AM History Semester 2 Final Exam

Jane Addams

A pacifist and advocate for women's suffrage who cofounded Hull House, where she worked for the rest of her life, and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 for her accomplishments

"separate but equal"

A policy used to designate the racial segregation of public facilities, in which there would be different designated facilities for white and "colored" people, but both would be equal in quality

National Consumers League

A group organized in 1899 to investigate the conditions under which goods were made and sold to promote safe working conditions and a minimum wage

workers' compensation laws

A law that guaranteed that a portion of lost wages was paid to workers injured on the job

Florence Kelley

A lawyer who opposed child labor and convinced Illinois to ban child labor, and helped form the National Child Labor Committee

Louis Brandeis

A lawyer who, in Muller v. Oregon, argued that long working hours harmed working women and their families

McClure's

A magazine known for uncovering social problems, which became the standard muckraking publication medium

Theodore Dreiser / Sister Carrie

A midwestern writer who came from an impoverished childhood / The name of the book he wrote which traces the fate of a small-town girl drawn into the brutal urban worlds of Chicago and New York

Progressivism

A movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms

temperance movement

A movement, also known as prohibition, that aimed at stopping alcohol abuse and the problems created by it

John Spargo

A muckraker who focused attention on the dangerous and difficult lives of child workers

Urban League

A network of churches and clubs that set up employment agencies and relief efforts to help African Americans get settled and find work in cities

Partido Liberal Mexicano

A network which, like the Urban League, provided social services to Mexican Americans to help them settle into urban America

segregation

The societal separation of white and "colored" people

city manager

A government figure hired to oversee all of city government by the city council or commission

Alice Paul

A former member of the NAWSA who left to found the more militant National Woman's Party, expanding her work for women's rights and introducing the first equal rights amendment into Congress

13th Amendment

The Constitutional amendment which abolished slavery

Carrie Chapman Catt

A former educator who joined the NAWSA and became its president in 1900 after having been involved in the women's suffrage movement since 1887, and also headed the suffragettes

17th Amendment

A 1913 constitutional amendment that allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators by citizens

Keating-Owens Act

A 1916 act which banned child labor in all states, but was later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court

19th Amendment

A 1920 constitutional amendment that gave women the right to vote

Hull House

A Chicago settlement house cofounded by Jane Addams that harbored programs which made significant social and economic contributions to the impoverished people of Chicago

Jacob Riis / How the Other Half Lives

A Danish immigrant and New York City newspaper reporter, who took photos of slum life as a crime reporter and used them in his book / The name of the aforementioned book he wrote, which showed the impoverished and despicable conditions in which the lower class lived, using his pictures to back his arguments

Bryn Mawr College

A Pennsylvanian women's college that trained women to lead new organizations working for social reform

Walter Rauschenbusch / Christianity and the Social Crisis

A Progressive reformer who believed Christianity should be the basis of social reform, and created the Social Gospel by blending ideas from German socialism and American Progressivism / The work he published which contained his ideas and was published as he rose to power within the Social Gospel movement

Lochner v. New York

A Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that workers' compensation laws were unconstitutional, on par with their tendency to rule against labor laws

Muller v. Oregon

A Supreme Court case in which they reviewed the law that capped women's workdays at ten hours

Galveston, Texas

A Texas city that, after having been hit by a hurricane, replaced its mayor with a five-person commission to help with city affairs, which was later adopted by other states

Margaret Sanger

A United States nurse who founded the Birth Control Research Bureau, which evolved into Planned Parenthood in 1942, and founded the American Birth Control League

Susan B. Anthony

A campaigner for reforms and civil rights who took up the causes of abolition, temperance, working women's rights, and especially suffrage, and formed the National Woman Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Salvation Army

A charity group established to provide basic needs for the poor and homeless, while also teaching them about the Christian religion

racial etiquette

A code of societal conduct that governed the social and business relations between whites and blacks

Galveston Plan

A commission form of government where each commissioner was an expert in a different area of city affairs, and headed the departments responsible for that area

National Child Labor Committee

A committee formed by Florence Kelley which successfully lobbied the federal government to create the U.S. Children's Bureau

political machine

A corrupt political organization, whose leaders, called bosses, used bribery and violence to influence voters and win elections

Declaration of Sentiments

A document signed by 100 attendees at the Seneca Falls Convention which listed the injustices towards women and declared that men and women are equal

U.S. Children's Bureau

A federal agency created in 1912 which examined any issue that affected the health and welfare of children

Frances Willard

A female professor who grew interested in the temperance movement and joined the WCTU, where she clashed with other members by insisting on linking its goals with women's suffrage

Ida Wells

A former female slave who attended college after emancipation and became a prominent women's and minority rights activist, helping found the NAACP, gaining fame for her anti-lynching campaign, and working tirelessly for women's suffrage

suffragettes

A group of wealthy, well-educated women from all levels of society recruited by Catt to promote suffrage in their respective areas

Upton Sinclair / The Jungle

A newspaper writer and novelist who became a well-known muckraker of California politics, and ran unsuccessfully for governor once in 1934 / The name of the book he wrote, which related the despair of immigrants in Chicago's stockyards and revealed the unsanitary conditions of that industry

Social Gospel

A reform movement that emerged in the late 1800s that sought to improve society by applying Christian principles

Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)

A religious organization that provided services to the urban poor while also promoting Christian values and offering classes, dances, and sports

Lincoln Steffens / The Shame of the Cities

A reporter who wrote articles and books exposing government corruption at the state and municipal levels / The name of the book this reporter wrote, execrating the ignominious political corruption of large urban cities

poll tax

A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to vote

Springfield riots

A series of attacks on the black community of Springfield, Illinois; which occurred in 1908 after a white mob had attempted to lynch two African American prisoners, who had subsequently been removed to safety

settlement house

A type of community center organized at the turn of the twentieth century to provide social services to the urban poor

investigative journalism

A type of journalism that seeks to expose corruption and unearth scandals, usually in relation to business or politics

naturalist novel

A type of muckraker novel that honestly portrayed human misery and the struggles of common people

American Civil Liberties Union

A union founded by Jane Addams, in which she worked closely with labor groups seeking to use political means to improve working conditions for the urban poor

Florence Kelley

A women's activist who played a major role at Hull House by calling attention to the working conditions of women and children, and headed the National Consumers League and helped found the NAACP

American Birth Control League

A women's group founded by Margaret Sanger that made information regarding birth control and family planning available to more women

National Woman's Party

A women's political group that publicly marched outside the White House with picket signs, sometimes going on hunger strikes, resulting in their arrest and subsequent opposition from other suffrage groups, but was ultimately successful in gaining attention for women's suffrage

Women's Trade Union League

A women's reform group that tried to improve conditions specifically for female factory workers, pushed for a minimum wage and eight-hour workday, and created the first workers' strike fund

muckrakers

A writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in government or business

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

An 1890 government act that sought to limit the abuses of big business by banning the formation of trusts, but was ultimately unsuccessful because of its vague nature

Frances Ellen Watkins / Iola Leroy

An African American author who combined her naturalist writing skills with her advocacy for African American rights / The name of the book she wrote that portrayed some of the struggled of black Americans

W.E.B. Dubois

An African American scholar and reformer who helped found the Niagara Movement and the NAACP, and supported efforts to unite African Americans to fight discrimination and policy through activism and protest

National Association of Colored Women

An African American women's group whose goal was to help families strive for success and to assist those who were less fortunate by setting up daycare centers to protect and educate black children

Tuskegee Institute

An Alabama facility founded by Booker T. Washington which trained African Americans in agricultural and vocational pursuits

John Dewey

An American educator who criticized schools for teaching children to memorize facts instead of creative thinking, and advocated for schools teaching practical skills and new subjects such as history and geography

Frank Norris / The Octopus

An American journalist who focused heavily on the naturalist genre / The name of the book he wrote which dramatized the Southern Pacific Railroad's stranglehold on struggling California farmers

Carrie Nation

An American member and advocate of the temperance movement who is notorious for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet

National American Woman Suffrage Association

An American women's group founded in 1890 that worked on both the state and national levels to gain women the right to vote

National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage

An anti-suffrage movement that believed that the effort to win the vote would take women's attention away from family and volunteer work that benefited society in many ways

direct primary

An election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections

literacy test

An exam which tests a person's ability to read and write in order to become eligible to vote

grandfather clause

An exemption to voting policy which allowed any otherwise ineligible people to vote as long as anyone in their direct line of descent had voted prior to the Reconstruction era

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

An interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans

Anti-Defamation League

An organization formed in 1913 to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements

Ida Tarbell / The History of Standard Oil

An outraged writer similar to Riis and Steffens who specifically targeted Rockefeller as a robber baron / The name of the book they wrote, in which they elaborate on the ruthless methods by which Rockefeller and the Standard Oil company climbed to the top of the food chain

William Monroe Trotter

Another African American rights activist who urged nonwhites to demand immediately all the rights guaranteed by the Constitution

Anti-Saloon League

Another women's group that worked alongside the Woman's Christian Temperance Union to promote temperance

de jure segregation

The use of segregation per the legal or administrative restrictions governed by public agencies

de facto segregation

The use of segregation per unwritten custom or tradition, but not any specific law

Jim Crow laws

Laws which enforced the segregation of white and "colored" people

Progressives

People who were active reformers in the Progressive Era, who were usually white Anglo-Saxon Protestants who were indifferent or actively hostile to minorities

National Woman Suffrage Association

The women's suffrage group formed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, which used lobbying, lecture tours, and civil disobedience to advocate for the right to vote

Booker T. Washington

The African American founder of the Tuskegee Institute, and one of the nation's foremost African American leaders, who placed his focus on education and economic progress

15th Amendment

The Constitutional amendment which extended suffrage to all races

14th Amendment

The Constitutional amendment which gave U.S. citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in America

Theodore Roosevelt

The President of the U.S. in the early 1900s who denounced investigative journalism that was focused too heavily on the negative aspects of America

Plessy v. Ferguson

The Supreme Court decision which upheld the use of Jim Crow laws to persecute African Americans

18th Amendment

The U.S. Constitution amendment that outlawed the production and sale of alcohol in 1919

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

The site of a shocking factory fire that, because of unsafe working conditions, such as doors being locked, caused the deaths of 146 workers, and prompted calls for reform by Progressives

municipal services

The basic civil duties which the citizens of a region expect the government to provide to them in exchange for taxes paid

Americanization

The belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

Seneca Falls Convention

The first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

The founding group of the temperance movement that promoted the practice of never drinking alcohol, as they believed that it led men to squander their earnings on liquor and neglect or abuse their families

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

The friend and companion of Susan B. Anthony who helped her to form the NWSA and participated heavily in the civil disobedience, lecture tours, and lobbying that ensued

anti-semitism

The mindset that people of Jewish heritage were inferior to other races

The Crisis

The official magazine of the NAACP, for which reformer W.E.B. DuBois worked as an editor

Ida B. Wells

The owner of a Tennessee newspaper who used her publication primarily to protest African American lynching

"laboratory of democracy"

The phrase used to describe Wisconsin, which was a notably Progressive state that, under the governing leadership of LaFollette, had improved its education, made factories safer, and adopted the direct primary

recall

The process by which voters can vote to remove elected officials from office before their term ends

initiative

The process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot

referendum

The process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by a legislature, usually through some kind of civil vote or plebiscite

Robert LaFollette/ "Fighting Bob"

The reform-minded Wisconsin governor who established a direct primary in Wisconsin and helped the state to improve education and make factories safer

suffrage

The right to vote

Niagara Movement

a black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by a group led by W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter that pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in education and voting practices.