American Popular Music: Race and Place Final

Cipher

A circle of rappers and onlookers taking turns trying to outdo one another.

Dr. Dre & Snoop Doggy Dog

Aint nuthin' but a 'G' thang, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucoK6KN1dzU

Ta-Nehisi Coates

American writer, journalist, and educator. Coates is a national correspondent for The Atlantic, where he writes about cultural, social and political issues, particularly as they regard African-Americans

Eliades Ochoa

Beso Discreto, https://blackboard.chapman.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-581212-dt-content-rid-1899108_1/courses/SPRING2017S-MUS-201B-01/Eliades%20Ochoa%20-%20Beso%20discreto%20%28Discrete%20Kiss%29.mp3

Nina Simone

Born Eunice Waymon in North Carolina, 1933 Studied classical piano but was denied entry into the prestigious Curtis Institute of Music, likely because of her race She became famous for performing both standard tunes and originals in a style that combined jazz, blues and classical music

Clave (Rhythm and Instrument)

Clave refers to the wooden instrument, as well as a rhythmic figure. 2-3 is used in Son and 3-2 is used in Rumba. The musicians feel the clave rhythm even if no single instrument explicitly sounds the pattern. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsTfm1xIvPA

Salsa instruments

Claves, Guiro, Cow bell, Timbales, Maracas, Bongos, Congas, Bass Guitar, Horn Section, Piano.

Narcocorridos

Corridos written about drug culture and life - including drug dealers, cartels, murderers ¤ Often composed for particular drug traffickers to portray them as brave and macho They are illegal in Mexico - prohibited on the radio and even onstage.

Corridos

Defined as a ballad or narrative song Evolved from earlier Spanish ballad styles and emerged in the nineteenth century, most likely around the Texas-Mexico border region. Early corridos mostly told stories of heroic outlaws and gunmen, similar to the cowboy ballads of the region's English-speaking population

Gangsta Rap

Defined by the shockingly violent and sexual nature of its lyrics. Reflects violent crime and the life of inner- city youth. Major artists include N.W.A. (*****s Wit Attitude), Ice T, Eazy E, Tupac Shakur, Snoop Dogg, and Dr. Dre.

Cuban Son

Developed around 1890 in eastern Cuba by Afro- Cubans. Sones broke many racial barriers after the 1920s as they gained in popularity. This allowed working-class performers of color to gain access to the mainstream music industry for the first time. Typical instrumentation included: guitar, tres, maracas, claves, bongo drum, bass and trumpet. In son music the bass notes are played slightly earlier than one might expect.

Los Tucanes de Tijuana 1

El Chapo Guzman, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jGBsFme7rOw

Chalino Sanchez

El Crimen de Culiacán, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8wyLN8ALHM

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930-1974. Symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat.

Reggae

Featured more socially conscious lyrics expressing frustration with ghetto life. Featured new instruments - including the electric organ.

Early Hip Hop

First emerged in the South Bronx. House parties in 1973. Positive influence of expression. Announcement of one's existence. Expression of solidarity.

Snoop Dogg vs. Snoop Lion

Gangsta rap to reggae

Message Rap, Afrocentric Hip Hop

Genre that relies on innovation. Lyrics focus on sociopolitical issues. Black nationalist groups. Queen Latifah.

Calle 13 with Ruben Blades

La Perla, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B0cVKmkYamU

Whiteness

Making fun of or emphasizing someones white background. Having association with white culture.

Los Tucanes de Tijuana 2

Mis tres animales, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WzspSfxW1jM

Snoop Lion 1

No Guns Allowed, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KI6zi2Oj1jo

Hip Hop Culture

Not remade as white before becoming hugely popular. Whiteness seen as liability in hip hop due to the genre's associations with black authenticity.

Tito Puente

Oye Como Va, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFpCALtVUcE

Signifying

Playing with language to emphasize verbal creativity.

Colorblind Ideology

Posits that the best way to end discrimination is by treating everyone equally without regard for their race, ethnicity, or culture.

Rastafari

Rastafari is an Abrahamic religion. Classified as a new religious movement, it developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It lacks any centralised authority and there is much heterogeneity among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari or Rastafaris.

Celia Cruz

Ritmo en el Corazon, https://blackboard.chapman.edu/bbcswebdav/pid-581219-dt-content-rid-1899109_1/courses/SPRING2017S-MUS-201B-01/wk3%2005%20Ritmo%20en%20el%20corazón.mp3

Salsa Response Paper: Explain the history and development of salsa music and culture, including: musical elements (i.e. instrumentation, rhythm and harmony) as well as performance practices and cultural, including geographical, origins. For example, where does this music come from and whom does it represent? Who were the initial creators of this music? How is salsa a mixture of Latin American and U.S. American musical elements? What is the barrio and how does it manifest socially and sonically in salsa music? In what ways does salsa music fit into both traditional and popular musical categories? How does Román-Velázquez view the term "salsa" and the commercialization of this music and culture? Finally, what are the distinctions between salsa dura and salsa romántica?

Salsa music and culture developed in a sense that is hard to trace. Based on the reading written by Patria Romàn-Velázquez, salsa developed in different places and was "constantly located, dislocated, and relocated" again to the point that it always was continually developing and transforming (Romàn-Velàzquez 210). Salsa developed in New York City and is a combination of many different music cultures. In terms of rhythm, salsa incorporates aspects of Latin communities, the Caribbean, and more to the point that each variation of salsa has a different "flavor," which lends to the reason why "salsa" is its name (there are many different types of salsas, each with a different flavor). Salsa music involves various percussion instruments, including drums and bongos, as well as maracas, piano, horns, and more to give the pace of the music the liveliness that draws people in. Salsa's roots can be traced to the Spanish Caribbean including Cuba and Puerto Rico, but can also be seen with heavy popularity in New York City. As salsa has such a diverse background, it can be said that this form of music represents diverse cultural identities and social practices and can be used to show the roots of a certain individual based on their dancing or other performance of salsa. It is used to represent the experiences of the Latin community in the U.S. Salsa is a mixture of Latin American and U.S. American musical elements because of its roots in both cultures. The barrio is the Spanish-speaking part of a town in the U.S. that has a higher poverty level. With salsa, those living in the barrio are able to communicate with others of their experiences and what kind of culture they are living in. Salsa can communicate the struggles of living in the barrio while also having political and social contexts. Romàn-Velàzquez views the term "salsa" in regards to commercialization of this music in that by having it commercialized, it was able to spread to all parts of the world. With salsa's spread around the world, the diversity of the music itself increased exponentially and became both popular for those to listen and dance to, while at the same time being a traditional genre of music and finding ways to appeal to its audience with its content about struggle and other aspects of life. Salsa dura is classical salsa, while salsa romantic is romantic salsa. Classic salsa focuses on depicting the struggles of barrio life, while salsa romantic lacks political content and focuses more on a simple structure and a romantic atmosphere around it.

Bukas de Culiacan

Sanguinarios del M1, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzod0gFjHIw

Snoop Lion 2

The Good Good, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Hn_qNPTrdc

The Barrio

The barrio is the Spanish-speaking part of a town in the U.S. that has a higher poverty level. With salsa, those living in the barrio are able to communicate with others of their experiences and what kind of culture they are living in. Salsa can communicate the struggles of living in the barrio while also having political and social contexts.

Deindustrialization

The break down of industry. Decline in industrial activity in a region or economy. Large companies move industry to new locations with cheaper labor.

Rastafarianism (including the tenets)

The experience of living in exile in Babylon. The consciousness of self as divine. Deification of Haile Selassie ("Power of the Trinity"). To sever ties with British colonial society, Rastas drew inspiration from the crowning of Selassie, whose real name was Tafari Makonnen. Repatriation to Ethiopia/Africa as the Promised Land. Sacred ritual of ganja (marijuana) smoking. Dreadlocks, livity, ital cuisine (organic foods), dreadtalk. Religion came out of Africa, Saw western society as corrupt...employs Ethiopian colors- yellow, green, red. Wear hair in dreadlocks, eat organic/vegetarian, smoke marijuana.

Polyrhythms

The juxtaposition of two or more different meters (or beat organization) in a piece of music.

Salsa

This music became an important symbol of cultural identity and a vehicle for Latinos to assert their rights in New York City. For these reasons, in part, early New York salsa has a raw and edgy sound. Features sophisticated orchestration. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjaokdt1MUg

Rap, Space & Place

Tropes related to place include "keeping it real," and "representing". The 'hood as a place of adversity meant to be overcome. Turf wars derived from gang life. Regional artist-owned labels, including Death Row Records

Dancehall

a genre of Jamaican popular music that originated in the late 1970s. Initially was a more sparse version of reggae than the roots style, which had dominated much of the 1970s

Creole

a person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.

Toasting

a rhyming narrative delivered with or without musical accompaniment

Dubs

are instrumental versions of reggae or rock steady recordings, with toasting, shouting and chanting verse happening above the musical backdrop.

Bob Marley & The Wailers, "War"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XHEPoMNP0I

Kendrick Lamar

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnHbBYoN4Xk

Beyonce Formation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrCHz1gwzTo

NWA, "Straight Outta Compton"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMZi25Pq3T8

Grandmaster Flash, "The Message"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYMkEMCHtJ4

Eminem, "My Name is"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNPnbI1arSE

The Wailers, "Simmer Down"

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ybmPHD7FPcQ

Black Lives Matter

international activist movement, originating in the African-American community, that campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black people. Regularly holds protests against police killings of black people and broader issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system. started by three women.

Riddims

percussion rhythm with bass

Colorism

prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.

Corrido de Amistad

the friendship corridor. Invented by Chalino, corridos were typically murder ballads; if they were commissioned, it was usually by the friends or family of the deceased.