American History Chapter 7 Test

Blitzkrieg

"lightning war" that emphasized the use of speed and firepower to penetrate deep into the enemy's territory

Kristallnacht

"night of the broken glass" organized attacks on Jewish communities in Germany on November 9, 1938

Acts of aggression by Germany

-anti-Semitism -rejection of democracy -false propaganda -ruthless violence -attacked Jews, communists, and socialists -annexed Austria -demanded Sudetenland

Charles Lindbergh

-aviator who became an international hero when he made the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927 -before the United States entered WWII, he became a leading isolationist voice, arguing strongly that the United States should remain neutral

Hideki Tojo

-became Japan's prime minister in October of 1941 when plans were already underway to attack the United States Navy at Pearl Harbor -led Japan until July 1944 -after the war, he was tried for war crimes and hanged in December 1948

George Marshall

-became the army's chief of staff in 1939 -he used his quiet strength, negotiating skills, and planning genius to build a fighting force as quickly as possible -as Secretary of State after the war, he devised a plan of aid, called the Marshall Plan, to help Western Europe recover -in 1950, he returned as Secretary of Defense at the start of the Korean War and helped to prepare the army one more time

George Patton

-colorful personality and a forceful leader greatly admired by troops under his command, he commanded U.S. tanks during WWI and quickly demonstrated his skill at leading mobile fighting units -during WWII, he led US troops in North Africa and Europe, sweeping rapidly across France and Germany in the closing months of the war

Benito Mussolini

-fascist leader and dictator of Italy between 1922-1945 -called the Il Duce and established a totalitarian dictatorship that promoted extreme nationalism -during his dictatorship, Italy invaded Ethiopia and partnered with Germany during WWII

Dwight Eisenhower

-given command of all American forces in Europe in 1942 -after strong performances in North Africa and Italy, he was made Supreme Commander of Allied Forces -his skillful handling of the D-Day invasion and the drive to Germany won wide respect -went on to serve two terms as President before retiring

Acts of aggression of Italy

-invaded Ethiopia -black shirts fought in the streets -outlawed poltical parties -created secret police -took over press

Joseph Stalin

-leader of communist Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1924-1953 -his efforts to transform the Soviet Union into an industrial power and form state-run collective farms caused extreme hardship and millions of deaths -a partner with Germany in 1939, he later joined the Allies in WWII -after the war, he became an aggressive participant in the Cold War

Adolf Hitler

-leader of the National Socialist (Nazi) party and dictator of Germany from 1933-1945 -rose to power by promoting racist and nationalist views -in 1939, he invaded Poland, which began WWII -established a system of concentration camps, leading to the Holocaust, a systematic and brutal murder of millions of Jews and others

General Francisco Franco

-led a successful military revolt against the Spanish democratic government in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) -he continued to rule Spain as a dictator until his death in 1975

Douglas MacArthur

-led an American division in France during WWI and became the chief of staff for the army in 1930 -in 1932, he was criticized for using too much force against the Bonus Army of WWI veterans demonstrating in Washington DC -forced to leave the Philippines before the Allies surrendered in 1942, MacArthur vowed to return and liberate his troops and the Filipino people, which he did in 1944 -MacArthur directed the Allied occupation of Japan

Acts of aggression of Japan

-military had power over people -freedoms were ceased -attacked smaller countries -invaded Manchuria

Franklin D. Roosevelt

-president from 1933 to 1945 -he was the only president elected for four terms -he fought the Great Depression through his New Deal social and economic programs, greatly expanding the role of the federal government -he proved to be a strong leader during WWII

Neville Chamberlain

-prime minister of Great Britain from 1937 to 1940 -in an effort to avoid war, he signed the Munich Pact with Germany, giving Hitler control of the Sudetenland, a part of Czech -the agreement became an infamous symbol for the failure of appeasement

Winston Churchill

-prime minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945, he inspired the British during the WWII -after the war, he was not re-elected -he resumed office again between 1951 to 1955 -he strongly opposed the expansion of Soviet communism, referring to nations under communism as being behind the "Iron Curtain"

Chester Nimitz

-took command of the US Pacific Fleet shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 -under his leadership, the US forces won victories at Midway, Tarawa, Marianas, and Iwo Jima

Tuskegee Airmen

African American squadron that escorted bombers in the air war over Europe during WWII

Roosevelt followed an interventionist policy by passing the neutrality act of 1939 that included the cash and carry provision

After war began in Europe, did Roosevelt follow an interventionist or isolationist policy?

Pearl Harbor

American military base attacked by the Japanese on December 7, 1941

growing their own food in "victory gardens"

Americans on the home fornt demonstrated their patriotism and helped combat shortages by...

-they did not want another war to break out -thought the Soviet Union was the bigger threat -FDR created the Good Neighbor policy to mend fences with America's neighbor -FDR also improved relations with Soviet Union -isolated when it came to Germany

Analyze the response of Britain, France, and the United States to the aggressive regimes

The goal of the Yalta Conference was to find a strategy concerning the postwar Germany, Eastern Europe, and Asia. At the Potsdam Conference, the decision was made to divide Germany into four zones of occupation. They also agreed to new borders and free elections for Poland. Lastly, Stalin reaffirmed his Yalta pledge to enter war against Japan.

Compare and contrast the goals of the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference.

Germany blitz attacked Poland from three different directions. They destroyed Poland's defense and air force.

Describe Germany's success at the beginning of WWII

Americans were undecided, but then they became unhappy with the attempt at making peace with Europe. The American citizens were not ready for another war.

Did most Americans support President Roosevelt when he condemned Japanese aggression in Asia?

The upheavals of the Great Depression led to the rise of a kind of brutal dictatorship called the totalitarian state. They were led by absolute dictators that willing to use acts of aggression to invade other nations in order to enhance power. This is much to blame because of the destruction and bitterness left behind WWI and the desperation of the Great Depression

Explain the rise of dictatorship in the Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, and Japan in the 1930s.

The revelation of the Holocaust increased the demand for an independent Jewish homeland. The State of Israel came to be and was instantly recognized by President Truman. Since then, the US has continued to offer support to Israel.

How are the Holocaust and the creation of Israel connected?

Hitler first focused on the economic side by urging Germans to boycott Jewish businesses. He also barred Jews from job roles. He then created the Nuremberg Laws that denied Jews citizenship, marriage to non-Jews, and roles in society. Campaigns were used to slander Jews.

How did Hitler enforce anti-Semitism as chancellor of Germany?

The Allies began to island hop and started to blockade Japan. The Allies began to capture one island at a time. New technology was used to push the Japanese back, leading the the beginning of the end of the war.

How did the Allies go about pushing the Japan back in the Pacific?

In 1943, the United States and Great Britain met to discuss rescuing Jewish refugess, but no concrete plan was made. By 1944, FDR created the War Refugee Board that worked to save Eastern European Jews. After experiencing the sights of the camps, Americans swooped in with sympathy and longing to aid the victims

How did the US government respond to the German campaign against European Jews?

The Nazis and Hitler viewed Aryans as the superiors in Germany. They blamed Jews for all the ills that Germany faced, large and small. He wanted to rid the "downfall" people of his country.

How were Hitler's racial ideas and policies connected to his concept of extreme nationalism?

Stalin and Roosevelt felt that the US and Britain should attack Germany in the west, but Churchill hesitated

On what issues did Stalin, Roosevelt, and Chrurchill disagree?

designated certain areas as war zones

Over 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced into internment camps as a result of Executive Order 9066, which...

issued Executive Order 8802

President Roosevelt helped increase employment opportunities for African Americans when he...

War Refugee Board

US government agency founded in 1944 to save Eastern European Jews

Women's Army Corps

United States Army group established during WWII so that women could serve in non-combat roles

Battle of Coral Sea

WWII battle that took place between Japanese and American aircraft carriers in May 1942, halting the Japanese advance in the Pacific

The systematic extermination of all Jews living in the region controlled by the Third Reich. It was the genocide of all Jews. Concentration camps were opened to imprison all the "undesirables". Prisoners were starved and experimented on. Death camps were also established. In these, prisoners were systematically exterminated.

What was the "Final Solution"?

victory over the Axis Powers abroad and discrimination at home

What was the Double Victory?

60 million people, mostly civilians, became casualties to the bombs. Large parts of Europe and Asia were laying in ruins and millions were homeless. Japan also surrendered.

What were the consequences of the decision to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

The Allies invaded Normandy to create the second front in Europe in June 1944. The Germans were quick to defend Omaha, but the others were low casualtly and opposition. In mid-July, Allied bombers assaulted the German line and headed towards Berlin

Where and when did the Allies open a second front in Europe? What was the result?

The Soviet Union suffered the worst of Germany's assault during the first years of the war

Which Ally bore the brunt of Germany's assault during the first years of the war?

Hitler was more concerned with the Soviet Union that Britain and France. He did not want to fight a war on two fronts.

Why did Germany sign a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union?

They were still dealing wiht the economic loss of the Great Depression. They also called WWI a "deadly, expensive mistake"

Why did most Ameicans support isolationism at the beginning of the war?

They were respoonsible and had the most decisive roles in defeating the Axis powers, then dominated the postwar world. American industry boomed during the war and there was only one attack on US soil. The Soviet Union controlled most of Eastern Europe and had established the Red Army.

Why did the Soviet Union and the United States come to power after WWII? Explain what made each country strong.

Fascism

a political movement that stressed extreme nationalism and autocratic rule

Totalitarianism

a theory of government in which a single party or leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people

Lend-Lease Act

act passed in 1941 that allowed President Roosevelt to sell or lend war supplies to any country whose defense he considered vital to the safety of the United States

Neutrality Act of 1939

act that allowed nations at war to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid cash and carried the merchandise on their own ships

Munich Pact

agreement made between Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France in 1938 that sacrificed the Sudetenland to preserve peace

Tripartite Pact

agreement that created an alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan during WWII

Anti-Semitic

displaying prejudice and discrimination against Jewish people

Bataan Death March

during WWII, the forced march of American and Filipino prisoners of war under brutal conditions led by the Japanese military

Unconditional Surrender

giving up completely without any concessions

Allies

group of countries led by Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union that fought the Axis Powers in WWII

Axis Powers

group of countries led by Germany, Italy, and Japan that fought the Allies in WWII

Aggression

hostile actions or unprovoked attacks

Atlantic Charter

pact signed by Great Britain and the United States the endorsed certain principles for building a lasting peace and establishing free governments in the world

Appeasement

policy of granting concessions in order to keep peace

Strategic Bombing

tactic of dropping bombs on key political and industrial targets

Saturation Bombing

tactic of dropping massive amounts of bombs in order to inflict maximum damage

Battle of Midway

turning point of WWII in the Pacific, in which the Japanese advance was stopped

Anschluss

union of Germany and Austria in 1933

Spanish Civil War

war in which the Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco rebelled against the democratic Republican government of Spain

laborers migrated from Mexico to work on farms in the West

Through the government's bracero program,