American Maturity
"Go into any of the 'respectable' tenement neighborhoods . . . you shall come away agreeing [that] . . . life there does not seem worth living. . . . [T]he airshaft. . . . seems always so busy letting out foul stenches . . . that it has no time to earn its name by bringing down fresh air." —Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives Based on this quote and the title of his book, why do you think Riis wrote what he did? A. to pressure public officials to tear down tenements in cities B. to encourage public discussion of poverty in cities C. to call attention to increasing criminal activity in cities D. to dissuade further migration to cities from rural areas
B. to encourage public discussion of poverty in cities
Ragtime music was developed by a. African Americans. b. Horatio Alger. c. Thomas Eakins. d. music publishers.
a. African Americans.
Why do you think skyscrapers are symbolic? a. Because they embody certain values or ideas b. Because of their height c. Because they cost millions of dollars d. Because their architects are famous
a. Because they embody certain values or ideas
Which of the following Native American leaders attempted to avoid forced relocation by leading many of his tribe to Canada? a. Chief Joseph b. Crazy Horse c. Red Cloud d. Sitting Bull
a. Chief Joseph
What type of entertainment available to people during the Gilded Age was most tied to technology? a. Coney Island b. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show c. vaudeville shows d. organized sports
a. Coney Island
Which of the following is a disadvantage of corporations? a. Corporations can become so large that they have too much influence over an industry. b. Corporations are not able to market their products widely. c. Corporations have higher production costs because of their large size. d. Corporations do not invest in research to develop new products
a. Corporations can become so large that they have too much influence over an industry.
Why was William Jennings Bryan's campaign unlike any campaign before it? a. He campaigned directly to the people. b. His speeches were persuasive and captivating. c. He defended the gold standard and opposed silver coinage. d. He raised an unprecedented amount of money.
a. He campaigned directly to the people.
Why did President Cleveland refuse to sign a treaty to annex Hawaii? a. He learned that most Hawaiians did not approve of the treaty. b. He concluded that the annexation would harm the U.S. economy. c. He feared that annexation would cause conflict with Hawaiians. d. He failed to get approval from the U.S. Senate for the treaty
a. He learned that most Hawaiians did not approve of the treaty
What was the primary focus of Francis Willard's efforts for social reform? a. education b. temperance c. ending child labor d. women's healthcare
b. temperance
How did President Roosevelt help to make the United States a world power? a. He strengthened and asserted U.S. military power. b. He sent troops to China to demand access to trade markets. c. He peacefully negotiated the construction of the Panama Canal. d. He improved U.S. education in order to pursue peaceful diplomacy.
a. He strengthened and asserted U.S. military power.
How did Alfred Thayer Mahan help to strengthen American power? a. He urged the United States to build a modern naval fleet. b. He led American missionaries on expeditions abroad. c. He convinced leaders to secure large colonies to gain natural resources. d. He encouraged factory development to boost the economy.
a. He urged the United States to build a modern naval fleet.
What is the most likely reason Chief Joseph said, "I will fight no more forever"? a. He wanted to prevent further death and destruction. b. Fighting went against his religious beliefs. c. His will and means to fight had diminished. d. He had permission to return to his homeland
a. He wanted to prevent further death and destruction.
How did President Theodore Roosevelt earn a reputation as a trustbuster? a. He worked to eliminate corruption in big business. b. Many Americans considered him to be untrustworthy. c. Many Americans thought his reforms were unconstitutional. d. He sought to destroy big businesses by making them illegal
a. He worked to eliminate corruption in big business.
What was the impact of the Citizenship Act of 1924? a. It gave American Indians the right to vote. b. It allowed American Indians to sell their plots of reservation land. c. It made American Indians citizens once they completed an assimilation program. d. It forbade American Indians from protesting federal policies
a. It gave American Indians the right to vote.
How did the Social Gospel impact efforts for social reform? a. It linked biblical ideas about justice and charity to action on social reform issues. b. It argued that religion should be kept separate from social reform. c. It encouraged philanthropic donations from corporations. d. It called for factory owners to allow families to work together in factories.
a. It linked biblical ideas about justice and charity to action on social reform issues.
Why did the United States support the Panamanian rebellion against Colombia? a. It wanted to build a canal through Panama. b. It wanted access to raw materials in Panama. c. It wanted to weaken Colombia's power in the region. d. It wanted to divide Colombia for trade purposes
a. It wanted to build a canal through Panama
Which minority group did the Anti-Defamation League primarily seek to protect? a. Jews b. Catholics c. Asian Americans d. Native Americans
a. Jews
How did the Spanish reaction to José Marti's war of independence influence American public opinion? a. Many Americans opposed Spain's tactics and expressed support for Cuban independence. b. Most Americans felt no sympathy for Marti's efforts to win independence but were outraged by the Spanish destruction of American property in Cuba. c. Many Americans opposed Spanish tactics and hoped that France would take control of Cuba
a. Many Americans opposed Spain's tactics and expressed support for Cuban independence.
Under Carrie Chapman Catt's leadership, what was one method used by the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) to promote suffrage for women? a. NAWSA used the referendum process to try to pass state suffrage laws. b. NAWSA organized the first march on the White House. c. NAWSA members participated in dramatic hunger strikes. d. NAWSA focused on pressuring President Wilson to come out in favor of women's suffrage.
a. NAWSA used the referendum process to try to pass state suffrage laws.
Before 1895, most immigrants came from a. Northern and Western Europe. b. Asia. c. Latin America. d. Southern and Eastern Europe.
a. Northern and Western Europe.
What was a central cause of the Panic of 1873? a. One of the nation's most influential banks failed. b. The use of silver as money undermined the economy. c. High tariffs increased the costs of goods for consumers. d. Greenbacks caused inflation during the Civil War
a. One of the nation's most influential banks failed.
How did scarce water cause problems in the Southwest? a. People fought over rights to scarce supplies of water. b. It gave everyone a private share of the region's natural resources. c. It influenced the federal government to outlaw private land ownership. d. Everyone benefited from the value of water in the region.
a. People fought over rights to scarce supplies of water
How did the Treaty of Paris lead to complications after the Spanish-American War? a. The United States acquired the Philippines as a part of the treaty, leading to debate over America's role in the Philippines. b. By decreasing Spain's influence, the treaty encouraged the United States to seek new colonies in the Caribbean. c. The treaty failed to resolve conflicts between Spain and the United States, leading to the outbreak of further conflicts soon after. d. Spain considered the terms of the treaty unfair and convinced other world powers to impose economic sanctions on the United States.
a. The United States acquired the Philippines as a part of the treaty, leading to debate over America's role in the Philippines.
What happened as a result of the Foraker Act? a. The United States established a civil government in Puerto Rico. b. Puerto Rico defended its right to establish its own government. c. The United States granted U.S. citizenship to all Puerto Ricans. d. Puerto Rico was officially annexed to the United States
a. The United States established a civil government in Puerto Rico
How was the United States affected by the conclusion of the Spanish-American War? a. The conclusion of the war brought both economic benefits and increased political influence to the United States. b. The economy of the United States suffered when the production of weapons and supplies decreased at the end of the war. c. The United States gained a military victory without the loss of American lives. d. The United States turned inward, choosing to focus on domestic issues rather than foreign policy.
a. The conclusion of the war brought both economic benefits and increased political influence to the United States.
The most significant reason railroads encouraged industrial growth was a. The efficient transportation of raw materials and finished goods b. The increase in the labor necessary to build railroad cars c. The use of the Bessemer process to build railroad cars d. The connection of the east and west coasts via railways
a. The efficient transportation of raw materials and finished goods
What factor negatively affected open range cattle ranching? a. The price of beef dropped due to oversupply. b. The number of cowboys dropped due to low pay. c. Heavy rains and flooding wiped out many major ranches d. Attacks by Native Americans made open range ranching too risky.
a. The price of beef dropped due to oversupply.
Why would the Sioux have opposed the Bozeman Trail crossing their land? a. The region the trail crossed was sacred to the Sioux. b. White travelers would hunt game that the Sioux depended on. c. They wanted a railroad line across their land instead. d. They did not want to give up their land.
a. The region the trail crossed was sacred to the Sioux.
What common belief did all Progressives share? a. They wanted to correct the injustices of urban industrial society. b. They wanted to improve labor conditions for factory workers. c. They wanted to create more opportunities for small businesses. d. They wanted to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor
a. They wanted to correct the injustices of urban industrial society.
Of the three key elements needed to promote industry, the South lacked a. Two: and educated labor force and capital investment b. All three: natural resources, labor, and investment c. Two: natural resources and capital investment d. Two: natural resources and an educated labor force
a. Two: and educated labor force and capital investment
Why did the construction of the Panama Canal prove to be a difficult endeavor? a. Workers had to combat deadly tropical diseases. b. The United States was preoccupied with World War I. c. Workers were provided with obsolete construction tools. d. he United States was unable to gain control in the region.
a. Workers had to combat deadly tropical diseases.
Which invention was used primarily in the cattle industry? a. barbed wire b. grain drill c. plow d. windmill
a. barbed wire
How did Grant contribute to the loss of confidence in American politicians? a. by not rooting out corruption in his administration b. by removing the army from the South c. by stealing profits from the Union Pacific Railroad d. by stealing millions of dollars from the treasury
a. by not rooting out corruption in his administration
What was the key to preventing outbreaks of cholera in cities? a. clean water supplies b. development of antibiotics c. less crowded living conditions d. access to health care
a. clean water supplies
The Dawes General Allotment Act is an example of the Americanization movement because it a. encouraged Indians to own private property. b. asked Indians to form representative governments. c. required the payment of property taxes for schools. d. required farmers to meet production quotas
a. encouraged Indians to own private property.
The point of a cartel was to a. fix prices. b. merge competing firms. c. make deals with suppliers. d. make deals with suppliers
a. fix prices.
Compared to the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor was a. more focused on specific issues, like wages and working conditions. b. more successful immediately. c. more open to all workers. d. more Socialist in its efforts.
a. more focused on specific issues, like wages and working conditions
Similar types of work in a particular place were often done by people who a. moved to America from the same country. b. had learned to do that work in their native land. c. had no alternative employment possibilities. d. wanted to find other work elsewhere.
a. moved to America from the same country.
The "new" immigrants differed from the "old" immigrants in their a. nations of origin. b. reasons for leaving home. c. reasons for coming to the United States. d. likelihood of being "chain immigrants."
a. nations of origin.
The AFL differed from the Knights of Labor in that a. the AFL did not advocate for broad social change. b. the AFL preferred their members not strike. c. the AFL did not charge membership dues. d. the AFL welcomed skilled and unskilled workers
a. the AFL did not advocate for broad social change.
Determine Meaning To which two parties does "the two great political parties" refer? a. the Republican Party and the Democratic Party b. the Know-Nothing Party and the Democratic Party c. the Republican Party and the Whig Party d. the Know-Nothing Party and the Whig Party
a. the Republican Party and the Democratic Party
What motivated the Righteous and Harmonious Fists to begin the Boxer Rebellion? a. the growing influence of outsiders in China b. the lack of a Chinese sphere of influence in Britain c. American attempts to establish colonies in China d. the absence of trade with the West
a. the growing influence of outsiders in China
What main problem did civil service reform address? a. the problem of giving government jobs based on political connections b. the problem of the increasing power of political bosses in cities c. the lack of qualified applicants for government jobs d. the economic mismanagement of the Panic of 1873
a. the problem of giving government jobs based on political connections
What led to the formation of the Populist Party? a. the spread of Farmers' Alliances b. the emergence of women's suffrage c. competition between railroad companies d. racial tensions within reform organizations
a. the spread of Farmers' Alliances
What kind of education did the Niagara Movement encourage? a. the study of history, literature, and philosophy to facilitate independent thinking b. the instruction of vocational trade skills in order to develop a skilled workforce c. the teachings of Protestant American culture so quick assimilation could be easily achieved d. the limited education of African Americans until they received more rights and respect
a. the study of history, literature, and philosophy to facilitate independent thinking
Why did Susan B. Anthony choose to vote in an election? a. to call attention to the fact that it was illegal for women to vote b. to support a candidate who believed in women's rights c. to cast a vote for her husband, who couldn't get to the polls d. to demonstrate the efficiency of a new voting machine
a. to call attention to the fact that it was illegal for women to vote
What caused changes in the demographic patterns of Native Americans? a. the transcontinental railroad b. the destruction of buffalo herds c. the forced migration to reservations d. the promises in treaties that were not kept
c. the forced migration to reservations
What was the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty with the Sioux? a. to prevent further battles with the Sioux b. to collect taxes from the Sioux c. to build a road in Sioux land to gold-mining areas d. to obtain complete government control over the Sioux
a. to prevent further battles with the Sioux
What was the goal of Progressive Americanization efforts? a. to urge immigrants to replace their cultural traditions with middle-class Protestant practices and values b. to embrace the cultural diversity that emerged as a result of immigration to the United States c. to discourage the assimilation of immigrants in order to preserve traditional American heritage d. to assert American culture and influence during political missions overseas
a. to urge immigrants to replace their cultural traditions with middle-class Protestant practices and values
Which use of western land negatively affected everyone? a. unwise usage of water b. building of railroad lines c. destruction of crops by cattle d. competition for grazing land
a. unwise usage of water
Why was the popularity of buffalo hunting among white tourists so threatening to Native American civilizations in the West? a. The sport brought great numbers of white settlers to the area for the first time. b. Native Americans experienced challenges finding enough resources to meet their basic needs. c. Arriving white tourists damaged lands on which Native Americans mined gold and silver. d. Native Americans were forced to abandon their traditional western lands and move to reservations in the east.
b. Native Americans experienced challenges finding enough resources to meet their basic needs
During the Second Industrial Revolution, immigration was necessary to a. Drive down labor costs b. Provide needed labor c. Populate the cities d. Provide a market for manufactured goods
b. Provide needed labor
What was one way that "new" immigrants of the late 1800s were unlike "old" immigrants? a. "Old" immigrants usually lacked job skills, education, and monetary savings. b. "New" immigrants shared relatively few cultural characteristics with native-born Americans. c. "Old" immigrants were likely to immigrate alone, and "new" immigrants came in family groups. d. "New" immigrants often came from northern and western Europe, and "old" immigrants came from Asia.
b. "New" immigrants shared relatively few cultural characteristics with native-born Americans
Which foreign policy did President Wilson promise to employ for Latin America? a. "dollar diplomacy" b. "moral diplomacy" c. "big stick diplomacy" d. "open door diplomacy
b. "moral diplomacy"
What was the total production of sugarcane in 1910? a. 130,000 tons b. 530,000 tons c. 9,000 tons d. 32,000 tons
b. 530,000 tons
Determine Meaning What does Sinclair mean when he writes that "a poisoned rat was a tidbit"? a. A poisoned rat should be removed from the sausage. b. A poisoned rat is minor compared to other things in the sausage. c. A poisoned rat will not contaminate the sausage. d. A poisoned rat is too small to be in the sausage.
b. A poisoned rat is minor compared to other things in the sausage.
The electric streetcar a. Helped farmers to transport crops in the market. b. Encouraged urban workers to live outside of larger cities. c. Discouraged the production of gas-powered engines. d. Facilitated development of the Bessemer process.
b. Encouraged urban workers to live outside of larger cities
What role did Sanford B. Dole play in American expansion? a. He negotiated a treaty between the Queen of Hawaii and the U.S. b. He encouraged the American government to annex Hawaii. c. He founded a community of influential American planters in Hawaii. d. He established a constitution that gave power to American planters.
b. He encouraged the American government to annex Hawaii
What change did the Seventeenth Amendment bring to U.S. politics? a. It allowed citizens to remove officials from office. b. It allowed senators to be elected directly by citizens. c. It allowed laws to be approved or rejected by citizens. d. It allowed citizens to create petitions to propose legislation.
b. It allowed senators to be elected directly by citizens.
Which statement is not a legacy of the Progressive Era? a. It expanded the role of the federal government. b. It eliminated unfair employment practices. c. It expanded voters' influence. d. It provided protection for consumers
b. It eliminated unfair employment practices
How did the Yellow Press affect American sentiment toward the crisis in Cuba? a. It angered the United States by criticizing Cuban rebels. b. It fueled American jingoism and anger toward Spain. c. It encouraged a peaceful resolution between Spain and Cuba. d. It improved understanding between the United States and Spain.
b. It fueled American jingoism and anger toward Spain
What effect did this building technology have on the settlement of the Great Plains? a. It prevented settlement of some plains regions. b. It made living on the plains more possible. c. It slowed the growth of cities. d. It encouraged a shift from farming to ranching
b. It made living on the plains more possible.
How did the Plessy v. Ferguson court case affect American society? a. It prevented newly-arrived immigrants from voting. b. It supported the norm of segregation in many areas of American life. c. It encouraged the assimilation of immigrants into American society. d. It supported flawed scientific theories that enforced racist ideologies.
b. It supported the norm of segregation in many areas of American life.
Why did the Anti-Imperialist League argue against the U.S. occupation of the Philippines? a. It would negatively impact relations with Spain. b. It would go against the principles of American government. c. It would violate the conditions of the Teller Amendment. d. It would slow American economic growth.
b. It would go against the principles of American government
Which region did the fewest number of immigrants come from between 1870 and 1910? a. Northern and Western Europe. b. Latin America. c. Asia. d. Southern and Eastern Europe
b. Latin America.
What was one unintended consequence of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882? a. Construction on major railroad projects halted. b. Many single-crop ranches in California struggled economically. c. Chinese people born in the United States became American citizens. d. The number of Chinese immigrants to the United States dropped greatly
b. Many single-crop ranches in California struggled economically.
Chicago is referred to as a railroad "hub" because a. Many tourists travel there by train b. Routes enter the city from all four directions c. Its abundant natural resources are shipped across the country. d. It is located in the middle of the country
b. Routes enter the city from all four directions
How did reformers hope the Dawes Act would encourage assimilation of Native Americans? a. The Dawes Act forbade Native Americans from speaking their tribal languages and created schools to teach English to Native American children. b. The Dawes Act ended tribal landholding and encouraged economic assimilation by making Native Americans private land owners. c. The Dawes Act gave each Native American family a land grant that allowed them to leave the economic isolation of the reservation. d. The Dawes Act established programs to help Native Americans learn about the dress and customs of white American society.
b. The Dawes Act ended tribal landholding and encouraged economic assimilation by making Native Americans private land owners
What was the major strategy used by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in their effort to achieve racial equality? a. The NAACP organized protests across the South to highlight the injustice of segregation. b. The NAACP used litigation to challenge unfair laws and expand rights for African Americans. c. The NAACP helped African Americans enter colleges and earn their professional degrees. d. The NAACP lobbied Congress for an amendment to the Constitution that would secure equal political rights for African Americans
b. The NAACP used litigation to challenge unfair laws and expand rights for African Americans.
Why did the South's dependence on a single cash crop after the Civil War hurt the region's economy? a. The labor force in the South was growing too quickly. b. There was little investment in industries other than agriculture. c. The price of labor was rising faster than the price of cotton. d. The supply of cotton was approximately equal to demand.
b. There was little investment in industries other than agriculture.
In what way were Jane Addams and Florence Kelley alike? a. They both established settlement houses in the Midwest. b. They both were committed to improving the lives of children. c. They both contributed to the written work of the muckrakers. d. The both agreed that boys and girls should be taught different skills
b. They both were committed to improving the lives of children.
Why did Suffragists criticize President Wilson for declaring, "the world must be made safe for democracy"? a. They did not believe that democracy could be a successful system of government. b. They did not think that the United States could be a true democracy until women could vote. c. They did not believe that the president could achieve such a lofty goal. d. They did not think that aiding foreign countries should be a priority of the United States.
b. They did not think that the United States could be a true democracy until women could vote.
Why were skyscrapers important to cities? a. They made cities seem more modern. b. They efficiently used small amounts of land. c. Their use of steel benefited the steel industry. d. They provided a recognizable skyline.
b. They efficiently used small amounts of land
How did American missionaries affect expansionism? a. They guided immigrants to America, which increased pro-expansionist sentiment in the United States. b. They encouraged expansionism by strengthening American presence abroad. c. They minimized expansionism by strengthening foreign communities. d. They encouraged expansionism by forming militant political organizations.
b. They encouraged expansionism by strengthening American presence abroad
Why did some people oppose the graduated income tax that was part of the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913? a. They believed it interfered with the Federal Reserve Act. b. They thought it would have a negative effect on the economy. c. They believed it was in conflict with the Sixteenth Amendment. d. They thought it would increase tariffs on foreign imported goo
b. They thought it would have a negative effect on the economy
How did the Homestead Act contribute to the expansion of western settlement? a. by establishing agricultural colleges to develop better ways to farm b. by granting farm plots to people willing to live on the land for five years c. by granting white settlers ownership of Mexican American land d. by encouraging more white migration by prohibiting Chinese immigrants
b. by granting farm plots to people willing to live on the land for five years
How did Chinese immigrants contribute to the opening of the West? a. by working mostly as cowboys on the open range b. by helping to build the Transcontinental railroads c. by lobbying for passage of the Homestead Act d. by introducing improved agricultural technology
b. by helping to build the Transcontinental railroads
The most likely reason that Angel Island was not welcoming to Chinese immigrants was a result of a. Anti-Catholicism. b. cultural prejudice. c. overcrowding on the West Coast. d. resistance to formal immigration policies.
b. cultural prejudice.
What caused the building of the Transcontinental Railroad to be delayed? a. the Civil War b. debates over routes c. need for private investors d. lack of government finance
b. debates over routes
Why did Theodore Roosevelt receive a Nobel Peace Prize? a. for convincing China to adopt an Open Door Policy b. for negotiating a peace treaty during the Russo-Japanese War c. for reducing Japan's anger via the Gentlemen's Agreement d. for establishing Chinese territories for European trade m
b. for negotiating a peace treaty during the Russo-Japanese War
Among the reasons for the collapse of the Populist Party was the fact that a. it proposed ideas that were unpopular with rural Americans. b. its position on monetary reform did not appeal to urban workers. c. it could not capture support in southern and western states. d. its top candidates did not appeal to "average" American
b. its position on monetary reform did not appeal to urban workers.
One major way that businesses lowered production costs was by a. limiting their production. b. merging competing firms. c. cutting back on their labor force. d. encouraging competition for products
b. merging competing firms.
One of the main goals of the Grange was to a. form alliances between black and white farmers. b. regulate railroad and grain elevator rates. c. establish a "short haul and long haul" practice. d. protest the establishment of "sub-treasuries."
b. regulate railroad and grain elevator rates.
Analyze Word Choice: Which of the following words does Riis use to describe the large number of children who are living in tenements? a. population b. swarms c. aghast d. array
b. swarms
What did educator John Dewey likely mean when he urged that children be taught to think creatively? a. that they should go out into the real world at an earlier age b. that their education should go beyond memorizing basic facts c. that girls and boys should be taught the same subjects d. that they should only study creative subjects like art and music
b. that their education should go beyond memorizing basic facts
In general, who profited the most from these three rushes? a. the earliest miners to arrive in the gold or silver fields b. the businesspeople who sold goods and services to the miners c. miners who went to work for the mining companies d. miners who sold their claims to mining companies
b. the business people who sold goods and services to the miners
Department stores became popular in the late 1800s because a. they carried only luxury goods, which appealed to the trend of conspicuous consumption. b. they advertised widely and carried high-quality goods at fair prices. c. they were the cheapest places for people in the city to shop. d. they each created a unique brand by specializing in one kind of product.
b. they advertised widely and carried high-quality goods at fair prices
Why did the federal government attempt to put limits on corporations' powers? a. to avoid having its constitutional rights threatened b. to attempt to protect consumers and competitive practices c. to fight the state courts, which usually sided with business interests d. to prevent corporations from becoming more powerful than the government
b. to attempt to protect consumers and competitive practices
What was the purpose of the Morrill Act of 1862? a. to encourage people to move westward b. to encourage the development of better farming methods c. to resettle former slaves on agricultural lands d. to set aside land for future homesteading
b. to encourage the development of better farming methods
What was the purpose of the Eighteenth Amendment? a. to give women the right to vote in elections b. to outlaw the production and sale of alcohol c. to limit the number of working hours for children d. to label goods made under fair working conditions
b. to outlaw the production and sale of alcohol
From the first major strike in 1877 through the Pullman strike in 1893, all major strikes a. made only small gains for workers. b. were unsuccessful. c. involved the use of federal troops. d. involved anarchists and arrests.
b. were unsuccessful.
Why did the United States propose the Open Door Policy? a. The United States wanted China to pay an indemnity. b. The United States wanted to establish colonies in China. c. The United States wanted to establish free trade with China. d. The United States wanted China to install a democratic government.
c. The United States wanted to establish free trade with China
What is the most likely definition of the French term laissez-faire? a. "Be just." b. "Obey the rules." c. "Allow to act." d. "Work quickly."
c. "Allow to act."
Which resource discovered near Alaska caused an immediate increase in the settlers entering the territory in the nineteenth century? a. Oil b. Coal c. Gold d. silver
c. Gold
Corporations were an important addition to the industrial free-market system because they a. Could sell to to faraway markets b. Allowed for risk-free investing c. Had access to large amounts of funding d. Could transform raw materials into finished goods
c. Had access to large amounts of funding
Why did Theodore Roosevelt call socially conscious writers "muckrakers"? a. He considered their literature to be poorly written. b. He thought that their investigations were unpatriotic. c. He acknowledged their focus on the difficulties of urban life. d. He disagreed with their criticisms of social and political conditions.
c. He acknowledged their focus on the difficulties of urban life.
How did President Roosevelt believe that the government should manage national forests? a. He thought national forests should be preserved and left untouched. b. He discouraged conservation and supported lumber businesses. c. He preferred to combine conservation with the use of public land for its resources. d. He argued government did not have a role to play in land management.
c. He preferred to combine conservation with the use of public land for its resources
What was the impact of the Galveston Plan? a. It decreased the size and efficiency of local governments. b. It gave utility companies the power to charge higher rates. c. It limited the power of bosses and corrupt political systems. d. It developed new infrastructure to survive natural disasters.
c. It limited the power of bosses and corrupt political systems.
What effect did the growth of the Populist Party have on the two major political parties of the time? a. It helped them to strengthen and fund their campaigns. b. It drew support away from the Republican Party, allowing the Democratic Party become dominant. c. It pressured them to consider endorsing some new demands. d. It threatened to replace them as the most prominent political party
c. It pressured them to consider endorsing some new demands.
What effect did the effort to reduce illness from mosquito bites and malaria have? a. It completely removed the problem. b. It had no noticeable effect. c. It reduced the problem significantly. d. The effects are unknown.
c. It reduced the problem significantly.
How did the Supreme Court's ruling in the Trans-Missouri Freight Association case strengthen the federal government's power? a. It broke up the freight association. b. It gave the Supreme Court the power to set railroad rates. c. It upheld the Sherman Antitrust Act's authority over railroads. d. It put the railroads under Supreme Court control.
c. It upheld the Sherman Antitrust Act's authority over railroads
When Republican William McKinley ran for reelection, why did he choose Theodore Roosevelt as his vice-presidential running mate? a. Roosevelt had taken a strong stand against the Spanish-American war, and McKinley hoped this would increase his support among Democrats. b. Roosevelt had a long record of public service, and McKinley hoped this would give people confidence in his candidacy. c. McKinley hoped that Roosevelt's status as a war hero from the Spanish-American war would help his candidacy. d. McKinley knew that Americans respected Roosevelt because he earned fame as a journalist who traveled to Cuba to expose the difficult conditions faced by American soldiers.
c. McKinley hoped that Roosevelt's status as a war hero from the Spanish-American war would help his candidacy
How did white settlers' belief in manifest destiny affect Native Americans? a. Native Americans settled and adapted to the ways of white settlers. b. Native Americans were given tools and resources to farm new land. c. Native Americans lost more territory due to white settler expansion. d. Native Americans engaged in multiple battles with white settlers
c. Native Americans lost more territory due to white settler expansion.
How did Margaret Sanger impact women's health issues? a. She discouraged women from drinking alcohol. b. She encouraged mothers to have more children. c. She opened the country's first birth control clinic. d. She founded a health clinic for mistreated women.
c. She opened the country's first birth control clinic.
Why was the United States less concerned with developing extractive economies than European empires were? a. The United States government discouraged the development of extractive economies. b. The United States could import raw materials to stimulate the domestic economy. c. The United States already had a significant supply of raw materials for manufacturing. d. The United States faced a shortage of manufactured goods because of trade deficits.
c. The United States already had a significant supply of raw materials for manufacturing.
Why was mining difficult in the Klondike gold rush? a. Few of the gold-seekers who set off for the Yukon actually made it to the gold fields. b. The gold was located far from the United States. c. The ground under the surface was frozen year round. d. Most of the gold was gone quickly.
c. The ground under the surface was frozen year round.
In the 1880s, farmers were put out of work by a. The development of ways to preserve food b. Competition with world markets c. The mechanization of farming methods d. Poor weather conditions
c. The mechanization of farming methods
Which factor contributed to the accumulation of debt among farmers? a. Farmers took ownership of their farms. b. Banks set low interest rates. c. The prices of crops declined. d. Farmers were elected to be national leaders
c. The prices of crops declined
On what principle did Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. du Bois agree? a. They both argued that over time, with hard work and patience African Americans could secure equality. b. They both believed African Americans should immediately demand full equality. c. They both believed injustices against African Americans must be ended. d. They both urged white Americans to exercise caution in extending equality to African Americans
c. They both believed injustices against African Americans must be ended.
How would Native Americans have likely viewed the 1887 Dawes Act? a. as a violation of their treaty rights b. as an effort to strengthen their tribal governments c. as an attack on their culture and traditions d. as an attempt to steal their land
c. as an attack on their culture and traditions
Which of the following innovations had the greatest impact on standards of living in urban areas? a. skyscrapers b. electric streetlights c. electric cable cars d. steam engines
c. electric cable cars
What kind of entertainment did Chautauqua tents eventually provide? a. events similar to vaudeville acts b. events with baseball games c. events with a religious theme d. events including roller-coasters
c. events with a religious theme
The goal of the Americanization movement was to a. restrict social services and financial assistance to new Americans. b. protect American jobs by supporting immigration restrictions. c. help new immigrants assimilate to American culture. d. encourage the acceptance of immigrant traditions into American society
c. help new immigrants assimilate to American culture.
Americanization programs were mostly focused on a. supporting the work of nativist organizations. b. attracting "new" immigrants to the United States. c. helping immigrants assimilate into American society. d. providing jobs and financial help for immigrants.
c. helping immigrants assimilate into American society
Between 1860 and 1900, a primary cause of migration from rural to urban areas was a. inflationary pressure on crop prices. b. lack of rural housing as building slowed. c. increasing economic opportunity in cities. d. government resettlement policies.
c. increasing economic opportunity in cities.
Chicago became an important industrial center primarily because a. workers in the city were mostly unskilled. b. skyscrapers attracted new business ventures. c. it was a key transportation center. d. the meatpacking industry provided food for hungry job seeker
c. it was a key transportation center
Business owners generally paid low wages in factories because a. government regulation lowered production costs. b. they wanted to maximize worker productivity. c. keeping wages low meant lower production costs. d. labor unions were focused on worker safety rather than pay.
c. keeping wages low meant lower production costs.
The Great Northern Railway was more successful than the Northern Pacific Railroad due to a. government funding. b. immigrant labor. c. low fares. d. transportation of goods
c. low fares.
Based on the products available and the display of merchandise in this store, who would you say are the store's primary customers? a. newly arrived immigrants b. wealthy Americans c. middle-class families d. corporations and small businesses
c. middle-class families
The American public grew increasingly aware of the political influence of corporations as a. journalists wrote investigative articles. b. Congress held hearings on the matter. c. political cartoonists portrayed the issue. d. public protests continued in front of the Capital
c. political cartoonists portrayed the issue.
The political machines of the parties were powerful in large part due to the a. civil service. b. election system. c. spoils system. d. tariff debate
c. spoils system.
What did President Wilson refer to as the 'triple wall of privilege'? a. the Elkins Act, the Hepburn Act, and the Federal Reserve Act b. race, gender, and class c. tariffs, banks, and trusts d. saving accounts, stocks, and bonds
c. tariffs, banks, and trusts
One effect of the pressure on Native Americans to assimilate into white culture was a. that Native Americans bought up arable land in the West, causing a shortage of land. b. that most Native Americans left reservations to find work in factories in cities. c. that Native Americans lost many traditional practices. d. that Native Americans were not allowed to return to their ancestral lands
c. that Native Americans lost many traditional practices.
Which group of soldiers did Theodore Roosevelt lead during the Spanish-American War? a. the Tenth Regiment b. the Freedom Riders c. the Rough Riders d. the Ninth Cavalry
c. the Rough Riders
Who determined the rights of Puerto Ricans during the Insular Cases after the Spanish-American War? a. the U.S. Congress b. Puerto Rican rebels c. the U.S. Supreme Court d. the Puerto Rican legislature
c. the U.S. Supreme Court
A higher standard of living for the middle class was increasingly identified with a. the ability to hold a job in a recession. b. the opportunity to earn a college degree. c. the ability to purchase mass-produced products. d. the opportunity to buy a second home
c. the ability to purchase mass-produced products.
Which event brought about civil service reform? a. the arrest and escape of William Tweed b. the acceptance of bribes by government officials c. the assassination of President Garfield d. the awarding of government jobs to party workers
c. the assassination of President Garfield
Why did business leaders, such as Andrew Carnegie, set up universities, museums, and libraries? a. to profit from the expanding education sector b. to avoid paying income taxes on their wealth c. to give poor people a chance to become wealthy through education d. to prove that they did not believe in Social Darwinism
c. to give poor people a chance to become wealthy through education
Why did many Mexican Americans form mutualistas? a. to establish minority labor unions b. to put land in their children's names c. to provide financial and legal support for one another d. to desegregate and diversify school systems
c. to provide financial and legal support for one another
What was the purpose of settlement houses? a. to provide health services for minorities b. to provide resources for mistreated women c. to provide social services to the urban poor d. to provide charitable housing to the homeless
c. to provide social services to the urban poor
Labor unions generally formed as a result of a. business owners' desire for workers to organize. b. federal legislation mandating workers' rights. c. workers' efforts to improve working conditions and increase wages. d. workers' pressure on the government to enact safety regulations
c. workers' efforts to improve working conditions and increase wages.
Social Darwinism equated being "fit" with a. Being intelligent b. Surviving c. Having good health d. Being financially successful
d. Being financially successful
What did the Apache War and the Red River War have in common? a. The shrinking buffalo population was a factor in both wars. b. Both wars were fought while the Civil War was taking place. c. The same Native American peoples were involved in both wars. d. Both wars resulted from Native Americans attacking white settlers
d. Both wars resulted from Native Americans attacking white settlers.
From where did many of the miners in the Nevada silver rush come? a. Alaska b. Mexico c. China d. California
d. California
Why did Emilio Aguinaldo organize an insurrection against U.S. rule in the Philippines? a. He had always opposed American policy in the region. b. He wanted to acquire new Western territories. c. He needed to assert his country's loyalty toward Spain. d. He felt betrayed by the U.S. decision to occupy his country
d. He felt betrayed by the U.S. decision to occupy his country.
What impact did Matthew Perry have on American foreign relations? a. He won the favor of Hawaiian leaders by presenting them with gifts. b. He expanded the U.S. presence in the Pacific by purchasing Alaska. c. He paved the way for the construction of the Pan-American Highway d. He negotiated a treaty that allowed the United States to trade with Japan.
d. He negotiated a treaty that allowed the United States to trade with Japan.
How did Congress respond to conflicts over water use in the Southwest? a. In 1902, it passed the National Reclamation Act, which gave water rights to indigenous people in the region. b. In 1902, it passed the National Reclamation Act, which gave the right to manage the water supply to prominent businesses in the region. c. In 1902, it passed the National Reclamation Act, which mandated that local governments ensure that water was shared equally. d. In 1902, it passed the National Reclamation Act, which gave the federal government the power to decide how to distribute water.
d. In 1902, it passed the National Reclamation Act, which gave the federal government the power to decide how to distribute water.
How did technological advances in agricultural production push many farmers to migrate to cities? a. Farmers went into debt to pay for new technology. b. There weren't enough workers to harvest larger crops. c. New technology demanded workers with appropriate skills. d. Increasing supplies of food caused prices to drop.
d. Increasing supplies of food caused prices to drop
What was the primary effect of the Hepburn Act? a. It stripped away almost all of the federal government's power to regulate railroads. b. It boosted the economy by limiting uncertainty over railroad rates. c. It reversed the Elkins Act of 1903, which fined railroads for giving special rates to certain shippers. d. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum shipping rates for railroads.
d. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum shipping rates for railroads.
How does the initiative process increase the influence of voters on politics? a. It forces the federal government to limit campaign contributions. b. It gives more power to voters in rural communities. c. It allows voters to circulate a petition to veto legislation. d. It empowers citizens to directly pass laws by popular vote.
d. It empowers citizens to directly pass laws by popular vote.
How did the split in the Republican Party influence American politics? a. It eliminated the New Freedom ideas from government legislation. b. It negatively impacted Woodrow Wilson's campaign for office. c. It influenced Progressives to support the Republican Party. d. It helped the Democratic Party win the following election.
d. It helped the Democratic Party win the following election.
Why did the federal government become involved in the American Railway Union's strike against Pullman? a. It was an unusually violent strike. b. It targeted only trains that had Pullman cars on them. c. It was the first successful strike in some time. d. It involved interstate commerce and mail movement
d. It involved interstate commerce and mail movement
What was the result of the Supreme Court ruling that Native American groups were not independent nations? a. The government's programs to assimilate Native Americans into white society failed. b. The government had to return to the difficult process of negotiating treaties with the many Native American groups. c. It prevented government officials from breaking up reservations into individual land holdings. d. It upheld the federal government's decision to stop making treaties and allowed it to continue passing laws to carry out its Native American policies
d. It upheld the federal government's decision to stop making treaties and allowed it to continue passing laws to carry out its Native American policies.
Which of the following statements about the Interstate Commerce Commission is true? a. It was involved in commerce within, but not between, states. b. It never succeeded in monitoring railroad shipping rates. c. It improved wages for railroad workers. d. It was the first federal entity to monitor business practices.
d. It was the first federal entity to monitor business practices.
What contribution did Mexicans make to cattle ranching? a. Mexicans taught cattle ranchers how to round up cattle. b. Mexican railroads moved cattle from west to east. c. Mexicans established many western "cow towns." d. Mexican vaqueros were experts in working with cattle.
d. Mexican vaqueros were experts in working with cattle.
What is an example of a "pull" factor that brought immigrant to the United States? a. wars abroad that forced people to flee their homes b. land reform abroad that displaced farmers c. anti-Catholic sentiment in the United States d. economic opportunity in the United States
d. economic opportunity in the United States
What implication is Nast trying to make with the text above the African American couple that reads "Worse Than Slavery"? a. Nast is suggesting that African Americans are unable to find sufficient ways to support themselves after achieving freedom during the Civil War. b. Nast is suggesting that racist political groups are preventing African Americans from escaping slavery. c. Nast is suggesting that the U.S. government is complicit in allowing racist groups to persecute African Americans after the Civil War. d. Nast is suggesting that African Americans are suffering more after the Civil War than they did when they were slaves.
d. Nast is suggesting that African Americans are suffering more after the Civil War than they did when they were slaves.
What happened to the issue of railroad regulation after the decline of the Populist Party? a. The Democratic Party gained power and ruled against railroad regulation. b. Railroad regulation became irrelevant and disappeared from political campaigns. c. Railroad regulation was endorsed by big businesses that demanded lower transportation costs. d. The Progressives promoted railroad regulation, bringing the issue into the twentieth century.
d. The Progressives promoted railroad regulation, bringing the issue into the twentieth century.
How did the relationship between the federal government and food producers change under President Roosevelt? a. The Meat Inspection Act authorized state governments to inspect meat being shipped within state lines. b. The Food and Drug Administration reinforced the right of businesses to conduct their own safety tests. c. The Square Deal provided assistance from the federal government for small businesses that made food products. d. The Pure Food and Drug Act empowered the federal government to test and monitor the production and sale of food.
d. The Pure Food and Drug Act empowered the federal government to test and monitor the production and sale of food.
What was the importance of the Coinage Act of 1873? a. The act caused inflation to increase farmers' incomes. b. The act increased tariffs to promote jobs in manufacturing. c. The act retired greenbacks after they caused wartime inflation. d. The act reversed the policy of backing money with both gold and silver.
d. The act reversed the policy of backing money with both gold and silver
What was one effect of the Industrial Revolution in the United States? a. Many more goods were imported. b. The government lowered taxes. c. The number of people working as farmers increased. d. The cost of many goods made in the United States decreased.
d. The cost of many goods made in the United States decreased.
What does the term "wage slavery" refer to? a. The practice of paying low wages for extremely long hours of work b. The reality of laboring in a mine while undergoing ethnic competition and distrust c. The fact that mine workers had no place to live but in a "company town" d. The fact that workers couldn't leave a job while owing money to the employer
d. The fact that workers couldn't leave a job while owing money to the employer
An example of a technological innovation that increased the country's natural resource base is a. The telegraph b. The cotton gin c. The light bulb d. The oil drill
d. The oil drill
Why did many immigrants to the United States have such an optimistic spirit? a. Most immigrants were well-prepared and financially secure upon arrival. b. The voyage was usually an easy and encouraging one. c. U.S. immigration policies welcomed people from all countries and backgrounds. d. They believed better economic and personal opportunities awaited them.
d. They believed better economic and personal opportunities awaited them.
Why did many farmers go into debt in the late 1800s? a. They took out loans to invest in new industries because agriculture was declining. b. They took loans out to diversify their crops because consumers demanded new varieties of produce. c. They took out loans to build roads to bring their produce to distant cities. d. They took out loans on the value of their farms to pay the increased costs for new machines and other supplies.
d. They took out loans on the value of their farms to pay the increased costs for new machines and other supplies.
Why did many Mexican Americans in the southwest lose their land in the late 1800s? a. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo did not protect their property rights. b. Americans of Mexican descent were not allowed to own land after 1882. c. Mexican Americans gained land rights in Mexico in exchange for U.S. claims. d. They were not able to prove legally in the courts that they owned the land.
d. They were not able to prove legally in the courts that they owned the land
Why did many working class people remain in cities even though suburbs with better living conditions were available? a. It was difficult to get from the suburbs to the city in time for work. b. They preferred to continue living in the same place. c. Their employers required that they live close to where they worked. d. Transportation into and out of the city cost more than they could afford.
d. Transportation into and out of the city cost more than they could afford
How did the United States gain control of Hawaii? a. The United States Congress declared war against Hawaii. b. Hawaiian Queen Liluokalani signed a treaty with President Harrison. c. Disgruntled Hawaiian officials petitioned President Harrison to take control of Hawaii. d. U.S. Marines assisted rebels to overthrow the Hawaiian government.
d. U.S. Marines assisted rebels to overthrow the Hawaiian government.
American interventions in Nicaragua and Mexico were based on a. plans to construct the canal through Central America. b. U.S. interests in controlling the seaports of Bluefields and Veracruz. c. retaliation for the execution of Americans. d. U.S. desires for more pro-American governments.
d. U.S. desires for more pro-American governments.
What did immigrants help the United States to become? a. a strong military power b. independent c. a tolerant nation d. an economic world power
d. an economic world power
Which problem did the Populist Party seek to remedy? a. government ownership of railroads b. excessive government regulations c. the threat of women's suffrage d. an insufficient monetary supply
d. an insufficient monetary supply
Child labor laws were passed in response to a. conflicting state regulations about children's rights. b. children's lack of productivity in the work place. c. the increasing costs of employer-provided day care. d. children's health issues and lack of school attendance.
d. children's health issues and lack of school attendance.
New technologies such as the carpet sweeper and telephone are a. examples of business models that didn't meet consumer needs. b. inventions that only the wealthy were able to afford. c. inventions that did little to stimulate growth in other industries. d. examples of the way in which innovation improved standards of living
d. examples of the way in which innovation improved standards of living
The growth of the newspaper industry was the direct result of a. a new interest in current events. b. government funding for the newspaper industry. c. the growth of cities. d. higher literacy rates as more young people gained access to public schools
d. higher literacy rates as more young people gained access to public schools.
What would have been the biggest challenge of living in a sod house? a. finding enough sod to build the house b. preventing the house from catching fire c. having a dirt floor d. keeping the family and house clean
d. keeping the family and house clean
The strength of political machines was typically built on a. laws for civil service reform. b. high levels of political participation. c. resistance to federal corruption. d. support from large immigrant groups.
d. support from large immigrant groups
What factor most influenced economic growth in the United States between 1870 and 1920? a. European spheres of influence in Asia b. Japan's alliance with the United States c. the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War d. the expansion of American world trade markets
d. the expansion of American world trade markets
Determine Meaning What does the phrase "the ermine of the bench" refer to in this context? a. the president b. the seats in state legislatures c. Congress d. the judiciary
d. the judiciary
What was the purpose of the National Consumers League? a. to discourage the production and sale of alcohol b. to increase consumption in order to boost the economy c. to unite upper-class and working-class women as leaders d. to label products made under good working conditions
d. to label products made under good working conditions
The ideas addressed by writers such as Horatio Alger and Edith Wharton show that literature oftentimes a. was difficult to teach in public schools. b. was out of touch with American values. c. was written for the educated upper classes. d. was a reflection of the realities of life.
d. was a reflection of the realities of life.
How did Filipinos respond to U.S. rule in the Philippines? a. with diplomatic measures b. with peaceful protests c. with economic sanctions d. with guerrilla warfare
d. with guerrilla warfare