American Horizons Chapters 1-4

Mississippi Bubble

John Law exaggerated the wealth of Louisiana with an effective marketing scheme, which led to wild speculation on the shares of the company in 1719. The scheme promised success for the Mississippi Company by combining investor fervor and the wealth of its Louisiana prospects into a sustainable, joint-stock, trading company. When burst, Nearly bankrupted France.

Society for the Propogation of the Gospel

Coalition for overseas missionary work. Focuses on Anglican Christian outreach in partnership with church communities worldwide.

Bartolome las Casas

6th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians". His extensive writings, the most famous being A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and Historia de Las Indias, chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies and focus particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples.

Encomiendas

A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

Dominion of New England

Administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America. Its political structure represented centralized control more akin to the model used by the Spanish monarchy. Unacceptable to most colonists, because they deeply resented being stripped of their traditional rights.

Barbados

An English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived here in 1625; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I. In 1627, the first permanent settlers arrived from England, and it became an English and later British colony. Slave laws.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer, navigator, colonizer and citizen of the Republic of Genoa. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola, initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World.

Pueblos

Are modern and old communities of Native Americans in the Southwestern United States. The first Spanish explorers of the Southwest used this term to describe the communities housed in apartment-like structures built of stone, adobe mud, and other local material.

Bacon's Rebellion

Armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The colony's disorganized frontier political structure, combined with accumulating grievances (including leaving Bacon out of his inner circle, refusing to allow Bacon to be a part of his fur trade with the Native Americans,

Pequot War

At the end, about seven hundred Pequots had been killed or taken into captivity. Hundreds of prisoners were sold into slavery to the West Indies. Other survivors were dispersed. The result was the elimination of the Pequot as a viable polity in what is present-day Southern New England.

Calvinism

Called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians. Broke with the Roman Catholic Church but differed with Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, theories of worship, and the use of God's law for believers, among other things.

Opechcancanough Uprising

Chief Opechancanough led a coordinated series of surprise attacks by the Powhatan Confederacy that killed 347 people, a quarter of the English population of Jamestown.

Quakers

Christian movement which professes the priesthood of all believers. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and conservative understandings of Christianity.

Massachusetts Bay Company

Colony begun in 1628, was successful, with about 20,000 people migrating to New England in the 1630s. The population was strongly Puritan, and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders. Although its governors were elected, the electorate were limited to freemen, who had been examined for their religious views and formally admitted to their church and also to their houses with self-control.

Pietism

Combined the Lutheranism of the time with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life. Though it shares an emphasis on personal behavior with the Puritan movement, and the two are often confused, there are important differences, particularly in the concept of the role of religion in government.

Yamasee War

Conflict between British settlers of colonial South Carolina and various Native American tribes. One of the American Indians' most serious challenges to European dominance. For over a year the colony faced the possibility of annihilation. About 7% of South Carolina's white citizenry was killed, making the war bloodier than King Philip's War, which is often cited as North America's bloodiest war involving Native Americans.

Roger Williams

English Protestant theologian who was an early proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state. started the first Baptist church in America, the First Baptist Church of Providence. dealt well with natives.

William Penn

English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape

Protestantism

Form of Christian faith and practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom.

Puritanism

Group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify the Church of England from all Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England was only partially reformed. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some of the returning clergy exiled under Mary I shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, as an activist movement within the Church of England.

John Smith

He was considered to have played an important part in the establishment of Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. He was the first English explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area and New England. His books and maps were important in encouraging and supporting English colonization of the New World.

Indian Slave Trade

Includes slavery by Native Americans as well as slavery of Native Americans roughly within the present-day United States. Tribal territories and the slave trade ranged over present-day borders. Some Native American tribes held war captives as slaves prior to and during European colonization, some Native Americans were captured and sold by others into slavery to Europeans, and a small number of tribes, in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, adopted the practice of holding slaves as chattel property and held increasing numbers of African-American slaves.

Huguenots

Members of a French Protestant denomination with origins in the 16th or 17th centuries. Historically, were French Protestants inspired by the writings of John Calvin (Jean Calvin in French) in the 1530s, who became known by that originally derisive designation by the end of the 16th century. The majority endorsed the Reformed tradition of Protestantism.

Malintzin

Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast, who played a role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, acting as an interpreter, advisor, lover, and intermediary for Hernán Cortés. She was one of twenty women slaves given to the Spaniards by the natives of Tabasco in 1519. Later, she became a mistress to Cortés and gave birth to his first son, Martín

Comanche

Native American tribe from the Great Plains.were hunter-gatherers with a horse culture. There may have been as many as 45,000 Comanches in the late 18th century. They were the dominant tribe on the Southern Plains and often took captives from weaker tribes during warfare, selling them as slaves to the Spanish and later Mexican settlers. They also took thousands of captives from the Spanish, Mexican, and American settlers.

Mourning Wars

Onstant conflict with one another up until the 17th century. These were wars specifically fought between tribes in the east and mideast of what is now the United States and Canada. Some of the tribes that engaged in these conflicts were the Mahican, Micmac and Oneida tribes. The conflicts were fought with very primitive weapons, which means they saw a very low amount of casualties compared to the conflicts that were going on in Europe around the same time. Most were fought over blood feuds.

Feitoria

Portuguese trade post, usually fortified and built in coastal areas along the West and East African coasts, Indian Ocean and Brazil, from 1445 on, it served simultaneously as market, warehouse, navigation support and customs and was governed by a (factor) to dominate the local trade with the Portuguese kingdom.

Iroquois

Powerful and important northeast Native American confederacy. They were known during the colonial years to the French as the "_______ League" and later as the "_______ Confederacy", and to the English as the "Five Nations" (before 1722) and later as the "Six Nations", comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations.

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 15, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy that shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638. Her strong religious convictions were at odds with the established Puritan clergy in the Boston area, and her popularity and charisma helped create a theological schism that threatened to destroy the Puritans' religious experiment in New England. She was eventually tried and convicted.

Huron

Refers to the Wyandot indigenous people of North America, who were Native allies to the French during the French and Indian War, and to the Wyandot language.

Piracy

Robbings of ships, stemmed from navigation acts, everyone wanted a piece of the world sea trade. Damn British.

Black Legend

Style of historical writing or propaganda that demonizes the Spanish Empire, its people and its culture.

Louis XIV

The Sun King was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a major country in European history. Sought to remove feudalism, believed in absolutism. Treated novels very well so he would have absolute power.

Mercantilism

The economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Cahokia

The largest and most influential urban settlement in the Mississippian culture which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States

Grand Settlement of 1701

The peace, known as this, was ratified in July 1701 at Montreal. About 1,300 French Indian allies, French Canadians, and Iroquois emissaries met together and declared a lasting peace.

Act of Union

Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarch) into a single, united kingdom named "Great Britain".

Martin Luther

Was a German friar, priest, professor of theology, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Initially an Augustinian friar, he came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

Tisquantum

Was a Patuxet man who assisted the Pilgrims after their first winter in what is now Massachusetts. He was integral to their very survival.

Hernan Cortes

Was a Spanish conquistador who overthrew the Aztec empire and won Mexico for the crown of Spain. The Aztecs eventually drove the Spanish from the city, but he returned again to defeat them and take the city in 1521. King Charles I of Spain (also known as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) appointed him the governor of New Spain in 1522.

Columbian Exchange

Was the widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in the 15th and 16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade (including African/American slave trade) after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. Although unlikely to be intentional at the time, communicable diseases were a byproduct of the Exchange.

Navigation Acts

Were series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies.

Covenant

a formal alliance or agreement made by God with a religious community or with humanity in general

Indentured Servitude

a labor system whereby young people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years. It was widely employed in the 18th century in the British colonies in North America and elsewhere.

Oliver Cromwell

an English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. considered a regicidal dictator by historians such as David Sharp,a military dictator by Winston Churchill,but a hero of liberty by John Milton, Thomas Carlyle and Samuel Rawson Gardiner, and a class revolutionary by Leon Trotsky.

King Phillips War

armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies. The war was the single greatest calamity to occur in seventeenth century Puritan New England and is considered by many to be the deadliest war in the history of European settlement in North America

Joint-stock company

business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by his or her shares

Industrious Revolution

characterized by a rise in demands for "market-supplied goods",which will minimize the value of domestic goods, before the ultimate consumption of them.

Powhattan

created a powerful organization by affiliating 30 tributary peoples, whose territory was much of eastern Virginia. They called this area Tsenacommacah. Each of the tribes within this organization had its own weroance (chief), but all paid tribute to him.

Palatines

early German 18th century emigrants from the Middle Rhine region of the Holy Roman Empire -ettlements did not prove to be viable in the long term,

Beaver Wars

encompass a series of absolute brutal conflicts fought in the mid-17th century in eastern North America. Encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade and the trade between European markets and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. The conflict pitted the nations of the Iroquois Confederation, led by the dominant Mohawk, against the French

Edict of Nantes

granted the Huguenots substantial rights in the nation, which was, at the time, still considered essentially Catholic. Way that Henry aimed primarily to promote civil unity. Separated civil from religious unity, treated some Protestants for the first time as more than mere schismatics and heretics, and opened a path for secularism and tolerance.

Coffeehouses

houses of debate, great political value. and have some coffee. all about the socializing.

Reconquista

is a historical period of approximately 770 years in the history of the Iberian Peninsula, beginning after the Islamic conquest 711-718, to the fall of Granada, the last Islamic state on the peninsula, in 1492. It marks the gradual return of Christian rule in the Iberian Peninsula. It ended right before the discovery of the New World, and the period of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires which followed.

Metacom

led one of the most costly wars of resistance in New England history, known as King Philip's War. Embarrassed by signing peace treatise with colonists and forced to give up arms.

Popé

medicine man of the Pueblo. In defiance of the Spanish conquerors, he practiced his traditional religion and preached the doctrine of independence from Spanish rule and the restoration of the old Pueblo life.

Ulsterites

member of Northern Ireland. Many of them opposed Great Britain although some eventually joined with them.

Mississippian Societies

mound-building Native American civilization that flourished in what is now the Midwestern, Eastern, and Southeastern United States from approximately 800 to 1600, varying regionally. Composed of series of urban settlements and villages and linked together by a loose trading network.

Tsenacommacah

name given by the Powhatan people to their native homeland which was densely populated

John Rolfe

one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas

The Stuarts

ruled during a time in European history of transition from the Middle Ages, through the Renaissance, to the midpoint of the Early modern period.

The Tudors

ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, issuing rights for marriage and women's rights.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

was a French politician who served as the Minister of Finances of France from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. His relentless hard work and thrift made him an esteemed minister. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy.

William Berkeley

was a colonial governor of Virginia, and one of the Lords Proprietors of the Colony of Carolina. he experimented with activities such as growing silkworms as part of his efforts to expand the tobacco-based economy. Enacted friendly policies toward the Native Americans that led to the revolt by some of the planters in 1676 which became known as Bacon's Rebellion

Jamestown

was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. Settlement was located within the country of Tsenacommacah, which was administered by the Powhatan Confederacy

Glorious Revolution

was the overthrow of King James II of England, VII of Scotland and II of Ireland by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England. Over religious tolerance.

Queen Anne's War

was the second in a series of French and Indian Wars fought between France and England, later Great Britain,[1] in North America for control of the continent. Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1713. It resulted in the French cession of claims to certain territories

John Winthrop

wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Led the first large wave of immigrants from England in 1630, and served as governor for 12 of the colony's first 20 years of existence. His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions