American History HIST1302 ::CH: 1 The Collision of Cultures in The 16th Century

Identify the various factors that enabled Cortes to conquer the Mexica with such a small force of Spanish Conquistadors. (pg 27-29)

Smallpox and other diseases carried from Europe to the Americas. Conflict among Native Americans peoples. Military technological superiority.

Put in order the events in Europe that contributed to and enabled the Age of Exploration. (pg 18-24)

!.) The Renaissance begins. 2.) Columbus embarks on his first voyage. 3.) Treaty of Tordesillas is signed. 4.) Amerigo Vespucci sails the Atlantic. 5.) The Protestant Reformation begins. 6.) Catholics and Protestants reach a long awaited settlement.

Place the events in chronological order that happened during the Spanish exploration of North America.

1.) Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon explores Florida. 2.) St. Augustine is the first European city established in North America. 3.) New Mexico is established as a Spanish colony. 4.) The English settlement at Jamestown is established.

Place in chronological order the events that contributed to the growth of Spain's "Golden Empire". (pg 27-30)

1.) The Spanish colonize Santo Domingo 2.) The Spanish discover Cuba 3.) Cortes conquers the Mexica 4.) Pizarro conquers the Inca

How was the Protestant Reformation a catalyst for change in Europe and its colonies during the Age of Exploration? (pg 23-24)

By questioning the unifying force to the Roman Catholic Church and by reshaping the political map in Europe.

The French empire posed the greatest threat to Spanish colonization because it was able to take advantage of weaknesses in Spain's naval capacity.

FALSE, England posed the greatest and most severe danger.

In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?

GREED- Christopher Columbus and his men demonstrated this upon arriving in the New World, as their first priority was always to search for gold. CONQUEST- Was at the heart of the Age of Exploration, as profit-hungry investors viewed such voyages as opportunities to expand their commercial interests through the exploitation of Native American populations. RACISM- The idea of uncivilized savages led to an eagerness on behalf of religious leaders to spread Christianity and to convert "ignorant" Indians to the "proper faith".

What were the environmental conditions along the NW Pacific coast that allowed Pacific NW peoples to develop such large and densely populated societies? (pg 13)

Heavily forested coast Mild climate Proximity to the ocean

The introduction of horses to the Great Plains of North America was a part of the Spanish Colonial legacy. Identify the role of horses in the Plains Indian lifestyle and the impact these animals had on their lives. (pg. 35)

Horses replaced dogs as Plains Indians beasts of burden following the thriving Pueblo horse trade. The greatly benefited Plains tribes in making them much more effective hunters and warriors. Horses allowed Plains Indians to travel greater distances.

Various changes took place in the Americas after the ice age. Identify the changes and describe how they impacted the development of diverse Native societies.

In the period after the Ice Age, the climate WARMED and GLACIERS MELTED, leading to a rise in sea level, longer GROWING seasons, and increased forest growth. This environmental DIVERSITY prompted a variety of ECONOMIES and patterns of LIVING in the region of North America.

Describe the role that the 1494 treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal played in shaping European conquest within the non-christian world. (pg 21)

It created the foundation for a relationship between Spain and Portugal, in which Spain developed the Americas while Portugal provided its source of enslaved labor.

The Eastern woodlands peoples included three regional groups: The Alqonquian, The Iroquoian, and the Muskogean. Identify the statement that best explains why the Iroquoian culture distinguished itself socially from the Aloqonquian culture. (pg 16-17)

It embraced a matriarchal tradition, in which women held leadership positions, selected male chiefs, and continued living with their new husband after marriage.

Describe why the Beringia was important in the development of diverse Indian societies in the Americas.

It served as a bridge between Siberia and Alaska that allowed Nomadic people of East Asia to migrate to the Americas.

Describe the impact of religious conflict in Europe on the settlement of the New World. (pg 23-25)

Martin Luther, JOHN CALVIN, and other Protestant reformers inspired millions of Europeans to challenge not only the theology of the ROMAN CATHOLIC church, but also their POLITICAL institutions and leaders. Europe divided into WARING Protestant and Catholic states, and their rivalries flourished in the Americas as well, greatly influencing the future COLONIZATION of the Americas.

Describe the Native people of America on the even of European arrival on the shores of the Western hemisphere.

Native people in the Americas were a large, heterogeneous population spread across vast areas of the Americas, and were made up of complex and diverse societies.

The "rebirth" of learning that came out of the Renaissance also involved the practical application of new ideas. Identify the new technologies of the time that enabled the Age of Exploration.

PRINTING PRESS- while not directly tied to shipbuilding, the printing press was critical for disseminating information about voyages and discoveries, thus educating Europeans about the events taking place during this unprecedented age. LARGER SHIPS ARMED WITH CANNONS- These ships were larger and stronger. They were able to withstand the long oceanic voyages across the Atlantic and provided greater protection for the crew. NAVIGATIONAL INSTRUMENTS- These navigation instruments were critical for long journeys. They provided more accurate info and enabled sailors to reference the sun or stars to determine their location.

Identify the cities in the modern US that were established by the Spanish and are part of their colonial legacy? (Pg. 31-32)

Pensacola, St. Augustine, San Antonio, Santa Fe, San Diego, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Francisco.

How did Spanish colonizers respond to the failed Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico? (In 1598)

Pueblo men over the age of 25 each had one foot cut off to discourage future uprisings against the Spanish. (Many of the Pueblo were enslaved. They were harshly punished as a result of the rebellion. Young Pueblo children were taken to convert them to Catholicism. Spanish soldiers massacred 500 Pueblo men and 300 Pueblo women and children.

By making desertion near impossible, Cortes was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity for returning to normal life.

TRUE

The technological and social advancements that developed at Cahokia around 1,000 C.E. continued to influence neighboring societies long after its collapse, as former inhabitants spread the knowledge of such innovations across the South and Midwest. (pg 15-16)

TRUE

The Anasazi culture- the most widespread of the South West Pueblo cultures- was know for its expensive presence in the "four corners" region. Identify how the Anasazi set themselves apart from similar cultures in the region. (pg 13)

The Anasazi refused to incorporate a rigid class structure.

Describe the Colonization of the Americans. (PG 28-30)

The CONQUISTADORS conquered and colonized vast swaths of the Americas, removing INDIGENOUS ELITES from power and replacing them with Spanish BUREAUCRATS and church officials. Additionally, Spanish colonizers established a socioeconomic system known as the ECOMIENDA that empowered favored officers by giving them control over INDIAN VILLAGES.

Complete the passage to describe the Naval legacy of Spanish Colonization.

The DEFEAT of the Spanish Armada by the ENGLISH Empire demonstrated a superiority in smaller, more AGILE ships against much larger warships in the contest between the two powers. This resulted in a strengthening of the PROTESTANT cause at the expense of CATHOLICISM.

Identify the catalyst for the Age of Exploration.

The INTELLECTUAL revolution known as the RENAISSANCE sparked a discourse committed to CONTROVERSIAL new idea that challenged prevailing BELIEFS and the authority of rulers and the church. This "rebirth" in LEARNING served as a catalyst for the ideas that would enable the Age of Exploration.

From their arrival in the "New World" in 1492 to the end of the colonial era, European countries competed for the resources found in the Americas. Which European Empire controlled the largest colonial territory during this period?

The Spanish Empire

What was the stated exchange in the economienda system between encomenderos and Natives Villages under their control, and how did the intended exchange differ from reality? (pg 30)

The encomenderos were intended to provide to Native American Villages, in exchange for the villages supplying the ecomenderos with labor and material goods. In reality the ecomienda system created a predatory relationships in which privaleged Spanish officials further enriched themselves by exploiting the resources and labor of the Natives.

Identify the main tenets of Luther's protestant reformation and its significance to the European settlement in the Americas.

The protestant reformation aimed to expose corruption within the Catholic church and advance a more democratic understanding of Christianity in which the people were their own priests. Many of these individualists views would directly influence the development of colonies in the New World during the Age of Exploration.

Identify the statement that describes the connection between the rise of global trade and the development of the Age of Exploration. (pg 18-19)

The rise of global trade worked as an incentive for Portuguese sailors to explore new navigation routes and started the Age of Exploration.

In his every encounter with Native people, Christopher Columbus would as if they had gold. These interactions demonstrate how vices such as greed, along with new technologies and knowledge of the time, helped to fuel the Age of Exploration.

True

Analyze the following illustration from a manuscript by Felix Guaman Poma de Ayala. (pg 34). What does it reveal about Spanish attitudes toward Native Americans in their colonies? (pg 33-34)

Spaniards exploited Native Americans to enrich themselves. Spanish officials looked to Native Americans as future citizens and sources of revenue for the state. Spaniards often coerced the Natives to convert to Catholicism.