum to present concerts and lectures in French tradition

Parsifal

Legend of the Holy Grail, diatonic vs chromatic music for polarity of redemption and corruption

William Henry Fry

Leonora (1845), believed English and American tradition of mixing spoken dialogue with arias and ensembles was a corruption of the operatic ideal, his opera was sung throughout, the first opera by an American born composer to be staged, style based on Europeans like Bellini

Charles Batteux

Les beaux arts, the fine arts 1746, enlightenment philosopher, arts imitate and perfect nature

Carl Loewe

Lied composer, solo ballads, songs, admired by Wolf and Wagner, German, conducted Mendelssohn's Midsummer Night's Dream premiere, german composer, singer, conductor

Prokofiev Music

Lietenant Kije, Romeo and Juliet , Peter and the Wolf, Alexander Nevsky , Boris Godunov

Airs

Lyrical moments, Songs with rhyming text and regular meter and phrasing, Syllabic, tuneful melody, little text repetition, no virtuosity

Canzona Style

Light, fast moving, strongly rhythmic, Fairly simple, contrapuntal texture, Typical opening rhythmic figure: single note followed by two notes of half the value (half, quarter, quarter)

Lohengrin

Liszt directed at Weimar 1850, Wagner, Moralizing and symbolic treatment of medieval legend and German folklore, Suffused with nationalism while aspiring to universality, New style of declamatory melody appears more often, Recurring themes technique further developed

leading later composers for viols

Locke and Purcell

Bellini Style Characteristics

Long, sweeping, highly embellished, intensely emotional melodies, chorus plays an important role in each section and creates sense of continuous action, reinforced through frequent changes of style, texture, and figuration

leading composers of midcentury cantatas

Luigi Rossi, Antonio Cesti, Giacomo Carissimi, Barbara Strozzi

Louis XIV

Lully, Elisabeth Claude Jacquet de la Guerre

Tragedie en musique/tragedie lyrique

Lully, French opera

Heinrich Shutz

Lutheran church music, Italian style, books of sacred concertos, studied in Venic with Gabrieli, court organist in Kassel, chapelmeister in Dresden, no independent instrumental music, Psalmen Davids (german texts and venetian large scale concerto in gabrieli model), Small sacred concertos (Klein geistliche konzerte), influenced by Monteverdi, Grandi, Gabrieli, Historias

Historia

Lutheran genre, musical setting based on biblical narrative, most common: passion

Change in role of motets

Mass, but musicians began to think of as independent of church performance, This role change made new possibilities, Composers reworked existing motets , Different text for the duplum in latin or French, no longer necessarily linked to the chant text, often on a secular topic, Adding a 3rd/4th voice, Give extra parts texts of their own to create a double/triple motet, Delete original duplum, write 1+ new voices, each with its own text to go with existing tenor, Sacred motets in services, Secular motets for elite, tenor may have been played on an instrument

13th century change in motets

Mass, but musicians began to think of as independent of church performance, reworked existing motets , Different text for the duplum in latin or French, no longer necessarily linked to the chant text, often on a secular topic, Adding a 3rd/4th voice, Give extra parts texts of their own to create a double/triple motet, delete original duplum

French overture

Meant to welcome the king, grand, Two sections, each played twice, The first is homophonic and majestic, Dotted rhythms and figures rushing toward downbeats, Second is faster and begins with semblance of fugal imitation, sometimes returning at the end to the tempo and figuration of the 1st section, Ex: Armide . standard Baroque opera overture. Slow orchestra introduction in dotted rhythms followed by imitative-style allegro. Frequently precedes an entire suite.

faburden

Medieval English practice of harmonizing melodies at sight. Melody in the middle. Harmonization created 6/3 chords throughout.

conductus

Medieval genre of polyphonic music practiced at Nore Dame; syllabic setting of a contemporary, non-liturgical Latin poem, freely-composed rather than chant-based, in a homorhythmic texture

double leading tone cadence

Medieval. To avoid tritones, composers would raise both the 7th and 4th scale degrees, thereby enacting a double leading-tone cadence

motet

Medievel polyphonic vocal music derived from texting the upper parts of a clausula, from the 13th century. Evolved motets involve a slower tenor with polytextual upper parts, focused on both secular and sacred subject. To be sung simultaneously. Written in Latin a/o French; macaronic if a motet contained both languages. early 13th century, added latin words to upper voices of discant clausulae, Early motets usually have different text in each voice, Poet fit words to existing duplum melody, Varying number of notes in each short phrase created poems with irregular line lengths, accentuation, and rhyme scheme

Florentine Camerata members

Mei, Bardi, Galilei, Caccini, Peri

Rhythmic Studies for Piano

Messaien, created a mode comprising 36 pitches, each assigned a specific duration, dynamic level, and articulation, not serially organized but inspired Boulez and Stockhausen to write 1st European works of total serialism

John Cage 1950s and 1960s

Met composer Morton Feldman, their conversations and Cage's interest in Zen Buddhism and art of Robert Rauschenberg moved him away from experimentalist into avant garde, Opposed museum-like preservation of past music, Music focused on the present, Works meant to experience sounds as themselves, not vehicles for composer's intentions, 3 main strategies: chance, indeterminacy, blurring of boundaries between music art and life, Maintained chance and indeterminacy as constant tools in later works

Cool Jazz

Miles Davis birth of the cool , Softer timbres, more relaxed, rhythmic subtleties, Dave Brubeck, Modern Jazz Quartet

Modal Jazz

Miles Davis kind of blue, Slowly unfolding melodies over stable, static modal harmonies

The mighty 5

Mily Balakirev, Aleksander Borodin, Cesar Cui, Modest Musorgsky, Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, Admired progressive western composers: Schumann, Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz, Incorporated aspects of Russian folk song, modal and exotic scales, folk polyphony

Bartok Style

Modernist idiom by synthesizing Hungarian, Romanian, Slovak, Bulgarian peasant music with elements of the German and French classical tradition, Imitated peasant melodies , New vocabulary of rhythmic, melodic, formal characteristics from peasant music blended with classical and modern music, Allegro barbaro and other piano works show new style for piano, more as percussive instrument, Compositions after WWI move towards dissonance and tonal ambiguity, Synthesis of peasant and classical music, Pieces with 1 pitch center, use diatonic and other scales, Feature melodies built from motives that are repeated & varied , Creates themes by varying small motives, Classical tradition, Elaborate contrapuntal and formal procedures such as fugue/sonata form,

L'Orfeo

Monteverdi's 1st opera, Commissioned by Francesco Gonzaga

Church of St. Marks Choirmasters and organists

Monteverdi, Willaert, Rore, Zarlino, Merulo, Gabrieli

Late 19th century Opera

More associated with nationalism as an ideology but composers also often blending traditions, Growing tendency to stage already successful operas instead of gambling on new works: core rep, Composers took more time, wanted to create something original to stand out, Audience and performing spaces grew, Larger and louder orchestra, singers needed more powerful voices rather than the flexibility of earlier generations, More syllabic, less ornamented melodies, More varied plots, greater realism

trio sonata

Most common church and chamber sonata instrumentation, 2 treble instruments (usually violins and basso continuo), 3 parts texture but can have 4+ players (multiple on bass line) . a Baroque chamber music work written for 2 solo melodic instruments and basso continuo; thus, three notated parts are normally realized by four performers

intermedio

Most direct opera source, Musical interlude on a pastoral, allegorical, or mythological subject, La Pellegrina for wedding of Duke Ferdinand and Christine, Started because renaissance theaters had no curtains, marked division in acts, Usually 6 around a play's 5 acts, Ingredients of opera except plot and new style of dramatic singing: Combined dialogue with choral, solo, instrumental music, dances, costumes, scenery, stage effects. short, musical-dramatic items performed between the acts of a Renaissance theatrical performance

Wolf Lieder

Most of his 250 lieder produced 1887-1897, 5 principal collections devoted to a single poet or group, influenced by Wagner

Santa Radegonda in Milan

Most places restricted music in convents but here music thrived, Public could attend services in public half, nuns made music on feast days, famous

Reinhard Keiser

Most prolific early German opera composer, 60 works for Hamburg stage

DuFay Sacred Music

Mostly 3 voice in texture like the chanson with main melody in cantus supported by tenor and contratenor, Many cantus were embellished paraphrase of chant, Around 1425- composers into successions of 3rds and 6ths, English influence, Still occasionally wrote isorhythmic motets for fancy occasions

Sarum rite

Mostly 3 voice in texture like the chanson with main melody in cantus supported by tenor and contratenor, Many cantus were embellished paraphrase of chant, Around 1425- composers into successions of 3rds and 6ths, English influence, Still occasionally wrote isorhythmic motets for fancy occasions

Mahler Symphony no. 4

Movements strongly differ from each other, Work begins in one key and ends in another, 1st movement: classic and romantic era elements

Baron Gottfried van Swieten

Mozart

Joseph II

Mozart

Padre Martini

Mozart counterpoint teacher, Bologna

Lorenzo da Ponte

Mozart librettist, Figaro, Don Giovanni

MIDI

Musical Instrument Digital Interface; protocols agreed to by computer and synthesizer manufacturers to standardize approaches to recorded music technology in the 1980s

Gradus ad Parnassum

Muzio Clementi's grades studies, Steps to Parnassas, 1817-26, 100 exercises of increasing difficulty

Heinrich Biber

Myster Sonatas for violin, most famous german sonatas of 17th c,

Scriabin Prelude OP 74

Mystic Chord C2-0+, based on octatonic collection 1, large binary form defined by a T6 relation

tone row

developed by Arnold Schoenberg. An ordering of all 12 chromatic pitches from which motivic and harmonic content will be derived; a major component of serialism

Gradual

elaborate chants sung by soloist or soloists, based on psalm text

New Orleans Second Line

New Orleans street beat; second line = people who were not officially part of the band who made up their own beat as they followed

Salsa

New York City and Puerto Rico, Mix of. Cuban dance styles with jazz, rock, Puerto rican musical elements, Championed by Tito Puente

19th century Oratorios and similar works for large chorus and orchestra

Often 1+ solo vocalists, On dramatic, narrative, or sacred texts, Intended for concert

Delta blues

Older style than classic, closer to oral traditions, From Mississippi delta region, Mostly male African Americans singers and guitarists, Greater flexibility of text, form, harmony than classic, Alan Lomax

Minimalism

One of most prominent trends since 1970s, Materials reduced to minimum and procedures simplified, Began in early 1960s as avant garde aesthetic, became widely used, Coined by Richard Wollheim, art critic in 1965, Represents reaction against complexity, density, irregularity, expressive intensity of postwar abstract expressionism in favor of simplicity, clarity, regularity, don't require interpretation, Often feature repetitive pattern of simple elements, La Monte Young, Terry Riley

New light opera genres in late 19th century

Opera bouffe (France), operetta (Austria, England, US), Zarzuela (Spain)

Bellini Typical scene pattern

Orchestrally accompanied recit, cantabile section, declamatory tempo di mezzo, brilliant cabaletta

Pierre Boulez

Paris, Inspired by Messiaen's Mode de valeurs to apply serialism to both pitch and duration , Structures for 2 pianos used 1st of Messiaen's 3 12 note divisions as the row, Seeking a more expressive language, convinced that composition must be logical and systematic, Developed new methods of deriving related rows from a basic row

Ballets Russes

Parisian dance company directed by Sergei Diaghilev (1909-29); dancers and contributors came from Imperial Ballet of St. Petersburg and exiles following the Russian Revolution of 1917

Dancing basses

Passamezzo antico, passamezzo moderno

Rachmaninov Style

Passionate, melodious idiom, Didn't want innovations in harmony, focused on other elements of the Romantic tradition, Creating melodies and textures that sound both fresh and familiar, Made his mark by doing the conventional in a way no one had done before

Beethoven Symphony no. 6

Pastoral symphony, Scenes from life in the country

Beethoven early period Compositions

Pathetique Sonata, Op 18 string quartets, Symphony 1

Cantata style by 1690s

Pattern of alternating recitative and arias, normally 2 or 3 of each, 8-15 minutes long, Most written for solo voice with continuo (some 2+ voices), Text usually pastoral love poetry in form of a dramatic narrative , Alessandro Scarlatti Clori vezzosa e bella

coloratura

elaborate melody, particularly in virtuosic vocal music

Affections

emotions, baroque, Descartes

mazurka

Polish folk dance, ¾ meter, frequent accents on 1 or 2 beats, simple accompaniment, 4 measure phrases combined in alternating periods, instrumental not vocal melody, Exoticism of polish folk music, trills, grace notes, large. Leaps, slurs on the last 16th of a beat to imitate folk bowing, drone 5ths, unusual harmonies, augmented seconds while keeping damper pedal, rubato

polonaise

Polish, courtly aristocratic dance in ¾ meter, often rhythmic figure of eighth and two sixteenths on the first beat, vigorous, militaristic national identity . French, from Polish. Stately Baroque court dance in triple time; it had gained nationalist cachet by the Romantic era, culminating in piano works by Frédéric Chopin

Aristotle

Politics, 350BCE. "Doctrine of Imitation" Education and pleasure.

Cabarets

Popular music theaters, Paris, Night clubs offered serious or comic sketches, dances, songs, and poetry

Kol Nidre

Prayer from the Jewish service on the eve of Yom Kippur (day of atonement), set by Schoenberg Kol Nidrei and Max Bruch

variations

Presenting an uninterrupted series of variants on a theme, 16th century invention, independent instrumental pieces not dance accompaniment. varied repetitions on a theme or harmonic progression. Two types: Discrete sections w/ melodic variation or continuous process over repeated bass or harmonic progression.

North German organ school

Pretorius, Scheidemann, Siefert, Schildt, Scheidt

Old Hall Manuscript

Principle source of early 15th c English polyphony, mostly settings of mass ordinary, motets, hymns, sequences, English preference for 3rds and 6ths

trobar clus

Provençal, "closed form". difficult troubadour poetry of the 12th century. Required significant connoisseurship to understand dense poetry, technical prowess. Led to quick demise as art form.

canso

Provençal, "song". Long song of the troubadour

Giulio Ricordi

Puccini

Plato

Republic, 400BCE. Education. Gymnasium. Dorian Phrygian

grand opera

Resulted from decline of royal patronage, Meant to appeal to newly rich middle class audience, As much a spectacle as music, Librettos, full of ballets, stage machinery, choruses, crowd scenes, Early examples: William Tell, Rossini, La muette de Portici, by Daniel Francois Esprit Auber . Romantic opera on a serious theme in which the entire libretto (including dialogue) is sund and the staging gives a dazzling sense of spectacle.

Bartok Peasant tradition

Rhythmic complexity, irregular meters, Modal scales, mixed modes, Specific melodic structure and ornamentation, Bulgarian dance meters feature long and short beats not strong and weak, Makes irregular groupings of twos and threes, Frequent use of 2nds and 4ths in chords, Derives from folk melodies and modernist practice, Melodies over drones, ex Mikrokosmos, Loved symmetry, String glissando, snapped pizzicatos, percussive chords with dissonant 2nds

nonretrogradable rhythms

Rhythms that are the same forward and backward; palindromic, Messiaen

Wagner early operas

Rienzi, the Flying Duthchman, Tannhausser, Lohengrin

George Frederick Bristow

Rip Van Winkle, American subject but European opera style, primarily influenced by Mendelssohn

petrushka chord

Rite of Spring Stravinsky, C maj and F# maj

Ritornello form

Ritornellos for full orchestra alternate with episode for the soloist(s), Opening ritornello is made of small units (2-4 measures in length) which can be repeated or varied and separated or combined in new ways

Back beats

emphasis on 2nd and 4th beats, rhythm and blues

Counter-Reformation

Roman Catholic reaction to the Protestant Reformation. Palestrina. Structural reconfiguration, religious orders, spiritual movements, and political dimensions were included in the reforms made through this process.

Mahler Influences

Romantic traditions of Berlioz, Schumann, Liszt, Wagner, Especially the Viennese branch of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Brahms, Bruckner, He influenced Schoenberg, berg, Webern and other modern Viennese composers

Mitrofan Belyayev

Russian patron, 19th c, Glazunov, Rimsky Korsakov, Borodin, published their music athis expense, set up Glinka prize, founded Russian Symphony Concerts, reason for Scheherazade, Russian Easter Festival Overture, Capriccio espagnol

17th Century Villancico

Sacred genre associated with Christmas and important feasts, Preserved pop style but also new baroque techniques, Concertato medium, Continuo accompaniment, Monody, Polychordal or other antiphonal effects

Romantic elements in Mahler Symphony 4

Second theme resembles romantic song, Cello and horn play it- two romantic instruments, Development is fantasy like and tonally daring, As if rational order of the 18th century enlightenment were displaced by the irrational dreams analyzed by Freud

Johann Jakob Walther

Scherzi

Harmonielehre

Schoenberg Theory of Harmony, klangfarbenmelodie, discusses timbre tructures, also a piece by John Adams

Emancipation of Dissonance

Schoenberg, Dissonant harmonic complexes are no longer regulated by underlying triadic successions but are "set free" as absolute harmonic entities, capable of standing on their own and related solely to one another rather than to a single harmonic type representing a universal norm

Die schone Mullerin

Schubert song cycle

Winterreise

Schubert song cycle, Muller text

Tin Pan Alley

See above

Substitute Clausulae

Self contained section of an organum, setting a word or syllable from the chant and closing with a cadence

Venetian sonata

Series of sections each based on a different subect or on variants of a single subject, Used at mass or vespers

Polyphonic Conductus

Settings for 2-4 voices of the same types of text used in monophonic conductus and Aquitanian verses, differs from other notre dame polyphony: tenor newly composed or drawn from an existing monophonic conductus, all voices sing the text in the same rhythm, words set primarily syllabically

Giant Steps Progression

Seventh chords descending by major thirds (augmented chord outlined in the bass)

nocturne

Short mood pieces, beautiful embellished melodies above sonorous accompaniments. French, "of the night". Short character piece of a romantic or dreamy character, typically for the piano

Cantata style around 1650s

Short, contrasting sections, Barbara Strozzi Lagrime mie

Boulanger D'un Matin de Printemps

Similarities to Debussy Faun, Combination of 5 cycle and tonal chords in A sections, Hybrid nature, 5 cycle and tertian chords, alterations between diatonic collections, whole tone, tritone cadence

Isorhythmic motets

Singers could see repeating patterns at a glance, Sung in elite gatherings of clerics or courtiers

Busoni

Sketch of a New Aesthetic, early 20th c, virtuoso romantic pianist, treatises, introduced/conducted Schoenberg and Bartok works, arranged Bach works

villancico

Spanish, 16th century, secular polyphonic song, rustic texts, composed for aristocracy, short, strophic, syllabic, represent Spanish culture, always includes refrain and stanzas, ABA, top voice melody. 3-4 voices or accompanied solo voice. similar to Italian ballata. FROTTOLA

Solfeggio

Solfeggio is the system of using predetermined syllables to refer to notenames. It originated in the 1028 treatise Micrologus of Guido d'Arrezzo, as a way to make sight-singing easier for students. Guido's treatise discussed methods of polyphonic composition as well as techniques for using solfeggio to sing. His hexachordal system of solfeggio syllables were ut-re-mi-fa-sol-la. One of these techniques was to use the joints on the hand to correspond to certain solfeggio symbols, to be able to mutate the hexachords more easily and access all the notes of a chant. Today, solfeggio is still used as a teaching method in schools, and is divided into fixed-do and movable-do. Fixed do retains the solfeggio symbols as note names regardless of the key, and movable do gives the solfeggio "do" to the tonic of the key.

Twelve tone method

Solution to matching the formal coherence of tonal music and get length, Based on row or series consisting of 12 pitch classes of the chromatic scale arranged, Prime row altered inversion, retrograde, retrograde inversion, After atonal period vocal works, turned to traditional instrumental forms, Demonstrate the power of his method to reconstitute tonal forms in a new language, ex: Piano Suite

Galant style

Songful melodies in short phrases arranged in balanced periods over light accompaniment

Schubert Style characteristics

Songlike melodies, Adventurous harmonic excursions, Innovative textures and instrumental colors, Strong. Contrasts, heightened emotions, Themes as most important element of any form, not phrase or harmonic structure

Tiento

Spanish improv piece featuring imitation, like 16th century fantasia

Zarzuela

Spanish musical theater in spain, light mythological play in pastoral setting, alternates between sung and spoken dialogue, Hidalgo

zarzuela

Spanish, "bramble bush". a popular Spanish theatrical mixture of spoken dialogue and music of a lighter quality, often in dialect, and with strong regional characteristics; freely applied to works akin to the intermedio, pastoral, ballad opera, opera buffa, opéra comique, operetta, and works of equal operatic weight

Buxtehude's influence on Bach

St. Mary's in Lubeck- organist, composer, A bend musiken

How to make a Line Diagram

Start with measure numbers, Global Key, Arcs for sections, Show key areas under diagrams as roman numerals

Kreuzspiel

Stockhausen, For piano, oboe, bass clarinet, percussion, Pitch row is permuted through a complex process of rotation, Each row form stated only once, Notes of chromatic scale linked to certain duration and dynamic levels- creates rows of duration and dynamics

Sturm und Drang

Storm and Stress. A literary movement in Germany associated with depictions of violent moods and social alienation. emotional agitated character in music, storm and stress after a 1776 play, Handel Esterhazy minor symphonies

King Louis XIV

Sun King Apollo God of music, Centralized the arts, Organized huge amount of royal musicians, Created the first large ensemble of the violin family, model for the modern orchestra

tone poems

Strauss term for symphonic poems, most written before 1900

Till Eulenspiegel

Strauss, 19th and early 20th c program music as in opera, the suggestion of events and ideas outside music allows and explains the use of novel musical sounds, gestures, and forms but in most cases the music still makes sense on its own terms, presenting developing and recalling themes and motives in ways that parallel and diverge from the forms/processes of earlier music

Robert Craft

Stravinksy's assistant, enthusiastic about the 12 tone music of Schoenberg and Webern

The Rite of Spring (1911-13)

Stravinsky Russian Period, ballet Prehistoric Russia setting, Primitivism , Undermining meter: Regular barring but each pulse played in same strength which negates the hierarchy of beats and offbeats that's essential to meter; Accented chords create unpredictable pattern of stresses; Reduction of meter to mere pulsation, primitivism; Rapidly changing meters, unpredictable alteration of notes and rests, Layering: builds up textures by layers 2+ independent strands of music on top of each other, Discontinuity and connection, Patterns within successive blocks are very different, Collection of pitches being used differs by only 1 new note creating a sense of continuity, Most Stravinsky dissonance based on the scales used in Russian classical music such as diatonic, octatonic, Linked timbre with motive and variation, In music without motivic development, timbre changes provide variety, Stark Timbres, Preferred dry timbre, Staccato, Down bow

Rite Chord

Stravinsky, Eb and Fb triad

Humanism

Strongest intellectual movement of the renaissance, The study of the humanities, human knowledge, Revive ancient learning, Emphasized study of things that developed the mind, spirit, and ethics, Effects on music: Recovery of ancient texts, Music resembling language became more important than the connection of music to mathematics, Composers expanded the range of pieces, Contrasts between registers and textures

Humanism

Strongest intellectual movement of the renaissance, The study of the humanities, human knowledge, Revive ancient learning, Emphasized study of things that developed the mind, spirit, and ethics, Effects on music: Recovery of ancient texts, Music resembling language became more important than the connection of music to mathematics, Composers expanded the range of pieces, Contrasts between registers and textures, the study of ancient texts on linguistics and rhetoric that informed the ideas of the Renaissance. 1400, came back to inform monody w/the Camerata in 1600

Swing Era

Stylish, well executed arrangements with hard driving jazz rhythms, most popular music from 1930s-1940s

Jenny Lind

Swedish soprano, toured US in 1850-52, programs included opera overtures and Italian arias and familiar songs

Liszt's Influence

Symphonic poem taken up by many composers including, Smetana, Franck, Saint-Saens, Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Strauss, Ives, Chromatic harmonies helped form Wagner's style after 1854, interest in even division of the octave impacted Russian and French composers, Practice of thematic transformation had parallels in Wagner's treatment of leitmotivs and Brahms' developing variation

Programmatic Romanticism

Symphony as a programmatic work, Unconventional form to suit the program, Symphonie Fantastique

mystic chord

Synthetic hexachordchord (C F# B-flat E A D) used by Scriabin; lack of half-step relationship negates the major/minor tonal system

Syntagma musicum

Systematic treatise of Music, Michael Praetorius, Has descriptions of instruments in use with illustrations

Nadezhda von Meck

Tchaikovsky, Debussy

Josquin des Prez Masses

Technical ingenuity, Most use secular tune for cantus firmus, Missa Malheur me bat, Tenor no longer main structural voice, Imitation mass (parody mass), Paraphrase Mass, Both imitation and paraphrase feature series of independent phrases in imitative or homophonic textures, differ in source material, not style

Josquin Masses

Technical ingenuity, Most use secular tune for cantus firmus, Tenor no longer main structural voice, Imitation mass (aka parody mass)

Wagner Writings

The Artwork of the Future, Opera and Drama, Gesamtkunstwerk

polychoral

employing two distinct choirs of voices/instruments

Notre Dame School

The cathedral/university connection that produced composers Léonin and Pérotin

Mahler Songs in the Symphonies

Themes from song cycles appear in symphonies, Used voices in 4 of his symphonies, Symphony 2, 3, 4 use melodies from his set of 12 folk songs Des Knaben Wunderhorn

Urlinie

The fundamental line (German: Urlinie) is the melodic aspect of the Fundamental structure (Ursatz), "a stepwise descent from one of the triad notes to the tonic" with the bass arpeggiation being the harmonic aspect. The fundamental line fills in the spaces created by the descending arpeggiation of the tonic triad.

Alienation Effect

a characteristic of early-20th Century German theatre with a text and performance style intended to make the experience as strange or foreign as possible. Goal = focus audience on political rather than emotional responses.

Ars subtilior

The more subtle manner (than ars nova), Termed by Ursula Gunther, from Philippus de Caserta treatise, Made possible by innovations in writing rhythm, Earlier thought was Notre Dame school rhythmic modes, 6 modes fit framework where tempus (basic time unit) always grouped in 3s, can tie movement to papal schism, color coded notation, more complex rhythm and notation, Latin, "subtle art". A style that flourished from ≈1370-90, applied to Machaut's music employing highly complex rhythmic and metrical relationships, sometimes with obscrure notational devices

Cecilian movement

The movement established in the latter half of the 1800s to return to simplified a cappella singing of choral music in the church, adhering to the edicts by the Council of Trent

retrograde

The ordering backward of a row, especially in 12-tone or serial music

Bassbrechung

The structural bass arpeggiation within a work of the common practice era

Clausula

The term clausula originated as a small ending section of a chant, and grew to become a newly composed polyphonic section over a cantus firmus. Unlike organum, which can be neumatic, discant or florid, clausula is most often in discant style, where both voices move at the same rate. Substitute clausulae could then be added to existing texts, to make them more interesting and relevant for the occasion. Leonin was known more for his organum (ex. Viderunt Omnes), but Periotin later revised many of Leonin's organum in the Magnus Liber Organi, adding in substitute clausulae.

leitmotif/v

Themes and motives associated with a particular character, thing, event, emotion, Ring cycle is built on these, Most are short, open ended so can be combined or altered to suit the drama. successor to the idée fixe; a theme or motive representing a specific character, emotion, idea, or object. Short, symbolic ideas embedded into Wagnerian opera and continued into 20th C works, such as the film music of John Williams

Passing 6/4 Chord

a chord used to connect two chords in which the bass notes are two chords apart; the chord does not necessary function as normal, but serves a passing function

ordre

a collection of dance movements from which the performer selects several for performance

Leonin Organum style

Two voices, 2 different styles of polyphony, organum and discant

Ars Nova Style

Units of time could be grouped in 2s or 3s at several different levels of duration, Long, breve, semibreve, Each can be divided into 2 or 3 notes of the next smaller value, mode, time, prolation, perfect or imperfect division, minim, this notation is the precursor to modern notation

extended performance techniques

a collection of methods, including augmented ranges, novel sounds from traditional instruments/voices, and special fingerings to produce chords or multiphonics on wind instruments, used by specialist virtuosi in order to perform more experimental 20th century works

Ameriques

Varese First major work celebrated America, Fragmentary melodies, loose structure, Influenced by Schoenberg's strong dissonance, chromatic saturation, Influenced by Stravinsky

Poeme electronique

Varese, Combined electronic sounds with recorded ones, Represented a pinnacle of his concept of spatial music, Premiered at the Brussels World's Fair Exposition in 1958 at the Philips Pavilion

Barbara Strozzi

Venice, published vocal music, more cantatas than anyone of her time

Giulio Ricordi

Verdi publisher, convinced him to write 2 last operas: Otello, Falstaff

Leading Composers of Grand Opera

Veron, Eugene Scribe, Giacomo Meyerbeer

Choros

Villa Lobos series of 14 pieces, Styled after popular street ensemble music, Blends vernacular styles of Brazil: (Syncopated rhythms; Unusual timbres) with modernist techniques (Ostinatos, polytonality, polyrhythms, vivid orchestration)

Bachianas brasileiras

Villa-Lobos series, neoclassical, Bach influenced, 2-4 mvmt suites with elements of baroque harmony, counterpoint, genres, and styles mixed with Brazilian folk elements

Pio Ospedale della Pieta

Vivaldi, home for orphaned children, boarding schools with music instruction for girls but they had to agree to never perform in public or work on music

Stabreim

Wagner devised a kind of poetry based on the style of the medieval Nibelungenlied for his librettos, Instead of regular meter and rhyme, poetry features vigorous, changing speech rhythms. German, "alliterative verse". a technique in old Germanic verse (Beowulf) in which lines are divided in half, featuring internal stresses and unifying alliteration; the basis of Richard Wagner's attempt to create a speech-melody, combining heroic Medieval prosody with direct "natural" language

Rienzi

Wagner, Grand opera like Meyerbeer , Performed at Dresden in 1842

Der fliegende Hollander (the flying Dutchman)

Wagner, Wrote libretto in all his operas, Libretto based on German legend, Hero redeemed through unselfish love of heroine (common theme in romantic lit)

Corelli Style

Walking bass- steadily moving pattern of 8th notes under free imitation between violins, Chain of suspensions in violins with descending bass sequence, Dialogue between violins

Concertato

Works for solo voice or small vocal ensemble with basso continuo, sometimes including other instruments, Widely sung and published in numerous collections, Most written for 1-3 voices, some 6+, Forms/genres include: madrigals, canzonettas, strophic songs, arias, strophic variations, dialogues, recitatives

Gustav Holst

Works for stage, chorus, orchestra and band, Influenced by English song and Hindu sacred texts, Best known for the Planets

Tenor cantus firmus

Written in long notes, Usually in isorhythmic pattern, as in isorhythmic motet

Metastaseis

Xenakis, IRCAM, Orchestral string players get unique part to play, glissando in many sections, Plots the glissandos on a graph then transferred lines to standard musical notation, Very strong visual effect, Straight lines to curving effect

Modernists

Younger group of composers radical break from musical language of past while maintaining strong links to the tradition right around WWI, Didn't aim to please listeners on first listen, challenge perceptions and capacities, Implicit critique of mass culture and easily digested arts, Schoenberg

ars perfecta

Zarlino's attempt to codify the Josquin style writing; Le institutione harmoniche (1558), The Established Rules of Harmony. 1. Triad as a full-fledged consonants, 2. Configurations with M3 and m3 accepted and used frequently, 3. Codification of dissonance treatment (Willaert's contribution). Also a term of appropriation applied by Glareanus.

simile aria

a Baroque aria in whcih the character compares his/her situation to some natural phenomenon or activity in the world at large, while the music provides appropriate illustration

Tenorlied

a German Renaissance polyphonic setting of a song-like cantus firmus in 3 or more parts, less refined contrapuntally than the Italian madrigal; its melodies were often sources for Protestant chorales.

tragicomedy

a Renaissance genre of spoken drama with pastoral and heroic elements, later expanded to a mixture of comedy and tragedy

rhapsody

a Romantic character piece that is episodic yet integrated, free-flowing in structure, featuring a wide range of highly-contrasted moods, color, tonality; often variation-like, but with a predominant air of spontaneous inspiration and improvisation

theosophy

a Westernized form of the transcendentalist doctrines of South Asia, particularly Hinduism and Buddhism, through the filter of Gnostic revelation of divine knowledge; strongly associated with the late works of Alexander Scriabin

obbligato

a certain instrumental part is necessary; often used in arias, where a specific instrument will provide counterpoint to the voice. Also used in ritornello concerto form

modernism

a commitment by artists of the late 19th century and early 20th century to find ways of reflecting the historical present and momentum toward the future; a revolt against late Romanticism and musical naturalism, initially characterized by the move toward atonality and the music of the Futurists, later by the stylistic distortion of Neoclassicism

bar form

a common form used for songs of the Minnesinger and Meistersinger; structural component of formes fixes. See virelai, ballade.

Blanton-Webster Band

a compilation of master takes from Duke Ellington's band during the years in which Jimmy Blanton (bassist) and Ben Webster (saxophone) were members of the band

serialism

a compositional technique in whcih the basic material is an ordered arrangement—row, set, or series—of pitches, intervals, durations, and, if desired, other musical elements. Developed by Arnold Schoenberg, carried on by

total serialism

a compositional technique that uses pre-determined algorithms in order to generate duration, dynamics, and register in addition to pitch. Associated with the post-WWII French avant-garde and Americans such as Milton Babbitt

New Complexity

a concept dating from the 1980s, principally applied to English composers whose work was often atonal, highly abstract, and dissonant in sound, its technical demands requiring complex musical notation; it has been interpreted both as a reaction to neo-Romanticism and minimalism and as a continuation of the highly abstract European avant-garde from the 1950s, notably the work of Karlheinz Stockhausen and Pierre Boulez

modes of limited transposition

a concept described by composer-theorist Olivier Messiaen, applying the concept of pitch invariance by means of symmetry; specifically, the invariance found in two scales—the whole-tone scale, which has only one possible transposition (by a half-step) and the octatonic scale (alternating half-steps and whole-steps), which has only two; these scales had begun appearing in late 19th-century music

Society for Private Musical Performances

a concert series established by Arnold Schoenberg in Vienna in 1918, to make carefully rehearsed Modern music available to general audiences; it was subsidized by subscriptions, member contributions, and donations; offerings were not advertised in local newspapers and critics were banned from attending; subscribers were not informed of programs in advance to ensure regular attendance, and applause was forbidden. By 1921, the organization was disbanded, having given 353 performance of 154 works in a total of 117 concerts

denouement

a culminating scene in which the plot is tied together

tenso

a debate-song in the troubadour and trouvère repertoire, characterized by a discussion about love and other subjects, depicted as an exchange between two or more participants; on occasion a joint composition by 2+ poets

rococo

a description of pre-Classical 18th-century aesthetics, originally pejorative; the emphasis on elegance, wit, and delicacy applies most closely to French solo and chamber music of the period; more or less equivalent to galant

sequencer

a device that puts digitally-stored sounds into a programmed order that encompasses thousands of individual units

sampler

a device that stores recorded sounds for the imitation and tranformation into new forms

Z relation

a few different set classes share the same interval class vector

comédie-ballet

a form create in 1664 by Lully/Molière to fuse musical and dramatic talents

aria

a formal song used in opera, oratorio, and cantata. Emphasis on musical rather than textual factors. Longer than typical song.

Counter fugue

a fugue in which the first answer is presented as the subject in inversion (upside down), and the inverted subject continues to feature prominently throughout the fugue.[37] Examples include Contrapunctus V through Contrapunctus VII, from Bach's The Art of Fugue

rhythm and blues (R&B)

a genre of African-American popular dance music that developed in the 1940s, mixing blues and gospel styles with a driving percussive swing beat; the source for Caucasian-American rock-n-roll of the mid-1950's, New sounds in urban areas after WWII, Vocalist or vocal quartet, piano or organ, electric guitar, bass, and drums, Mostly new songs built on 12 bar blues or 32 bar pop song forms, Changes from traditional blues: Insistent rhythm; Emphasis on 2nd and 4th beats (back beats); Whining electric guitar, Repetitive amplified bass line, Intended for African Americans, white teens liked it, Willie Mae "Big Mama" thorton

rock 'n' roll

a genre of American dance music that evolved in the US from African-American rhythm and blues, with elements of jazz as well as Caucasian-American country and western music; uniue in that it was socially divisive (between youth and parents) while being socially uniting (gradually breaking down color barriers). New style blending black and white pop music, Rhythm and blues unrelenting beat with milder guitar background of country music, Elvis

rescue opera

a genre of opera in the late 18th, early 19th century dealing with the rescue of a main character from danger, ending with a happy denouement in which lofty humanitarian ideals triumph over basic motives

dialogue

a genre preceding oratorio/cantata in which two singers exchange conversation in music

camerata

a group of humanists, musicians, poets, and intellectuals in late Renaissance Florence who gathered under the patronage of Count Giovanni de' Bardi to discuss and guide trends in the arts, especially music and drama.

Marian antiphons

a group of hymns in the Gregorian chant repertory of the Catholic Church, sung in honor of the Virgin Mary, not true antiphons because not associated with Psalm verse

Caput Masses

a group of masses unified by a specific cantus firmus unifying all of the movements

Symbolism

a literary movement of the late 19th century France, pursuing a way of seeing past the appearances of the lived world into the higher reality of the au-delá, the world "beyond" the senses. In music, the possibel connection between musial elements and extramusical phenomena (words of a poem, a natural object, a person, an emotional state); Debussy, who disliked the term Impressionism, preferred an association with the Symbolist poetry of Stepháne Mallarmé

double escapement

a mechanism in the piano that holds the hammer above the string after the key has returned to position, allowing the key to strike again immediately while preparing the hammer for a quicker strike

stile recitativo (synonymous w/stile rappresentativo)

a melody that imitated natural speech inflections; a term that became virtually synonymous with stile rappresentativo

phasing

a minimalist technique in which two players begin together and slowly get out of sync to produce a kind of canon; most associated with the music of Steve Reich in the 1970s

Harlem Renaissance

a movement celebrating and upholding African-American culture in the early 20th century. Identified with William Grant Still as well as several African American jazz musicians at the time, such as Duke Ellington

Enlightenment

a movement espousing democratic values

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature, originating in late 18th-century and carrying through to the early 20th-century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual

collegium musicum

a music society formed by amateurs for the performance of art music; modern-day use indicates an ensemble for the purpose of performing on pre-Classical instruments

Kuchka (Mighty Five)

a nationalist Russian school of composition; the "New Russian School"; associated with the Mighty Five; Miliy Balakirev, César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin; goal to develop a specifically Russian kind of art music combining earlier Russian nationalist impulses with Romantic doctrines of musical progress

symphonic poem

a one-movement orchestral work, successor to the opera overture and concert overture, and developed by Franz Liszt; a form of program music that is an attempt to depict an event or a longer narrative, evoke an atmosphere (in nature or create by humanity), or mood, portray a personality, or contemplate the sublime; also called tone poem

double-tonic complex

a pairing of two relative keys into one larger sense of tonic, term by Robert Bailey, rock music, 4 note sonority built from the union of two 3rd related triads acting as a prolonged tonic, Beatles Abbey Road

Forte Numbers

a particular number Allen Forte used to characterize to the prime form of a pitch class set of three or more pitches. the first number is the number of pitches in the set, and the second number corresponds to Forte's ordering system of pitch class sets containing that number of pitches

maximalism

a philosophical term applie to eaerly 20th century music making, implying a radical intensification of means toward expressive ends

concert overture

a piece of music in sonata form or in the style of an operatic overture intended for independent performance; forerunner to symphonic poem

strophic

a poem made of prosodically similar verse, set to a single more or less repeated musical stanza

melodic recitative

a poetic-recitation style form of recitative characterized by consonant melodic leaps, lengthened upbeats, and wide vocal range. Retains the syllabic setting, short repeated notes, intonational contour of spoken language, and absence of melodic repetition

Jazz-Rock Fusion

a popular genre mixing R&B rhythms, amplification and electronic effects of rock, complex time signatures derived from non-Western music, and extendd, typically instrumental compositions with a jazz approach to lengthy group improvisations; prevalent among late 1960s and 1970s era jazz-rock bands

cantus firmus

a pre-existing melody, often drawn from chant, used as the basis for a polyphonic composition

Popular Front

a propaganda approach by Communist parties in the 1930s, de-emphasizing their connection to the USSR in an attempt to unite with the non-Communist left to fight the rise of German fascism; in music, a large number of song anthologies appeared, including volumes of mass songs

concept album

a recording of nonclassical music in which the collection of pieces on a "long playing" (LP) album were coordinated, like the individual numbers in a Romantic song cycle, giving an overall impression unified through textual content and musical treatment

reminiscence motif

a recurring motive invoking an earlier experience, Hearkening back to an earlier theme or motive

church modes

a scale type used for Gregorian chant. Terms borrowed from Boethius; dorian, phrygian, lydian, mixolydian. Each mode comprises a final (modal center), tenor (reciting tone); each mode's ambitus (range) may place the tenor (authentic mode) or final (plagal mode) in the center. If plagal, the mode is described with the hypo- prefix beforehand. 8 modes based on final, church chants assigned to modes, odd numbered are authentic paired with a plagal mode with the same final but deeper range, reciting tone

church modes

a scale type used for Gregorian chant. Terms borrowed from Boethius; dorian, phrygian, lydian, mixolydian. Each mode comprises a final (modal center), tenor (reciting tone); each mode's ambitus (range) may place the tenor (authentic mode) or final (plagal mode) in the center. If plagal, the mode is described with the hypo- prefix beforehand. Renaissance theorists expand modal theory to polyphonic music, adding ionian and aeolian modes.

endless melody

a seamless stream of note continually avoiding the finality of a cadence; associated with Richard Wagner

Chacona/ciaccona

dance-song from latin America into spain then Italy, one of the first types of music brought form the new word to Europe, refrain followed simple repeating pattern of chords played on the guitar

Protestant Reformation

a series of challenges to Roman Catholic orthodoxy, becoming prominent in the 16th Century; the resulting split in Western Christianity led to more than two centuries of war; in music, it led to an inclination toward more homophonic music sung in the vernacular language

song cycle

a set of songs grouped together by the composer, unified by a common theme, an accompanying narrative, or text authorship by one author

conductus

a setting of a contemporary Latin poem, potentially composed from scratch

cyclic Mass

a setting of the Mass Ordinary as a single unit; unified by cantus firmus, modes, motives, or other compositional procedures

sonatina

a short simple sonata | modification of sonata-form lacking a development

pantonal

a single transcendant, all-encompassing tonality; the term preferred by Arnold Schoenberg to describe his music, rather than the term "atonal", which he considered pejorative; characterized by the elimination of the tonal hierarchy of the scale, replaced by composition "with 12 tones" [the chromatic scale] which are related only with one another.

virginal

a smaller member of the harpsichord family, in whcih sound is produced by a plucking mechanism when a key is pressed down; the strings are plucked close to the middle of the sounding length, giving the instrument a distinctly plangent tone

concerto

a solo work, usually composed in 3 movements, featuring a solo instrument or group of solo instruments and accompanied by orchestra

arioso

a song less formal than aria but more songlike than recitative

Canticle

a song or lyrical passage from a book of the bible other than the book of psalms, also called Te Deum, sung daily at at non-mass parts of church

tableau(x)

a structual part of a ballet (like an opera act)

accompanied recitative

a style reserved for special dramatic effects, in which the entire orchestra accompanies the singer

progressive rock

a subgenre of rock music that developed in the 1960s and 1970s, successor to the concept album; an attempt by rock musicians to increase musical depth by going beyond standard verse-chorus-based song structures, by exploring extended musical structures, intricate instrumental patterns and textures, and often esoteric subject matter; arrangements might draw from Classical, jazz, and world music, and an increased role for non-texted instrumental pieces

soggetto cavato

a subject carved out of the vowels of a word (or name); used by various composers since Josquin to pay homage; a pre-compositional technique of Josquin des Prez, in which solmization syllables were mapped onto names to produce a cantus firmus theme; later examples include BACH (Bach), DSCH (Shostakovich), and ASCH (Schumann)

Carnatic Music

a system of music commonly associated with southern India, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, main emphasis in Carnatic music is on vocal music; most compositions are written to be sung, and even when played on instruments, they are meant to be performed in gāyaki (singing) style, Purandara Dasa (composer)

Third Stream

a term coined in 1957 by Gunther Schuller to describe a synthesis of classical music and jazz, incorporating improvisation

decadence

a term introduced by critics in the mid-1880s to criticize fin de siècle culture of rarefied, artificial, esoteric, exacting taste and an acceptance of perversity; used by totalitarian authorities for uncooperative artists

Musica reservata

a term used to describe intense emotional expression and word painting; exhibited in the works of Lasso and Gesualdo

musica reservata

a term used to describe intense emotional expression and word painting; exhibited in the works of Lasso and Gesualdo

modal mixture

a tonally destabilizing technique that involved the infiltration within a major key of harmonies drawn from its parallel minor (or vice versa)

opéra-comique

a type associated with Parisian theatres (the Opéra-Comique or Comédie-Italienne), where French ballad operas with spoken dialogue or recitative (vaudevilles) were performed (18th-century Baroque); applied to French-language opera buffa of the Classical era; finally, a dramatic structure of arias alternating with spoken dialogue, prevalent after the French Revolution; the "comique" element became increasingly serious in tone, although happy endings remained; by the time of Georges Bizet, an opera comique could be serious, even tragic in tone, as long as the dialogue was spoken, not sung. Used spoken dialogue instead of recitative, Less pretentious than grand opera, fewer singers and players, Plots presented straightforward comedy or semiserious drama instead of the historical pageantry typical of grand opera

chorale concerto

a work for mixed instruments and voices based on religious texts; also called sacred concerto. Influenced by Gabrieli's Sacrae Symphoniae

Ballade form

aabC

American Song Form

aaba, Gershwin I Got Rhythm

American Song Form

abac

Köchel

abbreviation for the standard thematic catalogue of the works of Mozart drawn up by music historian Ludwig Köchel (1800-77) and revised several times

monody

accompanied solo singing practiced in late 16th/early 17th century. style of song for one voice and basso continuo; first characteristic Baroque genre and basis for early opera

concertato

adj. refers to concerto-like in respect to contrasting groups of voices or instruments | noun refers to vocal works preceding the German church cantata

Zero Hour

after WWII, composers that turned to total serialism and objectivism in response to the continued Romantic inclinations of composers like Arnold Schoenberg. Ex. Boulez (Schoenberg is Dead), Babbit (serial book), webern, stockhausen?

gamelan

an Indonesian ensemble primarily comprising metallophones in the form of gongs and mallet instruments, but also including the stringed instrument rebab and the aerophone suling. The gamelan serves as an orchestral ensemble throughout the Indonesian archipelago and uses alternate tuning systems Pelog and Slendro. The Javanese gamelan featured in the Paris World Exhibition of 1889 served as a significant tonal and harmonic inspiration for much of Debussy's repertoire; later composers inspired by gamelan, such as Harry Partch, Henry Cowell, Lou Harrison, and John Cage have experimented with instrument design and timbral manipulation to evoke the sounds of gamelan, such as the prepared piano in John Cage's Sonatas and Interludes of 1951.

escape tone (escapée)

an NCT to which a voice moves by step before skipping to resolution.

Expressionism

an aesthetic movement of the early 20th century, akin to similar literary and artistic movements. Musical Expressionism concerned itself with the ruthless depiction of disturbing or distasteful emotions, often with a stylistic violence that could involve pushing ideas to their extremes or treating the subject matter with incisive parody. Outgrowth of Romanticism. Connections to Freudian psychoanalysis.

da capo aria

an aria in ternary form in which the A-section is repeated at the end, often with embellishments by the performer. found in opera, oratorio, song, and instrumental movements

Société nationale de Musique

an association established in 1871 to promote works by French composers; its goals were to expand French awareness and production of orchestral music, and to provide resistance to contemporaneous German music; it gave numerous concerts in Paris through the mid-1880s

Janissary

an early example of musical exoticism, namely the imitation of Turkish military music (wind and percussion bands); pianos and harpsichords fitted with Janissary stops to provide unpitched percussion

Futurism

an early-20th century movement encompassing the works of Italian and Russian artists. Their approaches to the "art of noise" influence Henry Cowell's experimentation. impermanent unlike constant recycling of classics in a concert hall, Movement continued in Italy, France, Russia during 1920-30s, Inspired later developments: electronic music, microtonal composition, new instrumental timbres, Satie questioned traditional elements like expressivity, individuality, seriousness, masterworks, purpose of music but used traditional instruments and musical pitches, Italian futurists rejected traditional instruments and pitches, The Art of Noises: Futurist Manifesto by Russolo

synthesizer

an electronic instrument capable of producing sounds by generating electrical signals of different frequencies, controlling a variety of paramters; originally produced analogically, synthesizer sound was revolutionized by voltage-controlled keyboards and, later, by computerization, allowing for greater precision and preparation (using samplers). Through MIDI and interactive programming, a live performer cna now control and process sound through signals to the synthesizer

string quartet

an ensemble firmly established by the many quartets of Franz Josef Haydn. After early sets of divertimento/cassation/notturno-style entertainment works, later works, such as the op. 33 and 76 quartets established the two violin-viola-basso (cello) instrumentation and four-movement serious structure. Seen as a "private" affair to the "public" affair of the symphony. Especially useful for publishing, given the rising demand for accessible music for amateurs.

Theme

an existing or newly composed tune, bass line, harmonic plan, melody with accompaniment, or musical subject

cadenza

an improvised or composed ornamental passage played or sung unaccompanied by a soloist or soloists, often in a "free" rhythmic style, allowing for virtuosic display. Prominent in the vocal aria and instrumental concerto literature.

concerto grosso

an instrumental concerto, mostly associated with the 17th and 18th centuries, pitting a small group of soloists (concertino) against a larger ensemble (ripieno)

prelude

an instrumental introduction to works ranging from fugues and suites to operas; sets of independent preludes began with Frédéric Chopin's opus 24

number opera

an opera made up of relatively independent individual numbers (arias, duets, ensembles) separated by recitatives

totalitarianism

any government that concentrates political power in the hands of a ruling elite or even a single person; its goals are the application of an all-encompassing worldview, achievement of a completely controlled social and economic order, and the total mobilization of the population to further the interests of the state, excluding all civil rights and freedoms; the role of extreme censorship serves to restrict all artistic expression, repressing all contradiction and disagreement

periodic phrasing

associated with the galant and the classical style. balanced phrases of equal length with anticipated formulas and closures.

Collegium musicum

association of amateurs from educated middle class

Weber's Influence

association of motives and keys with particular characters influenced later composers especially Wagner, Use of tritone related and third related harmonies, diminished 7th chords, string tremolos to evoke mystery, danger, and supernatural contributed to the establishment of these associations as conventions by following romantic composers and. Current film, tv, etc.

syncopation

assuming a steady meter, an accent in an unusual place, such as the weak beat or in-between beats, or lack of accent on a strong beat; also, the delaying of contrapuntal resolutions, especially of NCTs, chromatic decoration, and rhythmic alteration

Bulgarian Rhythm

asymmetrical dance rhythm; 2+3 = paidushko

Musica instrumentalis

audible music produced by instruments or voices

Mediant

cadence for the middle of each verse

antiphony

call and response style of singing, kirtan, sea shanty, songs and worship in A. Amer music

Music of African Americans

call and response, spiritual, Multiple layers of rhythm with beats in some and upbeats in other instruments, Bending pitches or sliding, Moans, shouts, vocalizations, Instruments like the banjo

Beethoven String Quartet in C# Minor Op 131

dedicated to Baron Stutterheim, 7 movements without pause, 1st movement is unusual bc it's a slow fugue (1st mvmts usually fast) and has extreme emotionalism, novel harmony, form is sonata rondo (blends aspects of rondo and sonata form)

tone-painting

depictions of the meanings of words or imitating natural sounds through musical elements

Canzonetta and balletto

end of 16th century, little song, vivacious homophonic style, simple harmonices, dancelike rhythms, Giaicomo Gastoldi

canon

deriving 2+ voices from single notated voice, a compositional procedure in which a melody begins alone, imitated by a second part (and possibly by more parts) at pitch or in transposition. Strict imitation.

Musica enchiriadis

describes modes, exercises to locate semitones in chant, consonances and how to use them to sing polyphony, Boethius

Stadtpfeifer

cities employed town musicians, town pipers, exclusive rights to provide music for the city

tn class, Transposition Class

class of note groups equivalent under transposition

The Second Practice

break rules to convey text, not resolving suspensions correctly, passing tones on strong beats, dissonances not approached/left by step, Monteverdi, Cruda Amarilli

Agrements

brief ornaments (elaborate embellishments of the Italians were considered bad taste), french style

Neoclassicism

broad movement form the 1910s-1950s in which composers revived, imitated, or evoked the styles, genres, and forms of pre-Romantic music, especially 18th century , resulted from rejecting romanticism and other elements due to WWI. the conscious use of techniques, gestures, styles, forms, or media from an earlier period; a signfiicant 20th-century trend, particularly during the period between the two World Wars, in which composers sought to return to aesthetic precepts associated with the broadly-defined concept of "classicism" (order, balance, clarity, economy, emotional restraint), but not limited to the Classical style; a reaction ot both the giganticism of late Romanticism and the extreme emotional palette of Expressionist Modernism; ironically, two of its best-known exponents had composed in the very styles they were reacting to: Stravinsky & Hindemith

new wave

broad music genre that encompasses numerous pop-oriented styles from the late 1970s and the 1980s. It was originally used as a catch-all for the music that emerged after punk rock, including punk itself, but may be viewed retrospectively as a more accessible counterpart of post-punk.

Rise of polyphony led to

counterpoint, harmony, notation, composition

contredanse

country dance. originating in 18th century and related to quadrille.

Cakewalk

couples dance derived from slave dances, marked by strutting and acrobatic movements

Darmstadt

courses for new music in Gemrany each summer, major summer festival for new music, Government sponsored musical institution supported new developments

aesthetics

critical reflection on art, culture, and nature; branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste and with the creation and appreciation of beauty

Ives

cumulative form, ex: Symphony no.

crumhorn

curved double-reed instrument w/cylindrical pipe

Office

cycle of 8 daily prayer services in Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican liturgy; Vespers was the most often set service in the polyphonic era. Other Offices include Matins, Lauds, Compline.

tempus

basic time unit, Latin, "time". in mensural notation, the relationship between the note values breve and semibreve, a facotr in determining the metric design.

Head motive

beginning each movement with the same melodic motive, frequent in early 15th century masses

Rimsky Korsakov Operas

best known in west as symphony but mainly opera composer, Arranged and edited 2 collections of folk songs , 15 operas Many draw on Russian history, plays, epics, folk tales, Whole tone and octatonic collections, Key element of the fantastic style so that there is more than 1 possible tone center, Create sense of floating, otherworldliness

viol

bowed stringed instrument. fretted. ensemble instrument. less brilliant than violin.

Council of Trent

catholic response to reformation, 1545-1563, uniform liturgy meant most sequences eliminated, move away from polyphony but no official change by the church, emergency legislative body of the Roman Catholic Church to stem the tide of the Protestant Reformation. Important decisions about textual and musical clarity were made during this meeting that impacted the work of composers in the later Renaissance.

Wagner Tristan Prelude Opening

change from syntax to sonority, tristan chord, inversional balance

Cambiata

changed, voice skips down a third from dissonance to a consonance instead of resolving by step, Palestrina

Mutation

changing hexachords

Antiphon

chant before and after a psalm. canticle: poetic Bible passage not from Psalms

psalm tone

chant formula for singing a psalm; melody is subservient. Eight psalm tones used in Latin liturgy + tonus peregrinus (migrating tone)

antiphon

chant sung before and after the psalm, a short prose sung sentence inserted before or after a psalm and sometimes between its verses. Sung in alternation by two halves of a choir.

Neumatic

chant whch syllables carry 1-6 notes, one neume per syllable

cantillation

chanting of a text by a soloist; associated with Jewish liturgical music

Block construction

characteristic of Musorgsky and much Russian music, Composition in large blocks of material

toccata

chief form of keyboard music in improvisatory style during 2nd half of 16th century, Claudio Merulo. idiomatic improvisatory keyboard style. sectional.

Lyric

chief poetic genre, short strophic poem on 1 subj expressing personal feeling/viewpoint

mass song

choral song with lyrics designed to promote the Communist ideology, first in the USSR, later in Communist parties around the world

Baroque instrumental pieces that vary a chorale

chorale variations

tone cluster

chords of diatonic or chromatic seconds produced by pressing the keys with a fist/forearm to represent the tides moved by Irish Sea God in his piece The Tides of Manaunaun. a term devised by Henry Cowell for extended piano techniques he used, striking the keyboard with palms, fists, and forearms; known pejoratively as "elbow music" by its detractors, analytically as "secundal harmonies"

lament bass

chromatic drop in bass, from dido's lament, Purcell (1659-1695), Dido and Aeneas, baroque

Chorale settings

church music, played before each chorale and sometimes used to accompany the congregation as they sang

sonata da chiesa

church sonata, mostly abstract movements, often 1+ with dance rhythms or binary form, not titled as dances, could substitute for parts of church mass. Duo and Trio sonatas, Concerto grosso. Performed in the church during liturgical moments. 4-movement structure; slow-fast/slow-fast "abstract" movements mimics organ prelude-fugue. Used in place of Mass Proper sections. Imitative texture, binary form, lively culminating tempo.

Empfindsam style (empfindsamer stil)

classical term for style with surprising turns of harmony, chromaticism, nervous rhythms, rhapsodically free speech like melody, CPE Bach fantasias and slow movements, originated in Italy. CPE Bach keyboard music, texture features expressive melody in short phrases, arranged in periods over light accompaniment, slow movement sonata form without development, Differences from galant: multiplicity of rhythmic patterns, constantly changing turns, scotch snaps, short dotted figures, triplets, asymmetrical flourishes of 5 and 13 notes. German, "sensitive style". "transcribed" improvisation; incorporating dramatic elements into instrument styles. More freedom, less temporal restrictions. Emphasis on freedom of performance. solitary, personal, private unexpressed feeling. Changes of mood represented through dynamic contrast. Intended to express "true and natural" feelings and featuring sudden contrasts of mood.

Stratification

clearly delineated blocks of musical material (a, b, c)

coda

closing section of a large-scale movement; final prolongation of tonic harmony. Ex. coda in sonata form, coda in Beethoven's Fifth first movement, end tonic prolongation . Loud and punctuated

Jean-Antoine de Baif

co-founder of Academie de poesie et de musique, poet, strophic French verses to ancient Greek and latin meters

Schwanengesang

collection of 14 songs by Franz Schubert at the end of his life, published posthumously by Tobias Haslinger, settings of more than 1 poet: Rellstab, Heine, Seidl

Well Tempered Clavier

collection of preludes and fugues in all major and minor keys for solo keyboard by JS Bach, aka Das wohltemperierte Klavier, pedagogical, 1st collection of keyboard pieces in all keys, tuning important with this concept, 18th c

Psalter

collection of psalm settings

psalter

collections of metrical psalms, book of musical settings for Protestant congregations. John Calvin's view of music post-reformation included very little music except for those included in psalters

Modes of Limited transposition

collections of notes that don't change when transposed by certain intervals such as the whole tone and octatonic scales

cyclic collection

collections of pitches from a restricted palette of intervals

Liszt's Choral music

combine past and present, most important are 2 oratorios, thematic material from melodies of plainchants treated in modern style

Tchaikovsky Style

combined hummable melodies with colorful orchestration suited to the fairy-tale atmosphere of the stories and gestures of classical ballet

Quodlibet

combining two popular song melodies in counterpoint above the bass of the theme, ex. Bach Goldberg Variations

Transpositional Combination

combining two sets of the same interval, all are inversionally symmetrical, some are transpositionally symmetrical, ex: two minor 3rd triads CEbDF

Concertato medium/concertato style/stile concertato

combining voices with instruments, baroque

Led Lully to collaborate with Jean Baptiste Moliere

comic playwright, Lully, comedies ballets

Invariance under Transposition/Inversion

common tones after transposition, sets with transpositional or inversional symmetry have total invariance which allows them to maintain identity in multiple settings

Organ mass

compilation of the sections of the mass for the organ to play

Period

complete musical though concluded by a cadence

Blurring boundaries

complete openness in every aspect of composition and performance, Cage, Variations. IV: plastic sheets with lines, dots, symbols, meant for any number of players and any sounds with or without activities

Revues

complete shows of primarily musical numbers often with many performers, Popular in big cities like New York, Ziegfeld Follies

Schoenberg Chamber Symphony op 9

complex contrapuntal texture, irregular phrase lengths, 5 section form combines multimovement symphony format with sonata form

instrumental recitative

composed instrumental sections resembling recitative

Indeterminacy

composer leaves aspects of the music unspecified, Cage

Tomas de Torrejon y Velasco

composer, Lima cathedral, Peru, most famous composer in the Americas

Jacopo Peri

composer, introduced stylistic diversity in monody, set the stage for later composers in suiting music to the dramatic situation

Neoromanticism

composers adopted familiar tonal idiom of 19th century romanticism or incorporated its sounds and gestures

nationalism

composers followed national trends, political and musical nationalism brought new themes into opera, political attempt to unify a group of people by creating a national identity throughout characteristics such as a common language, shared culture, historical traditions, national institutions, rituals. a political ideology favoring the strogn identification of a group of individuals with an ethnic or political entity, supported in part by that group's culture. Associated with many composers of the latter 19th century, such as Mussorgsky, Verdi, Nielsen, Grieg, etc.

eclecticism

conceptual approach not holding rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions; draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to create a unique interpretation of a subject or a particular work by whatever means deemed necessary

Schoenberg's 3 methods of Coherence in Atonal music

developing variation, Integration of harmony and melody, Chromatic saturation, All had been used in tonal music, but he drew on them more fully to provide structure, Often used gestures from tonal music, forging links to tradition and making music easier to follow

Added values

device used to emphasize duration over meter, adds a small durational value to produce units of irregular length, Messiaen

Rotational form

devices repeatedly cycling through a series of thematic element varied each time, Sibelius

Marian antiphon

devotional setting of a Latin prose text in praise of Mary

Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna

dialogue of ancient and modern music, 1581, Galilei, attacked vocal counterpoint ,only a single line of melody could express poetry

Liturgical Drama

dialogues and elaborate plays in Latin

Stravinsky Rite of Spring

diatonic collectiosn and subsets, interval 5 and 5 cycle collections interacting with diatonic colelctions, 3 cycle combinations, otatonic, overlapping major and minor triads, tonal chords in tritone related combinations

pavane

dignified courtly dance in slow duple meter, 3 repeated strains, paired with galliard. slow processional dance, AABBCC

diminished seventh chord

diminished seventh chords are derived naturally in a tertian-built chord on the seventh scale degree in either major or minor mode and over the second scale degree in the minor mode. A vii in major mode will contain a tritone between the chordal root and fifth, with a minor seventh produced by the sixth scale degree; a ii in minor mode will similarly produce a tritone between scale degree 2 and the lowered scale degree 6, with a minor seventh produced by the addition of scale degree 1. In both cases, these are considered half-diminished seventh chords. In minor, the lowered 6th scale degree causes the leading tone chord to produce all minor thirds, thereby splitting the octave evenly and producing what is called a fully-diminished seventh chord. This chord served as a significant resources, especially in applied leading-tone chords, for producing wild and unpredictable modulations to distant keys, such as those found in the late Romantic compositions of Brahms, Wolf, Mahler, and more.

Jean-Claude Risset

director of the IRCAM, wrote music using computer to mediate between live voices or acoustic instruments and synthesized or electronically processed sound

clausula

discant sections within organum. Perotin wrote in many clausulae (substitute clausulae) into Leonin's works when he revised it. Anonymous IV.

2 main polyphonic styles

discant style, florid organum

Burgundian cadence

disguised V-I cadence. S 7-1, A 5-5, B 2-1

Time (tempus)

division of breve

Mode (modus)

division of long

Prolation (prolatio)

division of semibreve

Fractio modi

division of the (rhythmic) mode, ex: quarter note split into smaller notes

Overdotting

dotted note held longer than intended value

Air a boire

drinking song

Imperfect or minor

duple

neumes

earliest notation, placed above the words to indicate the melodic gesture for each syllable, tracking of relative rising/falling of melodic pitch, matching of text syllable to note, rhythmic relationships; replaced by score notation

Late 9th century

earliest surviving books of chant with music notation

Sketch of a New Aesthetic

early 20th c treatise, Busoni, foreshadows new styles of modern compositions following WWI: reject program music, can break musical laws, new scalar possibilities (used by Strauss, Debussy), microtonal divisions, potential of electronic music, famous essay "Unity of Music"- oneness of musical expression across time

Martianus the Marriage of Mercury and Philology

early 5th century treatise, section on music that is a modified translation of On Music by Aristides Quintilianus

pastourelles

early dance forms preceding the binary forms associated with Renaissance and Baroque dance (AA' BB'), each section ending first with an open cadence and next with a shut cadence

consort music

early form of polyphonic, instrumental chamber music, scored for a group of similar or mixed instruments, domestic use

Tancredi, L'Italiana in Algeria

early successful operas established Rossini's international reputation

14th century historical challenges

economy declined, war, famine, plague, church scandals

exoticism

evocation of a foreign land or culture, a genre in which the rhythms, melodies, or instrumentation is designed to evoke the atmosphere of non-Western European cultures

Waltzes

evoke ballrooms of Vienna

Concitato Genere or Stile Concitato

excited style created by Monteverdi, rapid reiteration on a single note, whether quickly spoken syllables or in a measured string tremolo

trope

expanded an existing chant, insertion of new text and corresponding music to Mass movements, specifically the Ordinary (Credo) and parts of the Proper (introit, offertory, communion). Additions intended to amplify the original texts, making them proper to the liturgical calendar. Eliminated by the Council of Trent, with the exception of five sequences

trope

expanded an existing chant, medieval church music, additions of new music to pre-existing chants

double fugue

explain fugue. Double fugue is when there are two primary subjects developed simultaneously.

Rossinian overture

exposition: slow introduction, primary theme in strings, secondary theme in winds. bubbling codetta w/ Rossini crescendo (ostinato over tonic-dominant to culmination w/ bass instrument melody)

Orthodox Lutherans

favored using all available resources of choral and instrumental music, Good place to develop sacred concerto (aka modern day cantata)

Musical comedy or musical

featured songs and dance numbers in styles drawn from popular music in the context of a spoken play

Aquitanian verses difference from notre dame polyphony

features and text, Tenor is newly composed or drawn from an existing monophonic conductus, All voices sing the text together in the same rhythm, Words set syllabically primarily, Caudae

basso seguente

figured bass/basso continuo. first seen in Cavalieri's Representation of Soul and Body

Figured bass

figures above or below bass notes to indicate what note required, aka thorough bass

diatonic septachord

first 7 notes of the diatonic scale

Peter Grimes

first English opera since Purcell to enter international repertoire, Story is allegory for gay conditions in hostile society, Britten

Juan del Encina

first Spanish playwright, villancico composer

Reverend Richard Allen

first congregation of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1790s, published hymn book

realism

first in literature and art, showing suffering and hypocrisy, late 19th century, Dickens, Ibsen, Daumier. an umbrella term for many arts in different eras, in which creators work within an aesthetic directed at producing works reflecting natural, "truthful" depictions of existence; in opera, a term applied to various styles: early Baroque recitative's attention to speech rhythms; Gluck's reform opera; early Romantic depictions of nature; Modest Mussorgsky's setting of libretti in conversational prose to music mirroring actual tempos and contours; and late-19th century verismo

Prima donna

first lady, soprano singing the leading female role

Alfred Newman

first major native born American film composer

Institu de Recherche et Coordination Acoustique/Musique in Paris (IRCAM)

founded by Boulez 1977, Jean-Claude Risset director, Center for the performance and composition and production of contemporary music, electronic music and music for live musicians, Central in development of spectralism style, Music that can only be played by computers or sometimes can be played by musicians but is computer generated, Risset (person- sp), Early electronic music Murail (person), Live musician ensemble that resides at IRCAM is ensemble intercontemporain

Ecole Niedermeyer

founded in 1853, general instruction, focused on church music by teaching students to sing Gregorian chant accompanied with modal chords, influenced many French composers to use modal melody and harmony

salon

from the 18th-century onward, a gathering of people in the home of a patron for the purposes of amusement and edification of its participants through conversation, readings, and chamber music making; as privileged as the small groups of invitees were, the prestige of the patron was even more at stake; gradually, the salon became an increasingly competitive vehicle for the channeling of art patronage as well as the exchange of ideas, leading to the composition and commissioning of many new works

symphony

from the Classical era forward, a substantial composition for full orchestra, typically (but not necessarily) in four movements; related tonally and often thematically; may be assigned programmatic meaning by the composer or imaginative listener; Classical-era generic standards (begun with a sonata-form movement, a slow movement often in ABA form, a minuet and trio or scherzo, and a lively finale in a choice of forms) loosened during the Romantic era, culminating in the lengthy, multimovement, programmatically-driven works of Mahler

Marco Cara

frottole composer, Mantua

Ricercare, fantasica, fancy, capriccio, fugue

fugal pieces in continuous imitative counterpoint, baroque instrumental

Chorale prelude

fugue form based on chorale tune, chorale based organ work

Brahms Piano music Style

full sonority, broken chord figuration, Frequent doubling of the melodic line in octaves, 3rds, or 6ths, Multiple chordlike appoggiaturas, Frequent use of cross-rhythms, Imaginative development of simple ideas into innovative textures, using arpeggiations, repeated notes, contrasting rhythms in different lines, etc. to increase the number of attacks while maintaining transparent clarity, 1852-3 wrote 3 large sonatas in tradition of Beethoven incorporating chromatic harmony of Chopin and Liszt and songlike style of Schumann's character pieces, In his 20s and 30s, focused on variations, Last 2 decades 6 collections of intermezzos, rhapsodies, and other short pieces

Syntax

functional role, in tonality syntax of a chord supersedes its sound but in new music the sonority supersedes syntax

inventions

fund of melodic ideas

Wagner Tristan Chord

half diminished 7th chord

Miles Davis

hardbop, cool jazz (Birth of the cool), modal jazz (Kind of Blue), free jazz, electric fusion (in a silent way), bebop (started w/this). so what? 1959 w/bil evans (cool jazz tradition)

Anna Amalia princess of Prussia

harpsichord and organ, composer

Continuo instruments

harpsichord, organ, lute, theorbo

10/11th century

heighted or diastematic neumes, neumes at varying heights above the text, indicate the size and direction of intervals

madrigalism

highly-developed use of tone-painting (pitch direction, texture, range, etc.) in the madrigal, used then in chansons and motets, striking musical images evoking text almost literally, typical of late madrigals

minimalism

highly-repetitive use of a small musical cell (melodic, harmonic, rhythmic) over a long period. Small changes take place throughout the work.

Dmitrij

historical opera influenced by Meyerbeer and Wagner

Sanctus

holy holy holy

Plain tunes

homophonic 4 part harmonizations of new melodies

Baroque music traits

homophony, basso continuo, figured bass, concertato, chromaticism as text expression, harmonically driven counterpoint, flexible rhythm for vocal recit, improv solo instrumental pieces, ornamentation for affect

17th century prevailing texture

homophony, prominent bass and treble lines, written or improvised inner parts

emulation

honoring a model through imitation. Simultaneously an homage and an attempt to surpass; conforming while trying to distinguish in a conspicuous way.

Count Bardi

hosted an academy where scholars discussed literature, science, arts, musicians performed new music

comedy

humans are masters of their own universe; human subjects; positive things happen

instrumental recitative

instrumental works that resemble vocal, one instrument (or group of instruments) are given the melody line (akin to the role of the singer) and another instrument (or group of instruments) are given the accompaniment role, Vivaldi violin concerto, CPE Bach Prussian sonata, Haydn Symphony 7, Beethoven 9th

Imitation mass (parody mass)

imitates another polyphonic work, resemblance to the model strongest at beginning and end of mvmt, composer uses new combo/variations with borrowed material, ex; Missa Malheur

Cantus firmus/imitation mass

imitates more than one voice of the source, tenor of a polyphonic chanson and borrowed elements from other voices as well, L'homme arme is a frequently used melody

Late 15th century saw 2 textures emerge/predominate

imitative counterpoint, homophony

Canzona

imitative piece for keyboard or ensemble in several contrasting sections played as chamber music or church, rhythmic themes, more lively character than ricercare

toccata

improvisatory pieces, harpsichord or organ, Frescobaldi. Italian, "to touch". after 1500, a virtuosic keyboard piece displaying dexterity and skill. Sectional and imitative.

fantasia

improvisatory-style work, often for keyboard or lute

diminution

improvised melodic embellishment, using faster motion or running passages

faburden

improvised polyphony, Plainchant in middle voice joined by upper voice a P4 above and lower voice mostly parallel 3rds below , Used from 1430-1530, Some written down but mostly a rule based system to write polyphony, 3 voices. Chant in middle voice. Cantus = doubling of chant at fourth above. Bass = doubling at third below.

Transcendentalism

in American culture, a belief in an ideal spirituality that "transcends" the physicla and empirical, realized only through the individual's intution, rather than through religious doctrine; this 19th century philosophical movement, centered in New England, served as a direct source of inspiration and guidance for Charles Ives, Carl Ruggles, etc.

Moment form

in later Stockhausen works, formal units of contrasting character follow each other without necessarily suggesting a process, direction, or narrative, creates a sense of timelessness

Surrealism

in music, the counterpart of contemporaneous movements in other arts (notably film); among its assigned qualities are the use of unexpected juxtapositions, improvisation, collage, and montage of broken pieces of the past; the result is meant to synthesize new meanings within a new aesthetic

New Deal

in response to the Great Depression, a series of economic programs implemented in the US during the first term of FDR in the 1930s; in music, the Works Progress Administration gave jobs to numerous artists, including musicians, funded community orchestras, and supported the Archive of American Folksong at the Library of Congress, a major depository of ethnographic research

pitch class

in serial and atonal music theory, the set of pitches related by octave transposition and designated with a single letter name (12 in all)

George M. Cohan

inaugurated distinctive style of American musical with his Little Johny Jones which brought American subject material and the vernacular sounds of vaudeville and tin pan alley with the romantic plots and European styles of comic opera and operetta

Peter Sculthorpe

incorporates or imitates aboriginal melodies

ultra-modern

incorporating ideas, styles, or techniques most recently developed or available; a pejorative term applied to such experimental art by its critics

basso continuo

independent bass part written as one line with shorthand numerical instructions to indicate full harmony; bass instrument would play the line while a keyboard would realize the part.

16th century prevailing texture

independent voice polyphony

Rimsky Korsakov Capriccio Espagnol, Sheherazade, Russian Easter Overture

indicative of his orchestration and musical characterization, First 2 typify exoticism based on Spanish themes and Arabian nights tales, Third is nationalist incorporating Russian orthodox liturgical melodies, Recurring themes lend the work a thematic unity akin to the cyclic symphonies of Franck and Tchaikovsky

English Polyphony

influenced by France, distinctive features: Use of imperfect consonances, often in parallel motion, 3rds/6ths allowed in Notre Dame but more common in English - influence of folk polyphony, rondellus, rota

Tristan und Isolde

influenced by philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, Adapted from 13th century romance by Gottfried von Strassburg, Chromatic harmony and delayed resolutions to convey yearning, Tristan chord: F, B, D#, G#, Scene has Gesamtkunstwerk

consort

instrumental ensemble of 4-7 instruments, England, small instrumental ensemble; whole = homogenous instruments, broken = heterogenous instruments

cantabile (instrumental)

instrumental instruction to perform singingly

ritornello

instrumental refrain, follows each stanza, opera. a returning theme (refrain) serving to unify instrumental or vocal compositions

Rags

instrumental works published especially for piano

ritornello

instrumental/orchestral refrain occurring between solo episodes in a concerto

chorale partita

large-scale, multi-movement piece based on a chorale and written for a keyboard instrument; first movement is a harmonization of the original chorale, while the subsequent movements are variations on the chorale melody and harmonization, using a variety of textures and figurations

Free organum

late 11th century, greater independence and freedom in organal voice, note-against note organum

Perotin

late 12/early 13th century, Edited the magnus liber, Substitute Clausulae, Self contained section of an organum, setting a word or syllable from the chant and closing with a cadence, after Leonin, Position at cathedral of Paris

Heinrich Isaac

late 15/early 16th Worked for 2 of most important patrons in Europe- Lorenzo Medici, Maximilian I, Familiar with range of European styles, 35 masses, 50 motets, widely traveled, combines Italy and Franco-Flemish traits, contemporary of Josquin, influenced development of music in germany, mass, motets, songs, aka Ysaac, Ysaak, Henricus, Arrigo d'Ugo, Arrigo il Tedesco, Choralis Constantinus (largest set of works, collections of mass propers)

Ballad

late 18th century, German poets, new form, Imitation of the folk ballads of England and Scotland, Greater length and wider palette of moods and events inspired composers to use more varied themes and textures, Expanded the lied both in form and in emotional content, Piano became equal partner with voice to intensify/illustrate meaning of poetry

Postmodernism

late 20th-century concept and approach in the arts, architecture, and criticism that represent an anti-Modernist distruct of grand theories and ideologies as well as a problematical relationship with the notions of "art", "values", and "truth"; Postmodernism reveals a radical skepticism that may result in an inherent, even overwhelming, sense of irony. incorporating elements of earlier styles into essentially modern designs, turning away from the belief, crucial to modernist thought that history progresses irreversibly in 1 direction abandoning the notion that musical idioms develop continuously, history gives the artist more freedom, Schnittke, Corigliano, PDQ Bach

Landini cadence

late Medieval phrase ending for two voices; while the lower voice moves form the second to the first degree, the upper voice moves from the seventh to the first degree, dropping to the sixth degree, then leaping to the eighth degree to conclude the octave , Upper voice: down by step, skip up: ex: C, B, D, Lower voice: down by step: ex: E, D

accompanied keyboard sonata

late-18th Century keyboard sonata in which the accompanying instrument play a subsidiary role and could be eliminated, if necessary

Soul

leading A. American pop music in 1960s, Descendent of rhythm and blues, Intense expression, melismas, vocalizations of gospel brought to songs on secular subjects, Ray Charles, James Brown, Otis Redding, Aretha Franklin, Associated with struggle for A. American equality

William Byrd

leading English composer of late 16/early 17th century, church of England, secular vocal/instrumental music, Anglican service music, latin masses and motets

Giovanni Palestrina

leading Italian church composer of the 16th century, masses and motets, strict style counterpoint, patron pope Julius III, mostly sacred music, more masses than anyway, revised chant books after trent, saved polyphony from condemnation by council of trent, pure polyphony, 51 imitation masses, 34 paraphrase masses, plainchant like melodies, long-breathed, rhythmically varied singable lines, mostly stepwise, cambiata, variety by giving each phrase to a different voice combination, rhythmic variety, no 2 successive measures have the same rhythm, often uses syncopation to sustain momentum and link phrases, first style in western music to be preserved and imitated as a model, stile antico

Landini

leading ballate composer, biggest Italian musician of the Trecento, Cadence: major 6th expanding to an octave between cnatus and tenor, smoother melodies than Machaut, blind organist

Giovanni Gabrieli

leading composer of the late renaissance and early baroque, St. Marks in Venice, Organist, composer, supervisor of the instrumentalists, Church inspired large works for multiple choirs and. The earlies collections of pieces for large instrumental ensemble, polychordal motets, venetian sonata, His use of contrasting forces influenced baroque church music

Medici

leading family in Florence, sponsored Heinrich Isaac, Jacques Arcadelt

Hans Leo Hassler

leading german composer of late renaissance

Hans Leo Hassler

leading german composer of late renaissance, studied with Andrea Gabrieli, lutheran and catholic music

Denis Gaultier

leading lute composer, 1603-1672

John Dowland

leading lute song composer, Flow my tears

Giacomo Carissimi

leading midcentury cantata composer, established latin oratorios, Jephte, erly baroque Roman school of music, masses, motets, taught Charpentier, further developed recitative and chamber cantata,

New Orleans jazz

leading style of jazz in the period after WWI, Group variation of a given tune, improvised or same spontaneous style, Counterpoint of melodic lines, alternating with solos, Call and response

John Jenkins

leading viol consort composer

Chance

leaving some decisions normally made by a composer up to chance, John Cage, Music of Changes pg 933

musique concrète

manipulating recorded sounds electronically, assembled into collages, compose works concretely with sound itself rather than music notation . a form of electroacoustic music, first explored by Pierre Schaeffer in France in the late 1940s and made possible by the invention of the tape recorder; originally limited to the use of naturally occurring sounds (not electronically-generated) through electronic processing and cut-and-splice editing

Winchester Troper

manuscript of tropes and liturgical music from monastery in Winchester, England, organal voices are notated, unheighted neumes

melisma

many notes sung to a single syllable; used as a display of virtuosity, but often clouded ability to clearly comprehend language.

synthesis

materials from different blocks combines to create a new block, 1st discussed in music of Stravinsky, later Weber

Minimalism

materials reduced to minimum, simplified procedures, began in 1960s as avant garde aesthetic, coined by Wolheim (art critic), reaction against complexity, density, irregularity, expressive intensity, post world war, clarity, regularity, repetitive, pattern of simple elements, Terry Riley (In C), La Monte Young (The Dream House), John Adams, Stece Reich

Baroque ornamentation

means to move the affections, 2 ways to ornament a melodic line: ornaments (trills, turns, appoggiaturas, mordents) and more extended embellishments (scales, arpeggios)

meantone temperament

meantone temperment preceded equal temperment and followed after pythagorean tuning (fifths perfect, 3/6ths too sharp). ptolemiac tuning, or just intonation, tunes the fifth slightly low so that the thirds are perfect. First indication of temperment found in the treatise of Gaffori in 1496 "Pratica Musica" - he says that organists flat the fifth slightly (less than just intonation) so that all the whole note intervals are the same, and the span of two octaves, as well as all thirds are in tune. designed for keyboard instruments within a certain range. in the late 1600's composers/performers moved away from meantone to equal temperment, which is what we use today

Byzantine Chant

melodies classed into 8 modes or echoi, served as a model for the 8 modes of the western church, scriptural readings chanted with phrasing that reflected the phrasing of the text, hymns are a prominent example of this

Early Organum

melody against a drone

Cantus firmus variations

melody repeated with little change but surroujnded by different contrapuntal material in each variation, Sweelinck, English virginalists

Hypermeter

meter at a higher level, combining several measures into one unit, groupings within slower pulse streams where a single pulse represents the time taken up by a complete notated measure, and where groups on that level depend heavily on melody supported by harmonic and durational patterns, coined by Cone

Tintinnbuli

method developed in 1970s, after the bell like sonorities it produced, Counterpoint between a pitch centered, mostly stepwise diatonic melody and 1+ voices that sound only notes of the tonic triad, Placement determined by a preset system, Seven Magnificat Antiphons, Arvo Part

thematic transformation

method of providing unity, variety, and narrative-like logic to a composition by transforming the thematic material to reflect the diverse moods needed to portray a programmatic subject, inspired by Berlioz Symphony Fantastique. a variation technique whereby a theme is altered and placed in a new context, yet maintains a relationship to the original; with precedents in Beethoven and Berlioz (idée fixe), this approach is most associated with the symphonic poems of Liszt and the operas of Richard Wagner

metrical Psalm

metric, rhymed, strophic translations of songs in the vernacular set to tunes from chant, a psalm translated into rhyming, strictly metrical verse in the vernacular, composed and sung as a hymn and collected in a psalter; developed for the worship services of John Calvin and his followers

Luciano Berio

mid 20th, New virtuosity, sequenca works, graphic notation, Italian, music based on borrowed materials (Sinfonia-borrows from Mahler 2 and 100+ works), electronic music, electronic music periodical: Incontri Musicalixi, founded the Julliard Ensemble (new music), directed IRCAM, won the Prix Italia for Laborintus II, O King (chamber/orchestra with voices in memory of Martin Luther King Jr), poet Sanguineti

metric modulation/temporal modulation

mid-piece pivot from one time signature and tempo to another, wherein a note values from the preceding is matched to a note value in the second

tempo di mezzo

middle movement, middle section between the cantabile and the cabaletta, usually a transition or interruption by other characters in which something happens to alter the situation or the character's mood, Rossini scene structure. the recitative following a cantabile setting the stage for the mood of the cabaletta

Russian characteristics

modal scales, Quotation or paraphrasing of folk songs , Poles depicted with polish dance rhythms, creating a strong contrast in style reinforcing nationalism

gavotte

moderate, quadruple meter. optional in baroque suite. duple time dance with half measure upbeat and characteristic short-short-long rhythm

Allemande

moderately fast 4/4 beginning. With an upbeat, almost continuous movement, many agrements

passamezzo

moderately fast dance in quadruple meter, followed by saltarello

chaconne

moderately fast dance in variation form

Francois Tourte

modern bow

Brahms 260 lieder style

most follow a strophic or modified strophic form, Some imitate style of folk song, Piano accompaniment usually varied in texture, changing figuration about every 2 measures: this trait distinguishes Brahm's lieder from those of Schumann. Schubert while recalling Mozart's frequent changes of figure and topic, Wrote music both accessible for amateur performers and interesting for the connoisseur

Italian Madrigal

most important secular genre of 16th century Italy, emphasis on enriching meaning of text with music, paved the way for opera, used from 1530 on for musical settings of itlian poetry, no refrains or repeated lines, through-composed, match the artfulness of poetry, text depiction, early madrigals (1520-50) four voices, midcentury 5-6, piece of vocal chamber music intended for performance with one singer to a part

Praxis Pietatis

most influential Lutheran songbook, Johann Cruger 1647, Set melodies over figured bass, added accidentals to old modal melodies to fit triadic harmony

Inversion

moving by same intervals but in opposite direction

occursus

moving to a concluding consonance by contrary motion; especially important in organum

Gates

music changes from one set of notes to another, convey a sense of journey through a gradually changing environment, John Adams

aleatory

music composed or performed to some degree accoding to chance operations or spontaneous decisions. as distinct from indeterminacy, where some decisions are left up to the performers free choice (Cage, Lutoslawski, Earl Brown)

bi-modal

music drawing on the characteristic scale degrees of both the major and minor modes

absolute music

music for music's sake; music without extramusical or programmatic associations

Diegetic or source music

music heard or performed by the characters, film music category

4-aleatoric music

music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the determination of its performer(s). Mozartv Musikalisches Würfelspiel or musical dice game, Ives, Cowell (Mosaic String Quartet)

polytonality

music in which two or more tonalities are present at the same time

Webern Style

music is very concentrated, pointillistic, Often felt that after writing all 12 notes, piece was finished, Some pieces as short as a few measures, Longer pieces only 8-9 minutes long, Entire mature output takes less than 4 hours to play, Dynamics rarely above forte, Avoided sets or rows with tonal implications

Musica mundana

music of the universe, numerical relations controlling the movements of stars and planets, season changes, and elements

Ars Nova innovations in notation

music other than in 3 time, perfect/imperfect prolation, meter signified by circle with dot, half circle, etc.

electronic music

music produced exclusively by electronic means, be that recorded music or completely computer-generated

modified strophic form

music repeats for some strophes but others vary it or use new music

Atonality

music that avoids establishing a tonal center, Schoenberg

through-composed

music that is relatively continuous, non-sectional, a/o non-repetitive; in song, a viable approach to both strophic and freely-versed text

William Rothstein

music theorist, Phrase Rhythm in Tonal Music and coauthor, with Charles Burkhart, of Anthology for Musical Analysis, Shenkerian theory

fantasia

musical approach characterized by structural freedom, improvisational in origin although later applied to composed music, emulating the rhythmic variability and increasing harmonc waywardness possible in this context.

musical

musical comedy; English-language theatrical form, also found in film, that combines songs, spoken dialogue, and dance to convey a story or thematic idea; successor to genres such as the German Singspiel or French and Austrian operetta

Motto mass

musical connection, same thematic material, linked with a head motive

soggetto cavato

musical cryptogram, musical notes carved out of solmization syllables, pitches then used as a cantus firmus, Josquin, coined by Zarlino in Le istitutioni harmoniche, ex: Missa Hercules

Window of Disorder

musical elements that disrupt the tonal context in 19th century music, point outside the structural music frame

A Midsummer Night's Dream, Mendelssohn

musical landscapes, Set standard for all subsequent concert overtures, Perpetual motion for a full orchestra , Light, bustling string texture is trademark of Mendelssohn's scherzos, Classic overture structure of a sonata form without repeats, Orchestral color evokes imagery (fairy dust, braying Bottom)

fantasy

musical piece of no fixed form, rooted in improvisation, in which the composer follows his or her imagination

Shostakovich 10th symphony

musically signed with german spelling of his name: D Eb C B

Minim

new noteform introduced to indicate ½or 1/3 of semibreve

Contrafact

new tune composed over harmonic progression from a different tune

axis of symmetry

new version of tonality based on distance and key relations

1450-1520 style

no more forms fixes, more imitative and homophonic textures, focus on text declamation and expression

operetta

no recitative, spoken dialogue, always in vernacular, may have dnacing numbers, more fun, Victorian pair wrote operetta (Gilbert and Sullivan), evolves in America to musicals

Musica Ficta

non chord tones in medieval and renaissance music, pitches outside of the system of musica recta or musica vera (correct or true) as defined by the hexachord system of Guido of Arezzo, unnotated inflections that must be inferred from the musical context, often used to avoid a tritone, notes that don't belong in a given mode, used to be able to spell clausulae vera cadences, corrections for certain kinds of dissonances, esp. to avoid tritone, you see Bb all the time to avoid B-F tritone in mode 1 (all white note mode), you also regularly see 1st 3 sharps: F#, C#, G#

Free Jazz (aka. New Thing)

noncomposed; sound effects sometimes (technology)

atonality

nontonal music, not referring to 12-tone music. Schoenberg describes as pantonal. music that does not adhere to any kind of key or mode

Ars Nova Period

notation innovations, development of polyphonic songs or chansons, Philippe de Vitry, isorhythm, new French musical style inaugurated by Vitry in the 1310s and continued into the 1370s

Romanticism

novel, individual, evocative, spectacular, nationalist, exotic, distinctive yet attractive

Aleksander Pushkin

novelist, Tchaikovsky's two biggest operas based on his novels, Eugene Onegin, The Queen of Spades

Sonneck Society

now called the Society for American Music, founded in 1975, named for Sonneck, organization for study of American music, conference, awards, etc. group of scholars

Square root form

number of measures in each unit is the square root of the total in the mvmt, 4+3+2+3+4, Cage

Margarita Cozzolani

nun, published 4 collections of sacred concertos

Beethoven Symphony no. 9, 1824

one of last works, Innovations in length, Use of solo voices and chorus in the finale, Looked to genre of choral ode, Unusual finale form

Beethoven Missa Solemnis

one of last works, Mass for elevation of archduke Rudolph to archbishop of Olmutz, but was too long for liturgical use, Full of musical and liturgical symbols, reinterpreting traditional elements in new ways, Choral writing in the style of Handel, Chorus and solo ensembles freely alternate like haydn's late masses

Juan de Araujo

one of most well known villancico composers in the new world, born in spain, Peru, almost 100% of his compositions were villancicos, syncopation in 6/8 meter, Los coflades de la estleya, Maestro di capilla in Peru and Bolivia

Helen May Butler's Ladies Brass Band

one of several all female ensembles formed in response to the exclusion of women from most bands

Saget mir, auf welchem Pfade

one of the first atonal pieces, 1908

Canzona or canzon

one of the leading genres of contrapuntal instrumental music in the late 16th century, Earliest pieces were intabulations of French chansons, By midcentury, composers reworking chansons rather than simply embellishing, instrumental composition derived from chanson. Sectional structure, varied texture, lively rhythms.

Small sacred concerto

one or more soloist accompanied by organ continuo and often violins, good for small churches, Viadana

Ethos

one's ethical character or way of being and behaving, Greek writers believe that music could affect this, built on Pythagorean view of music as a system of pitch and rhythm governed by the same mathematical laws that operated in the visible and invisible world

Fuging tunes

open with a syllabic and homophonic section, then feature a passage in free imitation before closing with voices joined in homophony

Impresario

opera producer

Impresario

opera producer, managed the theater

Singspiel

opera with spoken dialogue, musical numbers, comic plot, precursor of German musical theater of Mozart and Weber. German, "singing play". operatic works in German with spoken dialogue of the Classical and early Romantic eras; in substance, more like a ballad opera than a comic opera

Accompanied Recitative (recitativo accompagnato)

orchestral outburst to dramatize situations, interjections reinforced the rapid changes of emotion in the dialogue and punctuated phrases

Florilegium by Georg Muffat

orchestral suite collection, he introduced Lully's style into Germany and had introduced Corelli style earlier, essay with musical examples about French system of bowing, agrements

double-sign system

orchestral techniques could point both outward (onomatopeia, iconicity, metaphor, metonymy; orchestral techniques might also point inward, to musical events within the work itself. These include formal and harmonic conventions (move to the dominant/other key for a secondary theme area, for instance), as well as thematic conventions. In Haydn's farewell symphony, you have the ourward signs that include instrumentalists actually stopping to play, and the inward facing signs that include delayed harmonic or phrasing expectations

French tradition (opposed to Cosmopolitan and impressionism traditions)

order and restraint are fundamental, music as a sonorous form not expression, replaces emotional displays/musical depiction, subtle patterns of tones, rhythms, colors, Music sounds more lyric or dancelike than epi or dramatic, Economical, simple, reserved rather than profuse, complex or grandiloquent, ex: Faure

Tala

organization by duration in Indian music, Cage, Cowell told him about

Perotinus Organun

organum for 3 or 4 voices, created by Perotin and his contemporaries, organum duplum (2 voice), triplum (3 voice), quadruplum (4 voice), upper voices use rhythmic modes, voice change, voice exchange

Perotin organum style

organum for 3 or 4 voices, created by Perotinus and his contemporaries, organum duplum (2 voice), triplum (3 voice), quadruplum (4 voice), upper voices use rhythmic modes, voice change, voice exchange

Retrograde

original voice backwards

verbunkos

originally, Hungarian military recruiting music, drawn from native popular song, but performed in a gypsy manner; later incorporated into style hongrois dance music

double

ornamented repetition of a Baroque dance movement

Organal voice

other voice, moves in exact parallel motion a fifth below, normally sung below

Baroque instrumental pieces that vary a bass line

partita, chaconne, passacaglia

Concertante quartets

parts are of equal importance

Polytonal

parts in different keys

familiar style

passages in vocal choral music sung in a chordal/homophonic fashion

ground bass

pattern in the bass that repeats while the melody above it changes. concise theme repeated in a bass part against a (often non-repeating) melody. pattern in the bass that repeats while the melody above it changes

interlock

patterns of blocks, where they alternate. Ex. a1 b1 c1 c2 b2 a3 c2

interval cycle

patterns of intervals that form a collection, melodies from scales of single successive intervals such as the wholetone scale

Popular pair of renaissance dances

pavane and galliard

serenade

piece of light music. in the Baroque, a serenata was a small dramatic cantata performed outdoors (stradella, scarlatti). in the classical period, they were musical pieces related to the divertimento

Canzona or sonata

pieces with contrasting sections, often in imitative counterpoint, baroque instrumental

Webern Op 5

pitch class sets, inversional relationships, invariance, stratified form,

Pitch to Pitch-class

pitch is the note, pitch class is all octaves of the note

octave equivalence

pitches at different octaves, considered same note, complement equivalence complement completes an octave (M3=m6)

troubadour

poet composers in souther France, spoke occitan, Provençal, "finder of words". Esteemed singer-poets active in southern France. 11th-13th centuries. composed highly-formalized cansos, tensos, sirventes, pastorelas, etc.

Petrarchan movement

poetry movement, return to sonnets of Francesco Petrarch, led by Cardinal bembo, influenced madrigal rise

Axis of inversion

point of rotation of the inversion

Ballad opera

popular form of opera in the local language, spoken dialogue interspersed with songs that set words to borrowed popular tunes, peak in fashion 1730

Alex North

popularized jazz for urban, sex, alcoholism in Streetcar named desire, film music composer

Alleluia

praise god, based on psalm text

Gloria or Greater Doxology

praise to god, encapsulates the doctrine of the trinity, asks mercy

Ziegfeld Follies

premier series of revues, producer, Florenz Ziegfeld

liturgy

prescribed order for a religious service

sentence structure

presentation and continuation. usually 4+4 bars. two repeated basic ideas for presentation, one extended idea for the continuation. Presentation prolongs tonic and does not have a strong cadence, and continuation ends with a PAC, IAC, or HC

commercial opera

presentation of opera in a public theatre, rather than exclusively at the court.

discant

primarily homophonic style of writing in which both voices move within rhythmic modes; tenor moves faster than usual; concluding consonance typically preceded by dissonance and arrived upon through contrary motion, both parts move at about the same rate, 1-3 notes in upper part for each note of lower voice

Parallel organum

principal and organal voice, can be at the 5th or 4th

Claudin de Sermisy and Clemen Janequin

principal composers in Attaingnant's early French chanson collections

John Rastell

printing from single impression (staff, notes at once), London, 1520

Concert Spirituel

public concert series in France, founded in 1725 A Parisian concert series during the Lenten season, while opera houses were closed. Known for the opera overture-based sinfonia format of fast sonata movement, slow movemnet, and dancelike third movement.

J. A Hiller

public concert series in Leipzig in 1763

A bend musiken

public concerts of sacred vocal music at St. Mary

sarabande

quick, lascivious dance song from central merica- in France was transformed into a slow, dignified dance in triple meter with an emphasis on the second beat. a lively triple-meter song-dance originating in New Spain (16th century); brought to Europe, becoming a guitar genre with ostinato bass; later, harmonic patterns, characteristic rhythms, and a slower tempo led it to the theatrical stage; by the middle Baroque, sarabandes were standard in instrumental suites, becoming a virtuoso piece in JS Bach's chamber music

bariolage

quickly alternating between violin strings while playing a repeated tone

maximalism

radically intensifying traditionally expressive moments

Alan Freed

radio disc jockey in Cleveland, coined term rock and roll

parlando/parlante

rapid delivery of recitative with some approximation of speech; use of repeated notes

fin' amors

refined love; subject matter for troubadour song that venerated the women of a knight's affections, elevating her to the status that many bestowed upon the Mother Mary

Postminimalist

reflects the influence of minimalist procedures while moving beyond the original minimalist aesthetic to include traditional methods, more varied material, renewed expressivity

Chorale motets

reformation, borrowed techniques from franco-flemish motet

Rondeau

refrain alternates with a series of contrasting periods called couplets

Spiritual

religious song of southern slaves, passed down oraly, texts based on Bible but hidden meaning

Sacred concerto

religious texts that incorporated basso continuo, concertato medium, monody, and operatic styles from recitative to aria. Incorporated basso continuo, the concertato medium, monody, and operatic styles from recitative to aria, Use a dramatic, powerful art to convey the church's message, Didn't abandon polyphony, Palestrina's style became supreme model

meantone temperment

renaissance and baroque tuning system, not all keys good, oriented around major 3rds, compromises 5th to improve 3rds, replaced Pythagorean tuning and just tuning, , Pietro Aaron in Toscanello in musica, Zarlino, Praetorius in De organographia

talea

repeating rhythmic unit, Latin, "a cutting". in Medieval and Renaissance polyphony, the repetition of rhythmic valus without regard to the pitches used

primitivism

representation of the elemental, crude, and uncultured, cast aside the sophistication and stylishness of modern life and trained artistry . a fascination by that which is least mediated by modern society; an exoticism based on notions of "savagery" and raw emotion; reflected in early 20th-century music through the influence of African and Latin American percussion music mixed with unbridled rhythmic drive

Prime Form

represents the intervals of the normal order in numbers

Shostakovich 5th Symphony

response to criticism of his opera, Embodies his new approach: Inspired by Mahler's symphonies, Encompassed a wide range of styles and moods , Framed as heroic symphony in Beethoven/Tchaikovsky grand manner, Fit into requirements fo soviet regime but can hear bitterness and mourning bc of repression

crab canon

retrograde canon. Two lines that are simultaneously complimentary and backward from one another.

crab canon

retrograde canon. Two lines that are simultaneously complimentary and backward from one another. Baroque, Bach Musical Offering

Florentine Camerata

revive power of ancient Greek usic, founded by Mei, Bardi, Galilei, Caccini, Peri

Rap

rhymed lyrics chanted over repeated dance beats, began in 1970s as part of black youth culture

Aquitanian verses

rhymed, rhythmic, strophic latin poems, rarely taken from liturgy but sacred or serious topic

mensural notation

rhythmic values expressed through ligature interpretation, changing meters, and rhythmic levels; superseded by Baroque score notation alongside metric uniformity and expressive markings;

standard pattern for 18th century concertos

ritornello form, developed by Vivaldi

Alternative Rock

rock music apart from mainstream, Grunge rockers combined nihilism of punk and electric guitar laden sound of heavy metal with intimate lyrics and dressed down fashion

Catch

round or canon with humorous, ribald text, sung unaccompanied by men, english, Purcell

Petit motet

royal chapel, church music, sacred concerto for few voices with continuo

Most English music from the 15th century

sacred music on latin texts, sarum rite, chant sometimes lightly embellished in middle voice, 3 voice texture, ex: NAWM 3f pg 169

Blues characteristics

sad lyrics, music expresses feeling, syncopated rhythms, flatted or bent notes on the 3rd, 5th, 7th scale degrees, classic blues and delta blues

Schubertiade

salon-like event centered around Franz Schubert, who performed his music and participated in party games such as charades; in modern times, any gathering devoted to that composer's works

Plagal modes

same final but deeper in range than authentic, moving from a 4th or 5th below the final to a 5th/6th above

All Interval Class Tetrachords

same ic vector <111111> they have one of each, you can't transpose these to have no common tones

Bernard Herrmann

scores for Citizen Kane and Vertigo, North by Northwest, Vertigo used dissonant tonal language from Ives, Berg, Hindemith, and modernists, film music composer

triplum

second additional voice (third voice total) in a polyphonic composition

Reciting tone

second characteristic note in addition to the final in modes

Answer

second entrance of the subject in a fugue

Answer

second entrance, normally on the dominant often intervals modified to fit the key

seconda prattica

second practice, break rules, Monteverdi, baroque, music as servant of words. Italian, "second practice"; originally, Monteverdi's term of challenge to the conservative treatment of contrapuntal dissonance (prima pratica) favored by Gioseffo Zarlino and his followers; a promised treatise never appeared, and Monteverdi grew increasingly involved with monodic style

recapitulation

section in sonata form; used to confirm tonic for the conclusion of the movement; all principle themes sound in tonic

development

section in sonata form; used to develop themes motivically and harmonically through fragmentation, alteration, and modulation; returns to tonic for the recapitulation

4 main types of polyphonic compositions in the mid 15th century

secular chanson with French text, motet, magnificats, settings of mass ordinary

double return

seen in the sonatas of D. Scarlatti. Standard by WF Bach, and later Haydn.

serenata

semi dramatic piece for singers and small orchestra, written for special occasion, Stradelli. staged dramatic cantata intended for court or aristocratic homes. short dramatic composition performed in the same setting as secular Italian cantata. costumes and scenery.

Serenata

semidramatic piece for several singers and small orchestra, for special occasion, Stradella

musical cryptogram

sequence of musical notes that can be taken as an extra-musical meaning usually between note names and letters, Josquin in Missa Hercules, Willaert, BACH motif, Brahms, Schumann Carnaval, 20th c Honegger

combinatorial

serialism. Interchangeable combination of constituent hexachords to produce aggregates.

Couplets

series of contrasting periods

points of imitation

series of imitative entrances, in contrapuntal music, an opening motif in one voice that is subsequently imitated by other voices; in fugal writing, this pattern may recur (in different keys) as needed; applicable to instrumental and vocal music

Sonata da camera/chamber sonata

series of stylized dances, often started with a prelude

episode

solo section for an instrument within a concerto; a non-thematic section within a fugue, periods of free counterpoint between statements of the subject

sonata da camara

series of stylized dances, often starts with a prelude . Italian, "chamber sonata". 4-movement sets of instrumental dances for domestic use; by 1700, interchangeable with the sonata da chiesa. slow-fast/slow-fast mimics organ prelude-fugue. Imitative texture, binary form, lively culminating tempo.

opera seria

serious opera, featuring virtuosic singing (coloratura), da capo aria form, embellishment at the return of the A section of the aria

Opera seria

serious opera, form from Metastasio, 3 acts alternating recit and aria

transpositional symmetry

set can transpose onto itself, when a collection maps onto itself at least one or more times at the transpositional level, ex: dim7 chord

Exposition

set of entries in a fugue

versus

setting of a poetic (rhymed, metrical) verse (as opposed to a prose text)

Organ verse or chorale prelude

settings of existing melodies, baroque instrumental

Organ verses or versets

settings of short segments of chant

Strophic

several stanzas sung to the same melody, ex: hymns

Chaconne

severe set of variations over a ground bass, often interchangeable with a passacaglia

Antiphon

short chant in Christian ritual, sung as a refrain, texts are the Psalms, favored by St. Ambrose in Ambrosian chant, used widely in Gregorian Chant

clausula

short discant sections inserted into Medieval polyphonic organum; Self-contained sections setting one or more words on syllables from the chant and ending with a cadence.

Fughetta

short fugue, less formal, less strict contrapuntal writing, ex: Beethoven Diabelli Variations

Incises

short segments of a melody, Koch

tape loops

short segments of magnetic tape spliced into oops when fed through tape recorder . a short segment of magnetic tape that could be repeated or manipulated when fed through a tape recorder continuously; the analog predecessor of digital sampling

speech melodies

short speech units recorded in music notation by Leoš Janáček, who believed that these revealed subliminal thoughts and emotions unexpressed by the words alone; the basis of his operatic vocal writing

Combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda

short work blending music and mime, Monteverdi St Marks

canzonetta

short, canzona-like composition for voices. light texture.

rota, round

short, circular canon at the unison or octave, for as many unaccompanied voices as the melody will allow

Ostinatos

short, repeated bass lines

Revues

shows that strung together dances, songs, comedy, united by a common theme

jongleur

singer-entertainer of lower-class status. minstrel. memorized the work of troubadours without having financial backing to successfully move in those circles.

Ned Harrigan (1844-1911) and Tony Hart (1855-1891)

singing comics collaborated with composer David Braham on comic sketches and musical plays often focused on ethnic characters

antiphonal

singing or playing in alternating choruses, 2 groups alternate

Klavierstuck XI

single large sheet with 19 short segments of music played at player's discretion of what order or at all, Stockhausen

compound melody

single line so separated, can imply presence of structural voices, Bach cello suites

character piece

single-movement work for piano with a descriptive title

chorale prelude

single-stanza setting with which the organist cues the congregation to sing or to provide an accompaniment to nonverbal meditation

Les Six

six early 20th-century French composers whose music was often seen as a reaction against German romanticism and Impressionism; Georges Auric, Louis Durey, Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, and Germaine Taillefaire. Revered the work of Erik Satie. Younger group of composers, absorbed influences of neoclassicism, escape old political dichotomies, Free French music from foreign domination, Inspiration from Erik Satie, Hailed by writer Jean Cocteau, who called for new fully French, anti-romantic music, Clarity, accessibility, emotional restraint, Collaborated in joint concerts, album of paino music, Cocteau Les maries de la tour Eiffel

Cool Jazz

slower, reaction to Bebop. Birth of the Cool

concerto grosso

small ensemble of solo instruments against large ensemble

Concerto grosso

small ensemble vs large ensemble,

conversation book

small notebook used by Ludwig van Beethoven for communicators to write out questions to which he would respond orally

DuFay Italian characteristics

smooth vocal melodies, melismas on last syllable of line of text, meter change for b section

Marc Antoione Charpentier

solo airs, carissimi student, French-style embellishments, adapted Italian chamber cantatas to French style, 1634-1704

cavatina

solo aria in one section, often connected with a character's entrance; also applied to a song-like instrumental movement

Tonada

solo song