Amazon Cloud Interview Questions

Benefits of Distributed Computing: Reliability

A single server can be rocked by glitches which can lead to complete systems malfunctions but with distributed computing, that is a thing of the past. With distributed computing, a single glitch cannot result to complete system failures.

Eucalyptus?

Eucalyptus is a paid and open-source computer software for building Amazon Web Services-compatible private and hybrid cloud computing environments, originally developed by the company Eucalyptus Systems. Eucalyptus is an acronym for Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs To Useful Systems.

Benefits of Distributed Computing? (3)

There are many benefits of distributed computing. Below are just some of them: 1) Flexibility 2) Reliability 3) Improved performance

The vision of Nova is compelling because?

It adjusts resource usage, preventing either over-provisioning of resources that sit idle or over-utilized resources that yield a low performance, optimizing total cost of ownership.

IaaS Delivery?

Over the internet.

PaaS (Platform as a Service) Explained?

A PaaS vendor provides hardware and software tools over the internet, and people use these tools to develop applications. PaaS users tend to be developers.

Eucalyptus Systems announced a formal agreement with?

Amazon Web Services (AWS) in March 2012, allowing administrators to move instances between a Eucalyptus private cloud and the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) to create a hybrid cloud. The partnership also allows Eucalyptus to work with Amazon's product teams to develop unique AWS-compatible features.

Distributed Computing?

Distributed computing can simply be defined as sharing of tasks by different computers which may be in different parts of the globe. The distributed system which is used here must be in networked computers so that communication and coordination of the tasks is handled smoothly. The main goal of distributed computing is to connect the users with the resources thereby maximizing the performance in a cost-effective way. It is also structured in a way that incase one of the components fails, the system goes on and the desired results are reached.

What are the differences occurred in Distributed Operations?

FC: Master-Slave operations Nova: Parallel process and its shared database.

Eucalyptus is an open source software platform for?

Implementing Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) in a private or hybrid cloud computing environment.

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) Explained?

IaaS businesses offer services such as pay-as-you-go storage, networking, and virtualization. IaaS gives users cloud-based alternatives to on-premise infrastructure, so businesses can avoid investing in expensive on-site resources.

IaaS Characteristics: (3)

IaaS platforms are: 1) Highly flexible and highly scalable. 2) Accessible by multiple users. 3) Cost-effective.

PaaS is currently the?

Most popular model, hovering around 32% and expected to grow in 2020.

Benefits of Distributed Computing: Flexibility

One of the best thing about distributed computing is that it is highly flexible. Tasks can be completed using computers in different geographical areas.

PaaS Delivery:

Over the internet.

SaaS Delivery:

Over the internet.

PaaS Characteristics: (4)

PaaS platforms are: 1) Accessible by multiple users. 2) Scalable - you can choose from various tiers of resources to suit the size of your business. 3) Built on virtualization technology. 4) Easy to run without extensive system administration knowledge.

The API platform needs to be compatible with the?

Provider cloud model according to the environment.

Eucalyptus was founded out of a?

Research project in the Computer Science Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and became a for-profit business called Eucalyptus Systems in 2009.

A cloud database is a?

Scalable content database running on a cloud computing platform that could be private, public or hybrid.

Benefits of Distributed Computing: Improved performance

Single computers can only perform to their best ability but with distributed computing, you get the best from across the whole system. Both cloud computing use the same concept but individually they are two distinct things. As a business you can use both to improve your business and in return yield higher profits. Some of the examples of distributed computing are Facebook, World Wide Web and ATM. Examples of cloud computing are YouTube, Google Docs and Picasa.

Characteristics of Cloud Architecture that separates from Traditional? (6)

The cloud architecture is different from the traditional hosting in many ways. 1) Cloud architecture: server hardware provided & maintenance done by service provider. 2) Users draw services required over internet eliminating need to purchase new hardware. 3) Users pay services as it' used. Eliminates fixed monthly plan fees via traditional hosting. Don't have to buy resources not required & un-utilized. 4) Cloud architecture scalable on demand. Users can increase or decrease resources based on business needs without the need physical effort per traditional hosting. 5) Cloud hosting capable of handling workloads seamlessly without possibility of failure. It functions as a network, even if there is a failure in one component, services would then be available from other active components. 6) Cloud offers better data security & recovery from natural disasters & human errors via backing up data over multiple locations.

The Eucalyptus cloud platform pools together existing?

Virtualized infrastructure to create cloud resources for infrastructure as a service, network as a service and storage as a service.

OpenShift features are? (5)

- Built-in support for Node.js, Ruby, Python, PHP, Perl and Java (the standard in today's enterprise world); - OpenShift provides customisable cartridge functionality for extensions that allow developers to add any other language they wish; - It supports frameworks ranging from Spring and Rails, to Play, etc; - Auto scaling is one of the prominent features of OpenShift; this helps in scaling of applications by adding additional instances; - OpenShift by Red Hat is built on open source technologies (Red Hat Enterprise Linux- RHEL) It provides one-click deployment.

Examples of distributed systems / applications of distributed computing? (7)

- Intranets, Internet, WWW, email. - Telecommunication networks: Telephone networks and Cellular networks. - Network of branch office computers -Information system to handle automatic processing of orders, - Real-time process control: Aircraft control systems, Electronic banking, - Airline reservation systems, - Sensor networks, - Mobile and Pervasive Computing systems.

Explain what is the full form and usage of "EUCALYPTUS" in cloud computing? (2)

1) "EUCALYPTUS" full form stands for Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs to Useful Systems". 2) "Eucalyptus" is an open source software infrastructure in cloud computing, which enables us to implement clusters in cloud computing platform. It is mainly used to build public, hybrid and private clouds. It has the capabilities to produce your own data center into a private cloud and provides to use its all functionality for various other organizations.

The main difference between the cloud vs. traditional data center is?

1) A data center refers to on-premise hardware while the cloud refers to off-premise computing. 2) The cloud stores your data in the public cloud, while a data center stores your data on your own hardware.

IaaS Non-Ecommerce Example: (3)

1) A good example of IaaS is AWS EC2. EC2 provides scalable infrastructure for companies who want to host cloud-based applications. 2) EC2 users do not own the physical servers; AWS provides virtual servers. 3) So users only pay for the usage of the servers, saving them the cost (and associated ongoing maintenance) of investing in physical hardware.

PaaS Non-Ecommerce Example: (4)

1) A good example of PaaS is AWS Elastic Beanstalk. Amazon Web Services (AWS) offers over 100 cloud computing services such as EC2, RDS, and S3. 2) Most of these services can be used as IaaS, and most companies who use AWS will pick and choose the services they need. 3) However, managing multiple different services can quickly become difficult and time-consuming for users. 4) That's where AWS Elastic Beanstalk comes in: it works as another layer on top of the infrastructure services and automatically handles the details of capacity provisioning, load balancing, scaling, and application health monitoring. All you need to do is upload and maintain your application.

What are the uses of API's in cloud services? (3)

1) API's (Application Programming Interface) used to eliminate necessity to write complete programs. 2) Instructions are provided to make communication between one or more applications. 3) Creation of apps made easy & access for linking of cloud services with other systems.

Industry Standard Cloud Providers and it's Services: (6)

1) Amazon ( Services: EC2, S3, SimpleDB), 2) Microsoft (Services:Microsoft Azure compute, Microsoft Azure Storage), 3) Oracle ( Database -as - a-service), 4) Nirvanix ( Service: Public, private, Hybrid cloud storage) (Storage-as-a- service), 5) IBM (Cloud provider), 6) Google Cloud Platform.

Cloud Computing Platforms and Technologies? (5)

1) Amazon Web Services (AWS) - wide-ranging of clouds IaaS services, which ranges from virtual compute, storage, and networking to complete computing stacks. Known for its storage and compute services, EC2 and S3. 2) Google AppEngine - Google AppEngine is a scalable runtime environment frequently dedicated to executing web applications. 3) Microsoft Azure - Microsoft Azure is a Cloud operating system and a platform in which user can develop the applications in the cloud. 4) Hadoop -Apache Hadoop is an open source framework that is appropriate for processing large data sets on commodity hardware. 5) Force.com and Salesforce.com -Force.com is a Cloud computing platform at which user can develop social enterprise applications. The platform is the basis of SalesForce.com - a Software-as-a-Service solution for customer relationship management.

Tsuru: a PaaS from Globo.com?

1) An open source PaaS that was started around January 2012. It supports Mongo, MySQL, Elastic Search, Varnish, Redis, Memcached, Cassandra, etc. Tsuru also supports Go, PHP, Static, Node.js, Java, Python and Ruby platforms for development. 2) Tsuru can be easily and directly deployed from Git repositories. Scaling up of applications using Tsuru is easy, while its integration with Docker and Kubernetes is also picking up very fast.

Platforms used for large scale cloud computing? (2)

1) Apache Hadoop - Apache Hadoop is known to be an open source software platform for dispersed storage and distributed dispensation of huge data sets on computer bundles built from the product hardware. Hadoop services supply for data storage, data access, data processing, data governance, operations, and security. 2) MapReduce - Google has definitely revolutionized analysis of large-scale datasets with this great platform. It enables the processing of massive datasets using cloud sources and other commodity hardware. It provides for fault forbearance and clear sociability at the software level.

Eucalyptus features introduced in Ver. 3.3 June 2013, includes: (5)

1) Auto Scaling: Scale Eucalyptus resources based on policies defined via EC2-compatible APIs & tools. 2) Elastic Load Balancing: AWS-compatible service that provides greater fault tolerance for apps. 3) CloudWatch: AWS-compatible service to collect metrics, set alarms, identify trends, & automate actions to ensure applications run smoothly; 3) Resource Tagging: Fine-grained reporting for show back & charge back scenarios; allows IT/ DevOps to build reports that show cloud utilization by application, department or user 4) Expanded Instance Types: Expanded set instance types to more closely align to those available in EC2. Was 5 before, now up to 15 instance types. 5) Maintenance Mode: Allows Virtual machine's HD replication, evacuation of the server node & offers maintenance window.

SaaS Ecommerce Example:

1) BigCommerce is an example of a SaaS ecommerce platform. 2) BigCommerce provides complete shopping cart software, as well as hosting infrastructure to the user, allowing businesses to create an online shop within minutes without worrying about coding, hosting, or software. 3) The BigCommerce platform also has regular updates that automatically roll out for users, and all the software licenses, upgrades, and hosting costs are covered in the monthly subscription fee.

Which are the Layers that the scope of Cloud Computing? (5)

1) CLC or also known as Cloud Controller 2) Walrus 3) Cluster Controller 4) Storage Controller(SC) 5) Node Controller(NC)

What is the use of API's in Cloud Services in a nutshell? (3)

1) Cloud API: Interface that facilitates development of services & applications for provisioning cloud platforms, hardware, & software. 2) Acts as a service gateway to enable indirect and direct cloud software and infrastructure services to cloud users. 3) Cross platform & cloud provider APIs help cloud users gain access to cloud resources from their principal cloud provider & others as well.

Why Hybrid Clouds are so important? (2)

1) Cloud Bursting: Access capacity or specialized software are available in public cloud and not in private cloud. Examples: Virtual Amazon and Dynamo 2) Leverage best of both worlds: Architecture stacked together from your private systems for complex and security centric data, connected and integrated with key public cloud services which ensures reliability & high availability on your high volume customer facing processes / apps. For example, we can run Web Servers on OpenStack, have the Database is built on VCloud. VCloud: It is VMWare cloud, It is Expensive, Enterprise quality. Openstack: It has commodity servers and storage, It is less reliable.

Cloud Computing Vs Distributed Computing: What Is the Difference?

1) Cloud Computing and distributed computing are two different systems but the fact that they both use the same concept means the two often leave people a little confused. To understand the two, you must first understand the underlying concept. It is simply the use of large-scale computer networks. 2) Distributed Computing is the use of distributed systems to solve single large problems by distributing tasks to single computers in the distributing systems. On the other hand, cloud computing is the use of network hosted servers to do several tasks like storage, process and management of data. Here we will give an in-depth analysis of the two.

Explain the Common Storage of PaaS Architecture? (3)

1) Cloud Controller: Automatically creates the virtual machines and containers. Deploys applications Connects to services Automatically scales ups and downs 2) Storage Services: Object NoSQL Relational Block Storage 3) Applications store state in storage services: Simple to scale applications Easier recovery from failure.

Depending on the destination there are four different types of data centers, each designed for a specific business model and has its own operational problems and issues? (4)

1) Corporate data centers 2) Web hosting data centers, providing computer infrastructure as a service (IaaS) 3) Data centers that provide TurnKey Solutions 4) Data centers that use the technology to Web 2.0.

Benefits of Cloud Computing? (3)

1) Cost effective 2) Economies of Scale 3) Access to the global market

What are the benefits of cloud computing? (4)

1) Data backup and storage of data. 2) Powerful server capabilities. 3) Incremented productivity. 4) Cost effective and time saving.

Distributed System helps solving scalability and reliability problems by using the following techniques: (2)

1) Data replication is copying of data to multiple nodes. 2) Data partitioning is when data is divided into N parts and processed separately on several nodes.

The five functional phases of a PaaS are: (5)

1) Deployment 2) Provisioning 3) Lifecycle management 4) Service management 5) Reporting

Cloudify?

1) Developed and designed on the principles of openness to power the IT transformation revolution. 2) It enables organizations to design, build and deliver various business applications and network services. 3) The latest version of Cloudify is 4.2 and it incorporates enhanced features like advanced security, control and true self-service.

SaaS Advantages: (7)

1) Don't need to install and run software applications on your computer (or any computer). Everything is available over the internet when you log in to your account online. 2) Access the software from any device, anytime (as long as there is an internet connection). The same goes for anyone else using the software. All your staff will have personalized logins, suitable to their access level. 3) No need to engage an IT specialist to download & use throughout your office or worry about keeping the software up-to-date. 4) It's all taken care of in the Cloud. 5) Subscription model with a fixed, inclusive monthly account fee. 6) Out-of-the-box solutions that are simple to set up (if you need a basic package), with more complex solutions for larger organizations. 7) Have basic software up and running within a matter of hours - and you'll have access to customer service and support along the way.

What are the components of AWS? (9)

1) EC2 - Allocated Compute; 2) Elastic Beanstalk - PaaS frontend application centric; 3) RDS- Database; 4) Quicksight - Analytics; 5) S3 - Object Storage; 6) Glacier - Less in cost but takes longer to retrieve data or files than S3, it archives and backs up full S3 buckets; 7) Lambda - Serverless, Event Driven Computation, backend application processing, Alexa is a good example; 8) ECR - Repo for Docker Images; 9) ECS - Runs the Docker container images from ECR;

Mention the name of some large cloud providers and databases? (3)

1) Google Big table : It is a hybrid cloud that consists of a big table that is slit into rows and tables.MapReduce model is used for modifying and generating the data. 2) Amazon SimpleDB: It is database-as-a-service (DAAS).It is web service that is used for indexing and querying the data. It allows the storing, processing and creating query on the data set within cloud platform. It has a system that automatically indexes the data. 3) Cloud based SQL: It is introduced by Microsoft and it is based on SQL database. It provides data storage be the usage of relational model in the cloud. The data can be accessed from the cloud using client application.

When to Use IaaS: (4)

1) IaaS is beneficial to businesses of all shapes and sizes, as it allows complete control over your infrastructure, and operates on a pay-as-you-use model, so it fits into most budgets. 2) As it becomes less common to invest in physical hardware and IT infrastructure, choosing IaaS alternatives is a safer, more reliable option. 3) With most IaaS platforms, you get access to ongoing support and have the option of scaling up your requirements at any time. 4) Utilizing IaaS is a great way to future-proof your business.

The Key Differences Between On-Premise, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS: (4)

1) IaaS: cloud-based services, pay-as-you-go for services such as storage, networking, and virtualization. 2) PaaS: hardware and software tools available over the internet. 3) SaaS: software that's available via a third-party over the internet. 4) On-premise: software that's installed in the same building as your business.

What is the use of API's in the 3 Cloud Service Models? (3)

1) Infrastructure APIs via IaaS facilitate control distribution of specific cloud services like instant provisioning & de-commissioning of resources. Also used in workload management and network configurations. 2) PaaS APIs used to provision back-end architecture. Helps build feature rich & intensive applications. Also used for provisioning access & functionality for cloud environment. Multiple uses like integration with messaging systems, portals, databases & storage components. 3) SaaS APIs: application level APIs, enables connectivity & interaction with suite of apps. Objective: establish connection between the application layer with cloud & underlying IT infrastructure. Extensively used in ERP or CRM apps i.e. creating cloud application extension for specific environment.

The various cloud based services have their own distinct and unique cloud architectures: (4)

1) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides for infrastructure and hardware such as servers, networks, storage devices, etc. running in the cloud, available to users against a pay per usage basis. 2) Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides users with application platforms and databases, equivalent to middleware services. 3) Software as a Service (SaaS) involves software hosted and maintained on internet. With SaaS, users do not have to install the software locally. 4) Development as a Service (DaaS) involves web based development tools shared across communities.

What are the Cloud Service Models? (3)

1) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) 2) Platform as a service (PaaS) 3) Software as a service (SaaS)

IaaS Ecommerce Example: (4)

1) Magento 1 Enterprise Edition can be either on-premise or IaaS depending on how the merchant chooses to host their store. 2) In the case of IaaS, the merchant is paying Magento for the licensing of the software and then using a third party vendor for the best web hosting such as Rackspace. 3) Merchants are able to pay for a hosting plan that meets their own needs without the cost of maintaining their own physical servers. 4) The merchant is still responsible for installing and managing updates to their Magento software.

PaaS Ecommerce Example: (4)

1) Magento Commerce Cloud (also known as Magento Enterprise Cloud Edition) is the most common example of PaaS for ecommerce. 2) This enables the merchant to bundle their hosting as part of their package with Magento. 3) Merchants evaluating Magento go through a scoping process to determine their hosting needs which is then bundled into their monthly plan. 4) Merchants still have full access to edit the source code of their Magento store and can fully customize the application.

The Cloud vs. Data Center? (2)

1) Main difference between the cloud vs. data center is that a data center refers to on-premise hardware while the cloud refers to off-premise computing. 2) Cloud stores your data in the public cloud, while a data center stores your data on your own hardware. Both have their benefits, comes down to your specific organization, its needs, and future plans/goals.

IaaS Advantages: (6)

1) Maintaining on-premise IT infrastructure is costly and labor-intensive. 2) It often requires a significant initial investment in physical hardware, and then you will probably need to engage external IT contractors to maintain the hardware and keep everything working and up-to-date. 3) With IaaS, you can buy what you need, as you need it, and purchase more as your business grows. 4) IaaS solutions are highly flexible and highly scalable, and you can replace it whenever you need without losing money on your initial investment. 5) Another advantage of IaaS is it puts control over the infrastructure back in your hands. 6) You no longer need to place faith in an external IT contractor; you can access and oversee IaaS platforms yourself if you wish (without being an IT whizz).

Nova: Diffused Database Processing Using Clouds of Components (2)?

1) Nova proposes a departure from today's complex monolithic database management systems (DBMSs) as a service using the cloud. 2) It advocates a server-less alternative consisting of a cloud of simple components that communicate using high speed networks.

The various components of Cloud Architecture are: (4)

1) On premise resources 2) Cloud resources 3) Software components and services 4) Middleware

Examples of Open Source Cloud Computing? ()

1) Open Stack, 2) Apache CloudStack 3) WSO2: A PaaS framework maintained by Apache 4) HPE Helion Stackato, a hybrid cloud solution 5) Cloudify 6) Cloud Foundry 7) OpenShift 8) Tsuru: a PaaS from Globo.com

Apache CloudStack? (3)

1) Open source software designed to deploy and manage large networks of virtual machines, as a highly available, highly scalable Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) cloud computing platform. 2) CloudStack is used by a number of service providers to offer public cloud services, and by many companies to provide an on-premises (private) cloud offering, or as part of a hybrid cloud solution. 3) CloudStack is a turnkey solution that includes the entire "stack" of features most organizations want with an IaaS cloud: compute orchestration, Network-as-a-Service, user and account management, a full and open native API, resource accounting, and a first-class User Interface (UI).

When to Use PaaS:

1) PaaS is often the most cost-effective and time-effective way for a developer to create a unique application. 2) PaaS allows the developer to focus on the creative side of app development, as opposed to menial tasks such as managing software updates or security patches. All of their time and brainpower will go into creating, testing, and deploying the app.

PaaS Advantages: (5)

1) PaaS is primarily used by developers who are building software or applications. 2) A PaaS solution provides the platform for developers to create unique, customizable software. 3) This means developers don't need to start from scratch when creating applications, saving them a lot of time (and money) on writing extensive code. 4) PaaS is a popular choice for businesses who want to create unique applications without spending a fortune or taking on all the responsibility. 5) It's kind of like the difference between hiring a venue to put on a show vs. building a venue to put on a show. The venue stays the same, but what you create in that space is unique.

What are the building blocks in Cloud Architecture? (maybe wrong) (3)

1) Reference Architecture 2) Technical Architecture 3) Deployment Operation architecture

What is Cloud Computing Technology Architecture?

1) Refers to the various components in terms of databases, software capabilities, applications, etc. engineered to leverage the power of cloud resources to solve business problems. 2) Defines the components as well as the relationships between them.

Reliability and High Availability? (3)

1) Reliability and High Availability have always been a major concern in distributed systems. 2) Reliability is fault tolerant, systems and applications can have issues but immune due to the contingency of the architecture and services; (i.e. AWS S3 has a 99.9999% reliability rate) 3) High Availability is auto scale, load balancing of resources, and real-time utilization of multiple systems identical to your main system in order to provide continuous service and/or access to applications or website

Mention the key components of AWS? (7)

1) Route 53: A DNS (Domain Name SERVER) web based service platform. 2) Simple E-mail Service: Sending of E-mail is done by using RESTFUL API call or via regular SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol). 3) Identity and Access Management: Improvised security and Identity management is provided for AWS account. 4) Simple Storage Device or (S3): It is a huge storage medium, widely used for AWS services. 5) Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2): Allows on-demand computing resources for hosting applications and essentially useful for unpredictable workloads. 6) Elastic Block Store (EBS): Storage volumes which is being attached to EC2 and allows the data lifespan of a single EC2. 7) Cloud Watch: It is used to monitor AWS resources and it allows administrators to view and collect keys required. Access is provided so that one can set a notification alarm in case of trouble.

Examples of SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS? (3)

1) SaaS examples: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, MailChimp, ZenDesk, DocuSign, Slack, Hubspot. 2) PaaS examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Heroku, Windows Azure (mostly used as PaaS), Force.com, OpenShift, Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud. 3) IaaS examples: AWS EC2, Rackspace, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Digital Ocean, Magento 1 Enterprise Edition*.

When to Use SaaS: (4)

1) SaaS platforms are ideal for when you want an application to run smoothly and reliably with minimal input from you. 2) Take your email server, for example. You want to know that you'll continue to send and receive emails without needing to fiddle with your email settings or worry about updates. 3) Imagine if your email server went under because you forgot to update it and you went days without email? That's simply not an option in today's marketplace. If you use a SaaS platform to run your email inbox, the chances of something going wrong are very small. 4) And if something did go wrong, it would be up to the SaaS provider to find a solution. You're not only paying for the SaaS applications/products: you're paying for peace of mind.

Tsuru features are? (5)

1) Simple architecture 2) Resilience 3) Easy customisation 4) Completely open source 5) Zero downtime

HPE Helion Stackato, a hybrid cloud solution? (3)

1) Stackato (which was a Cloud Foundry and Docker based PaaS) was acquired by HPE around July 2015. 2) HPE Helion Stackato is a cloud native platform that provides enterprises the right services, tools and control to enable developers to accelerate their innovations. 3) HPE Helion Stackato is a polyglot Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and also supports SaaS. This can be used to deploy applications written in a wide range of languages and Web frameworks, using a variety of data services.

Explain AWS? (3)

1) Stands for "Amazon Web Service" - collection of remote computing services known as cloud computing. 2) This technology of cloud computing known as IaaS or Infrastructure as a Service. 3) "AWS is the 'garage-startup' standard of this generation."

Eucalyptus features includes: (8)

1) Supports both Linux & Windows virtual machines (VMs). 2) (API) compatible with Amazon EC2 platform. 3) Compatible with AWS & S3. 4) Works w/ multiple hypervisors: VMware, Xen & KVM. 5) Installed & deployed from source or DEB & RPM packages. 6) Internal processes communications are secured via SOAP & WS-Security. 7) Multiple clusters can be virtualized as a single cloud. 8) Admin features: user & group management & reports.

What are the components of Windows Azure? (3)

1) The Cloud 2) SQL Azure 3) App Fabric: Allows fabric cloud

WSO2 provides:

1) The Elastic Scalability feature for any type of service, using the underlying infra cloud; 2) Managing, logging and metering of supported services; 3) Foundation services for: User management, Storage and billing.

Explain the Security Management in terms of Cloud Computing? (3)

1) The Identity management access provides the authorization of application services. 2) Access control permission is given to the users to have complete controlling access of another user who is entering into the cloud environment. 3) Authentication and Authorization provides access to only the authorized and authenticated users only to access the data and applications.

The architecture of a cloud computing can be categories into four layers: (4)

1) The Physical (hardware) layer, 2) Infrastructure layer, 3) Platform layer, & 4) Application layer. The hardware layer is responsible for dealing with the physical assets of the cloud, including routers, servers, switches, cooling systems and power. The infrastructure layer is also called as virtualization layer. Makes a pool of storage capacity and computing resources by partitioning the physical resources using virtualization technologies such as KVM and VMware. The platform layer based on top of the infrastructure layer, and this layer comprises of operating systems and requisition structures. The Application layer comprises of the actual cloud provisions, for e.g. Business Applications, Multimedia & Web Services

Explain the difference between cloud vs. traditional data centers? (3)

1) The expenditure of the traditional data center is expensive due to heating and hardware/software issues. 2) Cloud allows you to auto scale resources when an increase or decrease in demand occurs. 3) Traditional data centers requires pre-allocated, provisioned resources and systems using estimated workload metrics; most expenditures are on the maintenance and cost of ownership of the data centers pre-allocated resources, not an issue in cloud computing.

Mention the Reliability and Availability of Cloud Computing? (3)

1) Use of Fault Domains / Fault Tolerant; 2) Use of Upgrade Domains; 3) Storage and Network Availability / Reliability.

Seven reasons why the hybrid cloud is ideal for enterprises? (7)

1. Maintain easily-accessible private infrastructure as well as have a plan for Disaster Recovery 2. Streamline day-to-day functionality 3. Reap the Benefits of Cloud Bursting 4. Sharing what needs to be shared, keeping private what needs to be kept private 5. Better Control/Manage Big Data Analytics 6. Scalable as You Grow 7. Improve Customer Experience

What is a Distributed System?

A distributed system is a software working on multiple computers/VMs/containers (further in this article I'll call all of this a node) and communicating with each other via network interfaces.

Define and Give examples of Distributed Computing Systems?

A distributed system is the collection of autonomous computers that are connected using a communication network and they communicate with each other by passing messages. The different processors have their own local memory. They use a distribution middleware. They help in sharing different resources and capabilities to provide users with a single and integrated coherent network. Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems and the computer program that runs in a distributed system is called a distributed program. A distributed system requires concurrent Components, communication network and a synchronization mechanism. A distributed system allows resource sharing, including software by systems connected to the network.

Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing has taken over the IT industry in the recent past. This is due to the fact that it is cheaper and easier to get services from the cloud. The cloud enables its users to choose how they will get and deliver IT services. Cloud computing means you can store and access data from the internet rather than the traditional computer hard disk storage. This means you can access the data you have stored in the cloud anywhere anytime. The cloud will help you access the storage, servers, databases and multiple application services all in one place, the internet.

While using an API model offered by a cloud hosting provider, one needs to?

Confirm scalability and geographic redundancy of operations.

The name Eucalyptus is an acronym for?

Elastic Utility Computing Architecture for Linking Your Programs To Useful Systems.

Route53?

Highly available, scalable, and feature rich domain name service (DNS) web service. What a DNS service does is translate a domain name like "setfive.com" into an IP address like 64.22.80.79 which allows a client's computer to "find" the correct server for a given domain name. In addition, Route53 also has several advanced features normally only available in pricey enterprise DNS solutions. Route53 would typically replace the DNS service provided by your registrar like GoDaddy or Register.com. Should you use it? Definitely. Allow it isn't free, after last year's prolonged GoDaddy outage it's clear that DNS is a critical component and using a company that treats it as such is important.

SaaS Characteristics: (4)

SaaS platforms are: 1) Available over the internet. 2) Hosted on a remote server by a third-party provider. 3) Scalable, with different tiers for small, medium, and enterprise-level businesses. 4) Inclusive, offering security, compliance, and maintenance as part of the cost.

SaaS (Software as a Service) Explained?

SaaS platforms make software available to users over the internet, usually for a monthly subscription fee.

OpenShift?

OpenShift is Red Hat's cloud computing PaaS offering. It is an application platform in the cloud where app developers and teams can build, test, deploy and run their applications.

The entire cloud architecture is aimed at?

Providing the users with high bandwidth, allowing users to have uninterrupted access to data and applications, on-demand agile network with possibility to move quickly and efficiently between servers or even between clouds and most importantly network security.

What Exactly Is the Hybrid Cloud?

The hybrid cloud is a cloud-computing environment that connects a mix of public cloud, private cloud and on-premises infrastructure. The separate instances have various touch points and integrations between them, yet the infrastructures are fully independent, preventing data leaking from one platform to the other.

Nova will monitor?

The workload of an application continuously, configuring the DBMS to use the appropriate implementation of a component most suitable for processing the workload.

WSO2: A PaaS framework maintained by Apache?

This is a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) framework from the Apache free source community.

Different data centers deployment of cloud computing?

Two types of data centers available in cloud computing technology: 1) Containerized Data Centers: Similar to modular data centers. Portable & provide tools & facilities data centers to scale effortlessly. Delivered in a shipping container & widely used as temporary deployments. Create & add temporary servers for organizations with data centers overcrowded but unwilling to move to cloud hosting technology. Comes with cooling & power pre-installed & run risk of single-point failure thus downing the entire pod. 2) Low-Density Data Centers: Data center operators are unsure about the capacity of their current data centers & whether they need a new data center to manage the higher rank density which may not be feasible considering the time, expenses and resources it will consume. They have an alternative of allowing rapid deployment of high-density racks within the traditional low-density data center. Racks start with a low density and are increased beyond its capacity without losing its efficiency. They can be scaled up and down according to your business demands.

Ideally, select cloud providers that provide?

Unified network infrastructure by allowing seamless functioning of both APIs & workloads across the Wide Area Network.

WSO2 architecture explained:

WSO2 or Stratos architecture has multiple components to it. As mentioned earlier, along with logging and metering, it has many services components that contain load balancers (which are nothing but service nodes).

In response to load fluctuations, Nova will adjust the?

knobs of a component to scale it to meet the performance requirements of the application.