American history questions

astroturfing

An oft-cited example of this tactic is the "Brooks Brothers Riot," in which a group of out-of-state Republican Party operatives protested during the Miami recount in the 2000 Presidential Election. More recently, Americans for Prosperity's anti-union campaign in Wisconsin has been accused of using this tactic. It is used to create the impression of independent support for a political, social, or corporate agenda, despite involving professionally run and funded events. For 10 points, give this advocacy method that, because of its façade of grassroots activism, is named after a bright green artificial grass.

Navigation Acts

Anger over them led to Culpeper's Rebellion and to the appointment of Edmond Andros as governor of the new Dominion of New England. Repealed officially in 1849, they were accompanied by the Staple Act and targeted items subject to "enumeration." They included the Iron Act and an act making French molasses prohibitively expensive. FTP, name this series of acts, first passed in 1660 and a prime example of British mercantilism, which made the American colonies pay extra for non-British goods.

Credit Mobilier

A major development of this historical event was the publication of letters written to Henry McComb. It began when Thomas Durant and other stockholders organized a company under an existing charter which soon assigned contracts to seven trustees. The reputations of congressmen James Brooks and James Patterson and Vice President Schulyer Colfax were ruined when it was revealed that they had been given stock in a company run by Oakes Ames. FTP, what was this scandal involving a scheme surrounding the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad?

Vermont

During the Civil War, this state saw Confederate raiders rob the St. Albans bank, and in 1883 it was the site of a copper mine riot called the Ely War. Connecticut's Roger Griswold brawled with a representative of this state, Matthew Lyon, and it copied Pennsylvania's Constitution when it became a breakaway republic during the Revolution. This was the only state carried by Anti-Masonic candidate William Wirt in 1832, and a group from this state opposed the New York annexation of the New Hampshire Grants and captured Fort Ticonderoga. For 10 points, name this state which saw the Battle of Bennington, home to Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys.

Nathan Bedford Forrest

He personally killed 29 men and had 30 horses shot out from under him, prompting him to declare, "I finished a horse ahead." During the Civil War, he rose from private to lieutenant general, taking part in the defense of Fort Donelson and constantly raiding Union supply lines. Known for his bravery and such bright observations as "get there first with the most men," he is widely reviled for his assault on Fort Pillow, where his troops executed some 300 surrendering black soldiers, women, and children. FTP, name this Confederate soldier, who later acted as the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan.

Battle of Gettysburg

During this battle, Daniel Sickles' Third Corps was overwhelmed by James Longstreet as it defended the Peach Orchard and the Wheat Field. On the first day of this battle, Harry Heth's division clashed with dismounted cavalry under John Buford before reinforcements under John Reynolds arrived. Edward Everett gave a two-hour speech at the site of this battle. On the second day of this battle, a bayonet charge by Joseph Chamberlain ended the successful defense of Little Round Top. The final day of this battle featured Pickett's Charge. For 10 points, name this "high water mark of the Confederacy," a July 1863 Civil War battle fought in Pennsylvania.

Dean Acheson

Early in his career this politician served as private secretary to associate justice Louis Brandeis, and in 1933 was undersecretary of the treasury. Among his writings are Power and Diplomacy and Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department, which received a Pulitzer in 1970. He was accused by McCarthy for protecting Communists due to his defense of Alger Hiss, but is more famous for implementing the Marshall Plan. FTP, identify this secretary of state under Harry Truman.

James A. Garfield

Early in his life this man served as teacher of ancient languages and literature at what would become Hiram College, where he soon served as president. During the Civil War he led the 42nd Ohio volunteers, distinguishing himself with his heroics at Chickamauga, but resigned to become a radical Rupublican in the House of Representatives. As campaign manager to John Sherman, he was nominated for president as a compromise candidate, defeating Winfield Scott Hancock. FTP, who was this president who in 1881 was assassinated by Charles Guiteau?

George Washington

Early in this man's career, he and Mingo allies ambushed Jumonville, who was later beheaded by this man's ally Tanacharison. The French retaliated against this person by ambushing this man's commanding officer, Braddock, at the Battle of Monongahela. This man warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances in his Farewell Address. With the help of the Marquis de Lafayette, this general forced Lord Cornwallis to surrender at Yorktown. For 10 points, name this first President of the United States.

New Jersey

At one battle in this state, Reverend James Caldwell used Isaac Watts hymnbooks as gun wadding, and General Knyphausen unsuccessfully tried to capture Washington's camp at Morristown. Charles Lee was court-martialed for his actions at a battle in this state. At that skirmish, Anthony Wayne and the Marquis de Lafayette commanded troops against Henry Clinton, and Molly Pitcher supplied water. In another battle which occurred in this state, Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan attacked Johan Rahl's Hessians on Christmas Day after Washington crossed the Delaware. For 10 points, name this state, home to the Battles of Monmouth and Trenton.

Mexican-American War

During this war, a group of Catholic deserters formed a battalion called the San Patricios, of which 50 were later hanged after being captured at the Battle of Churubusco. One negotiator ignored his recall and was fired after successfully negotiating this war's peace treaty. That man was Nicholas Trist. One leader in this war lost his fake leg to troops guided on a flanking route by Robert E. Lee in the Battle of Cerro Gordo. One side in this war made an amphibious landing at Veracruz under Winfield Scott, and that side also had troops under Zachary Taylor. For 10 points, name this war ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, from which one side received California.

Gulf of Tonkin incident

Elbridge Durbrow filled in for the vacationing Thomas K. Finletter to summon NATO following this event. In an address a day afterwards, the president gave the "four simple propositions" of June 2nd and noted that retaliation "is being given as I speak to you." Wayne Morse and Ernest Gruening were the only ones to vote against its namesake bill, which was justified by citing the SEATO Treaty and attacks on the Maddox, which was assisted by the C. Turner Joy. FTP, name this incident that led to a resolution authorizing Lyndon Johnson to begin air war against North Vietnam, named for the body of water in which it took place.

Matthew Perry

Entering the navy in 1809, this leader first gained favorable attention for his plans for officer education, improved gunnery training, and a naval engineer corps. In 1837 he took command of the Fulton, one of the first naval steamships, and during the early 1840s he aided the British in suppression of the slave trade, but is best known for negotiating the Treaty of Kanagawa. FTP, who was this brother of another naval leader who anchored off Yedo Bay in Japan in 1853 in order to force open Japanese ports to U.S. trade?

H. Norman Schwarzkopf

His father organized the investigation into the kidnapping of the Lindbergh baby. He served two tours of duty in Vietnam and attained the rank of General in 1978. In 1983 he was a deputy commander in the invasion of Grenada, but he would gain his greatest notoriety several years later. FTP, name this man who commanded the U.S. forces in the Gulf War and authored the book It Doesn't Take a Hero.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

In 1920, the Supreme Court applied the "rule of reason" interpretation of this act. It was first interpreted in 1895 in U.S. v. E.C. Knight Company, in which the Court declared that manufacturing was a local industry and did not fall into the realm of interstate commerce. It had little impact during its first evelen years, but was made into an effective weapon against monopolies by Theodore Roosevelt. FTP, name this first major antitrust legislation.

the Boston Massacre

Jonas Caldwell, Patrick Carr, Samuel Gray, and Samuel Maverick were among the victims. Robert Treat Paine led the prosecution, but failed to win the conviction of Thomas Preston and four other men represented by Josiah Quincy and John Adams-despite enflamed public opinion resulting, in part, from Paul Revere's depiction of the event. For 10 points-name this skirmish of March 1770, in which Crispus Attucks and four other men were killed by British soldiers.

the murder of John Lennon

Jose Sanjenis Perdomo witnessed this event. A central figure in this event left his job as a security guard in Hawaii, and Jared Leto gained 67 pounds to play him in the film Chapter 27. This event inspired the recording of the song "All Those Years Ago." A photograph taken right before it by Annie Leibovitz captured a woman laying on the floor being kissed by a naked man. Howard Cosell announced this event on Monday Night Football, and it was allegedly prompted by the book The Catcher in the Rye or by irritation over the victim's comment about being "more popular than Jesus." For 10 points, name this event that saw Mark David Chapman kill a former Beatle.

Election of 1884

Minor candidates in this race included John St. John, the nominee of the Prohibition Party, and Belva Lockwood, on the ticket of the Equal Rights Party. The losing candidate was tainted by his past association with the so-called "Mulligan letters," which suggested he sold his influence to businesses while serving in Congress. The winning candidate was forced to deal with allegations that he had fathered an illegitimate child, but his opponent lost votes after the speech made in his support by Rev. Samuel Burchard, who described the Democrats as the party of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion." For 10 points, name this American presidential election in which Republican James Blaine narrowly lost to Democrat Grover Cleveland.

Jim Crow laws

Moore v. Dempsey's ruling guaranteeing important rights for defendants was an important step in ending them, while Gaines v. Canada attempted to force the Supreme Court to overturn them completely. The cause of riots in Wilmington and Tulsa, they were named for a song written by Thomas Rice. Smith v. Allright overturned "white primaries", but they were not completely overturned until Brown v. Board of Education. For 10 points, name these segregation laws in the American south established after the Civil War.

Battle of (the) Brandywine Creek

Nine days after this battle, Anthony Wayne's troops were slaughtered at night by Major General Charles Grey in the Paoli Massacre. In this battle, General Cornwallis led the attack on General Sullivan's American right flank, while General Wilhelm Knyphausen feinted an attack on Maxwell and Greene's troops at Chadd's The Patriot side, which included the wounded Marquis de Lafayette, went to Chester, near Germantown, while the British occupied Philadelphia. FTP, name this September 11, 1777 victory by General William Howe over General George Washington, named for the small Pennsylvania waterway near the battle site.

the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

One of the casualties from this conflict, Robert MacDonald, was given a massive funeral procession of up to 4000 mourners at Market Square. One of the antagonists pursued the other from Lynnhaven Roads. The impetus for this incident involved four men from the Melampus and Halifax. This incident also featured Stephen Decatur's assailant, James Barron, as one of the commanding officers. Prompting the ill-fated Embargo Act, this is, FTP, what 1807 incident in which a British ship fired on and boarded an American one in search of deserted sailors?

16th Amendment

One of the first cases to directly challenge its enforcement was Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Company, in which the Supreme Court ruled that it conferred no new powers on Congress and rejected the argument that it would lead to self-incrimination. It became necessary after the Court's ruling in Pollock v. Farmer's Loan and Trust Company, even though the Court had earlier allowed a three percent levy to help finance the Civil War. FTP, what is this Constitutional Amendment that authorizes Congress to collect income taxes?

King Philip's War

One of the major causes of the tension preceding it was the trampling of native corn fields by livestock belonging to colonists. Sparked when Josiah Winslow took Wamsutta by gun point shortly after the murder of John Sassamon, fighting broke out in the town of Swansea, and it ended the next year after its leader died while fighting a force lead by Benjamin Church. FTP, name this 1675-76 Massachusetts war drawing its name from the English name for the leader of the revolting Wampanoag, Metacom.

Peter Stuyvesant

Originally a professional soldier, this man became governor of Curacao in 1644. Taking his most famous post in 1647, he soon negotiated a mutually acceptable boundary with Connecticut by the Treaty of Hartford. Known for both the efficiency and harsh intolerance of his rule, this governor expanded his colony into the Delaware River area by conquering New Sweden, but was overwhelmed by a surprise English attack and forced to surrender in 1664. FTP, name this one-legged man, the last Dutch ruler of New Netherland.

Schenck v. United States

Precedents used in reaching the opinion in this case included Patterson v. Colorado, Aikens v. Wisconsin, and Gompers v. Buck's Stove and Range Company. Decided along with the case Baer v. United States, it concerned the constitutionality of the Espionage Act. It arose when the general secretary for the Socialist party challenged his conviction for distributing pamphlets designed to obstruct the draft. FTP, what was this 1919 case in which Justice Holmes issued his famous opinion containing the "clear and present danger" test and the analogy to a person yelling fire in a theater?

Battle of Chancellorsville

Preparations included the construction of the Zoan Church earthworks, and it began with the decimation of the 11th Corps under Oliver Howard. At the same time as the main action of this battle, Marye's Heights was taken from Jubal Early by John Sedgwick, but Sedgwick could not advance further than Salem Church to aid the Union effort here. This battle occurred after Lee challenged the crossing of Kelly's Ford by Hooker and resulted in Hooker pulling back across the Rappahannock. FTP, name this battle which featured the accidental death of Stonewall Jackson.

Social Security Act

Republican National Committee chairman John Hamilton warned that workers would be forced to wear dog tags after the passage of this act, whose goal was similar to the Ham and Eggs movement and the Bigelow plan. Its constitutionality was upheld by Steward Machine Co. v Davis in 1937. Amended in 1972 to include automatic cost-of-living adjustments, it was partially inspired by the Townsend Plan, which proposed a national two percent sales tax to pay for guaranteed monthly pensions. FTP, name this 1935 act which established national retirement benefits to people over the age of 65.s

Gadsden Purchase

Some of the causes for its negotiation were the issuance of almost identical rival grants to P.A. Hargous and Albert Sloo for a vital communications corridor and the failure of the United States to control American Indian migration under Article IX of a previous treaty. A block of northern senators held up its ratification until the sum of money involved was reduced by five million dollars, which the Mexican government accepted due to bankruptcy. Inspired by the desire for a transcontinental railroad, FTP, what was this agreement by which the United States bought over 45,000 square miles of what is now southern Arizona and New Mexico?

Eleventh Amendment

The admiralty was included in the scope of this legislation by the case Ex Parte New York, but its protections were diminished by Osborn v. Bank of the United States. It modified Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, and later saw the case Principality of Monaco v. Mississippi add rulers of foreign nations to its list of prohibited plaintiffs. Drafted to overturn Chisholm v. Georgia, FTP, what is this law making it illegal for states to be sued by residents of other states, the first amendment not found in the Bill of Rights?

Osceola

The head of this man was embalmed by Frederick Weedon and was eventually lost during a fire in Valentine Mott's Surgical and Pathological Museum. His father was a British trader named William Powell, but he became better known by a name derived from a ceremonial black drink. His bitter opposition to the Treaty of Payne's Landing led to his beginning, in 1835, a two-year guerilla war against U.S. forces in and around Georgia and Florida. FTP, name this Indian leader and chieftain of the Seminole tribe.

Kent State massacre

The image of Mary Ann Vecchio, then a teenage runaway, kneeling and screaming in horror, was captured after this event in a Pulitzer Prize-winning photo by John Filo. Glenn Frank was credited with preventing more casualties by rushing in after the violence began and pleading with the crowd to disperse. The culmination of tensions that began when Governor James Rhodes ordered troops to watch over a demonstration against action in Cambodia, it left nine wounded and four dead. FTP, name this May 4, 1970, incident that saw the National Guard fire into a crowd of student protestors at an Ohio university.

Battle of Saratoga

The sniper Timothy Murphy shot down Frances Clarke and another officer during this battle as a part of Daniel Morgan's riflemen. One part of this battle saw an attack fail to take Freeman's Farm. The decisive phase of this battle was an attack on Bemis Heights that resulted in the death of Simon Fraser. Horatio Gates was disobeyed during that phase by Benedict Arnold, who received a leg wound during this battle. Following the British capture of Fort Ticonderoga, this battle ended "Gentleman Johnnie" Burgoyne's campaign down the Hudson River. For 10 points, name this 1777 American victory in the Revolutionary War that led to an American alliance with the French.

Stephen Douglas

To many critics his most important writing was the essay The Dividing Line Between Federal and Local Authority. His rejection of the demands of William Yancey led to a split in his party. The author of the sections of the Compromise of 1850 relating to the governments of the Kansas and New Mexico territories, he created the famous "Freeport Doctrine" annunciating his theory of popular sovereignty during his run for senator in 1858. For 10 points, name this "Little Giant," who authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act and defeated Abraham Lincoln after a series of famous debates.

Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire

Two people were tried for manslaughter following this event and were acquitted, although they later lost a civil suit and had to pay $75 per victim. These two men, Isaac Harris and Max Blanck, were initially found guilty of violating Section 80 of the Labor Code. Josephine Goldmark and Rose Schneiderman used this event as motivation to continue pressing for better working conditions, and it was investigated by future Labor secretary Frances Perkins. Beginning on the 8th floor, the victims of this event were unable to escape due to padlocked doors. For 10 points, name this 1911 industrial disaster which struck a garment factory in the Asch building in Manhattan

William Marbury v. James Madison

William Cushing and Alfred Moore did not hear the oral arguments or factor in this case's decision. The majority opinion hinged on the court's lack of legitimate original jurisdiction over writs of mandamus, and the unanimous majority opinion invalidated Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789. The conflict in this case arose from the defendant's failure to deliver the appointment of one of the "Midnight Judges." FTP, name this case in which John Marshall denied the plaintiff's right to become a Justice of the Peace, establishing Judicial Review in the process.

the Louisiana Purchase

This agreement breached a term of Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed three years before, and a secondary term in it involved the assumption of one side's claims by that side. Important circumstances around this agreement include a yellow fever epidemic in Saint-Domingue and abrogation of the Peace of Amiens when the British kept Malta. Negotiations for it were led by Livingston and Barbe-Marbois, although James Monroe had an active role. Obtained when Napoleon decided to abandon his plans for an American empire, FTP, name this 1803 agreement that greatly expanded the size of the United States.

San Juan Hill

This battle occurred after the withdrawal of defensive outposts from Las Guasimas. The 1,200 defenders under Arsenio Lenares Pomba were first subjected to an advance by Lawton's division on the right, taking El Caney. Soon after, the main body of Jacob Kent's forces advanced on a series of ridges and took the titular position after a daring charge up Kettle Hill by the Rough Riders, led by Teddy Roosevelt. FTP, what was this July 1, 1898 U.S. victory of the Spanish-American war?

Battle of the Thames

This battle was preceded by the desertion of Walk-in-the-Water and his followers, while during the battle the British commander escaped to Burlington Heights, where he was reprimanded for cowardice. Using information gathered by Colonel Wood, the Americans made a last minute change to their plans, ordering a cavalry charge led by Richard M. Johnson. After Henry Proctor's retreat, the Native Americans fought valiantly until the death of their leader, Tecumseh. FTP, what was this decisive War of 1812 victory for William Henry Harrison which shares its name with a British river?

Election of 2000

A faithless elector in this election chose to abstain from voting due to Washington, D.C.'s lack of statehood. 67,000 votes in this election in New Mexico were misattributed due to a programming error, and New Mexico was won by only 366 votes. In another state during this election, N. Sanders Sauls became involved in the contest phase of the election after Katherine Harris ended the protest phase. That state also had many voters confused by the location of Pat Buchanan's name on butterfly ballots. For 10 points, name this election decided in favor of the Republican candidate after recounts in Florida were stopped by the ruling in Bush v. Gore.

the 14th Amendment

A footnote in Plyer v. Doe states that no distinction between legal and illegal aliens governs its application. It has five sections, the fourth of which states that the validity of the public debt shall not be questioned. The process of attributing rights to one of its clauses is called "incorporation doctrine" and was first laid out in Gitlow v. New York. The first decision based on this amendment narrowly interpreted its privileges or immunities clause as applying only at the federal level in ruling against a group of butchers in the Slaughter-House cases. FTP, name this constitutional amendment with notable Due Process and Equal Protection clauses passed in 1868 to give rights to former slaves.

Edwin M. Stanton

He was a leading attorney on the defense team of Congressman Sickles and briefly served as attorny general during the lame-duck period of Buchanan's presidency. He died after only four days on the Surpreme Court and was the legal advisor to Simon Cameron whom he replaced therby entering his most famous office. A proponent of Radical Reconstruction, it was his removal from office against the dictates of the Tenure of Office act which caused Andrew Johnson's impeachment. FTP, name this man who served as Secretary of War during the Civil War.

Gabriel Prosser

He was a religious fanatic who castrated himself to maintain his purity. Although he was eventually hanged, he evaded capture by authorities for almost a month with the aid of a sympathetic ship's captain. He planned the pivotal event of his life for August 30, 1800, when he hoped to lead an army of several thousand on Richmond, Virginia, capture James Madison, and establish an independent black state with himself as king, but a torrential rainstorm dispersed his forces, and before they could reassemble, informants revealed his scheme. FTP, who was this leader of America's first major slave uprising?

Chief Joseph

He was born with the name Thunder Rolling Down Mountains, but is best known by the name his father gave him when he converted to Christianity in 1838. After he reluctantly agreed to leave the Grande Ronde valley and move to a new reservation in Idaho, some of his warriors attacked a local white settlement. He then won several engagements against the US army during his attempted retreat to Canada, which ended with his surrender to Nelson Miles only 50 miles from the border in 1877. FTP, name this chief of the Nez Perce Indians best known for his speech declaring "I shall fight no more forever"?

Roger B. Taney

He was known as "King Coody" when he led a Federalist faction known as the "Coodies" during the War of 1812, after which he was elected to the senate. The brother-in-law of Francis Scott Key, whom he met while studying law in Annapolis, he became Attorney General under Andrew Jackson, who rewarded him for his service in opposing the National Bank by naming him to the Supreme Court. FTP, name this successor to John Marshall as Chief Justice who wrote the decision in the Dred Scott case.

George Mason

He was ten when his father drowned in the Potomac in a sailing accident, leaving him in possession of a large plantation on which he built and designed his mansion, Gunston Hall. Along with Edmund Randolph and Elbridge Gerry, he was one of three delegates to the Constitutional Convention who refused to sign the final document, because it did not explicitly guarantee individual rights. He continued campaigning, however, and was vindicated on December 15, 1791. FTP, name this Virginian, known as the Father of the Bill of Rights, and the namesake of a Fairfax County university in Northern Virginia.

Eugene Debs

He wrote the book Walls and Bars, a critique of prisons, partly from his own experience in one. He had his citizenship revoked, only restored posthumously in 1976, and was sentenced to ten years in prison for criticism of the Espionage Act of 1917 although he was released by Harding's order in 1921. A native of Terre Haute, he was earlier unsuccessfully defended by Clarence Darrow for his leadership in the Pullman Strike. He may be most notable, however, for running as a third party candidate in the presidential elections of 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920. FTP identify this longtime Socialist Party leader.

Seneca Falls convention

Here, Samuel Tillman read about tender mercies and Ansel Bascom spoke about the property bill. Initiated at Richard Hunt's tea-table at Waterloo, it took place in a Wesleyan church, and led to unanimous passage of all but the 9th resolution, which narrowly passed thanks in part to Frederick Douglass's insistence. Organized by Mary Ann McClintock as well as two leaders excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840, it met to pass a document substituting "all men" for "King George," titled the Declaration of Sentiments. FTP, Lucretia Coffin Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton launched what women's rights convention that took place in New York?

Grover Cleveland

His 1904 book "Presidental Problems" was a defense of his second term in office, during which he gained the nickname "the Great Obstructionist". Getting his start as sheriff and public executioner of Oneida County, New York, he went on to become the so-called "veto mayor" of Buffalo, and he famously feuded with John Kelly of Tammany Hall and allied himself with a young Teddy Roosevelt as governor of New York. Defeating Blaine for the presidency, he first term saw him marry his former ward Francis Folsom and repeatedly veto pork-barrel legislation, while in his second term he opposed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and threatened war with Britain over the Venezuelan border dispute. FTP, who was this president whose two terms were interrupted by the presidency of Benjamin Harrison?

Tecumseh

His name means "Panther Crossing," and he fought alongside Little Turtle at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, gaining notoriety for not signing the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. His people were forced out of Ohio and moved in 1808 to Indiana, where he tried to form an alliance with other Native American tribes. However, his plans were thwarted when his brother was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe, and Richard M. Johnson claimed to have killed him at the Battle of the Thames. FTP, identify this Shawnee leader, brother of The Prophet.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Section 4 of this law allows those injured in its violation to seek treble damages, which resulted in the case Kansas v. Utilicorp United Inc., and another section notes that "The labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce." It was amended by the Celler-Kefauver Act, and it notably does not regulate collective bargaining or picketing, and thus does not impact union activities like its predecessor, but it does prohibit mergers and acquisitions when they may be used to substantially lessen competition. For 10 points, name this act passed during the Wilson administration, the successor to the Sherman Antitrust Act.

congressional district reapportionment

A 1957 attempt to do this in Alabama, Act 140, was found to violate the 15th Amendment in Gomillon v. Lightfoot. In the 5-4 Miller v. Johnson decision, the same five justices upheld their previous ruling regarding this practice and Justice O'Connor called a result of this practice "bizarre" in that North Carolina case, Shaw v. Reno. Cracking and packing are two methods of unfairly carrying out this practice, which was notably ruled upon in Reynolds v. Sims. In that case as well as Baker v. Carr, the court delineated the "one man, one vote" doctrine regarding it. FTP, identify this practice carried out after a census, the unfair application of which is often dubbed Gerrymandering.

Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978

A 2004 amendment to this legislation expanded its scope to cover so-called "lone wolves." The eleven member regulatory body established by it is appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and three of that court's members must live within 20 miles of Washington, D.C. in part to be able to issue rulings within 72 hours. Its provisions are divided between U.S. and non-U.S. persons, and the recent Protect America Act largely followed Bush's request to make it less restrictive on overseas surveillance. FTP, name this 1978 act of Congress that provides guidelines on physical and electronic surveillance.

William Jennings Bryan

A Judge magazine cartoon shows a snake with this statesman's head swallowing a donkey. Architect of a scheme of 31 agreements promoting a one-year "cooling-off period," this politician's debating so impressed Charles Crisp that he was placed on the Ways and Means Committee as a freshman Representative. He later led a national campaign to pass the Eighteenth Amendment. He served as Secretary of State from 1913-15, though he is for prosecuting the Scopes Monkey Trial. FTP, name this "Boy Orator of the Platte" who won the first of many Presidential nominations in 1896 by delivering the "Cross of Gold" speech.

Battle of Shiloh

A group of reinforcements missed the first day of this battle by trying to take the Shunpike Road while under the direction of Lew Wallace. A force of sixty-two cannon assembled on Duncan Field during this battle was attributed to the command of Daniel Ruggles. That artillery fired on the men of Benjamin Prentiss, whose position in this battle was nicknamed the Hornet's Nest. During the first day of this battle, the Confederate general Albert Sidney Johnston was killed. This battle is also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing. For 10 points, name this Civil War victory for the Union under Ulysses S. Grant fought in April 1862 in Tennessee.

Gettysburg

A key early development in this battle was the failure of Ewell's Second Corps to storm the Union forces on the first evening of fighting. The day before, Pettigrew's North Carolina Brigade encountered Federal cavalry at the site, but Lee had already ordered 70,000 troops in that direction. Much of the fighting centered on elevated positions like Culp's Hill, Seminary Ridge, and Cemetery Hill, and saw Meade fail to follow up on Lee's retreat, which came after Longstreet reluctantly ordered Pickett's Charge. FTP, what was this February 1863 battle in Pennsylvania, the site of a subsequent address by Lincoln?

Henry Stimson

A lawyer before William Howard Taft appointed him Secretary of War, he later served as Secretary of State under Herbert Hoover. While there he shut down the Black Chamber, the American cryptanalysis group, famously saying "Gentlemen don't read other people's mail." He later took full advantage of reading other people's mail during World War Two. For ten points, name this man who was Secretary of War under Franklin Roosevelt, known for his doctrine stating that the U.S. would not recognize gains achieved by armed aggression.

Battle of New Orleans

A month before this battle, one side captured the other's gunboats in the Battle of Lake Borgne, but John Keane's caution may have cost that side a chance for further victory. John Lambert was forced to lead one side in this battle after the death of Edward Pakenham. The other side fighting this battle received support from the Baratarian pirates led by Jean Laffite. This battle occurred over two weeks after the signing of a peace treaty ending its war. For 10 points, name this War of 1812 battle that occurred after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent and saw Andrew Jackson defeat British forces in a Louisiana port city.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

A new federal agency that was created by this bill was first chaired by a rabbi who sold a synagogue to Jim Jones, Maurice Davis. In the House, this bill was almost stalled in the Rules Committee by Chairman Howard Smith. One of its opponents in the Senate remarked about it "You can't legislate morality." It was deemed constitutional under the Commerce Clause in Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US after it was signed into law by the still fairly new President Lyndon Johnson. FTP, identify this law, followed the next year by a Voting Rights Act, that prohibited all sorts of discrimination based on race, sex, religion, and other things.

poll tax

After one in 1698, which exempted the poor, England stopped the practice for several hundred years. 1990's "Community Charge," one led to massive protests and the fall of Margaret Thatcher. Wat Tyler's Peasant Revolt came in response to the one that John of Gaunt passed to finance the Hundred Years War. In the United States, the term has a more specific meaning, and Harper vs. Virginia Board of Elections and the 24th Amendment effectively outlawed them. FTP, give the term for any tax levied on individuals instead of property or merchandise, or as a prerequisite to voting.

Fiorello Henry LaGuardia

A one-time employee at the U.S. consulate in Budapest and interpreter for Ellis Island, he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1916 and, after serving as a fighter pilot in World War I, was returned to the House in 1918. Director of Civilian Defense during WWII, his most significant legislative effort consisted of his co-sponsorship of an act which freed members of labor unions from "yellow-dog" contracts and from court injunctions of private labor disputes. As part of the "Fusion" party ticket he was elected to his most famous post in 1933, gaining a reputation for honesty and reform. Known as the "Little Flower", FTP, name this long-time mayor of New York city, whose aviation connections were reinforced by the construction of the airport named for him.

Eleanor Roosevelt

After becoming concerned about unemployment near her vacation home, she founded the nonprofit furniture factory Val-Kill Industries. She taught at the Todhunter School for Girls in the 1920's and took a prominent role in the labor movement by founding the Women's Trade Union League. Also active as a journalist, she produced a syndicated newspaper column until 1962 entitled "My Day". This first head of the UN Civil Rights Commission intervened to allow Marian Anderson to perform at the Lincoln Memorial. FTP, name this First Lady of the United States from 1932 to 1945.

Samuel Morse

After being assaulted by a Catholic soldier in Italy, he returned to America and used the pseudonym "Brutus" to argue that Catholic immigrants were being deployed by the Church to win control of the West for Europe. He was in England during the War of 1812 as a student of history painting, and on his return produced an enormous depiction of The Old House of Representatives, though he is better known for his scientific achievements. FTP, name this man who gave up on art to prove that electricity could be used for long-distance communication, which he did by inventing the electric telegraph.

John Charles Fremont

After losing his fortune in a failed railroad venture he served as governor of the Arizona territory from 1878-1881. At the beginning of the Civil War he commanded the Western Department based in St. Louis but was later transferred to the Shenandoah where he was defeated by Jackson's forces at Cross Keys. He angered Thomas Hart Benton by marrying Benton's daughter and made his name by helping wrest California from Mexico. FTP, name this man who, in 1856, became the Republican party's first candidate for president and who was known as "The Pathfinder" for his exploring exploits.

John Paul Jones

After one of his victories, the King of France awarded him a gold-hilted sword, although he had gone to Paris for the purpose of seeking funds for continued raiding. He entered his chosen profession by way of the slave trade in Jamaica, but found his first command by accident, when he was a passanger on a ship that lost both its captain and first mate en route to Scotland. Despite being accused of murdering Mungo Maxwell, he went on to command the Alfred, the Providence and the Ranger, though he would not captain the ship he made famous until 1779. When taking a British convoy defended by the Countess of Scarborough and more famously, the Serapis, he delivered a famous line. FTP, name the "father of the American navy" and captain of the Bonhomme Richard, who declared "I have not yet begun to fight."

William Lloyd Garrison

After this man met Benjamin Lundy he joined the immediatism movement, and he burned a copy of the Constitution on the Fourth of July because he believed it was an agreement with the devil. In Thoughts on African Colonization, this man condemned recolonization efforts and the Liberty Party split from this man after he lost support while campaigning against capital punishment, tobacco, and imprisonment for debt. Inspired by The Book and Slavery Irreconcilable to found a certain organization, for 10 points, name this abolitionist leader who called for "no union with slave holders" in The Liberator and also founded the American Anti-Slavery Society.

right to an attorney

After this right attaches, it cannot be circumvented by informants according to the Massiah doctrine. In Strickland v. Washington, the Supreme Court held that this right includes the right to "effective assistance." Betts v. Brady declined to incorporate this right against the states, but was overturned in a 1963 case argued by future justice Abe Fortas. The Miranda warning informs arrestees that, if they cannot otherwise afford to invoke this right, a person will be appointed to ensure that it is satisfied. For 10 points, name this right enumerated in the Sixth Amendment, which according to Gideon v. Wainwright requires states to provide public defenders.

Joseph McCarthy

Although he was a judge in his state's circuit court he enlisted in the Marines during WWII. He lost his first senatorial campaign to Alexander Wiley but two years later defeated Howard McMurray to gain a seat. In his early senatorial career he was suspected of taking bribes from the Pepsi-Cola company but it was for the campaign that began with a statement he made to the Republican Women's Club of Wheeling, West Virgina that he received a condemnation for conduct "contrary to Senate traditions." FTP, identify this Wisconsin senator known for his claim that that there were 205 Communists in the state department and the "red scare" that he created.

Boston Tea Party

Among its participants were a Captain O'Connor, who tried to plunder for himself, George Hewes, an area shoemaker who was commanded by Leonard Pitt, and David Kinnison, a farmer from Lebanon, Maine who lived to be 115 years old. It was preceded by such events as the seizure of the Liberty and the inflammatory Hutchinson letters, and resulted in the Intolerable Acts. Featuring the Sons of Liberty dressed as Native Americans, for 10 points, name this 1773 event in which a commodity was dumped into a Massachusetts harbor.

free silver

Among its staunchest opponents were Thomas Platt, and arguments for it comprise a full third of the Chicago Platform. Swayed by a William H. Harvey book, proponents of its use adopted the slogan "16 to 1" and convinced Henry Teller's namesake faction to leave the Republican Party. Its use was ended in the "Crime of '73" and the Specie Resumption Act, restored by the Bland-Allison Act, and required by one of the two Sherman acts. FTP, name this substance, believed by the 1896 Democrats to be the key to ending poverty, which William Jennings Bryan and the bimetallists wished to see coined "freely."

Winfield Scott

Andrew Jackson dispatched him to South Carolina during the nullification crisis in case open hostilities broke out. He was captured during the Battle of Queenston Heights and later led the Americna forces at Lundy's Lane, but he became embroiled in a discipline controversy after winning at Molino del Rey, Churubusco, Cerro Gordo, and Chapultepec. He later became the first lieutenant general since Washington and joined Henry Clay as the only major-party nominees born in Virginia to lose a Presidential race. FTP, name this officer called "Old Fuss and Feathers" who was defeated by Franklin Pierce in the 1852 election.

Jane Roe et. al. v. Henry Wade

Arguments over this case produced the immortal line, "when a man argues against two beautiful ladies like this, they are going to have the last word." A 1989 case overturned the Court's decision in this case by permitting legislation in the face of "undue burden." Harris v. McRae upheld the constitutionality of the Hyde Amendment, which was passed as a result of this case. Concurrently argued with Doe v. Bolton, this case had a majority opinion written by Henry Blackmun, who sided in favor of Norma McCovey. For 10 points, name this 1973 court case which used the "right to privacy" to guarantee a woman's right to an abortion.

A. Mitchell Palmer

As Alien Property Custodian, he presided over the confiscation of German chemical patents. Promoted to replace Thomas Gregory, he was rebuked by the Senate for his failure to act during the strike of the Seattle General Labor Council. Stung by this criticism, he broke up the Union of Russian Workers and deported several hundred radicals on the Buford. FTP, name this Fighting Quaker, the attorney general who presided over the Red Scare of 1919 and conducted a series of namesake "Raids."

lynching

As Secretary of State, James G. Blaine became embroiled in a controversy with Italy after one of these events occurred in New Orleans. A high frequency of these events preceded the Rosewood Massacre of 1923. Walter Francis White went undercover to investigate these events. A prominent opponent of this practice documented them in The Red Record and Southern Horrors. Emmett Till had an open-casket funeral after one of these events, but Roy Bryant and J.W. Milam were acquitted by a Mississippi jury. Ida B. Wells campaigned against, for 10 points, what form of extrajudicial mob-inflicted punishment often directed against African-Americans?

Henry Clay

As a lawyer, this politician argued on behalf of the Second Bank of the U.S. in the Supreme Court case Osborn v. U.S. He pierced John Randolph's coat in a duel, and he used Friedrich List's ideas to develop his protectionist economic system. This man finished fourth in an election year that saw William Crawford earn votes despite suffering a debilitating stroke, and he swung the House of Representatives to John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson in a move that lead to his appointment as Secretary of State in the "Corrupt Bargain." For 10 points, name this man known as the "Great Compromiser," a longtime Kentucky senator behind the Compromise of 1850.

Sacagawea

At the age of 10 this person was captured by Gros Ventres, and was later sold as a wife to Toussaint Charbonneau. Known as "Bird Woman", she, her husband, and her infant son were soon employed as interpreters, but her most valuable service to her employers was to secure horses needed to cross the Rockies from her native Shoshoni tribe. FTP, who was this Native American who took part in the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

Henry Clay

At the urging of John Greenleaf Whittier, this man attempted to pay the fine that would release William Lloyd Garrison from prison, but Arthur Tappan rushed to pre-empt him from doing so. The first attempt to indict Aaron Burr for treason failed due to the efforts of this defense attorney, who gained further prominence in the Burr fallout when he won a special election to replace Burr associate John Adair in the Senate. He was allowed to take his seat despite being only twenty-nine years old and thus Constitutionally ineligible. In 1809 he journeyed to Indiana, where dueling was legal, to face off against Humphrey Marshall, and he fought another duel in 1826 with John Randolph, who opposed this man's efforts to pass the Missouri Compromise. His supporters, known as the "Infant School," followed him to the new National Republican party, which collapsed after his 1832 defeat in a presidential run against Andrew Jackson. FTP, name this Kentucky Senator and three-time presidential loser whose conciliatory efforts such as the 1833 Compromise Tarriff led him to be dubbed the Great Compromiser.

Henry Clay

Born in Hanover County, Virginia, he got his start as a defense lawyer, successfully gaining acquittals in all 300 cases he tried. He was dubbed "The Villain" by Andrew Jackson, who regretted not having shot him. Peace commissioner for the Treaty of Ghent despite having been a leading War Hawk, he saw his "American System" become the central platform of the Whig Party, but failed in his numerous attempts to win the presidency, stating "I'd rather be right than president". FTP, who was this Kentucky politician known as the "Great Compromiser"?

Tennessee Valley Authority or TVA

By a 5-4 Supreme Court vote this endeavour was ruled constitutional in the Ashwander case. An independent public corporation governed by a board of three and originally chaired by Arthur Morgan, one of its purposes was to sell inexpensive fertilizers and electricity, and just nine years after its May 18, 1933 establishment it generated more electricity than any US utility due to its renovation of five dams and construction of 20 new ones, transforming a violent, uncontrolled river into an efficient inland-transportation system. FTP, what was this New Deal Authority established in a southern state?

shooting Andrew Jackson

Charles Dickinson scored two broken ribs by successfully doing this over a horse wager in 1806 but was killed immediately after doing it. Charles Sevier failed in an attempt to do this just after shouting, "I know of no great service you have rendered the country, except taking a trip to Natchez with another man's wife." Thomas Hart Benton did this during a tavern brawl in Nashville, and another man who tried to do this believed that his target was conspiring to depress the market for house-painting. Richard Lawrence was beaten with a cane for his troubles after both of his weapons jammed, thwarting his attempt to engage in it. FTP, name this popular activity involving pistols and the man who twice ran against John Quincy Adams for President.

Malcolm X

Common black and white photos of this man obscure the fact that he had red hair, which he attributed to his maternal grandfather, a white man who never knew his family. He attempted to dispatch "self-defense units" to Florida and delivered a speech reflecting his mature views entitled The Ballot or the Bullet after forming the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Earlier, he agreed to stop speaking for ninety days after fallout from his comment that he "never foresaw that the chickens would come home to roost so soon" in reference to John F. Kennedy's assassination. Twenty years after his initial conversion by Elijah Muhammed, his move to orthodox Sunnism led to his replacement as mosque leader by Louis Farrakhan and eventually his assassination. FTP, name this leader of the Nation of Islam.

First Battle of Manassas, or First Battle of Bull Run

Confederate Colonel Bartow and General Bee were killed in this battle. Union forces crossed a river at Sudley Ford and drove the Confederates back to Henry Hill, but after a brigade of reinforcements arrived by train from the Shenandoah Valley, the Union line was broken, and McDowell's men had to make a hasty retreat. "Stonewall" Jackson earned his nickname here, and the battle led to McDowell being replaced by George McClellan. FTP, name this July 1861 battle in Virginia, the first of two at the same site, sometimes called the first major battle of the Civil War.

Haymarket Square Riot

Death by hanging was the sentence handed down by Judge Joseph Gary to seven of eight men brought to trial over this incident. Matthias Degan and seven others died from a related incident stemming from demonstrations on Randolph Street for an eight-hour workday. Nine fatalities resulted from this event, one of which was a shooting death taking place in front of the McCormick Harvester Plant. Three surviving convicts were pardoned by Governor John Altgeld in 1893 for want of a fair trial. FTP, name this riot of May 4, 1876 in which a bomb thrown by anarchists in a Chicago Plaza was used to discredit the Knights of Labor.

Republican Contract With America

Decrying the "era of official evasion and posturing," its preamble declares that its intent is to "restore the bonds of trust between the people and their elected representatives." It pledges to accomplish eight items within a single day, including beginning an audit, banning proxy voting, and opening committee meetings to the public. The next 100 days were to include the Family Reinforcement Act, Taking Back Our Streets Act, and Citizen Legislature Act, creating term limits. Introduced six weeks before the 1994 midterm elections, it is credited with changing control of the House of Representatives. FTP, name this list of Republican legislative priorities devised by Newt Gingrich.

gold rushes

Discontent among participants in one of these resulted in the Eureka Stockade incident. Ones named for Cayoosh and Tulameen occurred within ten years of one another in British Columbia. Perhaps the first in American history happened in Lumpkin County, Georgia in the 1820's, creating a like-named "belt." One of these caused the abrogation of the Treaty of Laramie, when whites emigrated to the Black Hills of Dakota. Almost certainly the most famous of these events began in 1848 at Sutter's Mill in California. FTP, name these sudden influxes to an area of a large number of miners looking for a certain precious metal.

The University of Michigan

Doe versus this entity struck down its speech code, partly enacted in reaction to a flier claiming "open season" on blacks. The ruling of another case involving this entity cited the precedent of NE Florida Chapter of Associated General Contractors of America v. Jacksonville in granting the plaintiffs standing to bring suit. In that case, Patrick Hamacher was a co-petitioner against its president, James Duderstadt. Gratz versus its later president struck down its points-based system and Grutter versus that president, Lee Bollinger, affirmed the constitutionality of affirmative action in its law school's admissions policy. FTP, name this educational institution located in Ann Arbor.

the Whiskey Rebellion

During it, stolen mail was stored at Blackhorse Tavern. It began after a meeting at Redstone Fort, included an attack on the slaves of John Neville, and continued after a failed attempt at mediation by Hugh Henry Brackenridge. Its halfhearted leader fled to Louisiana after it was put down by the Watermelon Army, and David Bradford was not convincted for his essentially coerced role in this event. Meriwether Lewis fought in the Virginia militia led by Daniel Morgan which helped end it. FTP, name this uprising put down by Lighthorse Harry Lee and sitting president George Washington, a 1794 protest against Alexander Hamilton's excise tax on spirits.

Mexican-American War

During one event in this conflict, Governor Charles Bent was scalped and killed. One side in this conflict killed the six "Boy Heroes" while taking a military academy. Nicholas Trist negotiated the end of this conflict and infuriated the president by ignoring his instructions. Winfield Scott accomplished the first American amphibious landing by besieging Veracruz. The winning side in this conflict paid fifteen million dollars in compensation for one third of the defeated country's territory according to the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. For 10 points, name this 1846 to 1848 war between the U.S. and its southern neighbor.

Winfield Scott

During the War of 1812, he was captured at the Battle of Queenston Heights. He negotiated a peaceful settlement with Britain in the San Juan Island dispute after commanding the implementation of Andrew Jackson's Cherokee removal campaign in 1838. He won only Kentucky, Massachussetts, Tennessee, and Vermont after choosing sitting Naval Secretary Alexander Graham as his running mate for a presidenital campaign managed by New York political intriguer Thurlow Weed, which disparaged the courage of his opponent and former subordinate with the "Fainting Frank" anecdote. The victorious commander at Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Cerro Gordo, and Chapultepec, he later developd a plan to occupy coastal ports in Mississippi as well as the Anaconda Plan as the senior officer of the Union army at the outbreak of the Civil War. FTP, name this general who captured Mexico City in 1847 and was nicknamed "Old Fuss and Feathers," who went on to lose the 1852 presidential election to Franklin Pierce.

Election of 1864

During this election, a platform of one-term limits on the Presidency and the abolition of the Electoral College was used by the "Radical Democratic" Party. In this election, the Democrats circulated a pamphlet purportedly by the Republicans that originated the term "miscegenation." The victor of this election used the slogan "Don't change horses in the middle of a stream," dumped his vice-president Hannibal Hamlin, and gave an inaugural address promising "charity for all" and "malice towards none." For 10 points, name this year in which George McClellan was defeated, giving re-election to Abraham Lincoln.

Battle of Chattanooga

During this engagement, one general toasted the opponent's artillery, only to be splattered with mud soon after, prompting him to order the emplacement captured. Prior to the battle, the invading forces prepared by creating what has commonly been called the "Cracker Line," a brainchild of George Thomas. William Sherman was stalled in his attempts to take Tunnel Hill, and one portion of this battle is often called the "Battle Above the Clouds." Additionally featuring assaults on Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, this is, FTP, which Civil War battle in which Ulysses Grant defeated Braxton Bragg at a large Tennessee city?

Creek War

During this war a militant Indian faction called the Red Sticks killed 533 frontiersmen in the Fort Mims Massacre. Later that fall, the villages of Talladega and Tallashatchee were destroyed, and by the next spring, 1000 warriors congregated at a village on a peninsula in the Tallapoosa River, where they were destroyed in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. FTP, what was this war named for the Native American tribe defeated by Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812?

Savannah, Georgia

Early Methodists including John Wesley founded Bethesda orphanage in this city, which is home to the Ralph Mark Gilbert Civil Rights Museum. It is the seat of Chatham county and was both the namesake and point of departure for the first steamboat that crossed the Atlantic. The hometown of Girl Scouts founder Juliette Low, its harbor is guarded by Cockspur Island, while the river which shares this city's name begins at Hartwell Dam where the Seneca meets the Tugaloo. Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe, it was the capital of Georgia until 1786. Name this city on the Atlantic coast, known for its profuse Regency and Victorian architecture.

Jack Pershing (or John Pershing)

Early in his career this man served as a brigadier general in the Philippines and as a military instructor at the University of Nebraska, while from 1921-24 he served as Army chief of staff. Greatly influencing U.S. WWI policy with his "General Organization Report", he gained his nickname from his command of buffalo soldiers. During WWI he successfully conducted the assault on Saint-Mihiel and aided in the Meuse-Argonne offensive while maintaining the independence of U.S. forces. FTP, who was this commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, known as "Black Jack"?

Common Sense

Early in this work the author considers a scenario in which a small group of people has been placed on an island and cut off from society, forcing them to create their own government. Following this, the author attacks the unnatural state of a monarchy and the undesired effects of a hereditary succession system, as well as the complexities and absurdities in the English constitution, finally concluding that it is time for the colonies to declare independence and establish a government which will provide the greatest security at the least expense. FTP, what is this pamphlet which helped to provoke the American Revolution, written by Thomas Paine?

I Have a Dream

Early on, reference is made to the "urgency of now", arguing that it is "no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism". Earlier, the speaker holds that the founding fathers were in effect signing a promissory note to all Americans, but that some had been given bad checks which have come back marked "insufficient funds". Opening with a reference to an event occurring "five score years ago", its most famous section is found near the end, when the speaker tells of his hope that people will soon sit together at the table of brotherhood on the red hills of Georgia, that the state of Mississippi will be transformed into an oasis of freedom, and that his four children will be judged not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. FTP, what was this 1963 speech by Martin Luther King?

Perryville

Early skirmishing in this battle occurred between Union forces and the Confederate cavalry on the Springfield Pike before sustained action began around Peter's Hill. Although the Union failed to reinforce General McCook's beseiged forces due to the presence of an "acoustic shadow" which prevented knowledge of the fighting, the Union forces under Buell were eventually victorious, forcing Braxton Bragg to retreat into Tenessee. FTP, what was this October 8, 1862 battle, which left Kentucky under Union control?

First Transcontinental Railroad

Eli Whitney's cousin Asa Whitney was one of the first people to propose the idea behind this project, which was also championed by Theodore Judah. James Durant bought out the Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency and replaced it with a corporation which organized this project; Oakes Ames fraudulently bribed legislators with stock in that corporation in the Credit Mobilier Scandal. This entity was financed by the Big Four, which included Leland Stanford. A primary motivation behind the Gadsden Purchase was land for this project, which was finally finished at Promontory Summit, Utah, in 1869. For 10 points, name this project that connected the United States by train.

Iran-Contra affair

Fawn Hill testified to destroying documents about this event after it was revealed in the Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa. Manucher Ghorbarnifar was denounced as a "fabricator" for providing inaccurate intelligence as a middleman during this event. Both John Poindexter and Caspar Weinberger were convicted after the investigation by the Tower Commission over this scandal, which involved violating the Boland Amendment and began as an arms-for-hostages deal. Nicaraguan Sandanistas later sued the United States for funding their opponents in this event. For 10 points, in what Reagan-era scandal did the United States sell weapons to a Middle Eastern country?

John Burgoyne

For a short time commander of chief in Ireland starting in 1782, his play, The Maid of the Oaks, was performed in honor of William Howe and his mistress, Mrs. Loring, but was not nearly as successful as The Heiress. While a military commander, his immense baggage train consisted mostly of champagne, and hindered his troops as they tried to link up with St. Leger and Howe in Albany after taking Fort Ticonderoga in July of 1777, leading to his defeat by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold. FTP, identify this British major general who surrendered at Saratoga.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Freeman Cleaves used this battle to title a biography of the victorious commander, and the spot where it took place is now part of the appropriately named town of Battle Ground. The attackers became paranoid about guerilla harrassment and slept in their clothing the night before this battle after leaving Vincennes with a force of a thousand men. This battle led to the flight of Laulewasikau to Canada and the eventual death of that commander's brother at the Battle of the Thames. Fought in 1811, it destroyed the Shawnee alliance which the Prophet and Tecumseh were building. FTP, name this battle used by victorious general William Henry Harrison in a campaign slogan that paired this name with that of Tyler, too.

Warren Burger

He became active in Republican politics under Harold Stassen, serving as floor manager at the 1948 and 1952 Republican conventions. Chairman of the commission planning the bicentennial celebration of the U.S. constitution, he was appointed assistant Attorney General in 1953, and two years later Eisenhower appointed him to the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. Contrary to expectations, this conservative upheld the Miranda decision, and it was his court that presided over Roe v. Wade. For 10 points, name this Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who in 1969 succeeded Earl Warren.

Grover Cleveland

He defended his administration in Presidential Problems, and authored the Olney Corollary along with his secretary of state in response to the Venezuela and British Guiana boundary dispute. Earlier, he had vetoed the Five Cent Fare Bill for violating the transit company charter as governor of NY. Reverend Samuel D. Burchard propelled him to office by calling Democrats the party of "rum, Romanism, and rebellion," causing his opponent James G. Blaine to lose the Irish vote. FTP name this president first elected in 1884, the only man to serve served two non-consecutive terms in that office.

Pontiac

He experienced a string of early successes in overrunning such forts as Ouiatenon, Venango, and Le Boeuf, but Henry Gladwin held him off from his major objective. He defeated Gladwin at Bloody Ridge, but Henry Bouquet's victory at Bushy Run rescued Pittsburgh from his troops, after which some of his allies signed a separate peace at Presque Isle. He himself only agreed to peace three years later, in 1766's treaty of Oswego, and was murdered at Cahokia three years after that. FTP, name this leader of the Ottawa Indians who in 1763 led a namesake rebellion against the English that aimed to capture Detroit.

John Caldwell Calhoun

He first came to Washington to give a speech in the aftermath of the Chesapeake Affair, and he created the Bureau of Indian Affairs while serving as Secretary of War under Monroe. In another role, he was replaced by Martin Van Buren after his wife Floride exacerbated the Peggy Eaton affair, and earlier he wrote an Exposition and Protest named for his home state that argued against the Tariff of Abominations. He served as vice president for both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, and late in life, he was unable to read his own speech against the Compromise of 1850. For 10 pints, name this proponent of slavery and nullification, a senator from South Carolina.

George Washington

He had affairs with wives of his generals Gates and Biddle and may have caught a fatal chill leaving the house of a mistress. He refused to visit France because he couldn't master the language and inherited a plantation named after his brother Lawrence's commander against the Spanish in the West Indies, Admiral Vernon. FTP, name this man, the first president of the U.S.

Rutherford B. Hayes

He joined the 23rd Ohio Regiment at the outset of the Civil War and emerged a major general of a respected volunteer group. He came into his most famous office after serving as governor of Ohio from 1868-72. He firmly supported his Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman in his efforts to give Civil War greenback dollars backing in gold, and the Bland-Allison Act had to be passed over his veto. Embroiled in the election controversy of 1876, FTP, identify this 19th president of the U.S. who won after a Congressional commission picked him over Samuel Tilden.

Nathaniel Bacon

He migrated to the colonies after his father-in-law disinherited his wife and he was caught trying to defraud his neighbor of his inheritance. He acquired two estates, and less than a year after he arrived, he was appointed to the council of the governor, his cousin by marriage. Although his camapign disintegrated after his death from dysentary, he had achieved military success after responding to an attack by Susquehannock Indians, leading him to be declared a traitor by Governor Berhkley. FTP, who was this western Virginia leader of a rebellion which eventually burned Jamestown?

John Quincy Adams

He proudly labeled the territorial acquisitions he engineered the "epocha," and he proposed a compromise solution to the slavery question, which would allow Florida to enter the union as a slave state but free all children born after 1842. He received the only electoral vote not to go to James Monroe in 1820, and he later nominated his Treasury Secretary Richard Rush as his new Vice-Presidential candidate in his re-election campaign after his former understudy bolted to his opponent's ticket. Later, he presented up to twenty antislavery petitions a year in Congress in defiance of the gag rules. He was the chief U.S. negotiator for the Treaty of Ghent, the defender of the Amistad slaves, and the formulator of the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State, but he may be best known for the backroom dealing which defeated Andrew Jackson for this man's one successful national election in 1824. FTP, name this man who won the White House under the "corrupt bargain."

Horace Greeley

He remarked that he didn't know whether he was running for the presidency or the penitentiary due to the fierce attacks to which he was subjected as the nominee of the Liberal Republicans, when he polled 86 electoral votes but died before the electoral college. He lost much of his following for opposing Lincoln's renomination and for signing the bail bond of Jefferson Davis, but earlier his editorials touting abolitionism and other Republican causes led him to be known as the greatest newspaper editor of his day. FTP, who was this founder of the New York Tribune, known for the advice "Go west, young man"?

Spiro Agnew

He revealed the details of his most traumatic time in his autobiography Go Quietly . . . or Else. Among the things discussed is his disdain for the man who succeeded him, the then minority leader in the House of Representatives. His first political office was as Baltimore County Executive and four years later he won the governorship of Maryland. He was reelected twice more, but resigned the second time to become vice president. However, within a year Elliot Richardson charged him with accepting bribes and tax evasion. FTP, name this man who resigned in disgrace in 1973, just like his president Richard Nixon.

John Jay

He served as America's first secretary of foreign affairs and drafted the Address to the People of Great Britain for the First Continental Congress. While serving abroad, he found that he was elected governor of his home state in absentia. He had already drafted the constitution of that home state, New York, in 1777. However, he is better remembered for negotiating defined U.S.-Canada boundaries with Lord Greenville in 1794 as part of his namesake treaty, and for the post he was appointed to in 1789. A co-author of the Federalist Papers with Hamilton and Madison, FTP, name this first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.

W(illiam) E(dward) B(urghardt) Du Bois

He thanked "the communists of the world for their help in my defense" in his memoir In Battle for Peace about his arrest for being an unregistered agent for a foreign power. His many works include a biography of John Brown, the Marxist influenced history Black Reconstruction, and the sociological work The Philadelphia Negro. A longtime teacher at Atlanta University, at the end of his life he became a citizen of Ghana, where he died. The editor for twenty-five years of the journal Crisis, he developed the idea of the "Talented Tenth." FTP, identify this author of The Souls of Black Folks and co-founder of the NAACP.

John Brown

He used the pseudonym Shubel Morgan when he returned to the state where he had earlier commanded a company in the Wakarusa War. He was frequently assisted by Gerrit Smith, who donated land in North Elba, New York where this man settled his family. After his death, he was compared to Orsini in a famous speech delivered at Cooper Union. He was executed after Governor Wise refused to have him evaluated for insanity, though his actions in the 1850s which gave him the nickname "Old Osawatomie" following a massacre at Potawatomi Creek suggest that he may have been mad. FTP, name this man whose army was put down by a company led by Robert E. Lee after they seized the armory at Harper's Ferry.

James K. Polk

He was Speaker of the House from 1835 to 1839 and later Governor of Tennessee. As president, he established the nation's first independent treasury and oversaw the admission of three new states, including Wisconsin and Iowa. The first "dark horse" candidate, he secured the Democratic nomination over Martin Van Buren and defeated Henry Clay for president. For ten points, name this 11th president who oversaw the Oregon Treaty of 1846 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

John Tyler

His administration created the National Weather Service and helped put down Dorr's Rebellion, and the first override of a presidential veto occurred during his presidency. He lost his Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of State, and the father of his future wife during an explosion of the largest naval gun in the world, the Peacemaker. His Secretary of State was one of the few to remain loyal to him, possibly because he was negotiating an end to the Aroostook War. Sometime after the end of his term, this man known as "His Accidency," served in the Confederate House of Representatives. FTP, name this afterthought to Tippecanoe in William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.

Jonathon Edwards

His attempt to determine the signs of true, saintly belief are found in "A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections", while another major work was A Careful and Strict Enquiry into Freedom of the Will. He first gained fame for "A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God", but soon saw his strict Calvinism alienate him from other Puritans, resulting in his dismissal from his post as pastor of Northampton Church in Massachusetts. FTP, who was this leader of the "Great Awakening" best known for his sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God?

Salmon Portland Chase

His daughter Kate Sprague was a notable socialite who attempted to win him the presidential nomination on several occasions. His uncle was first Episcopal bishop of Ohio, and he studied law under the most beloved man in America, William Wirt. At the 1860 convention, he conceded the nomination to Lincoln on the third ballot, and Lincoln reciprocated by naming him secretary of the Treasury, a position which earned him a spot on the ten thousand dollar bill. FTP, name this man who also replaced Roger Taney, was succeeded by Morrison Waite, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Roger Brooke Taney

His death, called providential by Charles Sumner, fell on the same day his home state abolished slavery. After both Louis McLane and William Duane refused to pull the government's funds out of the Second Bank of the United States, the duty fell to this man in his role as Jackson's Secretary of the Treasury. He had earlier been Attorney General, and afterwards was appointed to his most famous position, from which he issued opinions in such cases as Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge and Ex parte Merryman. FTP, name this Supreme Court Chief Justice who most famously presided over Dred Scott.

Thurgood Marshall

His first major case was 1935's Murray v. Pearson, but more important was Shelley v. Kraemer in which he succeeded in abolishing "protective covenants." In 1965 he became U.S. Solicitor General, a position which acted as a springboard to his most famous post in which he wrote notable dissenting opinions in San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez and 1978's Bakke case, clearly stating his support of affirmative action. FTP, name this one-time NAACP lawyer who won Brown v Board of Education and became the first African-American to sit on the Supreme Court.

Adlai Ewing Stevenson

His political writings include Friends and Enemies and What I Think. This politician was attacked by McCarthy and Nixon for appearing as a character witness in the Alger Hiss trial. John F. Kennedy made him the chief U.S. representative to the United Nations and he died holding that position in 1965, fitting as he was instrumental in setting up that organization. The grandson of the 23rd U.S Vice-President, in 1948 he was elected governor of Illinois. FTP, identify this Democratic politician who lost presidential elections in 1952 and 1956 to Dwight Eisenhower.

the Seneca Falls Convention

Impetus for this event was provided by an extension of state property tax passed just months before and a slight eight years prior at the World Anti-Slavery Convention. It was planned in nearby Waterloo and was held in the home of Jane Hunt. Its most famous product was only signed by a third of the delegates and famously borrowed language of the Declaration of Independence; that was the Declaration of Sentiments. Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, FTP, name this meeting in upstate New York, a major germinal event in the American women's rights movement.

Martin Van Buren

In 1807 he married his cousin Hannah Hoes, and later served two terms in the state senate before becoming a US Senator in 1821, during which time he formed the Albany Regency political machine. After John Quincy Adams's election as President, he helped form the new Democratic Party, and in 1828 gave up the governorship of New York to become Secretary of State. The 1848 presidential candidate of the Free-Soil Party, he had won earlier on a ticket with Richard Mentor Johnson, but was cost reelection by the Panic of 1837. Known as the "Little Magician", FTP name this successor to Andrew Jackson.

Pinckney's Treaty

In 1839 the Spanish invoked Article 9 of this treaty in its petition that the cargo and slaves of the Amistad be returned. In part, it guaranteed free navigation of the Mississippi and the right of deposit in New Orleans for 3 years. Necessary to settle issues left unresolved by the Jay-Gardoqui Treaty and the Treaty of 1783, it is also called the Treaty of San Lorenzo. FTP, identify this 1795 American-Spanish treaty that set the southern US boundary at the 31st parallel.

George Pendleton

In 1885 this politician was made U.S. minister to Germany, a post he held until his death. In 1867 he put forward what became known as the "Ohio plan" to redeem certain Civil War bonds with paper money, a plan that cost him the 1868 Democratic presidential nomination. In 1864 he served as the Democratic vice-presidential nominee, but is best known today for an 1883 act that created a three-man commission to draft examinations for hiring and promoting federal employees. FTP, who was this Ohio politician known for his namesake Civil Service Act?

Joseph Raymond McCarthy

In 1946, this politician defeated Representative Howard Johnstone McMurray in a Senatorial election and, in 1957, this politician's vacated Senate seat was won by William Proxmire. The right to criticize, the right to protest, the right of independent thought, and the right to hold unpopular opinions were stated in the Declaration of Conscience speech delivered by Margaret Chase Smith against this politician. This politician targeted Mongolian historian Owen Lattimore during the deliberations of the Tydings Committee. In 1954, Army attorney Joseph Welch asked him, "Have you left no sense of decency?" For 10 points, name this Wisconsin Republican Senator who made wild allegations that certain individuals of the State Department were Communists.

James Meredith

In 1967, he was defeated in the special election that returned Adam Clayton Powell to congress. Disobedience of an earlier ruling in his favor led to the case which determined that there is no right to a jury trial for the charge of refusing a federal court order. William Faulkner's nephew pulled him away from a group of rioters led by disgraced former Major General Edwin Walker, who was supported Governor Ross Barnett's defiance of troops sent by John F. Kennedy to escort him into he Lyceum Building. FTP, name this first African-American to enroll at the University of Mississippi.

Zachary Taylor

In 1991, his body was exhumed from a Louisville cemetery and tested for arsenic poisoning, with negative results. A former commander at Fort Harrison, he won his nickname at the Battle of Lake Okeechobee in the Second Seminole War. As a colonel in the Black Hawk War, he met Jefferson Davis, who married his daughter Sarah, and he later won at Monterrey and Buena Vista during the Mexican War. FTP, name this Whig general known as "Old Rough and Ready" whose presidency ended with his 1850 death and the succession of Millard Fillmore.

death of James Riddle "Jimmy" Hoffa

In 2000, DNA evidence was found possibly linking Chuckie O'Brien to this event, and Joseph Franco's book about it claims involvement of federal marshals. An alleged catalyst for this event concerned a pension lost through the Landrum-Griffin Act. This event's subject asked his wife over the phone if she had received word from Anthony Giacalone, and it occurred after an encounter at the Machus Red Fox Restaurant. This event prompted the FBI's excavation of a suburban Detroit field, and an urban legend about the Meadowlands states that this event's subject is buried in one of the end zones. For 10 points, name this 1975 unsolved mystery involving a Teamsters boss.

Colorado

In 2005, this state's elected treasurer, Mike Coffman, resigned his post to join the Marines and spent several months in Iraq before returning to run for secretary of state in 2006. Next week, voters in this state will decide on Amendment 36, which proposes to split the state's nine electoral votes proportionally according to its popular vote in future presidential elections. Opponents argue that the amendment will backfire due to the close party divisions indicated by Republican Wayne Allard and Democrat Ken Salazar splitting this state's Senatorial delegation, and by the neck-and-neck race between Republican Bob Beauprez and Democrat Bill Ritter to replace retiring incumbent Bill Owens in its 2006 gubernatorial election. FTP, name this state whose other recent politicians include the party-switching Ben Nighthorse Campbell, anti-immigration zealot Tom Tancredo, and Salazar's 2004 Senate opponent, Pete Coors.

Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill

In All Politics is Local, he offers such rules as "To be a successful public speaker, memorize poetry," and "Never get introduced to the crowd at a sporting event, only boos will ensue." He sponsored the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 to restrict unrecorded voting by House members, 18 years after his election to the House seat vacated by John F. Kennedy. A native of Cambridge, Massachusetts, FTP, who was this 17-term Congressman and Democratic Speaker of the House from 1977-86 whose actual first name was Thomas?

Norris-LaGuardia Act

In a way, this piece of legislation overturned the 1896 Supreme Court case Adair v. United States. Additionally, it was upheld in New Negro Alliance vs. Sanitary Grocery Company. Also known as the Anti-Injunction Act, it was a key point in the government's sanctioning various methods of striking, as well as barring the government from preventing publicizing labor disputes. Most notably, it banned "yellow dog" contracts, which allowed employers to forbid employees from joining unions. FTP, name this 1932 piece of legislation named for Nebraska Senator George and New York City mayor Fiorello.

Daniel Webster

In addition to his achievements in Congress, this politician gained renown for his public addresses, notably the Bunker Hill oration and his speech on the deaths of Jefferson and Adams. He served as Secretary of State for a second time from 1850-52 after having alienated the antislavery movement with his eloquent support for the Compromise of 1850. Earlier, he had emerged as a champion of the federal government in his famous series of 1830 debates with Robert Hayne, and won acclaim as a lawyer for his arguments in the cases Dartmouth v. Woodward and McCulloch v. Maryland. FTP, who was this Massachusetts senator perhaps best known for his 1843 treaty with Ashburton?

USS Monitor

In its most famous engagement Samuel Greene had to take over command when John L. Worden was blinded. It was lost at sea on route to Cape Hatteras and had nearly sunk while being pulled to its first action by the tug Seth Low. So skeptical were officials about the seaworthiness of this vessel that all development costs were to be returned by its designer, John Ericsson, if it failed. Critics were silenced when this long, low, maneuverable steam boat with a rotating turret famously described at a "cheesbox on a raft" defended the Minnesota in the Battle of Hampton Roads. FTP, name this first ironclad, a Union ship that fought to a standstill with the Merrimack.

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson

In one battle, this commander defeated the incompetent Dixon S. Miles in order to seize an armory. During another, this man led a successful flanking attack on the unprepared Eleventh Corps under Oliver Howard. This man's late arrival at the Battle of Gaines' Mill was one of several mistakes that he made during the Seven Days Battles. In another battle, this man's timely arrival with his namesake brigade managed to hold the line at Matthews Hill. This general was wounded by friendly fire and died eight days after winning the battle of Chancellorsville. For 10 points, name this Confederate General who was said to have held like a "stone wall" at First Bull Run.

Albert Einstein

In one cartoon, this man is depicted carrying the sword of "preparedness" as he casts off the wings of "pacifism." This founder of the International Rescue Committee co-signed a manifesto with Bertrand Russell opposing the use of nuclear weapons. After the death of Chaim Weizmann, this man was offered the presidency of Israel. This man told his friend Linus Pauling that his biggest regret was signing a letter written by Leo Szilard and addressed to Franklin D. Roosevelt, which helped lead to the Manhattan Project. For 10 points, name this scientist who developed the theory of relativity.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

In one case, this man noted that "a constitution is not intended to embody a specific economic theory", while in another, he argued that the actions of James Hill were legal. According to one anecdote, he informed Learned Hand that his job was not to "do justice", and he overturned the "bad tendency" test established by Hand. He declared that "three generations of imbeciles are enough" in his majority opinion in Buck v. Bell, though he is more famous for his many dissents, and he used a pragmatic approach in many of his short opinions. For 10 points, identify this long serving justice of the Supreme Court who made the "clear and present danger" test in Schenck v. US.

James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr.

In one election, this man defeated Hal Suit after overcoming a man he labeled "Cufflinks Carl" in the primary. His presidency saw a scandal involving his budget director, Bert Lance, and he threatened military response to Soviet action near the Persian Gulf in his namesake doctrine. During his presidency, the United States entered into full diplomatic relations with China and ceded the Panama Canal to Panama. He also signed the SALT II agreement and brokered the Camp David Accords, though he is better remembered for poor handling of the Iran hostage crisis. For 10 points, name this former Georgia Governor, the U.S. President from 1977 to 1981.

New York City

In one of this city's rivers, the General Slocum caught fire, killing over 1,000 members of St. Mark's Lutheran Church. While in this city, Lieutenant-Governor Francis Nicholson was overthrown by the German-born militia leader Jacob Leisler. In 1863, rioters angry at the draft killed many of this city's blacks. This city was the site of Nathan Hale's execution. This city was the home of Tammany Hall, as well as the site of the Zenger trial. For 10 points, name this city, which, as capital of New Netherland, was called New Amsterdam.

Republican Party [accept GOP]

In the first decades of the twentieth century, this organization was divided into "lily-white" and "black and tan" factions over the issue of African-American participation. It was originally founded and named by Alvan Bovay and Chicago Tribune publisher Joseph Medill. It suffered another factional dispute over the issue of civil service reform, with leaders including Roscoe Conkling of the Stalwarts and James G. Blaine of the Half-Breeds. FTP, name this political party founded in 1854, whose first successful presidential candidate was Abraham Lincoln.

The Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward

In the majority opinion for this case the Supreme Court first ruled that the plaintiff, referred to several times as an "eelemosynary" institution, was a private corporation which could not be subjected to meddling by the legislature. This was a de facto victory for the plaintiff which was then bolstered by acknowledging that the Royal Charter in essence consisted of a contract between the government and the plaintiff which, according to Article I secion 10, could not be impaired by the actions of a state, in this case New Hampshire. This is a summary of Chief Justice John Marshall's ruling in, FTP, what 1819 case argued by Daniel Webster on behalf of a college which claimed the right to appoint its own governing body independent of the action of the state to modify it?

Battle of Quebec

In this battle, the opposing commanders set up camp on opposite sides of the Montmorency River. On July 30, grenadiers crossed Orleans Island and attempted to row towards the city, but were halted by submerged rocks and cut down while attempting to cross the Beauport Shore. After relocating to Point Levis, the British general found a narrow, hidden path, which he used to secretly disembark 4,000 men on September 12, making possible the charge by Wolfe's men across the Plains of Abraham. FTP, name this decisive 1759 British victory of the French and Indian War that saw the taking of a strategic site on the St. Lawrence River and the death's of Wolfe and Montcalm.

Boston

In this city, the David Walker pamphlet Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World was written, and the Charles Chauncy sermon "Enthusiasm Described and Cautioned Against" was first given. Mary Dyer was hanged for being a Quaker in this city, where John Phillips and Harrison Gray Otis served as mayor. William Blackstone was its first European settler, and a bridge between this city and Charleston was the topic of the Supreme Court case Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge. A protest here in 1773 involved the Sons of Liberty being dressed as Mohawks. FTP, name this New England city home to a famous tea party.

Haymarket Square Riot

In this event's aftermath, Albert Parsons, George Engel, and Adolph Fischer were hanged, while Louis Lingg was found dead in his jail cell. Judge Joseph Gary had sentenced these people, as well as August Spies, as accessories before and after the fact in the deaths of seven people as a rally in support of a 8-hour work day. FTP, name this violent confrontation between police and labor supporters in Chicago in 1886.

California

In this state, US troops attempted to attack lava beds near Tule Lake in the Battle of the Stronghold, a victory for Native American chief Captain Jack in the Modoc War. Commodore Sloat became military governor of this state after claiming it for the United States; its other governors included William B. Ide and Stephen Kearny. John C. Fremont began a revolt that led to the creation of the Bear Flag Republic of this state. Thousands of people flocked to this state following the discovery of Gold in Sutter's Mill in 1849. For 10 points, name this state which contains many missions established by Junipero Serra in locations like San Diego and San Francisco.

Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

It contains direct quotes from Psalms 19:9 and Matthew 18:7. Its strongest language comes when its speaker intones that "every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword" in revenge for "the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil." It justified the contemporary conflict with the comment that one side "accept[ed] war rather than let [the nation] perish." The speech also offers reconciliation, as when its speaker notes that "fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away," and the speaker then declares his "malice for none" and "charity for all." FTP, name this speech given on March 4, 1865 by a recently re-elected president.

Mapp v. Ohio

It extended a doctrine first mandated in Weeks v. U.S. The woman at the center of this case had a proclivity for dating light-heavyweight boxing champions, being the ex-wife of Jimmy Bivins and former girlfriend of Archie Moore. Justice Harlan delivered the dissenting opinion in this case, arguing against overturning Wolf v. Colorado, which had incorporated the Fourth Amendment without providing for an enforcement mechanism. FTP, name this 1961 case which ruled that the Fourth Amendment protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" required the use at state levels of the exclusionary rule.

Oliver Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al

It invalidated 1927's Gong Lum v. Rice and extended the ruling of four years earlier in Sweatt v. Painter. Among the plaintiffs were Sarah Bulah and Ethel Belton, who had won their suit in Delaware, and Harry and Eliza Briggs, whose suit in Clarendon County in South Carolina introduced the findings of Kenneth and Mamie Clark's experiments with dolls. A year after this decision, another case clarifying it ordered that it be implemented "with all deliberate speed." FTP, name this unanimous Supreme Court decision which overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and outlawed segregation of public schools.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act

It is blamed for triggering the "beggar-thy-neighbor" phenomenon and for creating the sugar crisis which brought Fulgencio Batista to power in Cuba. Sponsored by the Utah chair of the Senate Finance Committee and the Oregon chair of the House Ways and Means Committee, it raised the levels set by the Fordney-McCumber Act to an average of sixty percent and remained in force until the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act was passed in 1934. FTP, a petition signed by a thousand economists failed to stop what 1930 tariff act, a major factor in worsening the Great Depression?

Sherman's March to the Sea

It lasted a little over a month, and at one point saw soldiers hold a mock session of the state legislature, repealing ordinances passed by the officials who had just fled Milledgeville. Hugh Kilpatrick led the cavalry, while the left and right wings were headed by Henry Slocum and Oliver Howard. Opposed only by the ineffectual raiding of Joe Wheeler, it inflicted damages amounting to $100 million while taking Sandersville, Louisville, Millen, and finally Savannah, which was then offered as a Chrismas present to Lincoln. Beginning with the burning of Atlanta, FTP, what was this 1864 campaign in which Georgia was decimated by William Sherman?

the Black Hawk War

It occurred as a result of demands made by agent Thomas Forsyth, who was backed up by superintendent William Clark. After Governor John Reynolds demanded that the militia be called out, General Edmund Gaines promised to send forces from St. Louis to the Saukenuk area. After a long retreat through the Rock River Valley, the final engagement of this war was fought at the Bad Axe River in Wisconsin. FTP, name this conflict between the United States and the Sauk and Fox Indians which was fought in Illinois in 1832 and named for a rival to Chief Keokuk.

The Articles of Confederation

It presaged the Fourteenth Amendment by including a clause guaranteeing the "privileges and immunities" of all citizens. It also contains a provision allowing legislative appointment of all military officers below the rank of colonel. Its eleventh article pre-approves the membership of Canada, and it ends by thanking "the great Governor of the world." Allotting one vote per state, it was faulted for ambiguity regarding militias and the failure to allow Congress to collect taxes directly. FTP, name this document establishing a "firm league of friendship," but not a federal union, among the newly independent colonies of America.

Ex Parte Merryman

It quoted John Marshall's decisions in the Bollman and Swartout cases as well as the views of Justice Joseph Story. The defendant's trouble began with his burning of a bridge in Parkton, for which he lost his position in the Baltimore County Guards and was detained by General George Cadwalader in Fort McHenry, prompting Chief Justice Taney to argue for his release. FTP, name this 1861 ex parte case in which Taney claimed that the President did not have the power to suspend habeas corpus.

Compromise of 1850

It set the western border of Texas near the Rio del Norte and promised ten million dollars to the state if it relinquished claims to land west of that border. William H. Seward denounced it in the "higher law" speech, while James Mason was sent to read another speech on this measure by the sickly John C. Calhoun. Later enacted as five separate bills, this Fillmore administration bill also organized the territories of Utah and New Mexico under the popular sovereignty principle and established California as a free state. FTP, the Fugitive Slave Law was the most odious part of what omnibus compromise that staved off secession for another decade?

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

It was amended by two acts that enforced its sections 2 and 7, the Robinson-Patman Act and the Celler-Kefauver Act. A declaration that the labor of a human being is not an article of commerce was included in this legislation that restricted the use of injunctions against labor unions, legalized picketing and boycotts, and prohibited exclusive sales contracts and inter-corporate stock holdings. FTP, name this 1914 anti-trust act that amended and supplemented the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

USS Maine

It was initially dispatched when news came of riots instigated by forces who supported Weyler y Nicolau. It was to be reinforced based on the recommendation of Fitzhugh Lee, the local American consul. In 1976 Hyman Rickover published a book questioning the long-held belief about the cause of its destruction, claiming that Captain Charles Sigsbee's poor supervision of the coal bunker was the real cause. Regardless, the incident was greatly magnified by the bellicose "Yellow Press" back home. FTP, name this vessel whose explosion in Havana harbor in 1898 was a catalyst for the Spanish-American War.

Miranda v. Arizona

It was not applied to juveniles until 1995, in the case of Yarborough v. Alvarado. Decided in conjunction with Vignera v. New York and Westover v. U.S., it discusses the "Mutt and Jeff act" and other tricks that create an "inherently intimidating" atmosphere. 2000's case of Dickerson v. U.S. reaffirmed this ruling, which extended the conclusions of Escobedo v. Illinois and overturned the earlier "voluntariness standard." FTP, name this 1966 case which found that the rights to consult an attorney and remain silent must be announced to criminal suspects.

Monroe Doctrine

It was repudiated by the Clark memorandum of 1928, while an earlier proposal to amend it by Calvo was modified by the Drago Doctrine and Porter Amendment to apply it to foreign debt. First given its current name in 1852, Olney modified it to assert US sovereignty on the continent, while Lodge used it to discourage sale of strategic land. Prompted by both a minor clash with Russia in the northwest and the desire to oppose the Holy Alliance, it was most famously altered by the Roosevelt Corollary. FTP, what was this 1823 doctrine calling for an end to European intervention in the Americas?

Seneca Falls Convention

It was sparked by a trip to visit family in Waterloo by one of those involved, who paid a social visit to a friend in the titular town, where talk soon turned to a recently passed New York Property Rights Act. This soon grew into a two day meeting in a local Wesleyan Church presided over by James Mott. Its ultimate result was the issuance of the Declaration of Sentiments and the adoption of 11 resolutions, including one calling for women's suffrage. Organized by Lucrezia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, FTP, what was this 1848 meeting, the first modern women's rights convention?

the Sacco-Vanzetti case

It was the subject of a book entitled The Never-Ending Wrong, which appeared 50 years later. It was also the subject of a "critical analysis for lawyers and laymen" by Felix Frankfurter, which concluded that members of the Joe Morelli gang along with Celestino Madeiros were responsible. Frankfurter suggested that those men were responsible for the deaths of Frederick Parmenter and Alessandro Berardelli, who were at a shoe factory in South Braintree that was robbed in 1920. Seven years later, a commission led by Harvard's President Lowell supported the court's finding, and two men were electrocuted. FTP, name this case in which two Italian anarchists were executed even though they had alibis.

Birmingham

It's not Atlanta, but this city's entertainment district is known as Five Points South. This city's Red Mountain houses the world's largest cast iron statue, depicting Vulcan at his forge. One important figure in this city's Civil Rights movement was its commissioner of public safety, Bull Connor. George Wallace called out the state's National Guard to prevent the integration of this city's schools. Thomas Blanton and Bobby Frank Cherry were convicted in 2002 of the 1964 bombings of this city's 16th Street Baptist Church. For 10 points, name this city from whose city jail Martin Luther King wrote a famous letter, and which is the largest city in Alabama.

the Duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr

Its causes include one party's unauthorized publication of "The Public Conduct and Character of John Adams," a document in which the other party ragged on the president. It became inevitable when one participant's statement that the other "ought not be trusted with the reins of government" helped Morgan Lewis win the governorship of New York in 1804. FTP, name this July 11, 1804 event that took place in Weehawken, New Jersey, in which the Vice President mortally wounded a former Secretary of the Treasury.

the NRA [or National Recovery Administration]

Its creation was presaged by plans written by Malcolm Rorty and James Warburg. A review board chaired by Clarence Darrow suggested investigation of it by the FTC for monopolistic practices. It promoted a "blanket code" under its first director, retired army general Hugh S. Johnson. It was decided that the president was given too much power by its "codes of fair competition" in the Supreme Court case that declared it unconstitutional, Schechter v. U.S., called the "sick chicken" case. Publicity supporting it featured the slogan "we do our part" and images of a blue eagle. For 10 points, name this New Deal agency which set maximum working hours and minimum wage.

Shays's Rebellion

Its first casualties occurred when William Shepherd fired upon it, and Benjamin Lincoln led the force which succeeded in putting it down. Many of its members were recruited at a meeting at Conkey's Tavern, and it fought its first battle at Springfield, successfully closing the Supreme Court. It was defeated at Petersham, allowing James Bowdoin to reassert control; less than a year later, its participants returned from exile in Vermont after new governor John Hancock pardoned those responsible for this event. Further conciliation occurred when its aims of closing debtors' prisons and shifting power to farmers were adopted by the legislature. FTP, name this western Massachusetts revolt against taxes and lenders, which took place in 1786 and exposed the shortcomings of America under the Articles of Confederation.

2nd Bank of the United States

Its first two presidents were William Jones and Langdon Cheeves while Alexander Dallas was instrumental in its set-up and Stephen Girard in its financing. After its demise it continued for five years under a Pennsylvania State Charter. It came under heavy criticism for its supposed role in the Panic of 1819 but its legality was upheld in McCulluch v Maryland where a state law taxing one of its branches was ruled unconstitutional. FTP, identify this financial institution headed by Nicholas Biddle whose charter was not renewed because of Andrew Jackson's vetoes.

Tammany Hall (or The Society of St. Tammany)

Its founder, a veteran named William Mooney, developed a long series of fake Indian rituals as a way to mock its higher-class rival, the Society of Cincinnati. Named for a Delaware Indian chief and incorporated as an immigrant aid association in 1805, it gradually became active in politics, eventually helping elect Fernando Wood as mayor of New York. Associated with "Boss" Tweed, FTP, what was this New York City political machine?

Gideon v. Wainwright

Its provisions were extended in 1972's Argersinger v. Hamlin, and it overturned the 1942 decision of Betts v. Brady. Abe Fortas argued that by allowing states to implement only certain elements of the Bill of Rights, the Supreme Court was allowing a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision, written by Hugo Black, stated that "The individual, especially the indigent, is in the greatest need of his Constitutional Rights when he finds himself in trouble with the law." Sparked by the arrest of an electrician for breaking into a pool hall, FTP, name this 1962 Supreme Court case that guaranteed legal council for indigent defendants in criminal cases.

United States Presidential Election of 1876

James Alexander Walker ran on the American Party ticket in this election, while the Prohibition Party nominated Green Clay Smith. The running mate of the Democratic Party nominee later served as Cleveland's first vice president; that was Thomas Hendricks. The Republic convention saw Roscoe Conkling withdraw from the running in order to prevent James G. Blaine from getting the nomination. The governor of Oregon declared one of his electors ineligible, and several electors refused to vote for a certain New Yorker. For 10 points, name this election which saw an Electoral Commission decide the defeat of Samuel Tilden by Rutherford B. Hayes.

Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor

James Sovereign and John Hayes were the final two leaders of this organization, which was responsible for an event which killed several Chinese miners in Rock Springs, Wyoming. This organization had rituals outlined in the Adelphon Kruptos, and its founder belonged to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Jay Gould put down a strike against the Missouri Pacific railroad led by this group, leaders of which were called Grand Master Workmen. This group was led by Uriah Stephens and Terence Powderley, though it lost popularity after the Haymarket Square Riot. For 10 points, name this first large labor organization succeeded by the American Federation of Labor.

secession

Joe Vogler, leader of a movement in favor of this, disappeared among conspiracy theories in May 1993. Another movement for it in 1941 had the full support of the Siskiyou County Board of Supervisors. Norman Mailer ran for mayor of New York City with this as a major point in his platform. Texas v. White ruled that it was illegal in the United States, a few years after it was proposed at both the 1850 Nashville Convention and the 1814 Hartford Convention. Despite being threatened during the nullification crisis, it was not until 1860 that South Carolina became the first state to actually do this. For 10 points, what is this act unsuccessfully attempted by the Confederacy?

Margaret (Madelin) Chase Smith

Known for the 1972 "Declaration of Conscience", Earl Warren claimed that if he'd been nominated for president in 1952, he would have made this Senator his running mate. The first Republican to denounce Joseph McCarthy on the Senate floor, this one-time reporter finished second to Barry Goldwater for the 1964 Republican presidential nomination, fourteen years after going to the House of Representatives to succeed her late husband. FTP, name this long-time senator from Maine.

Bay of Pigs

Larry Kane was the first U.S. news correspondent to report on this event, the idea for which came from a policy paper written by Richard Bissell code-named JMARC. General Maxwell Taylor chaired the commission to examine its failure, which was partly caused by the premature ending of air strikes, a part of Operation Puma. Grayston Lynch commanded Brigade 2506, which was a group of 1500 CIA-trained exiles who were captured during it, leading to the forced resignation of Allen Dulles. FTP, name this April 1961 botched invasion of Cuba, which failed to overthrow Fidel Castro.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Later interpreted using the "rule of reason," it was applied to labor unions in in re Debs after its scope was limited in 1893's E.C. Knight decision, which found that sugar refining was not subject to this law. It was expanded by a law regulating interlocking directorates and price discrimination called the "Magna Carta of labor" by Samuel Gompers, and was used against Northern Securities by Theodore Roosevelt. It wasn't until 1911, however, when it finally attained its ostensible goal by securing the breakup of Standard Oil. FTP, name this law against monopolies and cartels named for an Ohio Senator and former Secretary of the Treasury.

House of Burgesses

Members of its first council included John Twine, clerk of the General Assembly, and John Pory, who was designated its secretary and speaker. It initially consisted of 22 members based on a plan drawn up by Governor George Yeardley, who awarded each settlement two representatives. Eventually its members were only elected by men with fifty acres of land or more, and its seat was moved to Middle Plantation. FTP, name this group whose later members would include Patrick Henry, and when it was formed in 1619 in Jamestown, was the first elected legislative assembly in the New World.

Know Nothing Party

Members of this group raided a shed called the Lapidarium to steal a block of marble intended for the Washington Monument. This party's supporters perpetrated the Bloody Monday riots in Louisville. This party dominated 1854 state elections in Massachusetts. This party grew out of a secret organization called the Order of the Star Spangled Banner. In 1856, this party nominated Millard Fillmore as its candidate for President. For 10 points, name this nineteenth century American political party that was hostile to Catholic immigrants.

Scalawags

Members of this political grouping included former Whigs Lewis Parsons and James Alcorn, but more notorious was Franklin Moses, Jr. Many of them, unlike William Holden and John Mosby, were from the small planter caste. General James Longstreet was also regarded as a member of this group, whose name was originally used to designate small animals below the attention of farmers and has now come to refer to allies of carpetbaggers. FTP, give this term for southerners who joined the Republican Party and supported Reconstruction.

Oliver Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Mendez v. Westminster affirmed the right guaranteed in this later case, as did Sweatt v. Painter. During arguments over this case, Felix Frankfurter remarked that Fred Vinson's death was the first affirmative proof he'd ever seen of God's existence. This case was extended to the District of Columbia in Bolling v. Sharpe. Kenneth and Mamie Clark testified in Briggs v. Elliott, a component of this case, about their "doll" experiment. The Alexander case struck down this case's requirement that a central action should occur with "all deliberate speed." For 10 points, name this 1954 case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, ruling that segregation in schools was unconstitutional.

Whiskey Rebellion

More violence than actually occurred was averted by the parliamentary maneuvers employed by moderates at a meeting at Parkinson's Ferry, soon after its more extreme leaders tried to incite its participants with information from letters gained while robbing the postal service. Despite the passage of a bill transferring some federal trials to state courts, disgruntled citizens burned the home of General John Neville, a regional inspector of the excise that was crippling the economy of the western United States. Collapsing after Washington called out state militias, FTP, what was this rebellion of the early 1790s caused by the taxing of alcohol?

The Second Bank of the United States

Most of John Tyler's cabinet resigned because of Tyler's opposition to Henry Clay's plan for reorganizing this. It was stabilized when William Jones was replaced by Langton Cleves, after the corruption of James Buchanan and the embezzler James McCulloch had jeopardized it. After dissolving, it became a private corporation chartered in Pennsylvania, but went insolvent five years later. Its evisceration in 1836 was symbolic of the anti-centralization ideologies and partly due to personal emnity for Nicholas Biddle. For 10 points, name this institution destroyed by Andrew Jackson.

Anti-trust act or legislation or regulation etc.

Noted examples of this type of legislation are the 1976 Hart-Scott-Rodino Act as well as the 1950 Celler-Kefauver Act and the 1936 Robinson-Patman Act. Opposing a type of arrangement devised by Samuel Dodd, they are based upon Congress's right to regulate interstate commerce. The first of its type was crippled by the Supreme Court's ruling in U.S. v E.C. Knight Co. although it was eventually used successfully against Standard Oil. FTP, identify this type of law, the most famous of which are the 1914 Clayton Act and 1890 Sherman Act and which deter corporate monopolies.

USS Maine

Officially known as "Armored Cruiser #1", it was summoned to its final destination by Consul Fitzhugh Lee. Captained by Charles Sigsbee, a 1976 investigation by Admiral Rickover contradicted the conclusion of the earlier Sampson Board of Inquiry by holding that the cause of its demise was most likely a coal burner fire rather than an externally caused explosion. At the time the largest ship ever to enter Havana harbor, FTP, remember this battleship whose 1898 sinking propelled the Spanish-American War.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Ohio representative Joshua Giddings contributed to a manifesto outlining opposition to this legislation, the Appeal of the Independent Democrats. The Battle of Black Jack that resulted from the passage of this legislation saw a man later backed by the Secret Six capture Henry Pate. One goal of this legislation was to expedite the creation of a Transcontinental Railroad. After Charles Sumner gave a speech attacking this legislation, he was caned by Preston Brooks. For 10 points, name this legislation that violated the Missouri Compromise in allowing the two states in question to decide whether or not to be slave states.

Sequoya

On suspicion of consorting with Satan, he was attacked by Major Ridge's Lighthorse Patrol, who cut off his fingertips. He continued working on his controversial invention, demonstrated it in a debate about border placement in Chatooga, and later using it in collaboration with Elias Boudinot to create the Tsalagi Tsu lehisanunh (pronounced phonetically). He got the idea from Charles Hicks and worked with his daughter Ayoka to develop the "Talking Leaves." FTP, name this originator of the syllabic alphabet for Cherokee, which became the first system of writing in a North American Indian language.

2nd Bull Run or 2nd Manassas

On the opening day of this battle Stonewall Jackson's forces kept Union troops from taking Centreville, and on the final day of fighting Jackson defeated retreating Union forces at Chantilly. The main fighting occurred on August 29-30, 1862, when Lee's forces defeated those of John Pope. FTP, what is this Civil War battle, the second of two with the same name?

Benjamin Harrison

One factor in this president's election was the Murchison letter, leading to his victory in the electoral college despite losing the popular vote by over 60,000 votes. His economic policy was influenced by his vice-president, the New York banker Levi Morton, and led him to sign into law the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and McKinley Tariff. The major symbol of his campaign was the log cabin, which had served a famous relative well 48 years earlier. FTP, who defeated Cleveland in 1888 to become president, the grandson of the hero of Tippecanoe?

Seminoles

One famous member of this Native American tribe was a medicine man whose name translates as "crazy, spherical puma". Their name derives either from the Spanish for "wild" or from a Creek word meaning "runaway", the latter due to their secession from the Creeks after the Treaty of Fort Jackson. Their willingness to harbor runaway slaves sparked conflict with Georgia and South Carolina, while resistance to the Treaty of Payne's Landing led to the bloodiest of three namesake wars that eventually saw most of them relocated with the rest of the Five Civilized Tribes. Famously led by Osceola, FTP, what is this Florida Indian tribe whose name is now used by the Florida State athletic program?

Second Great Awakening

One leader of this movement developed the "anxious seat" among his controversial New Measures, which were debated at the New Lebanon Conference. This movement produced a 20,000 person meeting at Cane Ridge, Kentucky, the largest of the many "camp meetings" during it. Its leaders included Lyman Beecher and Charles Grandison Finney, who called one of its main bases of support the "burnt-over district." This movement gave rise to the Millerites, who formed the Seventh-Day Adventists. For 10 points, name this period of religious revival lasting from the early to mid-nineteenth century.

Tammany Hall

One leader of this organization went into two retirements in England and owned the Epsom Derby-winning horse Orby. That man was a bitter enemy of Charles Parkhurst's Society for the Prevention of Crime and eventually lost an election to Seith Low. Fernando Wood formed the Mozart organization to compete with this group after a falling-out, and its leader Charles Murphy won a similar factional dispute by engineering the impeachment of William Sulzer. John Kelly introduced its block-by-block regimentation at the same time that "King" Richard Croker became its leader. Thomas Nast's cartoon helped break the power of a man with a namesake "ring" who was another notoriously corrupt member of this group. FTP, William "Boss" Tweed was a leader of what Democratic Party social association that ran New York politics for decades?

Second Bank of the United States

One man who opposed this organization was John Taylor of Caroline, who argued that its creation could lead to the end of slavery. This organization's second president, Langdon Cheeves, had replaced an officer of this organization who had been involved in an 1819 Supreme Court case brought about when the state of Maryland attempted to undermine a branch of this organization. Roger Taney was appointed Secretary of the Treasury in an attempt to destroy this organization by Andrew Jackson, who was opposed by this organization's final president, Nicholas Biddle. For 10 points, name this financial institution in existence from 1816 to 1836.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

One member of this group paid twenty dollars for the Newfoundland dog Seaman. This group got lost while being guided by Old Toby and nearly starved to death. Another member of this group brought along his slave York. The recommendation of Watkuweis helped this group befriend the Nez Perce, and they also were helped after hiring as an interpreter Toussaint Charbonneau. That man was hired by this group after they wintered in Fort Mandan and he was married to a Shoshone woman. For 10 points, name this expedition that traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific to explore the west for Thomas Jefferson after the Louisiana Purchase, which was helped for a time by Sacagawea.

Treaty of Paris 1783

One negotiator of this treaty had just been released from the Tower of London two years earlier with the help of Richard Oswald, and was named Henry Laurens. This treaty indirectly led to mass settlement of New Brunswick, and set one national boundary at the St. Croix River. Article 6 of this agreement was violated when one nation failed to vacate forts on the Great Lakes, leading to Jay's Treaty eleven years later. It set the American border at the Mississippi River to the west and Florida to the south, and this treaty was signed after a defeat for General Cornwallis at Yorktown. For 10 points, name this treaty which ended the American Revolution.

Fourteenth Amendment

One of its clauses was interpreted to include corporations as legal persons in the case Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, allowing trusts to thwart state prosecutions in cases like Smyth v. Ames and Allgeyer v. Louisiana. After its ratification, cases like U.S. v. Cruikshank limited its applicability to the actions of states, but later its due process clause led to the systematic extension of the Bill of Rights to the states. FTP, what was this amendment that overturned Dred Scott by declaring that blacks were U.S. citizens?

"The Bitchin'" Kitchen Cabinet

One of its member's sons, Montgomery, would later go on to serve as Postmaster-General under Abraham Lincoln. Its name was first made public in an article written by Senator George Poindexter, and members included its leader's adopted son, Andrew Donelson, and the editor of the Washington Globe, Francis Blair. It first came to prominence after a purge in the wake of the Peggy Eaton scandal, and provided a counterpart to such officially titled dissenters as John Calhoun. FTP, name this group of informal advisors to Andrew Jackson.

Battle of Tippecanoe

One of the units involved in this battle was a company of mounted riflemen nicknamed the Yellow Jackets. The attacking army left from Vincennes and found an apparent white flag of surrender at the Indian encampment. The flag turned out to be a ruse, but the Indian army was so small, it scattered in the face of the much larger American force. Precipitating the downfall of the Prophet and the dissolution of Tecumseh's Indian confederation, this is, FTP, what 1811 battle which made a hero of William Henry Harrison and figured prominently into his campaign slogan?

Rough Riders

One of their more prominent actions was dubbed the "crowded hour," and they became newspaper darlings under Samuel Young at Las Gu�simas. After they returned to Montauk, their rank-and-file selected William S. Murphy to present a statue to one of their officers. Those officers included former White House physician Leonard Wood and the assistant secretary of the Navy, who led them in the battles of Santiago and San Juan Ridge. For 10 points, name this group, formally designated the First Volunteer Cavalry, whose popularity during the Spanish-American War brought fame to Theodore Roosevelt.

John Winthrop

One of this man's speeches asks "What rule must we observe in forgiving?", to which he replies "you must forgive" unless there is a lawful pledge. He concludes that speech by declaring that if the community turns their hearts away from God, then they will "surely perish out of the good land." Along with "A Model of Christian Charity", he discusses A Smallpox Epidemic, the plans of one man to create a plantation around Narragansett Bay, and the bold spirited woman Anne Hutchinson in his Journal. For 10 points, name this seventeenth century preacher and governor in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who used the term "city upon a hill" to help compel his city to follow Christianity.

AIM or American Indian Movement

One of this organization's founders was a fugitive from justice who evaded arrest due to the aid of Jerry Brown and Mario Cuomo from 1975-84. Founded by Minneapolis in 1968 by George Mitchell, Clyde Bellecourt, and Dennis Banks, they gained attention for their 1969-71 occupation of Alcatraz prison, marking them as the most militant group of their kind. Organizers of the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan and Wounded Knee Reservation Seizure, FTP, what is this militant Indian organization.

Clinton

One person by this surname wrote a history of American scientific knowledge called An Introductory Discourse and was the mayor of New York City who removed restrictions on voting by Catholics and proposed the Erie Canal. Another was a colonial governor of Newfoundland, whose son was Commander-in-Chief of the British forces during the Revolutionary War. Another person of this last name was the first governor of the independent State of New York and served as Vice-President under both Jefferson and Madison. A family by this name today includes pardoned half-brother Roger and daughter Chelsea. FTP, identify this name borne by the most recent Democratic president.

Monica Lewinsky affair

One person involved in this event was advised by literary agent Lucianne Goldberg, who had been working on a book about the death of Vince Foster. Much of the evidence during this event was provided by telephone conversations recorded by Linda Tripp, who gave the tapes to reporter Kenneth Starr. The sitting president during this event claimed "It depends on what the meaning of the word is is" to defend his previous statements regarding a White House intern. For 10 points, name this event in which Bill Clinton was impeached for falsely claiming that he did not have sexual relations with a certain woman.

Battle of Trenton

One side's plan for this battle was based on information from the faux-interrogation of their spy John Honeyman. The winning side here marched down King and Queen Streets and reinvigorated their soldiers 7 days before enlistments were up. Johann Rall lost this battle partially because he stuck a fateful warning note in his pocket. The losing side was caught by surprise because they had been partying for Christmas. One week after defeating the Hessians at this battle, the Americans won again at Princeton. For 10 points, name this battle prior to which Washington crossed the Delaware River, a victory for the Americans in New Jersey.

Albany Congress

Outside of the official proceedings of this meeting, two of the delegates, John Lydius and Conrad Weiser, both bought land in the Wyoming Valley, eventually leading to the Pennamite Wars. James DeLancey served as host, and Hendrick served as the spokesman for the group that the British Board of Trade hoped to gain as an ally against France: the Iroquois League. It also put forth a namesake plan whereby a President-General and Grand Council would create a more centralized government of the colonies. The plan, as written by Thomas Hutchinson and Benjamin Franklin, was never put in effect but did influence the Articles of Confederation. FTP name this 1754 meeting held in the namesake city in New York.

James Gillespie Blaine

Prior to his political career, he taught at the Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind. His famous nickname was given to him by Robert Ingersoll, and he served several terms in the House, including three as Speaker. His namesake proposed amendments would have canceled all federal funding to parochial schools, and his presidential campaign was derailed in part due to the infamous phrase "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion." Also forming the Pan-American Congress during his tenure as Secretary of State, this is, FTP, what "Plumed Knight" and "Continental Liar from the State of Maine" who lost to Grover Cleveland in 1884.

Battle of the Coral Sea

Prior to this battle, the Hornet and Enterprise were sent on a surprise bombing mission, leaving them out of the US fleet. The other side in this battle wished to secure the island of Tulagi and its harbor. On May 7, the first major day of battle, the Kikuzuki and the Shoho were both destroyed, and the next day the Shokaku was forced to retreat. The Yorktown escaped major damage from the Japanese attack, but the Lexington was destroyed. For 10 points, name this battle fought over control of Port Moresby, a 1942 naval battle that notably featured no ship-to-ship combat, fought in a namesake body of water that is home to the Great Barrier Reef.

Boston Massacre

Right before this event, Ebenezer Richardson shot a twelve-year-old named Christopher Seider. A speech given in response to this event noted, "Facts are stubborn things." Troops were removed to Castle Island in its aftermath, and in a depiction of this event, a lone cat stands in the foreground amid billowing white smoke in front of a church. It occurred on King Street and resulted in the deaths of Samuel Gray and James Caldwell. This subject of a Paul Revere engraving resulted in the death of the African American merchant Crispus Attucks. For 10 points, name this March 5, 1770 confrontation in which British troops fired on a crowd in Massachusetts.

John Marshall

Rulings in this man's court included Justice Story's finding that the court can fulfill the Constitution's supremacy clause by overriding a state court in a case involving Virginia voiding an inheritance, Martin v. Hunter's Lessee. He ruled that Congress has the right to regulate interstate commerce, and found that New Hampshire could not interfere with George III's charter because it was a private contract. In addition to Gibbons v. Ogden and Dartmouth v. Woodward, he ruled that a president had the right to not deliver his predecessor's court appointments, establishing judicial review. For 10 points, name this chief justice during Marbury v. Madison.

Scottsboro boys

Samuel Liebowitz led the defense, which was aided by two successful Supreme Court appeals by Ozie Powell and Clarence Norris, the latter of which eventually fled to Michigan, which refused to extradite him. Roy Wright was the only one not sentenced to death, despite the retracted testimony of Ruby Bates. Led by Haywood Patterson, FTP, who were these nine African-Americans accused of raping two Alabama girls, whose unfair trials became a symbol for American racism?

prohibition

Senator Morris Sheppard is most famous for authoring a bill promoting this political cause. An advocate of this cause received a message from God to "Go to Kiowa." The so-called "Napoleon" of this movement was Neal S. Dow, who resisted an 1851 riot in Portland, Maine over it. Adherents of this political cause included Wayne Wheeler and First Lady Lucy Hayes, who got her nickname for supporting it. The Volstead Act ultimately enforced this cause, which was vehemently supported by the hatchet-wielding activist Carrie Nation before it was repealed under FDR. For 10 points, name this cause supported by the 18th Amendment and the Anti-Saloon League.

Green Mountain Boys

Several of their leaders, including Jonas Fay and Thomas Chittenden, declared the lands under their control a republic in 1777. Other leaders like Seth Warner and John Stark were instrumental in the defeat of the British at Bennington. They were formed in 1770 to prevent the annexation of the so-called "New Hampshire Grants" by New York, but they are better known for their leadership by a man who tried to bring about their home region's annexation by Canada. For 10 points, name this Vermont militia that captured Fort Ticonderoga under the leadership of Ethan Allen.

Trenton

Some of the losing forces in this battle were able to escape to the south due to the late arrival of a supporting force under James Ewing. It began with the overrunning of outposts to the north and west by two columns under John Sullivan and Nathanael Greene. Despite rough weather that delayed the attack until 8 A.M., the Continental Army received little resistance from Johann Rall's Hessians, who were still recovering from Christmas celebrations. FTP, what was this New Jersey battle made possible by Washington's daring crossing of the Delaware?

Scopes Monkey Trial

Steel magnate George Rappalyea convinced fellow businessmen to sponsor this event during a meeting at Robinson's Drug Store. Fears of a floor collapse moved this event outside. ACLU member Dudley Malone made a speech during this event, which was adjudicated by John Raulston. The namesake of this event was a prospective car salesman and part-time football coach who was fined $100 for violating the Butler Act. During this event, prosecutor William Jennings Bryan was cross-examined by Clarence Darrow. For 10 points, name this 1925 court case in which a Tennessee teacher was found guilty of teaching evolution.

Tariff of Abominations

Support for this measure grew from a meeting the year before in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania attended by delegates from over half the states. As famously indicated by John Randolph, it was drafted in the hopes that its expected defeat would politically isolate New England, but it was surprisingly passed. It saw charges on foreign iron, wool, and hemp increase to nearly 50 percent, while rates on clothing rose to 45 percent, creating the highest import duties until the Morrill Tariff. FTP, what was this * 1828 tariff whose universally loathed nature led to its nickname?

Tammany Hall

Sutter Green is named after one member of this society, and one of its leaders, John Kelly, was a trustee of the savings bank located across from this society's headquarters. William Leggett led the Locofocos who opposed this organization, and its leaders included Charles Francis Murray and its founder, William Mooney. In political cartoons, this group was often represented as a tiger, and one of its leaders was represented as a man with a moneybag in place of his head by cartoonist Thomas Nast. For 10 points, name this Democratic Party political machine which heavily influenced New York politics under the leadership of bosses like William Tweed.

Compromise of 1850

The "Higher Law" speech was issued against this by William Seward, and Henry Foote almost shot Thomas Hart Benton during the debate over it. It set the eastern boundary of New Mexico and awarded ten million dollars for debt payment to Texas. James Mason had to deliver the speech written by the ailing John Calhoun against this bill, whose passage was clinched by the support of Daniel Webster and Stephen Douglas. Henry Clay introduced its five component bills that, among other things, organized four Western territories as neutral to slavery and ended the slave trade in the District of Columbia. FTP, name this unsuccessful attempt to settle sectional disputes, which included the Fugitive Slave Act.

Manifest Destiny

The 1892 Republican Party platform claimed a belief in "the broadest sense" of this doctrine in a sentence also reaffirming the Monroe Doctrine. One article arguing for this doctrine denounced "idle French talk of balances of power" and predicted a population of between 250 and 300 million Americans by 1945. This name was first used in the Young America publication United States Magazine and Democratic Review, in an article about "The Great Nation of Futurity," but it appeared more influentially in an article title "Annexation," which described "a continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions." FTP, name this two-word phrase coined by John O'Sullivan in an argument for the annexation of Texas, that justified America's need to "overspread the continent" through westward expansion.

the Whiskey Rebellion

The Mingo Creek Association and newspaper editorials signed "Tom the Tinker" radicalized participants in this event. James McFarlane was shot at Bower Hill near the start of this event, which also saw the burning of John Neville's house. Future Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin failed to prevent this event, an uprising that was sparked by the Report on Manufactures and Alexander Hamilton's policies. This rebellion was eventually put down by the Watermelon Army under Lighthorse Harry Lee. For 10 points, name this Pennsylvanian uprising during the Washington administration in response to an excise tax on an alcoholic beverage.

National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 [or National Recovery Administration; or N(I)RA]

The Motor Carrier Act and Guffey Acts are sometimes called its "little" versions, and Mussolini yelled out "Behold, a dictator!" when informed of its passage. Its activities were overseen by a namesake Review Board, led by Clarence Darrow, while a major player in its execution was General Hugh S. Johnson. It encouraged the use of a blue eagle clutching a cogwheel and three lightning bolts to symbolize compliance, and it facilitated collective bargaining, set maximum hours and minimum wages, and barred child labor. FTP, identify this act of Franklin Roosevelt's first 100 Days, declared unconstitutional in 1935's Schechter v. U.S., the "sick chicken case."

Presidential election of 1948

The Prohibition Party's candidate in this election was the first man to fly his own airplane on a presidential campaign, Claude Watson, while thirty-nine electoral votes went to a ticket that included Fielding Wright. Another candidate in this election was the author of Sixty Million Jobs who resigned as editor of The New Republic in order to run, but no electoral votes went to Henry Wallace's Progressive Party. Four states did vote for the States Rights Democratic Party of Strom Thurmond. FTP, name this election which produced a photo of the sitting Vice-President holding up a Chicago Daily Tribune with an erroneous headline, ending with Thomas Dewey losing to Harry Truman.

Japanese-American Internment

The Roberts Commission was created to justify this policy, and the Ringle Report was withheld to avoid public outcry over it. John DeWitt carried out this policy after the issuing of Executive Order 9066. Photographers Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams documented this event as it occurred in camps such as Manzanar. This policy's legality was upheld in the 1944 Supreme Court case Korematsu v. United States. Suspicion of a certain ethnic group led to, for 10 points, what forced relocation of descendants of the Asian foes of the United States following that nation's attack on Pearl Harbor?

Twenty-Seventh Amendment

The Supreme Court declined to hear the case of Boehner v. Anderson, questioning the validity of the process by which this law was adopted, and leaving open the question of whether such questioning is even actionable by a court. The loophole allowing Congress to bypass it was upheld in Schaffer v. O'Neill. Proposed alongside the Congressional Apportionment Amendment by James Madison in 1789, it failed to pass, was ratified by Ohio in 1873, and was revived by University of Texas student Gregory Watson, who saw it pass in 1996. FTP name this most recent constitutional amendment, preventing Congress from raising its own pay within a single election cycle.

the draft

The Supreme Court ruled this practice constitutional in Arver v. United States. In the 1970s, it was accomplished through a procedure in which drawings were conducted from a jar containing 366 blue capsules. Protests against it were at the center of United States v. O'Brien. Students protested against it by burning certain cards and could avoid it by fleeing to Canada. For 10 points, name this institution established by the Selective Service Act, which is the forcible conscription of citizens into military service.

the impeachment of Andrew Johnson

The act at the center of this event was later ruled invalid in Myers v United States. One of the figures at its center was acquitted of criminal charges by David Carter and later proved to be a rather unexciting witness when questioned by Benjamin Butler. That man, Lorenzo Thomas, was an Adjutant General appointed to a position declined by William Sherman. Edmond Ross's vote alone prevented this process from succeeding, and the resolution calling for this event was introduced by Thaddeus Stevens. Sparked by the removal of Edwin Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act, for 10 points, name this event which almost saw the removal from office of Abraham Lincoln's successor.

Battle of the Little Big Horn

The attacking force in this battle was on its way to meet with troops under the command of John Gibbon, which was part of a plan to start using a hammer-and-anvil tactic. Frederick Benteen was sent out to scout before this battle, and his troops united with Marcus Reno's when Reno was forced to retreat to nearby bluffs. The commander of the losing side in this battle disobeyed the orders of Alred Terry. This battle resulted in the defeat of the Seventh U.S. Cavalry. For 10 points, name this battle that took place in Montana, during which the Cheyenne and Lakota fighters under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse crushed the troops of George Custer.

Battle of Saratoga

The capture of Breymann Redoubt and the death of General Simon Fraser were among the occurrences in the last conflict of this larger battle. Earlier in the campaign the eventual losers had a detachment defeated at Bennington before their march was stopped following the Battle of Freeman's Farm. It was part of planned pincer movement in which Barry St. Leger would advance south from Canada and then attack from the west and Howe would come north from Philadelphia. FTP, name this 1777 victory of Horatio Gates over John Burgoyne, regarded as the turning point in the Revolutionary War.

Barry Morris Goldwater, Sr.

The convention at the Cow Palace nominated him on the first ballot, and his platform included the sale of the TVA and a plan to make Social Security voluntary. A five-term senator, he served both before and after the presidential election. In that election he won his home state by only 5,000 votes and only five others in the Deep South partly because of his remark that the U.S. should use "a low-yield atomic bomb on Chinese supply lines in Vietnam." FTP, identify this ultra-conservative Arizona Republican senator who also claimed that "extremism in defense of liberty is no vice" before he lost the 1964 presidential election.

Schenck v. United States

The decision in this case claimed that the character of an act depends on its circumstances, citing Aikens v. Wisconsin. The precedent established by this case was altered in the case whose dissent introduced the marketplace of ideas, Abrams v. U.S., and was officially established in Brandenburg v. Ohio after being repeatedly cited by Louis Brandeis. Its plaintiff, a general secretary of the Socialist party, was charged with violating the Espionage Act for distributing anti-draft pamphlets. For 10 points, name this 1919 Supreme Court case with a majority opinion by Oliver Wendell Holmes that placed limitations on the First Amendment with the "clear and present danger" test.

Tammany Hall (or Society of St. Tammany)

The early leader Matthew Davis guided the shift of this group's activities away from its early emphasis on parade marches and drinking parties in Martling's Tavern. Later, Richard Croker sought to reverse the reforms which had made it an efficient, autocratic organization. Originally founded in 1789 by William Mooney as a patriotic organization with an elaborate Indian ritual, it gained great power with the election of Fernando Wood as mayor of New York, but soon experienced a reversal in fortunes due to an expose of its graft by the New York Times and Harper's Weekly. FTP, what was this group that has frequently controlled New York politics, most famously headed by Wiliam Tweed?

House of Burgesses

The efforts of Edwin Sandys were greatly responsible for its formation. Originally consisting of 14 members, it soon expanded to 22 members who conducted business under the guidance of secretary John Pory. Originally established by George Yeardley, it governed alone during the Puritan Revolution, and consisted of two representatives from each settlement. FTP, what was this Virginia colonial assembly, the first elective governing body in the colonies?

Delaware

The first permanent settlement in this state was founded by Dutch colonists from the Kalmar Nyckel. At the onset of World War II, Fort Miles was built at Cape Henlopen in this state, whose northernmost boundary is formed by the 12-Mile Circle. This state's Christina River is fed by a creek whose banks are the site of an early American gunpowder plant, which is owned by a still-existing company that later discovered nylon and Teflon. The DuPont Corporation was founded and is still headquartered in this state, whose namesake river forms the border of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. For 10 points, name this state home to the cities of Wilmington and Dover.

Sixteenth Amendment

The first precursor to this amendment was passed in 1861, but rescinded in 1872, though the Supreme Court found that anticipatory law valid in Springer v. U.S. A committee under Louisiana Congressman Arsene Pujo supported its creation, and its provisions were broadly interpreted in Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad, reasoning that Article I of the constitution had already empowered Congress to take the action in question. It was introduced by Sereno Payne in order to fulfill a debate promise, and when it unexpectedly passed the Senate, Payne began lobbying against its ratification. This amendment was required because of the Supreme Court's ruling in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan and Trust. FTP, name this constitutional amendment, which authorized Congress to levy income taxes without regard to apportionment.

Battle of Shiloh

The intent of the Federal advance in this battle was to seize the Memphis & Charleston Railroad. The Union counterattack was led by Major General Lewis Wallace on April 7, against which Beauregard managed a tenacious defense. Beginning when Confederate forces launched an offense attempting to push the Union, led by Grant, into the swamps at Owl Creek, the Confederate flank attack was stalled at Sarah Bell's peach orchard and the "hornet's nest," during which General A. S. Johnston was killed. FTP, identify this early battle of the Civil War that took place at Pittsburg Landing.

Henry Clay

The legions of Americans named after this man include a confidante of Andrew Carnegie who was stabbed and shot by Alexander Berkman. First coming to prominence drumming up support for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and joining the War Hawks, he later lost the electoral votes of New York due to the Liberty Party, leading to James K. Polk defeating this man. An earlier attempt at the Presidency ended when he settled for Secretary of State after throwing his electoral votes to John Quincy Adams in the "Corrupt Bargain." FTP, name this drafter of both the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850.

mugwumps

The main leaders of this political group were Carl Schurz, George Curtis, and Henry Cabot Lodge. Single-issue reformers who took orthodox Republican positions on most issues, they defected from their party on the issue of civil service reform, and their name was first used by Charles Dana in the New York Sun, deriving it from an Algonkian word meaning "great chief". FTP, who were these politicians who deserted James Blaine in favor of Grover Cleveland in the 1884 presidential election?

Roe v. Wade

The majority opinion cites the 1939 English case Rex v. Bourne. Earlier, it begins by citing Holmes' dissent in Lochner v. New York, acknowledging that "one's exposure to the raw edges of human existence" and other things "are all likely to influence" one's thinking on the subject at hand. In addition to the main ruling, the court held that Dr. James Hallford did not have standing to sue. The court also cites the 1971 case U.S. v. Vuitch to infer that the Fourteenth Amendment does not apply prenatally. Ruling that Article 1196 of the Texas Penal Code "sweeps too broadly," FTP, name this 1973 Supreme Court case which struck down severe state restrictions on abortion.

Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford

The majority opinion was delivered in a notoriously quiet voice derided as a sign of "shame" by opponents of this decision. In the aftermath of the case, Justice Curtis resigned angrily to protest attacks on his dissent by the Chief Justice. One party believed that his position had a strong precedent set in Rachel v. Walker, and thus the time spent in Fort Armstrong in Illinois entitled him to relief. Also encompassing the appellant's relatives Harriet, Lizzie, and Eliza, it declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. FTP, name this case where Chief Justice Taney declared that the plaintiff, as a slave, had no rights as a citizen.

XYZ affair

The nations involved in this rhubarb patched things up with the Treaty of Mortefontaine and the new diplomatic team of Murray, Davie, and Ellsworth. It arose from an attempt to reconcile the seizure of 316 ships and the relentless campaigning against Florida and British vessels by Edmond Genet as well as other issues emanating from the Quasi War. Elbridge Gerry remained in the capital after this event, which had caused the negotiations with Hottinguer, Hauterval, and Bellamy to break off, while John Marshall and Charles Pinckney left, the latter muttering "No, no, not a sixpence!" Certainly, the ten million dollar loan and quarter million dollar bribe that Talleyrand demanded was not paid. FTP, name this scandal that takes its name from the pseudonyms used to hide the identities of the French negotiators.

the Battle of Guadalcanal

The naval engagement at Cape Esperance was fought in support of this battle, in which the aggressor immediately achieved the secondary objective of capturing the harbour of Tulagi. It was the initial phase of a plan designed to culminate with the capture of Rabaul, and its third month saw the Wasp sunk by submarines. The naval battle sharing its name took place from November 13 to 15, 1942 and saw Halsey's forces prevent a Japanese force from landing on this battle's namesake island. FTP, name this infamously long and difficult battle centering on Henderson Field, which was the first major Allied offensive in the Pacific and named for the largest of the Solomon Islands.

Battle of the Plains of Abraham

The night before this battle, the victors were able to land behind and take Vergor's camp at the L'Anse-au-Foulon, bypassing forces led by Levis and Vaudreuil. The battle itself lasted less than an hour, with two extremely effective musket volleys devastating the advancing French line. Afterwards, the French retreated over the St. Charles River to regroup under Bougainville, leaving the victors free to besiege the city. It resulted in the death of both commanders: for the French, the Marquis de Montcalm, and for the British, James Wolfe. For 10 points, name this battle of the French and Indian War which occurred on a plateau near Quebec.

Election of 1980

The openly gay David McReynolds first ran in this election. In the primaries of this election, one candidate claimed to have "the Big Mo." Operation Eagle Claw's failure hurt its eventual loser, whose attacks on his debate opponent were disarmed by the line "There you go again." Championing a gas tax, independent John Anderson ran in this election as a third-party candidate. The winning vice president had attacked his running mate's "voodoo economics" in its primaries. The Iran Hostage Crisis was a major issue in, for 10 points, what landslide election, in which Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan?

Cuban Missile Crisis

The operation that triggered this event was named after the Anadyr River to deceive military intelligence about its location. One party involved talked about burglars and those that caught the burglars in a telegram to Bertrand Russell, and its resolution was begun by a meeting between an ABC news reporter and Alexsandr Fomin. It resulted in the death of Rudolf Anderson, a U2 pilot, and a resolution was eventually reached with the removal of Jupiter missiles from Turkey, as proposed by Nikita Khrushchev. For 10 points, name this October 1962 event in which the United States and the Soviet Union were brought to the brink of war over Soviet weapons in Cuba.

Theodore Roosevelt

This President was roundly mocked for ordering the Government Printing Office to adopt simplified spellings of over 300 words. In one election, he campaigned on a platform of "New Nationalism" and survived a gunshot wound from John Schrank He arranged a Gentleman's Agreement with Japan to restrict Japanese immigration to the United States. This man used his "bully pulpit" to pass the Pure Food and Drug act and to enact the "Square Deal." He unsuccessfully ran for the Bull Moose Party in the Election of 1912. For 10 points, name this trustbusting President.

Sixth Amendment

The prohibition on hearsay testimony was ruled to arise out of this amendment in Hickory v. U.S and Bridges v. Wixon. The cases of Pointer v. Texas, Beavers v. Henkel, and Klopfer v. North Carolina respectively addressed its guarantees of confronting witnesses, being tried in the district where the crime was committed, and receiving a "speedy and public" trial, while perhaps the most adjudicated provision of this amendment was addressed in Powell v. Alabama, Betts v. Brady, and Gideon v. Wainwright. FTP, name this amendment which guarantees the assistance of counsel in all criminal prosecutions.

Henry Cabot Lodge

The recipient of the first Political Science PhD from Harvard, this man began his political career in 1880. Co-author with Theodore Roosevelt of a book of "Hero Tales", like Roosevelt he issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, his concerning the disapproval of sale of strategically important land by Latin-American countries. As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations committee, he issued 14 reservations in opposition to Wilson's 14 points. FTP identify this Massachusettes politician whose grandson of the same name also went on to a career in politics.

Manhattan Project

The report of the British MAUD Committee helped lay the groundwork for this enterprise along with the work of the heads of the NDRC and OSRD, James B. Conant and Vannevar Bush. This program was put under the control of Leslie R. Groves. A major success for this project came at when the Chicago Pile 1 kept up a self-sustaining reaction. Project Y of this program set up the first test of its end product, which occurred at the Trinity Site near Los Alamos under the direction of Robert Oppenheimer. For 10 points, name this project set up during World War II that successfully developed the first atomic bombs.

Georgia

The trial of Leo Frank in this state for the murder of Mary Phagan precipitated a 1915 revival of the KKK. The last major Confederate victory in the Western theatre was fought in this state, at a battle in which George Thomas distinguished himself as the "Rock of Chickamauga." Henry Wirz was executed for his role in the administration of a prison camp in this state where 12,000 Union prisoners died; that prison camp was Andersonville. William Tecumseh Sherman became famous for his "March to the Sea" across this state. For 10 points, name this state where Sherman captured Savannah.

Boston Massacre

The two regiments involved in this event, the 14th West Yorkshire Fusiliers and the 29th Worcestershire, were immediately removed to Castle William, but governor Thomas Hutchinson delayed the trial of the participants for seven months until October. Following Robert Treat Paine's prosecution, privates Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy were branded on the thumb for manslaughter, but the leading officer in this incident, Captain Thomas Preston, was acquitted. It occurred on the day the Townshend Acts were repealed and saw the deaths of Samuel Grey, James Caldwell, and Crispus Attucks, FTP, what was this 1770 event where British troops fired on an American mob in the namesake city?

James Gillespie Blaine

The use of public funds by religious schools are banned by this man's namesake amendments. He was Speaker of the House for three terms, though a scandal involving the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railway caused him to lose the presidential nomination to Rutherford B. Hayes. This man was Secretary of State for both James Garfield and Chester Arthur, and he was hurt in his attempt to become president by Reverend Burchard, who spoke of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion." For 10 points, name this "Plumed Knight" and "Continental Liar from the State of Maine" who was defeated by Grover Cleveland in 1884.

Calvin Coolidge

The valedictorian of this man's Amherst class of 1895 was Dwight Morrow, later his Ambassador to Mexico. He appointed Harlan Stone to the Supreme Court, and he also saw the passage of the Air Commerce Act, the Veterans Bonus Act, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. During his nomination campaign, his first two picks for the Vice-Presidency declined before Charles Dawes ran with him to a victory over John W. Davis and Bob LaFollette. The only President of the United States to be sworn in to office by his father was, FTP, this famously tight-lipped Massachusian, successor to Warren Harding, who served from 1923 to 1928.

Bunker Hill

The victors in this battle failed to follow up with an assault on Dorchester Heights, rendering their previous efforts pointless. Israel Putnum held the namesake location, but the fighting revolved around a nearby spot ordered fortified by General Artemis Ward. William Howe then led a series of assaults on the colonial forces, and after three days of heavy losses took the field, but only after colonial ammunition ran so low that Colonel William Prescott ordered his troops not to fire until they saw the whites of the enemy's eyes. FTP, what was this 1775 battle actually fought at Breed's Hill?

the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald

The voice of Frank Johnson can be heard in one recording of this event that was reported on live by Tom Pettit, and the central figure is flanked by L.C. Graves and James Leavelle in Jack Beers' photo of it. The narration of George Phenix's film of it helped propel the career of Dan Rather, and Bob Jackson's photo of it won the Pullitzer. The victim had met with Thomas Kelley and been interrogated by Will Fritz, and was being transported when he encountered a nightclub owner in the basement of a Dallas jail. For 10 points, name this event that occurred November 24, 1963 and was perpetrated by Jack Ruby, resulting in the death of JFK's assassin.

Chester Alan Arthur

The winning lawyer in Jennings v. Third Avenue Railway Company, this person re-organized his state's militia in his role as state quartermaster during the Civil War, a position which helped get him the patronage of his most famous mentor and a post from which he would be ousted in 1878. That mentor, Roscoe Conkling, got this man a job as head of the New York customhouse and made him a Stalwart running mate in 1880. He assumed his most famous post due to the actions of Charles Guiteau. FTP, name this man who became the 21st President of the United States after succeeding the assassinated James Garfield.

Battle of Princeton

The winter following this engagement is known as the Forage War, and this battle ended with John Sullivan's capture of Nassau Hall. At a critical point in this engagement, John Cadwalader arrived with militiamen to support the fleeing forces of Hugh Mercer, who the British mistook for George Washington. The night before this defeat for Charles Mawhood, the victorious side had won the Battle of Assunpink Creek, and it occurred about a week after the Battle of Trenton. Resulting in the British fleeing from New Jersey, for 10 points, name this 1777 victory for George Washington in an Ivy League college town.

Mayflower

The wood from this vessel was supposedly used to build a barn in the village of Jordans. The Speedwell twice proved unseaworthy to travel along with this craft. William Button was the only passenger on this ship to die during its voyage from Delftshaven under its captain, Christopher Jones. At the end of this boat's voyage, forty-one of its members agreed to form a government. Those passengers had earlier fled to the Netherlands and included John Alden, Myles Standish, and William Bradford. For 10 points, name this ship that crossed the Atlantic and carried the Compact-forming founders of Plymouth Colony, the Pilgrims.

Green Mountain Boys

They frequently met at Catamount Tavern, and included such leaders as Seth Warner and John Stark, who led them to victory at Bennington. Originally gaining prominence in a skirmish with militia which ended with them whipping the militia with birch rods, they sought to preserve the New Hampshire Grants by opposing speculators from New York, but later took an active role in the American Revolution, taking Fort Ticonderoga. FTP, what was this Vermont group led by Ethan Allen?

John Tyler, Jr.

This President decided not to send any federal troops to help put down Dorr's Rebellion. This President's veto of two banking bills resulted in the resignation of his entire cabinet except for one man. That Secretary of State under this President negotiated a treaty that settled the border between Maine and Canada called the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. This President earlier served as Vice President to a man who developed pneumonia after giving a two hour inaugural address. For 10 points, name this Whig who became the tenth President and earned the nickname "His Accidency" after William Henry Harrison's death in 1841.

Richard Milhous Nixon

This President signed the Clean Air Act, which was then administered by his creation, the Environmental Protection Agency. This man earlier achieved national prominence for his role in the Alger Hiss case. While running for Vice President, this man claimed that the only political gift he accepted was a cocker spaniel named Checkers. This Vice President to Eisenhower started the strategy of Vietnamization. This man was the subject of an investigation aided by Mark Felt, which saw Woodward and Bernstein investigate this man's role in the break-in to a Washington hotel. For 10 points, name this President who resigned in response to the Watergate scandal.

William Howard Taft

This President's reforms include establishing the Children's Bureau to examine problems affecting young children. This President controversially declared that "the best bill that the party has ever passed" was the highly protectionist Payne-Aldrich Tariff. This man came under fire from conservationists for replacing his chief forester in the Ballinger-Pinchot affair. In foreign policy, this man advocated the ineffective policy of "dollar diplomacy." For 10 points, name this early twentieth century President derided both for his incompetence and for his large girth.

Chief Noah Seattle

This Roman Catholic signed the Port Elliot treaty and had a daughter nicknamed "Princess Angeline" who inspired Edward S. Curtis to become a photographer of native Americans. This man's loyalty to Doc Maynard prompted a tax to be levied on the settlers of a new city, creating a fund to pre-emptively compensate him for disturbing him by mentioning his name after death. Under those conditions, he allowed the city to be named for him. He may be best known for lamenting that "Day and night cannot dwell together" and that his race will soon be extinct, though he notes that "the dead are not powerless" and "there is no death, only a change of worlds." Dr. Henry A. Smith, who did not speak this man's Salish tongue, promulgated those questionably authentic words thirty years after the fact. FTP, name this Suquamish chief from the Puget Sound region.

Wagner-Connery Act [or National Labor Relations Act]

This act was limited by a Supreme Court decision for the Virginia Electric and Power co., and its constitutionality was upheld in a case involving the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation. It was cosponsored by Massachusetts representative William Connery, and domestic servants and agricultural workers were explicitly excluded from this act. It was amended in 1947 by an act that passed over President Truman's veto, the Taft-Hartley Act, and under this legislation, workers were allowed to choose the union they desired via election. For 10 points, name this legislation that established a namesake board for governing labor disputes, a 1935 act named for a New York senator.

Interstate Highway System

This act was signed into law from a hospital bed while the president who enacted it was suffering from Crohn's Disease. Some of the earliest planning for this project came in the form of the Pershing Map, while final plans could be found in the Yellow Book. Construction for this project, originally designed for quick military deployment, began in 1956. It was inspired by the challenges in the 1919 Motor Convoy, led by a future president who also studied the Autobahn while leading troops in WWII. For 10 points, name this domestic project championed by Dwight Eisenhower that created many large roads throughout the United States.

Sherman Antitrust Act

This act was stated to have been created for the protection of the public in the case Spectrum Sports Inc v. McQuillan, while the case Rice v. Norman Williams co-created a two-step process by which courts would see if this act was pre-empting state laws. George Hoar helped draft this legislation, and it was based on an act named for Valentine passed in its namesake's home state of Ohio. A follow-up to this legislation was amended by the Robinson-Patman Act and included provisions about tying arrangements and price discrimination; that act was named for Clayton. For 10 points, name this piece of legislation that forbade the formation of monopolies, an early antitrust law.

Teapot Dome

This affair led to the Supreme Court's decision of McGrain v. Daugherty, which upheld the ability of Congress to compel testimony. Made possible by Edward Denby's transfer of responsibility, it was investigated by Robert La Follette and Thomas Walsh. One facet centered on Edward Doheney's $100,000 interest free "loan" for the administration of land in Elk Hills, California. The investigation uncovered that Harry Sinclair of Mammoth Company gave $300,000 to the Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall. FTP, name this scandal over Wyoming oil reserves that rocked the Harding administration.

Battle of Gettysburg

This battle's end featured a little known skirmish that involved George Custer's cavalry forces on Cress Ridge. It included the mortal wounding of General Barksdale and began when Harry Heth's troops stumbled onto those of John Buford. Oddly, the corps of Confederate general Richard Ewell had to march south to reach the battlefield. The second day saw a fight for the Peach Orchard but more famously, Longstreet's delaying on the right combined with Joshua Chamberlain's stout defense allowed Little Round Top to hold. FTP, name this victory for George Meade over Robert E. Lee, a three-day battle in July 1863 that saw Pickett's charge and was the turning point of the Civil War.

Gideon v. Wainwright

This decision was unanimously extended in Argersinger v. Hamlin. Writing for the majority, Justice Black stated that the court was "returning to old precedents" in deciding the fate of a man convicted of intent to break and enter a poolroom. Swayed by the arguments of the plaintiff's lawyer, Abe Fortas, the court ruled 9-0 that the 6th and 14th Amendments required the abandonment of the precedent of Betts v. Brady. FTP, what was this 1963 case which guaranteed counsel for defendants in felony cases?

Gaspee Affair

This event occurred once townspeople assembled at Joseph Sabin's tavern, after Captain Lindsey of the Hannah arrived at Namquid Point. Ephraim Bowen, the last survivor of it, wrote of the ordeal in 1839, naming a Mr. John Brown among those responsible. Restaurant owner Joseph Bucklin shot Captain William Dudingston and Abraham Whipple led a party of arsonists after being warned to stay away from a grounded schooner. FTP, name this incident in which Rhode Islanders burned a vessel sent to enforce the Stamp Act.

Shays' Rebellion

This event prompted a future president to say "a little rebellion now and then is a good thing." John Bly and Charles Rose were the only leaders of this event executed at its conclusion. One side in this conflict called themselves "Regulators" and fought against the government of James Bowdoin. That side in this event was surprised and routed at Petersham after another army marched thirty miles in a snowstorm under Benjamin Lincoln. The namesake of this rebellion tried to take the Springfield armory. For 10 points, name this revolt under the Articles of Confederation that saw a number of courts forced to close by indebted farmers in western Massachusetts.

Pullman Strike

This event started out as a peaceful meeting at Blue Island, but Edward Walker was appointed to deal with its participants after this event turned violent. Its participants disregarded Attorney General Richard Olney's attempts at mediation. Over the objections of Peter Altgeld, President Cleveland ordered federal troops to enter on the grounds that this event was disrupting mail service, a costly mistake which would lead to President Cleveland's failure to recapture the Presidency in 1896. For 10 points, name this riot launched in response to the Panic of 1893 in which labor workers led by Eugene Debs refused to run trains containing cars made by a certain company.

Millard Fillmore

This former State Comptroller lost an election to Silas Wright for governor in 1844. His Cabinet included a Secretary of the Interior who served for just 11 days, Thomas McKennan, failed compromiser John Crittenden as Attorney General, and notorious windbag Edward Everett as Secretary of State. In foreign policy, his only accomplishment of note was the deployment of Commodore Peary. On the domestic front, he oversaw the passage of the Compromise of 1850. He only carried Maryland as the Know-Nothing presidential candidate after serving as the last Whig in the White House. FTP, name this man who succeeded to the presidency on the death of Zachary Taylor.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

This group's creation was inspired by the book Stride Towards Freedom. A speech critical of Kennedy's planned civil rights bill was given during the March on Washington by its leader, John Lewis, who also oversaw the organization of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party for the 1964 Democratic Convention. Initially started in Greensboro, North Carolina, it was formally organized in a conference led by Ella Baker at Shaw University. After the Watts Riots, it began to reject civil rights legislation and was taken over by its militant branch. For 10 points, name this civil rights organization that supported "black power" under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael.

Barbara Tuchman

This historian's late work The First Salute gives an account of the American Revolution from an international point of view. Originally a research assistant for the Institute for Pacific Relations, this historian published one book before the age of 40, entitled The Lost British Policy: Britain and Spain Since 1700. Bible and Sword marked a return to historical research that would result in Stilwell and the American Experience in China, A Distant Mirror and The Proud Tower, but she is best known for an account of the first month of WWI. FTP, who was this historian, author of The Guns of August?

Alger Hiss

This man clerked for Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and served as an assistant to the son-in-law of Woodrow Wilson, Francis B. Sayre, which he described in his autobiography Recollections of a Life. He met with a man he knew as George Crosley, while Igor Gouzenko and Elizabeth Bentley helped identify him. Along with Harry Dexter White, he was implicated by the Moynihan commission using information from the Venona project. He was the subject of the "pumpkin papers" as well as a testimony by Whittaker Chambers that accused him of espionage. For 10 points, name this state department official convicted of perjury in connection to being a Soviet spy.

John Brown

This man convened a constitutional convention in Chatham, Canada, and took the pseudonym "Isaac Smith" while living at the Kennedy Farmhouse in order to scout out one target. Emily Dickinson's correspondent Thomas Wentworth Higginson was among the "Secret Six" who supported this man. He arrived at the Wakarusa War just as a peace treaty was about to be signed in Lawrence, Kansas. This man killed five pro-slavery settlers in the 1856 Pottawatomie massacre, and was quashed by Robert E. Lee in his attempt to seize a federal arsenal. For 10 points, name this abolitionist who was hanged after leading the raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859.

Lyndon Baines Johnson

This man convinced Arthur Goldberg to step down from the Supreme Court to become the Ambassador to the UN, which allowed this President to appoint Abe Fortas to the Court. This man won one primary race by 87 votes against Coke Stevenson, which led to his being nicknamed "Landslide." This President appointed the members of the Warren Commission and influenced the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. The War on Poverty, the Voting Rights Act, and the Civil Rights Act were part of this President's Great Society plan. For 10 points, name this President from Texas who succeeded to the presidency after the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

Joseph Raymond McCarthy

This man defeated Howard McMurray in an election that came after he surprisingly won a nomination over incumbent Robert La Follette, Jr. One speech by this man prompted the creation of the Tydings Committee; that speech was given to a women's club in Wheeling, West Virginia. This man was challenged by the "Declaration of Conscience" speech made by Margaret Chase Smith. This man was asked by Joseph Welch, "Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last?" during his hearings with the Army in 1954. For 10 points, name this Wisconsin Senator who became famous for accusing members of the government of being communist spies.

John Henry "Doc" Holliday

This man died of tuberculosis in 1887 in Glenwood Springs, California. Raised in Georgia, he graduated in 1872 from the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Discovering that he was better at faro than tooth extraction, he lived in places as varied as Pueblo, Dallas, and Las Vegas, at some point marriying Kate Elder. Befriending Wyatt Earp in Dodge City, he fought against the Clanton gang at the OK Corrall. FTP, name this part-time dentist of the American West.

Rutherford Birchard Hayes

This man espoused his socialist ideas in Wealth in the Hands of the Few, and like William McKinley, this president served in the Army of West Virginia during the Civil War. A city and department in Paraguay are named for this man because he arbitrated the end of the War of the Triple Alliance. Although he was overridden, this president vetoed the Bland-Allison Act, and the Great Railroad Strike occurred during his administration. For 10 points, name this one term president from Ohio whose victory over Samuel Tilden in the Election of 1876 resulted in the end of Reconstruction.

Chief Joseph

This man led a group of people indigenous to the Wallowa valley, and won the battle of White Bird Canyon to start his most famous campaign. His last engagement was at Bear Paw Mountain, and this ally of Looking Glass said, "Hear me, my chiefs! My heart is sick and sad" in a speech where he told General Oliver Howard that he knew his heart. This man surrendered to Nelson Miles in the Montana Territory, less than 80 miles away from his goal of reaching the Canadian border. He famously proclaimed, "From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." For 10 points, name this Nez Perce chief who retreated for over a thousand miles from the US army.

John Paul Jones (or John Paul)

This man rose to the rank of mate while involved in the slave trade, but settled in America after killing a mutinous sailor. Late in his life he served as an admiral in the Russian navy against the Turks, but is better-known for his exploits against the British, including spiking the guns of his old home port Whitehaven and capturing the HMS Drake. FTP, who is this admiral who defeated the HMS Serapis with his ship the Bonhomme Richard, best-known for the quote "I have not yet begun to fight"?

Booker Taliaferro Washington

This man secretly funded and helped organize the plaintiff's case in Giles v. Harris. In one speech, he mentioned the possibility of being "as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand" and instructed his audience to "cast down your bucket where you are." The Niagara Movement condemned this man's speech in Piedmont Park as the "Atlanta Compromise," and called this author of Up From Slavery the "Great Accommodator" because he was willing to allow whites to continue to dominate politics. For 10 points, name this founder of the Tuskegee Institute and rival of W. E. B. Dubois.

Henry Alfred Kissinger

This man served as chair of the Special Studies Project while advising the Governor of New York, Nelson Rockefeller, and he argued for a policy of "flexible response" as opposed to "massive retaliation" in his 1957 book Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy. This man supported Pakistan in its fight against Bangladesh and India, while his implementation of a South American assassination campaign, Operation Condor, led to his being accused of war crimes. However, he also won a Nobel Peace Prize he shared with Le Duc Tho for the U.S. ceasefire and withdrawal from Vietnam. For 10 points, name this Secretary of State under Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.

Alexis de Tocqueville

This man served as minister of foreign affairs in the French government in 1849, and his book on the French Revolution entitled The Old Regime and the Revolution was unfinished at his death in 1859. He is famous today for work resulting from 9 months he spent travelling with Gustave de Beaumont, resulting in two major works, one of which was The Penal System in the United States and its Application in France. FTP, who was this French writer and politician best-known for his magnum opus Democracy in America?

Sitting Bull

This man slashed his arm 100 times in a Sun Dance celebration. He had his son surrender his rifle at Fort Buford in an attempt at assimilation. In his later life, this man was allowed out of captivity to participate in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, but he was killed in a skirmish during the Ghost Dance uprising. Before a major battle, this man had a vision of soldiers falling into his camp like grasshoppers. For 10 points, name this Lakota chief who, along with Crazy Horse, defeated the Seventh Cavalry of George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn.

Barry Goldwater

This man stated in Time magazine that "Every good Christian ought to kick Falwell right **********," in support of Sandra Day O'Conner's confirmation to the Supreme Court. With Bill Nichols, this man names a piece of 1986 legislation which reformed the command structure of the military. His vote against the Civil Rights Act and support of states' rights allowed him to gain electoral votes in a region of the country that his party had previously done poorly in, despite being the target of the "Daisy Girl" ad. This Senator gained prominence with the publication of his book The Conscience of a Conservative in 1960. For 10 points, name this Arizona Republican politician whose participation in the presidential election of 1964 resulted in a landslide defeat by Lyndon B. Johnson.

Rutherford Birchard Hayes

This man vetoed the so-called "fifteen passenger bill" as being inconsistent with the terms of the Burlingame Treaty. He asked "Who is Wheeler?" upon the nomination of his Vice Presidential candidate. He campaigned on a platform including a return to the gold standard, but, during his self-imposed single term in office, Congress required silver coinage by passing the Bland-Allison Act over his veto. Despite his support of Republican Reconstruction efforts, his ascension to the White House was contingent on troops being removed from the South. For 10 points, name this nineteenth President who defeated Samuel Tilden in the disputed 1876 Presidential Election.

Oliver Hazard Perry

This man was challenged to a duel by his nemesis Jesse Elliott, but declined and attempted to have him court-martialed instead. He died on a diplomatic mission to Venezuela to discuss the problem of piracy with Simon Bolivar. This man carried a battle flag emblazoned with the last words of James Lawrence, "Don't Give Up the Ship." After his flagship sunk, this man took command of the Niagara to defeat six heavy vessels under Barclay near Put-In-Bay. For 10 points, name this man who said "We have met the enemy and they are ours" after winning the Battle of Lake Erie.

George Brinton McClellan

This man was criticized by subordinate William Rosecrans for his caution at skirmishes at Rich Mountain and Philippi Races. One of this man's campaigns was stalled by the trickery of John Magruder, who made him believe that his enemy had substantially more troops. This man led one side at the battles of Williamsburg and the Seven Days Battles, part of the aforementioned Peninsular Campaign, and later his extreme caution also cost him a decisive victory when he left troops in reserve numbering more than the entire opposing army at an 1862 battle which ended the Confederate's Maryland Campaign. For 10 points, name this general, the first commander of the Army of the Potomac who led Union troops at the Battle of Antietam.

Hiram Revels

This man was imprisoned in Missouri in 1854 for preaching to African Americans. Later, when elected as a state senator in 1869, he sought to restore voting and office holding rights to former confederates. Ending his career as president of Alcorn College, he left his position as a church pastor and school principle in Baltimore to serve as a chaplain to black Union soldiers during the Civil War, and later settled in Natchez, Mississippi, where he gained his greatest claim to fame by replacing Jefferson Davis in a government post. FTP, who was this man, the first African American elected to the U.S. Senate?

Alexander Hamilton

This man was the main author of the instructions given to John Jay that eventually became Jay's Treaty, and he married the daughter of General Philip Schuyler. For preventing Lord Cornwallis from crossing the Raritan River after the Battle of Trenton, this man was appointed aide-de-camp of George Washington. This man wrote the Report on Manufactures and 51 of the 85 Federalist Papers. In George Washington's cabinet, he was the main rival of Thomas Jefferson and served as Secretary of the Treasury. For 10 points, name this founding father killed in a duel with Aaron Burr.

Alexander Hamilton Stephens

This man's final bid for the senate was defeated by John Gordon in 1872. Famed for giving what became known as the "Cornerstone speech," this Whig published a number of books, including a memoir of his five-month confinement at Fort Warren. From his estate, Liberty Hall, in Crawfordville, he championed policies such as the unconditional discharge of Federal prisoners, and later headed a commission to the Hampton Roads conference. FTP, identify this Georgian who opposed many of Jefferson Davis' decisions as vice president of the Confederacy.

James Gadsden

This man's grandfather Christopher was a Revolutionary War leader and head of the South Carolina radicals. After serving in the U.S. army he was made U.S. commissioner to remove the Seminole Indians to reservations in 1823. From 1840-50 he was president of the South Carolina Railroad Company, during which time he projected a southern route for a transcontinental railroad, which is closely related to his most famous achievement, which occurred while he was U.S. minister to Mexico. FTP, who was this man who negotiated the purchase of nearly 30,000 square miles of land in Arizona and New Mexico?

James Knox Polk

This man's presidency saw the establishment of the Naval Academy at Annapolis by his first Navy Secretary, George Bancroft. He was nominated with the help of Robert Walker, his future Treasury Secretary and tariff namesake, who reinstated the need for support of two-thirds of convention delegates. He was thus able to win the nomination over James Buchanan, who became his Secretary of State, as well as pre-convention favorite Martin Van Buren. He then won the general election over Henry Clay. For 10 points, name this man whose term saw the signing of the Oregon Treaty and the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo, a "dark horse" who was elected in 1844.

Martin van Buren

This man's support for William H. Crawford's candidacy drew him his first electoral vote, from Georgia for the vice presidency. Charles Ogle accused this man of an overly-opulent lifestyle in the "Gold Spoon Oration," and he refused to override Lilburn Boggs' "Extermination Order" against the Mormons in Missouri. This man's vice president caused a scandal in Washington by entering into a common law marriage with a mulatto slave, and this man twice sent Winfield Scott to New England to resolve border disputes in the Caroline Affair and the Aroostook War. Nominated as a presidential candidate later in life by the Free Soilers, for 10 points, name this president who got saddled with the Panic of 1837 shortly after arriving in office.

Robert Heron Bork

This man's video rental history was printed in the Washington City Paper, leading to the Video Privacy Protection Act. Like Samuel Alito and William Rehnquist, his nomination to the Supreme Court was opposed by the ACLU, though his qualifications were highly praised by Warren Burger. This man performed an action that William Ruckelshaus and Elliot Richardson refused to do, the firing of Archibald Cox in the Saturday Night Massacre, while serving as Solicitor General. Florynce Kennedy used his name as a verb in 1991, arguing against Clarence Thomas's appointment. For 10 points, name this Supreme Court nominee of Ronald Reagan, rejected by the senate.

Ambrose Burnside

This military leader resigned his commission when he was blamed by a court of inquiry for not following up on the explosion of a mine before the Battle of Petersburg. In February 1862 he captured Roanoke Island, but soon after taking command of the Army of the Potomic led the unsuccessful Fredericksburg campaign and was relieved of command. Also known for his 1866-69 stint as governor of Rhode Island, FTP, who was this Union army officer who lent his name to a style of facial hair?

Second Bank of the United States

This organization's first president William Jones resigned over a scandal involving its Baltimore branch. This organization's second president Langdon Cheves restored its integrity by weeding out incompetent officers, including the director of that Baltimore branch, James McCulloch, who was also involved in the namesake 1819 Supreme Court case that established Congress's implied powers. The third president of this organization blamed the demise of it on the Specie Circular, and famously quarreled with the man who refused to renew its charter, Andrew Jackson. For 10 points, name this organization led by Nicholas Biddle, the national bank which succeeded the one proposed by Alexander Hamilton.

Free-Soil Party

This party's vice-presidential candidates included George Julian and Charles Francis Adams. Nearly a third of supporters in its best year came from New York State, which prevented that state from going Democratic. Many of its backers were New York Democrats who quarreled with the Hunkers and started this party at a convention in Buffalo. Its slogan combined its eponymous concept with "labor," "speech" and "men" under the same one-syllable adjective. It helped Zachary Taylor beat Lewis Cass in the 1848 election by swinging votes to Martin Van Buren under the banner of, FTP, what third party founded in 1848, the precursor to the Republicans, that favored excluding slavery from new states?

Greenback Party

This party's vice-presidential nominees included A.M. West, B.J. Chambers, and Samuel Carey. It elected 14 congressmen in 1878, influencing Congress to pass the Bland-Allison Act. It dissolved after the poor showing of Benjamin Butler just 8 years after running its first candidate, Peter Cooper, but it had its greatest success when it joined with the Labor party to run James Weaver. Formed in response to the Panic of 1873, FTP, what was this political party that sought to wipe out agricultural debt by issuing the paper money that gave it its name?

William Howard Taft

This politician claimed that he always had his "plate the right side up when offices were falling." This man was the first leader of the "Insular Government," acting as the first American Governor-General of the Philippines. This man's sons had the nicknames "Mr. Cincinnati" and "Mr. Republican." The Payne-Aldrich tariff was passed under his presidency, and this man's Secretary of State, Philander Knox, began the policy of "Dollar Diplomacy." This politician's re-election campaign landed him third behind Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson in the Election of 1912. For 10 points name, this only person to serve as both President and Chief Justice of the USA.

John Quincy Adams

This politician died shortly after giving a speech against granting swords to generals of the Mexican-American War. This man brought a petition to the House floor from twenty Washington D.C. slaves seeking freedom, part of his campaign against the gag rule. In 1841, he defended the slaves aboard the Amistad. While Secretary of State, this politician successfully defended Andrew Jackson's occupation of Florida, and he also signed the treaty annexing Florida with Luis de Onis. He made Henry Clay his Secretary of State as part of the "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824. For 10 points, name this sixth US president, the son of the second President.

Robert Marion La Follette

This politician rose to prominence by leading a group known as the Insurgents against the corruption of Senator Philetus Sawyer. This politician sponsored the Seamen's Act of 1915, which increased the safety of passengers, and he vehemently opposed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, passed after the Panic of 1907. This man was one of the leaders of the opposition to the Espionage Act, as well as to American involvement in World War One. Burton Wheeler served as the running mate of this man, who placed third in an election behind John Davis and Calvin Coolidge. For 10 points, name this Wisconsin politician and nominee of the Progressive Party in the 1924 presidential election.

Abraham Lincoln

This politician was nicknamed "spotty" for his "spot" resolution against the Mexican-American War. His Cooper Union speech helped this politician win the Republican nomination over William Seward. This man claimed "the policy of prohibiting slavery in new territory" originated with "the author of the declaration of Independence" in his Peoria Speech against the Kansas-Nebraska Act. This politician debated a man who advocated the Freeport Doctrine, and lost to that man, Stephen Douglas, in a Senate race. For 10 points, name this man who signed the Emancipation Proclamation and was President during the Civil War.

Stephen Douglas

This politician's early and unexpected death was partly due to his acceptance of Lincoln's request that he travel to the south and northwest to rouse Union sentiments in the face of the Civil War. Known as the "Little Giant", as chairman of the Committee on Territories in the U.S. Senate he was at the forefront of the slavery question, addressing it with his concept of "popular sovereignty", which he was able to implement in the Kansas-Nebraska Act. To address the Dred Scot decision, he developed his controversial Freeport Doctrine during his famed series of debates with Abraham Lincoln in 1858. FTP, who was this Democrat who went on to lose the 1860 presidential election?

James Knox Polk

This politician's first speech in Congress advocated use of the popular vote to elect the President. Under his tenure as Speaker of the House, discussion of anti-slavery petitions became banned under the gag rule. Duties were lowered under this man's administration due to his passage of the Walker Tariff. Despite campaigning against Theodore Frelinghuysen and Henry Clay under the campaign slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight," this president accepted a compromise of the 49th parallel as the northern border of the Oregon Territory. For 10 points, name this Democratic president nicknamed "Young Hickory," who oversaw the Mexican-American War.

Kingdom of Hawaii

This polity was occupied for five months by the crew of the HMS Carysfort during the Paulet Affair. One ruler of this polity was spared after getting his foot stuck during a fight with fishermen, resulting in the promulgation of the Law of the Splintered Paddle. Because William C. Lunalilo did not name an heir, supporters of Queen Emma in this nation revolted when David Kalākaua was elected king. This polity's last monarch attempted to declare a new constitution overriding the Bayonet Constitution, resulting in a coup attempt by Sanford Dole. For 10 points, name this archipelagic kingdom once ruled by the Kamehameha Dynasty and Queen Liliuokalani

Ulysses S. Grant

This president opposed an amendment that would have made Jesus "ruler among the nations" out of respect for Jews, whom he had earlier targeted with General Order No.11. This man's presidency, which saw the Virginius Affair, also saw Oakes Ames fraudulently offer stock in a company contracted to build the Transcontinental Railroad. Fisk and Gould tried to corner the gold market on Black Friday during the presidency of this man, whose re-election bid over Horace Greeley was successful despite the Credit Mobilier scandal. For 10 points, name this president and Civil War hero who nicknamed "Unconditional Surrender" who was elected president in 1868.

Warren G. Harding

This president signed the Budget and Accounting Act and made Charles Dawes director of the newly created Bureau of the Budget. This politician gave the speech nominating William Howard Taft at the 1912 Republican Convention and appointed Taft as chief justice of the Supreme Court. Party leaders decided to back this man in a "smoke-filled room" of the Blackstone Hotel. This man ran for president promising a "return to normalcy." His Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, accepted bribes from oil companies in exchange for drilling contracts. For 10 points, name this Ohio Republican whose administration was tainted by the Teapot Dome Scandal.

Shays' Rebellion

This rebellion faltered after a skirmish in which militia under William Shepard defeated troops who erroneously believed they would receive reinforcements from Luke Day. This rebellion was ended with the capture of several leaders at Petersham, which occurred the day after Benjamin Lincoln successfully defended the Springfield Armory from a rebel attack. Governor James Bowdoin had to ask local merchants to form a militia to put this down, which showed the weakness of and contributed to the demise of the Articles of Confederation. For 10 points, name this rebellion of veterans of the American Revolution who weren't being paid in Massachusetts.

Whiskey Ring

This scandal was brought to light due to the secret investigation of Benjamin Bristow. Led by John McDonald, it was centered in Milwaukee, Chicago, and St. Louis, and defrauded the US treasury of $2 million in excise taxes. In its aftermath, the government indicted 238 people, including the president's private secretary Oliver Babcock, but President Grant himself was cleared of any wrongdoing. FTP, what was this conspiracy involving distillers of a certain alcoholic beverage?

Ohio

This state's eventually successful attempt to mark its border at the Harris Line resulted in a skirmish at Phillips Corners against another territory. This state was represented in Congress during the Civil War by the leader of the Peace Democrats, or Copperheads, Clement Vallandigham. John Filo took a picture in this state of Mary Ann Vecchio kneeling over the body of Jeffrey Miller. That photo in this state came after a National Guard shooting of war protestors at Kent State University. For 10 points, name this state where the Cuyahoga River caught fire in 1969 and whose residents are known as Buckeyes.

"I Have a Dream" Speech

This work claims that the Declaration of Independence constituted a "promissory note" which came back marked "insufficient funds." While delivering this speech, its author was about to sit down when a cry from Mahalia Jackson prompted him to give an impromptu sermon. This speech begins by noting that "Five score years ago, a great Americansigned the Emancipation Proclamation." It cries "Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia!" and concludes "Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!" For 10 points, name this speech delivered during the March on Washington by Martin Luther King.

Common Sense

This work shares its name with a Scottish school of philosophy whose members included Thomas Reid and Adam Ferguson. An "Epistle to the Quakers" was appended to later editions of this work. It says that the ancient Jews angered God by wanting a king, but He let them have one. This work later argues that monarchy could come from election, usurpation, or random selection, and that hereditary selection is illegitimate in any case. Beginning with a section that finds monarchical and aristocratic tyranny in the English constitution, this work lambastes the absurdity of an island ruling a continent. For 10 points, name this revolutionary pamphlet by Thomas Paine.

the Caroline affair

Two weeks after it took place, a group of rebels was forced to give up Navy Island. Five months after it took place, the steamship Sir Robert Peel was burned. It resulted in the death of Amos Durfee, for whose murder Alexander McLeod was arrested in late 1840. It was carried out by militia who were trying to prevent supplies from being brought to followers of William Mackenzie, who had led a rebellion in 1837. FTP, name this incident in which a group of Canadian troops crossed the Niagara river and burned an American steamboat, which almost set off a war with Great Britain.

Anti-Masonic Party

Vermont Governor William A. Palmer and Pennsylvania governor Joseph Ritner were members of this party which was heavily supported by Thurlow Weed and his numerous publications. Sending several men to the 32nd Congress its presidential candidate carried only Vermont in the 1832 presidential election. Started after the dissapearance of William Morgan, they nominated Willaim Wirt at a convention in Baltimore, the first national nominating conventional held. FTP, identify this American political party that was against secret societies, particularly the namesake one.

David Glasgow Farragut

Vinnie Ream sculpted a bronze statue of this man, for his namesake square in Washington, out of a propellor. At age twelve, he participated in the capture of Nuku Hiva under David Porter aboard the Essex. Later, he cut off the Port Hudson works in support of land troops and sent the Tecumseh and Brooklyn skirting past Fort Morgan and the Tennessee from his flagship, the Hartford. He took Dauphin Island and New Orleans with his Gulf of Mexico-based squadron and later strapped himself to the rigging during the Battle of Mobile Bay, yelling "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" FTP, name this admiral of the Union army.

Battle of Lexington

Warned at midnight of the approach of the enemy, Captain John Parker assembled his company of 130 men and awaited further developments while keeping warm at the Buckman Tavern. Consequently, when six companies of regulars under Major John Pitcairn finally arrived at dawn, only one-half of Parker's force was assembled. Parker was in the process of ordering a withdrawal when firing started, and after a volley and a British bayonet charge, eight Minutemen were left dead and ten were wounded, while only one British soldier was wounded. FTP, what was this brief April 19, 1775 battle, after which the Redcoats were defeated at Concord?

Jimmy Carter

While governor, this man's lieutenant governor was the creator of the "Pickrick drumsticks," Lester Maddox. This man approved a plan that was hampered by a haboob and resulted in the death of eight participants, which was the disastrous Operation Eagle Claw. This President lost his reelection bid in a race that featured Independent candidate John B. Anderson. This President helped negotiate an agreement between Sadat and Begin in the Camp David Accords. For 10 points, name this President whose time in office also saw the Iran hostage crisis begin, and who served as governor of Georgia before his election in 1976.

United States Secretary of State

While holding this political office, Abel Upshur was killed during the explosion of the USS Princeton. This office was held by William Marcy under Franklin Pierce, and its longest-serving holder was Cordell Hull. Both John Sherman and John Hay were appointed by William McKinley to this office. It was the highest executive office held by William Jennings Bryan, though he resigned in protest of Wilson's response to the sinking of the Lusitania. The man responsible for the "folly" of purchasing Alaska, William Seward, held this office under Lincoln. For 10 points, name this office responsible for America's foreign affairs, more recently held by Hillary Clinton.