America's Music

15. Who was Irving Berlin, what was his background and training, and what sort of music did he compose?

A series of hit songs with African American characters earned Irving Berlin a reputation during the 1910s as America's chief ragtime composer. Shortly after his big hit "Alexander's Ragtime Band," Berlin stopped representing race in his songs and started using the term "syncopated" instead of "rag." Emigrated to New York from Russia at the age of five in 1893, he grew up in a Jewish neighborhood on the Lower East Side without much formal education. Began writing music and words for songs at an early age, eventually starting his own publishing firm, Irving Berlin Music, Inc. (1919). Unable to read or write music notation, he would then dictate the finished song to a musical secretary. Composed Ballads, novelty songs, ragtime and other dance songs, and show songs.

14. How did A.P. Carter create repertoire for the Carter Family to perform, and how was Ralph Peer part of the process? What is the "Carter Scratch"?

A.P. Carter was an amateur song catcher, he collected everything that caught his fancy: ballads, sentimental songs, minstrel songs, gospel hymns, and blues. He would rework the songs and use them as raw material to reshape into a new musical product. Picked up on Victor through Ralph Peer. (book doesn't say much on this) Carter Scratch- Maybelle Carter had a distinctive style of guitar playing which came to be known as Carter style or "thumb-and-brush" picking: a melodic line plucked on the bass strings with the thumb, the melody notes alternating with chords strummed on the higher strings with one or two fingers.

The lyrical structure for a typical blues song is:

AAB

8. Know the music example "Gaelic Symphony," second movement (LG 8.1). What are its primary sounding traits? Are there any ways in which this work differs from European classical models?

ABA form, with introduction and coda. Compound duple meter in A and simple duple in B. Lush timbres and wide dynamic range of romantic orchestra. Folklike quality of principal melody. Transformation of principal melody in B section.

El salon Mexico (1937), Billy the Kid (1938), and Appalachian Spring (1944) are all compositions by ________.

Aaron Copland

4. What is Revue, what are some of its defining traits, and where does it fit in the hierarchy of theatrical genres in the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries?

Above Vaudeville in the hierarchy, Revue presented variety, often with an overarching theme absent in vaudeville, and musical comedy, which involved characters and a story.

________ was the premise associated with the "popular sphere" of early 19th century American music, giving authority most of all to the audience.

Accessibility

5. How did the reaction against psalmody around 1800 lead to the interest in "ancient music"?

According to Gould, in the "dark age" ushered in around 1770 by Billings, people eager to hone musical skills for their own sake had wrested the control of singing from the clergy and the people. By 1800 public worship was plagued by nonsinging congregations, outspoken choir members, and a sprightliness in choral singing that encouraged competitiveness and pride. Beginning in 1800 in Massachusetts, clergymen and other community leaders joined forces with "prominent singers" to advocate "ancient music," which they found ideal for kindling what they took to be a genuine religious spirit among congregation members.

________ was the key to opera's popularity in America in the early 19th century.

Adaptation

14. What was the Ainsworth Psalter, and why was it replaced with the Bay Psalm Book? What is the historic significance of the Bay Psalm Book?

Ainsworth's Psalter contained OLD HUNDRED. The music was considered too difficult for congregations at the time in New England. Many early New Englanders were troubled by the Ainsworth psalters' nonliteral translatioons of the texts.

________ was a Lithuanian-born entertainer, who frequently starred in Broadway musicals, as well as on sound recordings, radio, and film, such as The Jazz Singer (1927) - the first major sound film.

Al Jolson

The Moondog Show hosted by ________ in 1951, was a youth-oriented radio program that helped introduce rhythm and blues records to a broad audience.

Alan Freed

________ was a folklorist who worked for the Library of Congress in the early 20th century to record American folk musicians.

Alan Lomax

2. Who was Alexander Reinagle? From where did he come, where did he live and work, and what sorts of things did he do for a living?

Alexander Reinagle was born in England and came to America in 1786. At a time where music publishing in the US did not exist. He composed and arranged for home use, gave lessons to singers and players, involved himself in the distribution of music, and plugged the work of London instrument builders.

Early American Indian researchers, such as ______ and _____, helped to establish fieldwork as the basis of a new discipline (ethnomusicology) that emphasized ethnography, recording, transcription and cultural and musical analysis.

Alice Cunningham Fletcher, Frances Densmore

3. What is the difference between "composer's music" and "performer's music", and how is each manifested in sheet music?

As exemplified by Reinagle's sonata and song, where the song was a performer's musical piece (intended to be improvised on or changed) the sonata, or composer's music, had the authority of the composer and was a fully recognized work before being performed. Performer's music was fueled by economic exchange and capitalism, whereas composer's music was based in intellectual superiority and artistic expression.

12. How did the growth of an urban industrial society after the Civil War lead to the Third Great Awakening?

As industry advanced, agriculture declined. Industrialization brought more people into cities, where industries were concentrated. The modern industrial process of work "alienated" workers. Revivals aimed at bringing the gospel—the glad tidings of Jesus and the kingdom of God—to unchurched Americans of all social and economic classes.

4. By definition, what are the musical traits of the blues? What are its typical formal arrangement and harmonic progression? What sorts of lyrics are heard in the blues, and how are blues lyrics related to the musical form? What are "blue notes"?

Blues involves a flexible approach to pitch, in which some notes of the melody are lowered, or "bent," for expression. The blues included a variety of vocal timbres not found in other types of singing. Blues musicians developed a technique of call and response between voice and instrument. The rhythms are "swung": that is, each beat is divided, not into the even eight notes of other styles, but into swung eights, a relaxed long-short pattern sometimes called a shuffle. Standard 12-bar form: I, IV, I, I, IV, IV, I, I, V, V, I, I. Blues notes: typically occur around the third, seventh, and sometimes fifth scale degrees. In its archetypical form, a blues stanza repeats the opening line of a text for the second phrase, then introduces a new, rhyming line in the third phrase that completes the idea.

Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsburg were writers considered to influence the music of ________, such as "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall."

Bob Dylan

The performer of this folk song is _____. [PAWN IN THE GAME]

Bob Dylan

The performer of this folk song is ________. (Only A Pawn In Their Game)

Bob Dylan

The singer of "Pawn in the Game" is___?

Bob Dylan

________ brought his nuanced approach to protest song to popular music with successful hits, such as "Like a Rolling Stone" and "The Times They are A-Changin'."

Bob Dylan

________ is generally regarded as the foremost singer-songwriter of the 1970s, with albums such as Blood on the Tracks (1973) and Desire (1976).

Bob Dylan

Corrine, Corrina

Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys 1940(recorded) Western Swing

15. Who was the leading performer of Western Swing?

Bob Wills, the central figure in western swing, started out in 1931 with a traditional string-band instrumentation and eventually expanded his band, the Texas Playboys, into a larger and louder musical organization. Taking a cue from the jazz-oriented swing bands that toured the Southwest, Wills added horns—sax, trumpet, and trombone—and a rhythm section of piano, bass, and drums.

________ were radio stations with powerful signals located just south of the Texas-Mexico border, making them exempt from U.S. broadcasting regulations.

Border Blasters

5. What was Sousa's training and experience in music, and what sorts of performing did do before becoming a conductor?

Born 1854 in Washington, D.C., the son of a U.S. Marine Band member, Sousa began playing violin as a boy. He studied in a local conservatory of music and at age fourteen entered the Marine Band's apprenticeship program. Discharged from the Marine Corps in 1875, he settled in Philadelphia, played in theater orchestras, developed his conduction skills, and returned to Washington in 1880 at the age of 25, as leader of the Marine Band.

9. Who was Al Jolson, and what did he contribute to musical theater in the US?

Born Asa Yoelson in Lithuania in 1886, Al Jolson at age eight emigrated with his family to the US, where his father had obtained a position as cantor at a Washington, D.C., synagogue. As a teenager, he ran away to New York to enter show business, and in the early years of the century he worked his way up as a singer and comedian through burlesque and vaudeville to the legitimate stage. He became an immensely popular performer on Broadway, recording, radio, and film. He portrayed the title character in The Jazz Singer, the first major sound film. Often performed in blackface. "My Mammy" and "Swanee" were popular interpolated songs he performed. Leading star of Broadway in 1920s.

16. Who was Louis Moreau Gottschalk, where was born and raised, and what effect might that have had on his music?

Born and raised in New Orleans—a mecca for musicians seeking employment, and a touring destination for most groups of the time. New Orleans with its mingling of French, Spanish, free and enslaved black citizens all allowed for a diverse musical landscape.

11. Who was Scott Joplin, and what sort of music did he create?

Born in 1867. Traveled in early years as minstrel troupe member. "King of Ragtime." Settled in NYC in 1907, where he worked as a composer, arranger, and teacher until his death in 1917. Composed the opera Treemonisha, wrote libretto himself.

19. Who was James Reese Europe, what sort of music did his groups perform, and what were the "Harlem Hellfighters"?

Born in 1881 in Mobile, Alabama, and raised in Washington, D.C., James Reese Europe played piano and violin but hoped most of all to be a conductor. Around 1903 he moved to New York and was soon conducting shows there. In 1910 he created the Clef Club, a booking agency for African American musicians. When the US entered World War I in 1917, Europe was asked to organize a band for the 15th New York Infantry Regiment, an all-black military unit nicknamed the "Harlem Hellfighters."

10. Who was "Jelly Roll" Morton, and how was he important to the early history of jazz? What was the "Spanish Tinge", and where might this be found in his music?

Born in 1890 in New Orleans of Creole parents, Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe, received formal music lessons as a child and began playing piano at 10. Performed in Storyville(redlight district) while young. His band the Red Hot Peppers recorded for Victor in 1926. "Black Bottom Stomp" by Morton and the Red Hot Peppers is a reference to a popular dance of African American origin, The Black Bottom, whose music made use of what Morton called the "Spanish Tinge": a hint of Latin American or Caribbean rhythm, which he considered an essential element of jazz.

16. Who was William Grant Still? What was his background and training, and what sort of composer was he?

Born in 1895 in Mississippi, Still grew up in Little Rock, Arkansas. He attended Wilberforce College and the Oberlin Conservatory in Ohio. Later formal study included lessons with George Chadwick and Edgard Varese. Despite his training, Still earned his living in popular music, and dance orchestra performer. In 1916 he worked as an arranger for W.C. Handy's music-publishing company, producing the first band version of St. Louis blues. Still also continued to compose classical works, including ballets, operas, symphonies, chamber music, and vocal pieces. The premiere of his Afro-American Symphony in 1931 marked the first time in history that a major orchestra performed a symphonic work by an African American composer.

14. Who was Bix Beiderbecke, and how was he important to the early history of jazz? How did Beiderbecke learn jazz, and how might that have influenced his style?

Born in 1903 in Iowa, began piano lessons at the age of 5, he gave up and never learned to read music until much later in life. Taught himself to play by listening to Nick LaRocca and the ODJB and playing along. In 1927 he was hired by Paul Whiteman, making influential recordings with Whiteman between 1927-29. He died in 31. His talent, alcohol consumption, short life, and almost mystical devotion to music helped to create the myth that would make Beiderbecke a symbol of the Roaring Twenties. Bix Beiderbecke became a symbol of one who had taken the artist's path.

19. Who was Woody Guthrie, what was his background (both musical and non-musical), and how was his music used for political and social purposes?

Born in 1921 in Oklahoma, Guthrie was a talented, prolific writer who also sang and played guitar and managed to avoid formal schooling in any of these pursuits. From his teenage years, he lived a wandering life, including stints as a laborer, street singer, and hobo. Wrote more or adapted more than 1000 songs, reflecting his travels and emphasizing the Great Depression, The Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s, New Deal politics, and union organizing. Guthrie sang his politically inspired songs on picket lines, in marches, and at protest meetings.

10. Who was George Gershwin, and what was his early training in music like?

Born in Brooklyn in 1898 to Jewish parents who had emigrated from Russia. In 1910 his family bought a piano for his brother Ira to learn on, but George soon took over the instrument. He took piano lessons for a short while before, in 1914, leaving high school and going to work for a Tin Pan Alley publishing firm. Hired as a song plugger he spent endless hours at the piano.

11. Who was Charles Ives, and how does his career in music differ from that of the Second New England School composers?

Born in Connecticut. Although Ives studied composition and music with Horatio Parker at Yale, when he moved to New York after graduation he made his money in insurance. Composed prolifically in private. In 1922, his self-published Piano Sonata no. 2, Concord and a prose companion piece, essays before a Sonata appeared in print. Neither of these works drew much notice from critics, performers, or the public. Yet they were part of a large body of music unlike that of any other composer, living or dead, much of it radically forward-looking in style yet rooted in American musical traditions and history.

14. Who was Lowell Mason, where was he born and raised, and what was his training in music like?

Born in Massachusetts. Remembered not only as a significant reformer of sacred music but also the "father" of public school music. Attended singing school as a "youngster" and also learned to play a variety of instruments, including the organ. Moved to Georgia, where he worked as a bank clerk, led church choirs, and studied harmony and composition with a German-born musician. Compiled a tunebook which was published by Boston's Handel and Haydn Society called The Boston Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Church Music.

12. Who was Louis Armstrong, and how was he important to the early history of jazz? What was new or different about his performance style? What sort of singer was Armstrong, and what technique is associated with him?

Born in NOLA to poverty in 1901. Embarked on a career as solo entertainer in 1929: a jazz trumpeter who also sang, led a big band, hosted his own radio show, and appeared in films, all with supreme musicianship and a personality that seemed to welcome and embrace the audience. Armstrong also popularized scat singing—improvisation on vocables (often imitating instruments). Three things that set Armstrong apart are: the AF-Am practice of signifying—taking a preexisting melody, harmony, rhythm, or form and changing it in a way that amounts to a musical comment—, learning to be an effective entertainer through caberet, and working throughout his career to be more virtuosic on his instrument.

2. Who was Leo Ornstein, and what are some of the most important sounding traits of his music?

Born in Ukraine in 1893, emigrated in 1907 to US, where he studied music at the Institute of Musical Art, The New York conservatory that later become known as the Juilliard School. At 19, Ornstein produced a series of radically modernist works, mostly solo piano pieces that he performed himself. Characteristic features of his music include atonality, tone clusters, highly dissonant harmonies, and forms that tended to meander. Later was a teacher of John Coltrane.

The first known public concert in the American colonies took place in ________ in 1729.

Boston

7. What were some of the ways in which minstrel songs portrayed blacks?

Both Zip Coon and Jim Crow exemplify a few ways that minstrel songs characterized racial stereotypes. Additionally, the music would be sung in a pidgin dialect.

21. Who were William B. Bradbury and George F. Root?

Both students of Mason's that attempted to follow in his musical and entrepreneurial steps. Bradbury was as performer and compiler who sold over two million tunebooks. Root, did not perform well but was organists at churches occasionally.

This is an example of a ________.[Helene Schottische]

Concert band

Arturo Toscanini, Serge Koussevitzky, and Leopold Stokowsi were famous ________ of the 20th century.

Conductors

10. What sorts of activities, dancing, and musical instruments did Benjamin Latrobe observe in Congo Square? (and what and where was Congo Square?)

Congo Square is in present day New Orleans (Louis Armstrong Park). A historical spot where Africans could perform traditional music and dance. Benjamin Latrobe observed drums, stringed instruments (plucked not bowed). One of the drums drawn is simply a membrane on four legs like a table. Instruments similar to banjo and a drum that is sat upon by the player.

12. How did Singing cowboys, where were they frequently seen (nationally), and what sort of image did they project?

Continuing the tradition set by Jimmie Rodgers, singing cowboys appeared regularly in film, but also in recording as "western" music began to replace "hillbilly" music.

9. What were the typical military musical instruments used in Colonial times (and why were those instruments favored)?

Drums, fifes,

This piece, composed by _________, featured several innovations by the band's performers, such as the distinctive "plunger-and-growl" technique on the trumpet.

Duke Ellington

________ was a prolific composer, pianist, and bandleader, composing more than 1,100 pieces, sometimes in collaboration with others, such as Billy Strayhorn with "Take the A Train."

Duke Ellington

his piece, composed by _________, featured several innovations by the band's performers, such as the distinctive "plunger-and-growl" technique on the trumpet.

Duke Ellington

17. How was Mason important in the development of music education?

In 1830 Mason formed the earliest known singing school for children, which he taught free of charge. And after a year of teaching gratis, he began to collect fees and to devote more of his energies to secular teaching, especially of children. In 1833, in collaboration with George James Webb, Mason helped to found the Boston Academy of Music, which taught both sacred and secular singing. Mason approached the Boston school board and eventually, through volunteering free for a year, showed them the importance of vocal music in schools. In 1838 the Boson school board declared vocal music a regular school subject and hired Mason and his associates as teachers.

2. What was The Black Crook, and how and why is it important in the history of musical theater?

In 1866, a French ballet company found itself stranded in New York City. Meanwhile, a theater manager in the same city was discovering that the new play he had committed himself to—a pastiche of the faust legend and Weber's opera Der Freishutz—was destine for failure. The groups came together and put on The Black Crook. A motley mixture of melodrama, comedy, music, dance, and spectacle, it became one of the 19th century's landmark stage successes. While it was not the first musical comedy, it was an important building block in the American musical comedy (or musical) genre.

8. Who was Jenny Lind and who promoted her as a performer in the US? How was she representative of the craze for opera stars?

Jenny Lind was a Swedish opera singer that was hired by P.T. Barnum for a U.S. tour. Barnum stressed her Christian character and the prestige of opera singing. Barnum would auction the first tickets in each city for her performances, thus deciding the price of admission. She was highly branded and had her name used for promoting products (similar to KISS, Elvis...etc).

________ was a rock hero of the 1960s, noted primarily for his virtuosic electric guitar skills on songs, such as "Purple Haze," "Fire," and "The Wind Cries Mary."

Jimi Hendrix

________ is well-known for creating a unique style of 12-bar blues that included yodeling.

Jimmie Rodgers

Blue Yodel no. 8 (Muleskinner's Blues)

Jimmie Rodgers 1930 Country Music

18. Know the music example "Blue Yodel No. 8" (LG 11.3). What are its primary sounding traits? How does this song include and use different ethnic traits?

Jimmie Rodgers 1930 Genre: Country Music Meter: Duple Form: Strophic Blues What to listen for: Combination of blues choruses and yodeling Simplified version of Carter-style guitar playing Ragtime-influenced harmonies in instrumental introduction and interlude.

The first two prominent acts of the country music market were ________ and _________.

Jimmie Rodgers, the Carter Family.

________ was a German philosopher who defined the nature of das Volk (i.e., the Folk) in the late 18th century.

Johann Gottfried von Herder

_____was a German philosopher who defined the nature of "das Volk" (i.e., the Folk) in the late 18th century.

Johann Gottfried von Herder

________ was a German philosopher who defined the nature of das Volk (i.e., the Folk) in the late 18th century.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

4'33" is the most famous work of ________, an aleatoric composition that is determined by chance methods, i.e., nonintentional sound during a performance.

John Cage

This piece for "prepared piano" was composed by ________. (Sonata no. 2 - John Cage)

John Cage

________ was an innovative composer who completed the first tape composition, Imaginary Landscape no.5 (1952); devised the prepared piano; and established "chance music" as a new type of performance medium.

John Cage

Sonata no. 2

John Cage 1946 Modernist piano piece

5. Know the music example "The Liberty Song" (LG 2.1). What are its primary sounding traits? How does its musical form reflect its textual contents?

John Dickinson's "Libert Song" printed in the Boston Gazette in 1768, was a takeoff on "Heart of oak," written in 1759 to commemorate an English naval victory over France. "Heart of Oak" is still the official march of the British Royal Navy and the Canadian Navy. Loyalist rendition ridicules the parody with "anti-patriotic venom." -Verse—Chorus form.

________ was a prolific composer and conductor of band music, the march in particular.

John Philip Sousa

Tin Pan Alley was the nickname given to the publishing district that took shape in ________ around 1890.

New York City

________ was the center of blackface entertainment in the 1800s.

New York City

Based in ________, the Internatioanl Composers' Guild, League of Composers, and Pan American Association of Composers were all important organizations for the promotion of modern composition in the United States before 1930.

New York City, NY

________ is considered the epicenter of hip-hop music's emergence.

New York City, NY

The ________ is the United States' oldest professional orchestra, giving its first concert in December 1842 with a performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony.

New York Philharmonic Society

he ________ is the United States' oldest professional orchestra, giving its first concert in December 1842 with a performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony.

New York Philharmonic Society

1. What, by definition was minstrelsy? Roughly when and where did this form of entertainment arise, and who were its chief practitioners and audiences?

Originated with white performers pretending onstage to be black. There elements—the black mask, the chance for social commentary, and the creation of a zone of unbridled pleasure—combined to give blackface minstrelsy its appeal.

A _______ was a popular theatrical genre whose songs consisted of borrowings from other stage works.

Pasticcio

4. What were patting juba, field hollers, and work songs, and how might they be representative of African music practices?

Patting Juba: Placing one foot "a little in advance of the other, raising the ball of the foot from the ground, and striking it in regular time, while in connection, the hands are struck slightly together, and then upon the thighs." A transformation of African drumming practices which uses the human body as the percussion instrument.

"If I had a Hammer" composed by ______ became an anthem of the civil rights movement.

Pete Seeger and Lee Hays

________ created by Steve Reich, is a composition where two or more identical parts are played in slightly different tempos.

Phase music

________ was a studio guitarist turned record producer, known for his distinctive "Wall of Sound" studio technique with groups, such as the Ronettes.

Phil Spector

11. What was (and is) The Sacred Harp? What are its contents, and how might they relate to New England psalmody?

Shape-note tradition reveals the power of revivalism, not only because it encouraged the kind of worshipful singing that qualifies as praise but also because it indicates a leveling of class consciousness. Revivalism opened the medium of print to any American who had a message to deliver. A tunebook closely associated with the deep south that is still in print and widely circulated to this day. Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King. Emphasizes old favorites over new pieces. OLD HUNDRED, SHERBURNE, NEW BRITAIN, and PLANERY, WONDROUS LOVE

4. Who was Henry Cowell, what were some of the most important influences on him, and how did he approach the composition of music?

Shared the enthusiasm of Varese for musical experimentation that was scientific in its rigor yet thoroughly romantic in its visionary idealism. Born in California in 1897. Spent much of his early life in poverty and had little formal schooling. At an early age, Cowell later explained, he had decided to use "a different kind of musical material for each different idea that I have." The result was that "even from the very start, I was sometimes extremely mondernistic and sometimes quite old-fashioned, and very often in-between."

15. What are the contents of the Bay Psalm Book, and what is new or noteworthy about those contents? How would they have been used by Puritans, i.e., describe how one sang from the BPB?

The Bay Psalm Book was created by a group of clergymen from the Massachusetts Bay Colony to better reflect(mirror) the scriptural origins. Published in 1640. Psalms in four-line stanzas so they can be sung strophically—with all stanzas of text sung to the same music.

________ frequently used themes related to "girls, cars, and surfboards" in the southern California setting in their songs, such as "Fun, Fun, Fun," "California Girls," and "Good Vibrations."

The Beach Boys

12. What was the first such group in the US? (Oratorio Society)

The Boston Handel and Haydn Society had been formed to improve sacred music performance and promote the sacred works of eminent European masters.

________ was a New York office building where teams of songwriters, such as Carol King and Gerry Goffin, churned out popular songs for record producers and singing stars of the 1950s and 1960s.

The Brill Building

12. What was the Ring Shout, and how did it differ from simple dance?

The term was applied primarily to the dance, and only secondarily to the music for the dance. Name is possibly derived from the Arabic word saut, denoting the counterclockwise procession around the ka'aba in Mecca, pointing to Islam's influence in West Africa and, by extension, on the American slaves who came from there. A songster starts the tune, and the other singers, or basers, answer in call-and-response format and provide rhythmic hand clapping. A sticker, who beats a broom handle or other suitable stick on the wooden floor; the stickers long-long-short pattern is identical to the Cuban dance rhythm called the habanera. The shouters shuffle slowly in counterclockwise ring, using arm gestures to pantomime the words of the songster and basers.

13. Who were The Carter Family, from where did they originate, and what sort of music did they make? What is their reputation?

The three members of the Carter Family: A. P. Carter; his wife, Sara Dougherty Carter; and Sara's cousin Maybelle Addington Carter. Sara Carter had a strong, deep alto voice and generally took the vocal leads while providing a light background accompaniment on guitar or autoharp. Maybelle Carter sang backing vocal harmonies and stood out as the trio's most gifted instrumentalist. A. P. Carter supported the harmonies with his bass voice. He also collected repertoire for the band. (from Virginia)

18. How did social dancing change in the early 1900s? Who were Vernon and Irene Castle, and how did they contribute to the new styles of social dancing?

The white husband-and wife- professional dance team. In 1911 they made a sensation in Paris by introducing the new ragtime dances. Two years later they were back in New York City, demonstrating a new style of dancing they had begun to develop by combining African American dance steps with European and Latin American dances such as the tango. They popularized these dances first as exhibition dancers at society balls, then from 1914 at the Castle House, their exclusive Manhattan dance school, and in numerous magazine articles and photo spreads. Their 1914 book Modern Dancing helped refine ragtime dance by replacing the vigorous movements of the "animal" dances with smoother, more graceful motions that were more palatable to cultivated tastes.

16. What were "ethnic novelty songs", and how do they reflect the growing immigrant population of New York City?

The years 1912-17 have been described as both the end of Victorian calm and the beginning of a cultural revolution. And Berlin's early work embodies both. Mixing old-fashioned waltz songs and ballads with such novelties as "My Wife's Gone to the Country" and "If you Don't Want My Peaches." Ethnicity was a key subject in those years, for immigrants poured into New York's melting pot until 1914, when war broke out in Europe. Instead of just black racial stereotypes and characters, Berlin's early work includes songs with Italian, German, Irish, and Jewish personae, each singing in a stereotypical stage dialect, and even a few "rube" songs involving gullible country folk.

1. Who was Theodore Thomas, and what sorts of things did he do to promote serious/classical/art music?

Theodore Thomas was the premier American conductor of the 19th century, whose family immigrated from Germany in 1845.Thomas took it as his mission to help raise musical standards so that the symphony orchestra's place in the United States would be secured. "Throughout my life," he wrote in 1874, "my aim has been to make good music popular." His orchestra also made a specialty of outdoor concerts, mixing symphonic movements with overtures, dances, and lighter selections in settings where customers could smoke, drink, and socialize. Such concessions to public taste, Thomas believed, chipped away at barriers between audience and orchestra. At the same time, a full performance schedule enabled the Thomas Orchestra to improve until it outstripped all other American ensembles.

________ is the traditional African American practice of telling humorous stories often boasting about the narrator's exploits.

Toasting

The New England Psalm-Singer (1770) was the first American tunebook devoted wholly to works by one composer, ________.

William Billings

20. Know the music example "The Battle Cry of Freedom" (LG 2.1). What are its primary sounding traits? What traits give this some a militaristic feel?

Written by George F. Root as a recruiting song for the union army. March rhythm with dotted notes. Alternation of unison singing in verses and block chord harmonies in chorus.

_______ is a jazz term used to describe a pianist or guitarist who plays chords as accompaniment for a soloist.

comp

Alexander Reinagle was a(n) ________. He is considered to have initiated the sheet music trade in the United States in 1787.

composer and performer

This is an example of ________. (Deep River)

concert spiritual

This is an example of a(n) ________, as composed by Lowell Mason. (Olivet LG 3.3)

congregational hymn

A commitment to ________ is associated with the "traditional" sphere of American music making in the early 19th century.

continuity

Dubbed later by academics, a "________" describes a new melody fitted to an earlier song's chord progression, a common feature of Bebop performance.

contrafact

The "Front Line" of a New Orleans jazz ensemble by the 1920s included ________, ________, and ________.

cornet, clarinet, trombone

By the time of the Civil War ________ and ________ formed the core of the typical brass band.

cornets, saxhorns

Most of the performers on hillbilly records made their living as farmers, laborers, or _________.

cotton mill workers

Testifying at a congressional hearing in 1906, Sousa suggested the phonograph ________.

could "ruin the artistic development of music" in the United States

Specifically, the technique of composing polyphonic music.

counterpoint

A ________ is a new recording of a previously recorded popular song.

cover

"Home on the Range" is a well-known example of a ________.

cowboy song

A sacred song in a popular style and format.

gospel hymn

Art Blakey, Max Roach, and Clifford Brown are jazz musicians primarily associated with the ________ movement in jazz.

hard bop

choir organ recording

psalm tune

________ in the Calvinist tradition is "simple and spare" with no part singing or instrumental accompaniment.

psalmody

________ were the sheet music trade's "chief architects."

publishers

The four pillars of hip-hop culture include ________, ________, ________, and ________.

rap, DJing, b-boying, graffiti

A ________ is a classic American popular song that remains in the repertories of singers and instrumentalists

standard

Miles Davis was a modern jazz musician, whose primary instrument was ________.

trumpet

The "________ style" of piano performance associated with Earl "Fatha" Hines in Louis Armstrong's West End Blues (1929) was characterized by melodic lines played in octaves and octave tremolos.

trumpet

A ________ refers to the use of a dominant chord ending the last bar of a blues progression.

turnaround

A ________ is a short phrase that can be repeated an indefinite number of times until a singer begins a verse.

vamp

Variety stage entertainment of the late 1800s and early 1900s presenting a succession of short acts.

vaudeville

The makeup of the original minstrel band was most typically ________.

violin, banjo, tambourine, bones

According to Allmusic.com, there are roughly _____ different types of music made in the United States.

440

According to Allmusic.com, there are roughly ________ different types of music made in the United States.

440

The standard format for recorded music by the 1920s was the ________.

78-rpm single

This piece is a Moravian anthem reflective of such compositions in the ________.

: early 17th century

The Ramones, Patti Smith, and the Sex Pistols are all bands associated with ________ rock.

punk

Rock and roll's popularity was grounded in ________.

recording

In 1940, Leopold Stokowski appeared in the Disney movie ________, which featured "classical" music, such as Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, and Dukas' tone poem, The Sorcerer's Apprentice.

Fantasia

The historical record regarding music of Native Americans is distorted by the incompleteness of the surviving data, the difference between music in its natural habitat and outside it, and _______.

the contrast between native and non-native perceptions of Indian ways

2. What is a ballad, and what is the typical form of such a piece?

Narrative song in strophic form, with many stanzas of text sung to the same music.

In the shape-note singing tradition, the hymn, "Amazing Grace" is known as ________.

New Britain

________ is generally agreed to be the premiere city for the early development of jazz.

New Orleans

This is an example of ________.[Dippermouth Blues]

New Orleans jazz

George Rochberg, George Crumb, and Ellen Taaffee Zwilich are composers associated with ________ in the classical sphere of music.

New Romanticism

This piece by George Crumb is considered part of the __________ movement of the latter 20th century.

New Romanticism

________ bands, such as Blondie, the B-52s, and the Talk Heads, replaced the angry rebellion of punk rock with a more radio-friendly sound.

New Wave

The ________ jazz scene was dominated by large dance orchestras.

New York

Philadelphia

New York City

________ is a hybrid of classical music, blues, and jazz that is today the most performed piece of American concert music.

Rhapsody in Blue

________ was a label applied to "race" music marketed to African Americans after World War II.

Rhythm & Blues

Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II were lyricists of Broadway musical who collaborated with ________ on many successful productions.

Richard Rodgers

"Walking Blues" by ________ is reflective of the wanderlust lifestyle attributed to many blues artists of the early 20th century.

Robert Johnson

Walking Blues

Robert Johnson 1937 Country blues

6. Know the music example "Walking Blues" (LG 14.1). What are its primary sounding traits, and how does this recording compare to a "classic blues" (cf. LG 11.1)?

Robert Johnson 1937 Genre: Country Blues Meter: Duple Form: Strophic 12-bar blues What to listen for: Unusual distribution of lyrics over the three phrases of each chorus Variety of vocal timbres and effects Slide guitar

The ________ was the postwar embrace of traditional music by people outside the communities in which it originated.

urban folk revival

This setting of "Amazing Grace" is characterized by its ________.

use of microtonality and different tuning systems

This setting of "Amazing Grace" is characterized by its ________. (String Quartet No. 4 - Johnston)

use of microtonality and different tuning systems

1. A couple dance in triple meter. 2. A favorite form of instrumental dance music in the 1800s and 1900s. 3. A favored gait for popular songs in the early days of Tin Pan Alley (from the 1880s through the 1910s).

waltz

________ is an example of a waltz in a popular song form; it became the most successful song of the late 19th century, earning sheet music sales of over 75,000 copies.

"After the Ball"

10. What sorts of African-American performers were active in the post-Civil War era? Be able to name 2-3 such performers.

"Blind Tom" Bethune-who from childhood was exhibited as a curiosity by his owner-guardian: an uneducated slave, sightless from birth, with a large repertory of classical and popular pieces, all learned by ear, to which he added his own compositions and improvisations. Matilda Sisseretta Jones-an operatic soprano, trained at the New England Conservatory, who performed at the White House for President Benjamin Harrison. She was nicknamed "Black Patti," after the Italian diva Adelina Patti. Not allowed to perform with any U.S. opera company because of the color of her skin, she toured with an all black group called Black Patti's Troubadours. W. A. Mahara's Colored Minstrels- Bandmaster W.C. Handy would announce their arrival in a town by having a parade featuring a 30-piece band march through. Will Marion Cook-Born 1969 in Washington, D.C. Graduated from the Oberlin Conservatory, studied violin in Berlin, and undertook advanced study at the National Conservatory during Dvorak's time there. Composed the opera for Uncle Tom's Cabin. Composed In Dahomey (1903) the first black-produced show to run at a regular Broadway theater.

________ was the signature song of the Confederacy during the Civil War.

"Dixie"

13. How did the Sheet Music Business work in the years just before the Civil War? How was "product" created and sold, and who earned money in this business (and how much)?

"Not one piece in ten pays the cost of getting up; only one in fifty proves a success." Successful composers or singers could sell copies of ones' works. Additionally, if the song was connected to a particularly successful theatrical (minstrel, opera..etc) work it would sell well.

22. What are some of the more important songs from this show, and how do they include elements of various genres and racial types?

"Old Man River"- Traditional Negro Spiritual (black people) "Make Believe"-pure operetta style. (white people) "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man"-Spiced with blue notes, the song becomes a marker of racial identity. (she is discovered to have African American parentage and was passing for white) (mixed race) All three are similar in form, drawing on the popular song format established by Tin Pan Alley.

6. What were some of the factors that made opera popular in 19th-century US?

"Opera relies on the drama inherent in the notion of larger-than-life characters, with strong sometimes beautiful voices, pouring out their emotions—love, rage, grief, exultation—on a grand scale. Singers earned adulation and moved audiences by making public spectacles of themselves." Interactive environment in which performances took place.

Released in 1979, ________ was the first commercially successful hip-hop record.

"Rapper's Delight"

16. What is a Gospel Hymn, and how does it differ from earlier sacred music?

"Sacred songs in popular musical dress. A way to give their audiences easy access to Christianity's spiritual truths. Typically was very simple (relative to earlier sacred music) and embraced advances made by popular music. Used Verse-and-chorus format.

5. What is Musical Comedy, what are some of its defining traits, and where does it fit in the hierarchy of theatrical genres in the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries?

"direct-from-London entertainment" Two things distinguished this new genre from the operetta. First, its settings and characters were contemporary. Instead of romantic nobility in faraway kingdoms, musical comedies featured well-to-do but not necessarily aristocratic young people whose romantic entanglements occurred in familiar settings, or at least what middle-class audiences would like to think of as familiar. Second, in place of the sweeping lyricism of operetta was a more conversational style of vocal writing, closer to the popular songs coming from Tin Pan Alley.

3. Who was Serge Koussevitzky, and how did he contribute to US music in the mid-20th ?

(1874-1951) began conducting in his early 30s. Left Russia after WWI and settled in Paris, forming an orchestra that included new scores by French and Russian composers, including Prokofiev and Stravinsky. In 1924 he was named conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Copland said of Koussevitzky "his passion for encouraging whatever he felt to be new and vital in contemporary music."

6. Know the music example "O que suave!" (LG 1.1). What are its primary sounding traits, especially as compared to European Catholic music?

(answer for above question included) This anonymous hymn—a sacred song with a nonbiblical text—would have been sung during the elaborate outdoor processions that formed part of the celebration of Corpus Christi. Unlike those sung inside, some of these hymns were not in Latin but in Catalan Spanish, the everyday language of the settlements. "O que suave!" is homophonic, tripel and duple meters, slow harmonic rhythm, and binary form. Influenced by the galant style of the 18th century.

5. What is meant by the "Classic Blues? Who performed this sort of blues (in general), and what sort of ensemble did they use?

(connected to Race records) The record companies found most of their artists working for TOBA, thus this style of blues performance is sometimes referred to as vaudeville blues. Alternatively, as the first flowering of blues on records, it is often called classic blues. Typically a female vocalist with instrumental backing, ranging from one piano player to a "combo" of five or six "pieces." Key figures include Mamie Smith, Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, Alberta Hunter, and many more.

2. What are the specific sounding traits of the "country blues", and how do they differ from "classic blues" (studied previously)?

-AkA "Rural," "down-home" "folk" blues Origins in Mississippi Delta & elsewhere) -Precursors in AF-AM folk music, work songs, field hollers, etc. (late 19th Century, post-civil war) -Oral tradition, primarily solo performers -less rigid forms -variety of singing and accompaniment styles "unknown" before recordings (c. mid-1920s)

13. Know the music example "Old Hundred" (LG 1.2). What are its primary sounding traits? What is the relationship of the text to the melody?

-From Ainsworth's Psalter. -Four phrases of equal length -Mostly stepwise with one or two leaps in a measure. -Traditionally sung monophonic but could have contained homophonic harmonization if sung for recreation outside of church.

27. Know the music example "Chester" (LG 1.4). What are its primary sounding traits? What is the relationship of its individual parts, and which carries the melody?

-Long-meter (8-8-8-8) -Hymn enlist God on New England's side in its quarrel with the mother country. -Melody is in the tenor part, whose dactylic rhythm (long-short-short) being all four of its phrases. All four parts have melodic movement except the counter voice (alto) merely harmonizes.

10. What were some of the most important uses of military music? (know at least four)

-Morale building -camp duties(signaling) -public ceremonies -recreation.

8. What were some of the basic issues that created the split between Protestants and Catholics in Europe?

-The Protestant Reformation of the early sixteenth century -Protestants challenged two key catholic beliefs: (1) prescribed rituals foster true piety, and (2) God is best praised through sacred expression that pleases the senses.

5. What were some of the factors that made it difficult to understand the nature of American Indian music in the 18th and 19th centuries?

-The record of American Indian music captures only a narrow slice of old and possibly highly varied traditions. -An oral tradition of music is very different from music as it is preserved in transcriptions and recordings. -Until the late 1800s almost all of outsiders' knowledge about Indian music was filtered through the observations of people for whom it was a foreign mode of expression.

Any reliable description of North American Indian music is limited to only about ________ percent of the distinct tribal units in Native American history.

10

Any reliable description of North American Indian music is limited to only about ________ percent of the distinct tribal units in Native American history.

10%

1900

1890

1901

1892

9. Who was Alice C. Fletcher, and how did she contribute to the study of American Indians and their cultures?

1893 report on the music of Omahas was the first of her many scholarly contributions. Emphasizing the subject's scientific interest, Fletcher and others gathered accurate data about the music. By the early 20th century reports and monographs on American tribal music were appearing regularly. Alice Fletcher notated her research.

The Federal Project Number One, which included the Federal Music Project, was enacted in ________, employing sixteen thousand musicians and funding twenty-eight symphony orchestras, as well as dance bands and folk-music groups.

1935

________ was a Lithuanian-born entertainer, who frequently starred in Broadway musicals, as well as on sound recordings, radio, and film, such as The Jazz Singer (1927) - the first major sound film.

A Jolson

8. Know the music example "Money Musk" (LG 2.2). What are its primary sounding traits? How does the musical form support dancing, and how do the performers provide variety within that framework?

A Scottish tune that doesn't fit the pattern (binary form, repeated strains of 8 bars) is Money Musk. , whose odd structure -three strains of only four bars each—has kept it tied to the original country dance of the same name. The repetition allows for predictability. Upbeat, key change provides new energy.

2. What does the term Second New England School mean, and to whom does it refer?

A group of American composers in the late 1800s, the first since Yankee psalmodist or the Moravians. John Paine, George Chadwick, Arthur Foote, Horatio Parker, and Amy Cheney Beach, all native New Englanders.

7. Know the music example "Am I a Soldier of the Cross?" (LG 4.2). What are its primary sounding traits? How does this piece reflect traits of African music-making?

A hymn by Isaac Watts from Allen's hymnal, conveys a sense of communal religious fervor. Traditional African American Lined hymn. Undefined meter Strophic form.

2. Who was Patrick S. Gilmore, and why and how was he important to the history of band music in the US?

A key figure in steering the wind band's course after 1865, a bandmaster who proved that the band could cut loose from military affiliation and succeed as an independent ensemble in the public arena. His band was part of the Massachusetts regiment.

21. What was Show Boat, who created it, and what is that show's historical significance.?

A landmark musical, perhaps the first to generate multiple hits and sustain a long life on the stage. Oscar Hammerstein II authored the book and lyrics, Jerome Kerne composed. Uses conventions of both operetta and musical comedy.

14. What were "Coon Songs" and how did they relate to Ragtime? What were "coon shouters"?

A new kind of black character emerged in popular song during the 1880s: the "coon," a shiftless black male who could also be dangerous. The lyrics of so-called coon songs-to use the label then applied to songs with lyrics in stage negro dialect-feature references to watermelon, chicken (usually stolen), alcohol, gambling, and other demeaning stereotypes of African American life. One example is "May Irwin's Bully Song." Irwin was a white performer (in this instance would be considered a "coon shouter") introduced this song in the Broadway comedy, The Widow Jones (1895). This and other early Negro dialect songs consistently link cakewalk and other ragtime rhythms with demeaning portrayals of African Americans.

18. What was Tin Pan Alley, both as a physical place and as a musical genre?

A nickname given the publishing district that took shape in New York around 1890.

3. What is Vaudeville, what are some of its defining traits, and where does it fit in the hierarchy of theatrical genres in the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries?

A notch above Burlesque on the hierarchy. A variety style of entertainment presenting a succession of short acts, musical and nonmusical.

10. Who was Frances Densmore and what did she do for the study of American Indian music?

A pioneering ethnomusicologist who began recording American Indian music in 1907 and by the time of her death had collected more than two thousand tribal songs.

12. What are the specific structural and sounding traits of psalmody? How do these traits uphold Calvinist doctrine?

Allowed for the congregations to sing. The small number of tunes could be memorized and would not require all members to read music.

The composer of this work, ________, was the first American woman to compose large-scale works for the concert hall. [Gaelic Symphony]

Amy Beach

________ was an American pianist and self-taught composer of the late 19th/early 20th centuries, considered the lone woman of the "Second New England School" of composers.

Amy Beach

3. Who was W.C. Handy, what sort of musical career did he have, and what is his chief contribution to the history of the blues?

An Alabama born musician who came to be called "the father of the blues." Studied vocal music with a graduate of Fisk University, learned to play hymns on the organ, and received cornet lessons from a local bandleader. Directed the band for black minstrel troupe, taught music briefly at a black college in Huntsville, Alabama, and led dance orchestras in Mississippi and Tennessee. First published blues "Memphis Blues," and two years later his hit "St. Louis Blues." Owned sheet music company associated with Tin Pan Alley. While Handy did not create the blues, he played an important role in bringing an obscure folk music into the commercial mainstream, reaping considerable financial reward in the process.

________ was a leader of the psalmody reform movement during its "golden age" in the late 18th century.

Andrew Law

Music for country dances in the 1700s came from overseas, especially from ________ traditions.

Anglo-Celtic

The 1952 Folkways release of ________ was a compilation of music from race and hillybilly 78 rpm records collected by Harry Smith.

Anthology of American Folk Music

8. Who was Ralph Peer, what sort of job did he have, and for whom did he work?

Artists and repertoire man (A&R) for Okeh label. Hired to comb the rural South as a talent scout. Travelled with portable recording equipment, set up in towns, advertised through newspaper, and allowed talent to find him. Discovered Fiddlin' John Carson. Pioneered the new type of records: Hillbilly records.

13. How was the general mood and attitide of this religious movement different from earlier revivals?

Did not aim to edify but simply to connect with God in an attitude of praise.

________ is the creator of "twelve-tone music," a basic form of serialism that influenced many composers of the postwar era.

Arnold Schoenberg

________ is a style of dancing to hip-hop music that is known as "break dancing" by the general public.

B-boying

19. How did Mason contribute to the development of Protestant hymnody? What did Mason publish, and what are its contents like?

As Protestants searched for new hymns, their first step was to shift the emphasis from an intimidating God to the joy of Christian salvation, substituting welcome for dread. Spiritual Songs for Social Worship, compiled by Thomas Hastings and Lowell Mason was the first American tunebook to take the form of a modern hymnal, with music for every hymn and the multi-stanza texts printed in full with the music.

14. What was a parlor, and why was it a center for domestic music making? How and why was the piano an important part of this culture?

As business moved out of the house and into office buildings early in the 19th century, however, the bourgeois home became more a center for family and cultural activity. Sheet music with/for piano was the second highest selling, whereas vocal music was still preferred.

15. What sorts of operatic works were performed in the colonies before 1800? (know three types)

Ballad Opera Pasticcio Comic opera

6. What were the primary musical instruments used in minstrelsy?

Banjo, Violin(fiddle) Tambourine, Bones

The ________ was the first full-length book printed in the English-speaking colonies of North America.

Bay Psalm Book

The British Invasion was spearheaded by the British rock group the ________.

Beatles

_______ is a modern jazz style exemplified by performers, such as Charlie "Bird" Parker and Dizzy Gillespie.

Bebop

28. How and why might some of Billings's works have a political content?

Because of the revolutionary spirit swelling in New England against the homeland Billing's work reflects this.

4. What is a "fuging tune", and how does it compare to a genuine "Bach fugue"?

Beginning with block chords, the texture explodes at its midpoint into a "fuge": a section where each voice part enters at a different time, so that the text overlaps. Does not follow the rules of European fuges and thus takes on the Americanized idiosyncratic spelling to make the distinction clear.

6. What was a Sousa concert like? What sorts of music did it include?

Begins with classical works (overture). would play impromptu encores after most numbers. Next number typically featured an instrumental soloist. Next came another ensemble piece, such as a suite by Sousa. A vocal selection usually followed, sung by the band's soprano soloist, and a rousing instrumental number completed the first half. The second half continued similarly.

13. In the 18th century, what is the difference between a benefit concert and a subscription concert?

Benefit concerts could be organized quickly. Intended to provide financial support for the performers. Subscription concerts took more time to organize and followed the same procedure as subscription publications. "Tested the water" in that they could announce the concert and see if it would be worth putting it on.

________ was a postwar film composer, known best for his association with Alfred Hitchcock on films, such as Psycho (1960).

Bernard Herrmann

________ is known as the "Empress of the Blues," performing in the classic blues style that typically included a female vocalist, with backing piano and a "combo" of five or six instruments.

Bessie Smith

7. Why and how were cities like New Orleans and San Francisco important centers of opera in the US?

Between 1827-33 almost the only non-English operas in New York, Philadelphia.. etc were presented by the Theatre d'Orleans from New Orleans, under John Davis's management. New Orleans being home to many French and Spanish citizens—often called creoles in those years—whose cultural ties to the united states were tenuous and who desired to remain culturally distinct from the Americans they scorned. In New Orleans, presenting French operas was a way of cultivating French cultural identity San Francisco's first theater was built in 1850. Thomas Maquire, a New York native who moved to San Francisco, made his fortune by opening and renting theaters. In 1856 the elegant new Maquire's Opera House opened with an Italian troupe taking residence there. The low price of tickets afforded a wider public to appreciate the form.

Its Mighty Dark to Travel

Bill Monroe and his Bluegrass Boys 1947 Bluesgrass

1. How and why did singing schools and tunebooks expand after William Billings? Who were some of these later composers, and what sorts of careers did they have?

Billings helped set the precedent of strictly notated Psalmody. Daniel Read, Lewis Edson, Justin Morgan, Timothy Swan, and others. These composers (psalmodists) typically had more standard trades (i.e. comb maker, storekeeper, Edson a blacksmith; Morgan a farmer, schoolmaster, and horse breeder; Swan a hatter). Taught singing schools and composed.

24. Who was William Billings, what sort of music training did he have, and what sorts of work did he do?

Billings was a tanner by profession and self-taught musician (Singing school master) from Boston (b. 1746). In later life, Billings became a scavenger (street cleaner) and hog reeve.

7. What is (Black) Gospel Music, and how does it differ from other types of religious music in the US?

Black gospel music exemplifies the attitude of praise rather than edification. The music seeks to glorify the Almighty by offering the best—the most heartfelt, ecstatic, artful, and therefore worthy—in human expression.

________ was a 1970s film genre featuring funk music soundtracks, urban ghetto settings, stories focused on crime and punishment, and predominantly black casts.

Blaxploitation

3. Who were some of the most important country blues performers?

Blind Lemon Jefferson was one of the first musicians making recordings in this style. Most legendary of all was Robert Johnson.

20. Know the music example "Olivet" (LG 3.3). What are its primary sounding traits?

Block chord texture Melody in soprano Plagal "amen" cadence to finish 3-part harmonization sab instead of satb

________ was a style developed by Bill Monroe that blended elements of string band and jazz into a modern style of Appalachian folk music.

Bluegrass

Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsburg were writers considered to influence the music of _____, such as "A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall."

Bob Dylan

9. Who was Stephen Foster, where and when was he born, and what did he do for a living?

Born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Began putting on minstrel shows and writing minstrel songs at a young age (around 20).

In 1815, The Handel and Haydn Society of ________ established a tradition of oratorio performances in churches for a paying public that laid the groundwork for concert life new to the United States.

Boston

A "________" is a brief span of time during a musical performance when the accompaniment drops out, typically to feature a soloist.

Break

3. What was a broadside ballad, and how did it differ from an (ordinary) ballad?

Broadside ballads became popular in America around the early 1700s. Songs sung to traditional ballad melodies but with new verses commenting on current events, printed on sheets called broadsides.

This is an example of a ________.[The Liberty Song-John Dickinson]

Broadside.ballad

8. Who was George M. Cohan, and what did he contribute to musical theater in the US?

Broadway song-and-dance man. Came from vaudeville family, "The Four Cohans." By 1900 becomes writer, composer, producer, star in 50 shows. Over 300 songs. Founder of ASCAP.

1. What is Burlesque, what are some of its defining traits, and where does it fit in the hierarchy of theatrical genres in the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries?

Burlesque fits at the very bottom of the hierarchy of theatrical genres in the US. The display of the feminine figure took precedence over other artistic considerations. By the 1930s, degenerates into striptease. To burlesque something is to make fun.

21. Know the music example "After the Ball" (LG 7.3). What are its primary sounding traits? How is this song organized, and what is verse-chorus form?

By Charles K. Harris. Triple meter "waltz time." Semi-operatic vocal technique, truncation of song to fit on cylinder.

6. Who was Nathaniel D. Gould and why did he advocate for "ancient music"? What sorts of music were found in "reform tunebooks"?

By ancient music, Gould meant European tunes composed decades, even centuries, earlier, and new tunes whose simple style resembled that of the older favorites. Whereas American-composed psalmody was a recent creation, written by self-taught locals ignorant of proper harmony, ancient music was the work of Europeans and Old World training, embodying musical "science" that could withstand the test of time. OLD HUNDRED

1. What are the Country Blues, and from where and when did this genre originate?

By the mid-1920s a different kind of blues performer began showing up on race records: typically, a male singer accompanying himself on guitar, sometimes with a second performer on harmonica, mandolin, or guitar. Country blues, the style of blues associated with this type of performer, takes its name from the performers' rural origins, though in fact many had migrated to southern cities, and urban settings probably were important for the music's development. Delta blues is connected with the country blues tradition.

________ was a type of ragtime music consistently linked with demeaning portrayals of African Americans.

Cakewalk

9. Who were the Calvinists, and how did their beliefs compare to those of other Protestants? How were these beliefs reflected in musical practices

Calvinism connected with the leadership of John Calvin, who believed in "the priesthood of all believers." Calvinists grups in Switzerland, France, and the Netherlands wanted individuals and congregations to decide on liturgy for themselves. Calvinists scorned the notion that charming the senses in the name of religion could please God. -Rejected the idea that musical skill was worth cultivation in God's service. -Assigned music making to the congregation itself. -simple and spare sacred music. -No part singing, no instrumental accompaniment, and no text outside of psalms. -practiced psalmody.

11. What was Harmoniemusik?

Contrasted with "field music," which was used for most of the 4 uses of military music. Harmoniemusik required more specialized musicians and would normally be hired by officers and paid out of their pockets. Usually constructed with pairs of wind instruments (oboes, horns, bassoons, and occasionally flutes or clarinets).

A typical ensemble of singers performing at a powwow event are known as a ________.

Drum

________ was a Mexican-born guitar hero, who became famous during the 1960s for his association with psychedelic rock and memorable performance at Woodstock.

Carlos Santana

The "thumb-and-brush" guitar picking technique is sometimes referred to as the ________ style.

Carter

________ was a magazine established in 1942, which was devoted exclusively to the jukebox trade.

Cash Box

Folk Songs of the Southern Appalachians (1917), written by ________, was the first major collection of music from Appalachia.

Cecil Sharp and Olive Campbell

"What has sound got to do with music," "It is the way this music [communal singing] was sung that made them big or little," and "Don't pay too much attention to the sounds - for if you do, you may miss the music," are quotes attributed to ________.

Charles Ives

The Concord Sonata, 114 Songs, and Putnam's Camp, Redding, Connecticut, are all works by ________.

Charles Ives

12. Who was George Ives, and how did he influence and teach Charles Ives?

Charles's father, military band leader during the Civil War, bandmaster, performer, and teacher of music. Charles played snare drum in his father's band. Two bands marching together. Violin strings "stretched over a clothes press and let down with weights," intended to produce quarter-tone subdivisions of the scale. Playing Foster tunes in two different keys simultaneously.

Yardbird Suite

Charlie Parker 1946 Bebop

________ was an electrified version of Mississippi Delta blues performed by artists, such as Muddy Waters, Howlin' Wolf, and Etta James.

Chicago blues

"The English and Scottish Popular Ballads" (five volumes, 1883-98) is a collection of ballads known today as _____.

Child ballads

The Gypsy Laddie

Childs Ballad

________ was a pianist and jazz orchestra leader who developed a distinctive "bluesy" style with the help of many performers in his band, such as Freddie Green, Walter Page, and Lester Young, as well as Billie Holiday.

Count Basie

The ________ was the most successful minstrel band in America during the 19th century.

Christy's Minstrels

"Maybellene," "Sweet Little Sixteen," and "School Day," were early rock and roll hits for ________.

Chuck Berry

School Days

Chuck Berry 1956 Rock and Roll

This is an example of a ________ song. (Battle Cry of Freedom)

Civil War

"Maryland, My Maryland" and "Battle-Hymn of the Republic" are examples of ________.

Civil War songs

Labor songs, typically militant in nature, often drew their melodies from _____.

Civil War songs

Labor songs, typically militant in nature, often drew their melodies from ________.

Civil War songs

10. What types of songs did Foster compose (and be able to name a few examples)?

Differed from Emmett in that they were well suited for parlor playing. Foster conceived his songs at the keyboard. Beautiful Dreamer, Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair

4. What sorts of contents were sung about in broadside ballads during Colonial times?

Colonial settlement, Indian wars, dissatisfaction with English rule, crime, love, and religion are some of the favorite subjects.

________ is a jazz term used to describe a pianist or guitarist who plays chords as accompaniment for a soloist.

Comp

8. Know the music example "De Boatmen's Dance" (LG 6.1). What are its primary sounding traits? How do the lyrics reflect Southern dialect? What instruments are used in this recording?

Composed by Dan Emmet -Driving rhythm, Heterogeneous sound of minstrel band, alternation of solo and unison voices on verse and harmonizing voices on chorus. Lyrics in imitation of negro dialect.

13. What is Rhapsody in Blue, and how does it combine classical and jazz elements? What is a rhapsody?

Composed by George Gershwin. A "jazz concerto" commissioned for the occasion by Paul Whiteman. Brings together three separate strands of musical development—the rise of the blues as popular song form, the spread of jazz as an instrumental music, and the push for modernism in the classical sphere—Rhapsody in Blue has come to be reckoned both an American classic and a piece emblematic of its time.

12. Know the music example "Hail Columbia" (LG 2.3). What are its primary sounding traits? What genre (beyond "military music") is this piece?

Composed by Philip Phile, and words set by Joseph Hopkinson. -March rhythm -modulation away from and back to tonic. -harmoniemusik?

Virgil Thomson, Aaron Copland, and Roy Harris were well-known ________ of the early 20th century.

Composers

________ offered composers artistic control over their music, but few, if any customers in the late 18th century.

Composers'

18. What sorts of business ventures in music did Mason engage in ? How successful was he?

Composing, performing, teaching, distributing, and writing about music. Highly successful in all areas, however, made most of his money from Teaching and distributing musical works.

This is an example of a ________. (Helene Schottische)

Concert Band

In 1949, Billboard magazine adopted the label ________ to designate recordings of music by string bands, brother duos, singing cowboys, Western swing, etc.

Country & Western

________ dances, such as the gavotte and minuet, were courtly affairs that called for precise, schooled movements.

Couple

7. What is the difference between couple dances and country dances (or longways dances)?

Couples dances, including the bourree, gavotte, and especially the minuet, were courtly affairs of French origin that called for precise, schooled movements. Country dances (or longway dances), a forerunner to square dancing. Longway dances, in which a line of men faced a line of women and patterns were traced collectively by the whole group.

________, recorded by Mamie Smith in 1920, is considered the recording to have initiated the race records market.

Crazy Blues

2. Who invented the character Zip Coon, what was this character like, and what music was associated with him?

Created by George Washington Dixon. Zip Coon was as urban and stylish as Jim Crow was rural and rough.

3. Who invented the character Jim Crow, what was this character like, and what music was associated with him?

Created by Thomas D. "Daddy" Rice. The Jim Crow character became a self-satisfied Southern plantation hand who strutted the stage, unaware that his raggedy naiveté made him a buffoon in others' eyes.

The advent of electrical amplification in 1925, permitted the development of ________, a singing style exemplified by Bing Crosby.

Crooning

11. Know the music example "Helene Schottische" (LG 5.1). What are its primary sounding traits? What sorts of devices make the sectional musical form easy to hear?

Dance music arranged originally for a twelve-piece brass band. Duple meter Ternary form with varied repeat. Arrangted by Walter Dignam Mellow sound of nineteenth-century brass band Characteristic Schottische rhythm—basic senquence of steps in the schottische (a type of polka) fills four bars, dancers could complete two sequences in each strain. Use of contrasting keys.

This example of film music from the movie Batman (1989) was composed by ________.

Danny Elfman

________ was a composer who wrote music for successful films, such as Batman (1989) and Beetlejuice (1988), as well as the theme music for the long-running animated television series The Simpsons.

Danny Elfman

9. Who was Edward MacDowell, and what was significant about his career in music?

Differed from his colleagues whose musical orientation aligned with the classicist strain of German Romanticism—Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Brahms—instead, he identified with the "New German School" of Franz Liszt and Wagner, which emphasized programmatic description and musical narrative over the classical sonata forms of symphony and string quartet. Studied at Paris Conservatory for two years before moving to Germany to study piano in Wiesbaden and Frankfurt and taking composition lessons. He sought to promote the nationalistic values present in European music in parallel with American music and nationalism. Aimed to follow the precedents of Chopin, Dvorak. "working toward a music which should be American."

4. Who was George Chadwick, and what was significant about his career in music?

Director of the New England Conservatory of Music. His music has seen more of a modest revival in recent decades. Studied in Germany. Rip Van Winkle Overture of 1879. "Yankee composer" in that he was at home in European genres but approached them through an American sensibility: pentatonics, African-Caribbean dance syncopations, and a musical sensitivity to the characteristic rhythms of English lyrics.

________ is a traditional African American game of exchanging humorous insults.

Dirty Dozens

Saturday Night Fever (1977), starring John Travolta and featuring songs by the Bee Gees, is widely regarded as bringing _______ music into the mainstream popular culture.

Disco

9. Who was Thomas A. Dorsey, what sort of performer was he in the earlier years of his career, and how did that experience influence Gospel music?

Dorsey was a Chicago musician and songwriter whose performing credits included a stint as pianist for Ma Rainey and who, from the early 1930s on, devoted himself entirely to sacred music. Later, Dorsey joined with like-minded musicians to form the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses, dedicated to teaching the gospel style. That year also saw the founding of the Dorsey House of Music, the first publishing company devoted to black gospel music. At a time of cultural tension in Chicago's churches, Dorsey came forward with music that was authentically southern yet urbanized enough to counter the norther culture's push for European anthems.

16. Know the music example "Black and Tan Fantasy" (LG 12.5). How does this recording exemplify the "jungle music" sound? What are its primary sounding traits?

Duke Ellington 1927 Genre: New York big-band jazz Meter: Duple Form: 12-bar blues with a contrasting 16-bar strain What to listen for: Eerie, voice-like timbre of trumpet and trombone using plunger-and-growl technique. Alternation of minor and major modes Contrasting 16-bar non-blues strain Quotations of non-jazz tunes at beginning and end.

Black and Tan Fantasy

Duke Ellington 1927 New York big-band Jazz

11. What were psalms and the practice of psalmody like in New England?

Early on the preferred psalter(book of metrical psalms) was The Whole Booke of Psalmes, Collected into Englishe Meter Versified by Thomas Sternhold and John Hopkins until 1696 when Nicholas Brady and Nahum Tate produced their New Version of the Psalms of David. Both psalters turned the psalms into popular poetry using rhyme and verse structure. Metrical psalms. Because psalms were in standard verse forms and meters, worshippers could apply many psalms to just a few tunes.

15. Who was Duke Ellington, and how was he important to the early history of jazz? What was different about Ellington's band and how he created his music? What was the Cotton Club and what was the "Jungle Music" sound associated with Ellington's Band?

Edward Kennedy Ellington, born in Washington, D.C., in 1899, started piano lessons at 7, studied commercial art in high school, and began playing piano professionally at 17. Because of his manager Ivring Mill's connections with bootleggers his big band was booked at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Ellington encouraged his musicians to develop distinctive personal timbres, of which Ellington then combined with a painterly touch. Composed and copyrighted around 1,100 pieces in his career. Many of which are no considered standards (at least in the jazz repertoire).

This piano solo by ________ is intended as an aural impression, or "sketch," of a Woodland scene.

Edward MacDowell

8. What was the pivotal work in Copland's shift to a simpler style, and what are some of his other famous works in that new style?

El salon marked Copland's shift toward a simpler style. Other major works from this chapter in Copland's career include: Billy the Kid, Rodeo, A Lincoln Portrait, and Appalachian Spring.

31. Know the music example "Ich will dir ein Freudenopfer thun" (LG 1.5). What are its primary sounding traits? How does it reflect European practices?

Elaborate choral and orchestral textures, absence of literal repetition (through-composed), modulating tonality. Moravian anthem.

8. How did attitudes toward slaves and the sheer numbers of slaves affect attitudes toward the education of slaves, their conversion to Christianity, and music making?

Encouraged slaves performing for whites, discouraged slaves from performing for each other. Through the second great awakening, more white Christians became open to the idea of Christianizing slaves. In places such as South Carolina (where slaves where most isolated) the fear of revolts caused less to be Christianized and more of their musical expressions to be suppressed.

Music books of the ________, founded by Conrad Beissel, were copied by hand in a spirit of devotion.

Ephrata Cloister

Before the Civil War, most American social dances came from ________.

Europe

14. Who was Dwight L. Moody, and how did he disseminate his "message" to the people?

Evangelical preacher, who held meetings in Britain and America.

12. How did radio broadcasting help to expand the market for "Hillbilly Music"? What is the Grand Ole Opry?

Even though new recording technologies made music more available than ever, many still could not afford records and players so they turned to radio as their main source of entertainment. Grand Ole Opry is the longest-running radio show of all time. Started as one of the broadcast associated with radio barn dances. Originally called the WSM Barn Dance, but because it followed NBC's Musical Appreciation Hour, WSM announcer made the transition saying, "For the past hour we have been listening to music taken largely from grand opera, but from now on we will present' The Grand Ole Opry.'"

________ were inspired by recent events and often featured themes about murdered lovers, robberies, and disasters, like mine explosions and trail derailments.

Event songs

6. What is Operetta (or Light Opera), what are some of its defining traits, and where does it fit in the hierarchy of theatrical genres in the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries?

Featuring singers trained for opera, elaborate musical numbers, and plots carried by spoken dialogue, operetta was a European form that settled easily into formula. Rudolf Friml once said the formula depended on "old things: a full-blooded libretto with luscious melody, rousing choruses, and romantic passions." Just under opera on the hierarchy. If opera belongs to the classical sphere and musical comedy and revue to the popular, operetta lands somewhere in between.

________ was played by musicians who belonged to a military regiment, whose wages were paid out of army appropriations.

Field music

9. Why and how did northern record companies expand their products and markets in the South?

Finding great success when creating records for a single market (race records), record labels began searching for a new type of music to market to rural whites in the South.

11. What sort of "standard structure" did many songs adopt in this era?

Followed the verse-chorus form of Foster and his contemporaries. AABA

_______ was a neighborhood in New York City that became a focal point for folk revivalists.

Greenwich Village

11. Who was Fiddlin' John Carson, and what sort of music did he perform?

Found by Ralph Peer while he was auditioning musicians in Atlanta the summer of 1923. Fiddlin John Carson was a 55 year old white entertainer. He sang traditional dance tunes and old minstrel songs while playing violin and singing. Peer was persuaded to make copies for local sale by an Atlanta record distributor. The 500 sold out so fast Peer put Carson in Okeh's catalog.

16. What was the Handel and Haydn Society, and how did it support Mason's goals?

Founded in 1815 to improve "the style of performing sacred music" and to promote American performances of music by Europe's "eminent composers."

________ was a neighborhood in New York City that became a focal point for folk revivalists.

Greenwich Village

________ describes the use of a dance-rhythm ostinato (repeated pattern) to establish a sustained mood.

Groove

________ was a Harvard scholar, who focused his most significant research on the study of ballads from England and Scotland.

Francis James Child

6. How and why is New Orleans important to the origins and history of jazz?

French and Spanish heritage, a long-standing devotion to opera, the presence of many free blacks in pre-Civil War years, and their freedom to assemble for various festivities. Education and musical training were also available to some blacks. New Orleans musicians were already finding new expressive ways to play dance music through melodic inventions, together with new rhythmic emphasis.

17. Know the music example "The Things Our Fathers Loved" (LG 8.3). What are its primary sounding traits?

Frequent quotations, shifting moods. Deliberate "disagreements" of key and rhythm between voice and piano. Through-composed form. Duple meter, irregular rhythms.

16. Why was the song "Home, Sweet Home popular in the United States, and how widely was it disseminated?

From British composer Henry Rowe Bishop's melodramatic opera Clari, or The Maid of Milan, with a libretto by the American actor and writer John Howard Payne. First performed in London. About returning home after being abducted, "Home, Sweet Home" was an apt reflection of their love of domesticity, which they claimed to value above exotic "pleasures and palaces." Could not be copyrighted in the US because it originated in England, many American publishers rushed their own editions into print.

13. Know the music example "Wondrous Love" (LG 3.2). What are its primary sounding traits? What voice carries the melody (and who sings this line), what "violations" of proper voice-leading are audible, and how would one describe the vocal quality of this ensemble?

From the third edition of The Sacred Harp. -Block chord texture -rugged sound of parallel fifths -use of Dorian mode Doubling of tenor melody by women an octave higher. Corresponds to none of the typical meters of versified psalms or hymns. Often moves in parallels that would be rejected in New England psalmody

12. How is shape-note singing practiced nowadays? What are the characteristic ways in which this music is sung (seating arrangment, leader, order of performance)?

Gathering on weekends, groups of Southerners staged all-day"singings" of sacred music. Sang psalms, hymns, fuging tunes, and anthems set mostly for four-part chorus with the melody in the tneor voice. They seated themselves according to voice part—treble (soprano), counter (alto), tenor, and bass—in a rectangle with open space in the middle. Into that space stepped a succession of singers from the ranks, each leading the group in two or three pieces. Typically, before adding the words to a piece, the group would sing the notes on four syllables: fa, sol, la, and mi.

Billed as "Oklahoma's Yodeling Cowboy," ________ was the most successful of the "Singing Cowboys" in the early 20th century.

Gene Autry

14. Know the music example "Rhapsody in Blue" (LG 13.2). What are its primary sounding traits, how does the work draw on Broadway song form, and how does the work resemble a concerto?

George Gershwin 1924 Genre: Concert Music Meter: Changing Form: Through-composed in four large, continuous sections What to listen for: Mixture of jazz, blues, popular, and classical elements Brilliant solo writing for piano Colorful orchestration by Ferde Grofe Use of short motives to unify the various themes.

13. Who was the most successful (both in popularity and financially) singing cowboy of the 1930s-40s? What sorts of recordings did he make?

Gene Autry was the most successful after Jimmie Rodgers. Even though his repertoire included few western-themed songs, leaning instead toward hillbilly numbers and Rodger's songs. Autry's big break came in 1931 when he was signed to the WLS National Barn Dance and had his first hit record, "That Silver Haired Daddy of Mine," an original song in the mold of songs by Rodgers. In 1934 he began appearing in western films, eventually appearing in over 90 films. Other important recordings include: traditional cowboy songs like "home on the range," but also seasonal songs like "Rudolph."

13. Know the music example "Jubilee" (LG 4.3). What are its primary sounding traits? How does this piece reflect African music making?

Genre: Shout song (ring shout). Call and response. Habanera rhythm on broomstick. Polyrhythm of broomstick, hands, feet.

3. Know the music example "Sherburne" (LG 3.1) by Daniel Read. What are its primary sounding traits? What is interesting or unusual about the second section ("The angel of the Lord...")?

Genre: fuging tune Meter: duple Form: strophic, each stanza divided into two sections Melody in tenor, open voicings (1&5)

"Someone to Watch Over Me," "Embraceable You," and "I Got Rhythm" written by ________ are well-known songs in American music history.

George Gershwin

"Swanee" was the first successful song written by ________.

George Gershwin

Rhapsody in Blue

George Gershwin 1924 Concert Music

15. What is Porgy and Bess, and how does it combine elements of opera and Broadway?

Gershwin called Porgy and Bess a "folk opera"; the work's prcise nature was contested from the start. The score called for opera singers, bu the show played nightly in a Broadway theater. After his death, it was performed mostly as a broadway musical: a drama of separate musical numbers linked with spoken dialogue. Not until 1976 did the complete opera reach the stage with Gershwin's recitatives.

________ were unaccompanied songs for three or more solo singers.

Glees

5. What is "bottleneck" or "slide" guitar, and how does it add to the "country blues" sound?

Gliding a metal or glass object along the strings, thus allowing the guitar to imitate the swooping vocal lines.

The _____ is considered an inspiration for music and dance common to intertribal powwow events.

Grass Dance

The ________ is considered an inspiration for music and dance common to intertribal powwow events.

Grass Dance

Lost Highway

Hank Williams 1949 Honky-tonk

________ is a modern jazz style emphasizing gritty timbres, heavily accented rhythms, and a close connection with jazz's roots in the blues.

Hard bop

________ bands were generally ignored by major record labels and instead created their own independent labels to issue self-produced vinyl LPs and EPs, encouraging regional followings over national appeal.

Hardcore punk

________ was performed by an ensemble of "polished" players hired by officers, who personally paid for them.

Harmoniemusik

_____ was an African American composer who worked as an assistant to Antonin Dvorak and was famous for his compositions of concert spirituals.

Harry T. Burleigh

________ was an African American composer who worked as an assistant to Antonín Dvoøák and was famous for his compositions of concert spirituals.

Harry T. Burleigh

Deep River

Harry T. Burleigh 1913 Concert Spiritual

________ was "discovered" by John and Alan Lomax at a prison in 1933.

Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter

________ was a folk musician made famous for his recordings of songs like "Goodnight Irene," "The Rock Island Line," and "The Midnight Special."

Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter

________ in jazz are songs assembled from the ideas of band members in the and learned aurally rather than being written down.

Head arrangements

The Banshee

Henry Cowell 1925 Character Piece for Piano

5. Know the music example "The Banshee" (LG 12.1). Why is this a "modernist" work, and what are its primary sounding traits?

Henry Cowell 1925 Genre: Character Piece for Piano Meter: Notated in duple meter, but undefined aurally. Form: Theme and variations What to listen for: Emphasis on timbre and texture, more than pitch Unusual performance techniques Form determined by contrasts of texture and dynamics rather than melody or harmony.

4. Who was John Philip Sousa, and why and how was he important to the history of band music in the US?

In 1892 Sousa formed the band that set the professional standard from that time forward. As a prolific composer for the stage and concert hall he put his stamp on a well-known popular form: the march. As a conductor, he thrilled audiences with a blend of showmanship and polished performances.

3. Who was Johann Gottfried von Herder, and how did he help to develop the notion of folk music?

Herder's notion of das Volk was closely tied to ideas of ethnic nationalism. For Herder, a nation consisted of a group of people united by a common language, geography, religion, and customs. In his view, the legitimacy of a political nation rested on the legitimacy of its ethnic nationhood, which in turn was rooted in the presumed antiquity of folk culture.

________ records were recordings created by and marketed to rural white southerners.

Hillybilly

11. What sorts of music did Gershwin compose for Broadway, and how successful was he?

His first huge success was "Swanee" when it was interpolated into Sinbad by Al Jolson. At first he was only able to place interpolated songs into musical comedies and revues. Eventually their popularity permitted George to write complete scores for full-length musicals; a major success was 1924's Lady Be Good! His success continued to rise, eventually he spent the later years of his life working on film scores, most notably Shall We Dance. His songs sometimes had blues-tinged melodies(The Man I love, Someone to Watch Over Me), energetic syncopations(I Got Rhythm), and jazz inspiration (Nice Work if You Can Get It).

________ was a kind of music common to honky-tonks that used electric guitar and amplified steel guitar, along with acoustic instruments to feature vocal soloists and traditional ballad styles of performance.

Honky Tonk

The accented drum beats in this example are known as ________ beats. (War Dance Songs)

Honor

________ show respect for the dancers or sometimes memorialize a person mentioned in a song performed at intertribal powwow events.

Honor beats

"The Rock Island Line" and "Goodnight Irene" were made famous by _________, a folk musician.

Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter

19. Know the music example "The Banjo: An American Sketch" (LG 5.2). What are its primary sounding traits? What virtuoso elements are heard here? How does Gottschalk imitate the sound of a banjo?

Imitates the sound of a banjo and uses a pentatonic melody similar to Foster's De Camptown Races. Unbalanced form. -Emphasis on pentatonic scale -imitation of banjo picking -long, nonmelodic A section and short tuneful B section.

10. Know the music example "To a Wild Rose" (LG 8.2). What are its primary sounding traits? How might this work reflect MacDowell's European training?

Impressions of the New England countryside. Rooted in European practice and no American melodies present. Mildly dissonant harmony with touches of chromaticism. Clear, songlike melody in foreground.

6. Who was Richard Allen, and how did he contribute to church music for African Americans around the early 18th century? What were some of the traits of his hymns?

In 1801 the Reverend Richard Allen, one of the AME Church's founders, published a hymnal for Bethel Church in Philadelphia, the first such book assembled by a black author for a black congregation. Followed the format of metrical psalter as used in the Bay Psalm Book, devoted to multi-stanza poetry, and without music. Included 20 or so un-authored text that are attributed to Richard Allen. Used refrains in many(repeating lines shorter than a chorus). Puts into writing the oral practice of responsorial hymn singing. Heterophony—in which multiple voices simultaneously var a melody, so much so that a vague harmony emerges.

8. Who was Theodore Baker, and what did he contribute to the study of American Indian music?

In 1882 Theodore Baker, an American music historian, published Uber die Musik der nordamerikanischen Wilden (On the Music of the North American Indians), his doctoral dissertation at Leipzig University. Hailed the first scholarly treatment of American Indian music. Baker's work contained transcriptions of songs he had heard on visits to Seneca reservations in New York and Carlisle Indian school in Pennsylvania.

8. What was the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (ODJB) and how did it contribute to the wider popularization of jazz?

In 1917 they became the first jazz group to make recordings, for Victor. Made up of five white New Orleans players. As seen in Livery Stable Blues, ODJB used techniques to create musical mimesis that emulated barn animals. In the hands of ODJB, jazz was thus introduced as a nose-thumbing parody of standard music making, and the public found this hilarious.

8. How do Pentecostalism and preachers of these Protestant congregations contribute to the sound of Gospel Music?

In Pentecostal churches, such as the Church of God in Christ: congregation hymns were "gospelized" and the mood was ecstatic, with jubilant singing to drums and tambourines (or even pots and pans), hand clapping, foot stomping, and shouting, as in the days before emancipation.

17. What were some of the typical and atypical traits in Rodgers' performing style? How did his music include African-American traits?

In his thirteen blue yodel records, Rodgers sometimes sings a standard blues chorus—a rhymed couplet, with the first line repeated—followed by a few bars of yodeling. In "Muleskinner Blues," echoes a boasting theme found in many songs drawing on African American folk traditions: mentioning the "good gal," veiled sexual references common to the blues. Rodgers uses a "thumb-and-brush" technique similar to Maybelle Carter's. He sang with a flexible approach to blues phrasing, for example, he would stretch the length of phrases which was common for blues musicians, but Rodgers's steady "boom-chang" texture draws attention to the sometimes lurching rhythm.

________ was a well-known jazz trumpeter associated primarily with cool jazz, modal jazz, and jazz-rock fusion, throughout his long career.

Miles Davis

John McLaughlin was an English guitarist associated with jazz-rock fusion whose music was heavily influenced by classical music from ________.

India

________ are characterized by the inclusion of songs that grow out of the plot and further the dramatic situation.

Integrated musicals

.2. What were the typical contents of a tunebook in the late 18th century?

Intended more for singing schools and proficient musicians than for congregations, as the material was too complex and expensive. Typically include instructions for reading music and gradually increase in complexity.

________ was a musical director and organist who partnered with evangelical preacher, Dwight L. Moody, during the Third Great Awakening.

Ira Sankey

Summertime

Miles Davis (composer: Gershwin, arr. Gil Evans) 1958 Cool Jazz

This example was composed by ________, one of America's most popular Tin Pan Alley composers. ("Alexander's Ragtime Band")

Irving Berlin

________ was a composer of popular ragtime and show songs in the early 20th century, such as "Alexander's Ragtime Band," "That Mysterious Rag," and "Everybody's Doing It Now."

Irving Berlin

17. Know the music example "Alexander's Ragtime Band" (LG 10.2). What are its primary sounding traits? How does this song reflect ragtime and other African-American elements

Irving Berlin 1911 Genre: Ragtime Song Meter: Duple Form: Verse and 32-bar abac chorus What to listen for: Instrumental accompaniment that resembles a military band. Key change at chorus, similar to that at the trio of a march or rag. Lyrics in stage Negro dialect.

Alexander's Ragtime Band

Irving Berlin 1911 Ragtime Song

5. What was new (in the US) about Manual Garcia's debut performance of Rossini's Barber of Seville in NYC in 1825?

It was sung in the traditional Italian.

2. Who was Arturo Toscanini, and how did he contribute to US music in the mid-20th ?

Italian born (1867-1957) first came to tne US in 1908 as principal conductor at the Metropolitan Opera House, until 1915, when he returned to Italy (only to return some years later because of his distaste for fascism). In 1937, the National Broadcasting Company created an orchestra expressly for Toscanini. Often proclaimed as the "Greatest Conductor of all time." Noted for his energy, the command he brought to the podium, his demands for perfection, and his musical memory.

________, a prominent composer and conductor of the early 20th century, was the first African American to be honored by the city of New York with a public funeral.

James Reese Europe

20. Know the music example "Castle House Rag" (LG 10.3). What are its primary sounding traits, and how does this dance music draw on both ragtime and band music of slightly earlier times?

James Reese Europe 1914 Genre: Orchestral Rag Meter: Duple Form: ABB'ACDC What to listen for: Energetic dance rhythm with ragtime syncopations. Structure similar to a long march, with break strain. Use of stop-time in trio.

Castle House Rag

James Reese Europe Orchestra Rag 1914

1. What are some of the most important events that mark the history of African Americans in North American and United States through the US Civil War? (See the relevant PowerPoint slides and course web page.)

Jamestown Colony—1st slaves brought to N.A. 1619 1793 Invention of the cotton gin 1808 End of legal importation of slaves 1820 Missouri Compromise 1854 Kansas-Nebraska act 1857 Dred Scott decision 61-65 Civil War 63 Emancipation Proclamation 65 13th amendment to the Constitution

9. How did the addition of Janissary instruments and valved brass (including cornets and saxhorns) transform the older harmoniemusik into a brass band?

Janissary percussion instruments (adopted from Turkish military bands in Europe) became standard in American ensembles, supplementing the traditional side or snare drum. The development of keyed/valved brass allowed for more technical compositions to be played by less experienced performers.

12. Know the music example "De Camptown Races" (LG 6.2). What are its primary sounding traits? How is this song typical of minstrelsy?

Jaunty and memorable melody (relative to boatman dance by Emmet). Piano accompaniment in imitation of minstrel band, lyrics in imitation of negro dialect. "Doo Da" section is meant to be sung by a group as a call-and-response, inspired by observations of slave workers.

_______ was a famous American ballad singer, recorded by Alan Lomax in the 1930s.

Jean Ritchie

_________ was a famous American ballad singer, recorded by Alan Lomax in the 1930s.

Jean Ritchie

11. Know the music example "Black Bottom Stomp" (LG 12.3). How does this recording exemplify "Jelly Roll" Morton's style? What are its primary sounding traits?

Jelly Roll Morton 1926 Genre: New Orleans Jazz Meter: Duple Form: Intro, A1, A2, A3, transition, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7 What to listen for: Fast, energetic dance rhythms, including the "Black Bottom" rhythm Emphasis on backbeat Use of walking bass Constantly shifting relationship of solo to ensemble, resulting in timbral and textural variety Marchlike multi-strain form, with modulation to subdominant (IV) at trio.

Blackbottom Stop

Jelly Roll Morton 1926 New Orleans Jazz

________ and ________ were two stereotypical stage characters common to black minstrelsy.

Jim Crow, Zip Coon

20. Who were Tufts and Walter, and what is their relationship or importance to the Singing School Movement?

John Tufts wrote An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes and Thomas Walter wrote The Grounds and Rules of Musick.

________ was a prolific film composer, known for his music accompanying many successful films, such as Jaws, Star Wars, E.T., Superman, and the Indiana Jones movies.

John Williams

4. Who was Robert Johnson, and what was his reputation as a blues musician?

Johnson may have originated or at least encouraged the most famous legend about his life, that he met Satan at the crossroads and sold his soul in exchange for musical prowess. He was perceived as a traveler, always ready to keep moving. Self-taught himself by imitating race records.

________ is considered the "Queen of Country Music," performing in the honky-tonk style with hits such as "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels." (1952)

Kitty Wells

________ bands were scaled-back versions of the big bands of the Swing Era, typically consisting of a rhythm section and two or three melody instruments, such as saxophone, trumpet and electric guitar.

Jump

4. Who was Leopold Stokowski, and how did he contribute to US music in the mid-20th ?

London-born composer (1882-1977) came to US in 1905 as director of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. Three years later he took over for the Philadelphia Orchestra, where he stayed for 25 years. Stokowski was known for his showmanship, Tall and striking, he made the Philadelphia string section famous for its singing sound. In 1940 he was appeared on-screen in Fantasia shaking hands with Mickey Mouse. Championed 20th century music, Stokowski conducted over 2000 first performances—mostly of works by American composers. Among these premieres were works by Ives, Varese, Copland, and Cowell, as well as premiers of Stravinsky, Mahler, Berg, and Schoenberg.

6. Who were some important "classic blues" performers? In particular, who was Bessie Smith, and what did she contribute to this genre?

Key figures include Mamie Smith, Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, Ethel Waters, Alberta Hunter, and many more. Bessie Smith, born in Tennessee in 1894, at age seventeen she became a dancer for a vaudeville troupe that featured Ma Rainey. Known for emphasizing key words with swooping glides, heavy vibrato, and subtle shading of pitch, especially on the blue notes.

________ was a seminal album recorded in 1959 by Miles Davis that exemplified the modal jazz movement in postwar jazz history.

Kind of Blue

West End Blues

King Oliver (performed by Armstrong) 1928 New Orleans Jazz

Dippermouth Blues

King Oliver (unknown if Armstrong composed) 1923 New Orleans Jazz

________Creole Jazz Band recorded the first major set of recordings by black jazz musicians in 1923.

King Oliver's

3. Who was Edgard Varèse, and why was the phrase "Organized Sound" associated with his music?

Known as an ultra-modernist. Emigrated from New York from Paris in 1915. Helped found the International Composer's Guild in 1921. Considered himself something of a musical scientist, conducting research into unexplored properties of music, or, as he preferred to call it, "organized sound."

_____ were generally intended to boost morale and affirm solidarity among America's working-class population.

Labor songs

________ were generally intended to boost morale and affirm solidarity among America's working-class population.

Labor songs

7. Who was Andrew Law and what contributions did he make to the reform of paslmody?

Law's career revolved around three innovations. First, when he began his work as a compiler, with the Select Harmony (1779), he placed American composers side by side with British tunes, implying that they were creative equals. Second, after experiencing a conversion in taste, he argued in The Art of Singing (1794) that "a considerable part of American composition is in reality faulty." Third, shortly after the turn of the century, Law made the mjost radical change of his career, abandoning standard musical notation and copyrighting his own shape notes.

________ dances were characterized by a line of men facing a line of women, following dance patterns traced collectively by the whole group.

Longways

12. Who was Paul Whiteman, and what was his "Experiment in Modern Music"?

Led one of the most popular Big Band/Dance bands of the time. Whiteman's "Experiment in Modern Music" was a concert with a purpose: to illustrate that the group's jazz stylings were not just good dance music but American music worth listening to sitting down, in a concert hall.

14. Who was John Sullivan Dwight, and how and why did he promote classical music in the US?

Led the move to garner attention for Beethoven's works. Became Boston's leading music critic and writer. Felt Beethoven was a thinker on par with Socrates, Shakespeare, and Newton. And he found in instrumental music "a language of feeling" that had reached its peak in works for orchestra. Believed in "the capacity of all mankind for music," because music satisfied "a genuine want of the soul."

________ were a songwriting team who wrote for R&B artists, such as Big Mama Thornton, the Coasters, and the Drifters.

Leiber and Stoller

________ was a white cornet musician of the 1920s who made several influential recordings and gained a mythic status among musicians and jazz enthusiasts for his musical talent, alcohol consumption, short life, and devotion to music.

Leon "Bix" Beiderbecke

6. What did Lewis Cass, Henry Schoolcraft, and George Copway contribute to the understanding of American Indian music?

Lewis Cass wrote an article in 1822 on Native customs. In it he quotes a recruitment songs of Miami Indians. Notable about the song is vocables (nonsemantic syllables), natural images, "Cass was struck by the unusual sound of the singing and attempted to describe it." One observer who achieved close, sustained contact with Indian peoples was Henry Rowe Schoolcraft. Wrote Oneota, or Characteristics of the Red Race of America, which included an item called "Death Song," collected from Ojibwa sources. However, this song was in reality a compilation of sources that Schoolcraft put together. George Copway a Ojibwa born in Ontario whose parents converted to Methodism by missionaries and who himself became a preacher. Published "George Copway's Dream Song."

________ is the practice of having a single singer read or chant a line of text followed by the congregation singing the line in response.

Lining out

13. How do oratorio societies contribute to the musical life of the US? How do such groups represent American values?

Linked European musical standard to refinement and gentility. The society promoted artistic skills in the name of religion, not refinement. Sacred subject matter, citizen involvement, and self-financing grounded the musical work of the Handel and Haydn Society in democratic values.

By 1980, the geographic center of heavy metal innovation was ________.

Los Angeles, CA.

________ was a jazz composer and cornet/trumpet musician from New Orleans who became one of the most prolific and visible historical figures in jazz history, making 65 recordings with his Hot Five and Hot Seven groups between 1925-1928 alone.

Louis Armstrong

This piano solo composed by ________ is inspired by performance on the American banjo.

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

________ was a New Orleans-born composer and pianist, who drew on indigenous themes and rhythms as inspiration for his concert hall compositions

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

________ was an important American composer of the 19th century, who spent much of his life performing in South America and the Caribbean.

Louis Moreau Gottschalk

________ established the first singing school for children, later founding the Boston Academy of Music in 1833.

Lowell Mason

________ is widely considered the "father" of public school music.

Lowell Mason

wild rose- woodland sketch

MacDowell

8. What were shape notes (or fasola notes), why were they invented, and how do they represent pitch?

Many Southern tunebooks used the four-shape notation that Little and Smith (both Williams I believe)'s Easy Instructor had introduced in 1801. Considered much less complex way of learning to sing hymns.

________ was New York's first star female singer, a teenage mezzo-soprano who performed Italian, and later English opera.

Maria Garcia (Malibran)

Approved by President Franklin Roosevelt, ________, a well-known opera singer, performed on the National Mall on Easter Sunday, 1939, to a crowd of more than seventy-thousand people as a response to racial discrimination.

Marian Anderson

Charles Ives, Lou Harrison, and Harry Partch are all 20th century composers who experimented with ________ in their compositions.

Microtonality

________ was an important contributor to the urban folk music revival and founding member of the New Lost City Ramblers, dedicated to performing old tunes in traditional styles.

Mike Seeger

18. Who was Marian Anderson, and what sort of career did she have? How was she an importnat figure in the Civil Rights Movement?

Marian Anderson (February 27, 1897 - April 8, 1993)[1] was an American contralto and one of the most celebrated singers of the twentieth century. Most of her singing career was spent performing in concert and recital in major music venues and with famous orchestras throughout the United States and Europe between 1925 and 1965. Although offered roles with many important European opera companies, Anderson declined, as she had no training in acting. Anderson became an important figure in the struggle for black artists to overcome racial prejudice in the United States during the mid-twentieth century. In 1939, the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in Constitution Hall. The incident placed Anderson into the spotlight of the international community on a level unusual for a classical musician. With the aid of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt, Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open-air concert on Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C

19. What were some of the more important examples of Civil War Songs? (Know several titles.)

Maryland, My Maryland Battle-Hymn of the Republic The Battle Cry of Freedom Dixie

________ was a fusion artist who bridged jazz and rock styles, inspiring several musicians associated with him, such as Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, and John McLaughlin.

Miles Davis

The success of ________, the first LP to outsell its single counterpart, signaled a shift away from the single toward the album as the focus of rock musicians' artistic efforts.

Meet the Beatles

Elvis Presley's childhood home was ________, Tennessee, where he listened to a variety of music, especially black radio and white gospel quartet music.

Memphis

Elvis Presley's teenage years were in ________, Tennessee, where he listened to a variety of music, especially black radio and white gospel quartet music.

Memphis

Terry Riley, Philip Glass, and Steve Reich are composers associated with ________ in the classical sphere of music.

Minimalism

________ denotes music based on a radically reduced amount of musical material and relying on static harmony, patterned rhythms, and repetition.

Minimalism

________ composers, such as Philip Glass, moved the focus of listening toward the experience of sound in the moment and change on an expanded time scale.

Minimalist

________ were the most popular form of entertainment in the late-19th century.

Minstrel shows

22. What were some other commercially successful and popular songs at the turn of the century?

Most are in major keys and share a familiar musical form" piano intro, verse(sometimes in minor) and a chorus. "the Bowery" "The Band Played On" "Sweet Rosie O' Grady" "My Wild Irish Rose" "My Gal Sal"

2. What were the geographic origins of most US slaves, i.e. from where were they brought, and what might this have meant in terms of the culture and heritage they brought to North America?

Most slaves came from West Africa—Ghana, Liberia, and Nigeria (present day names) Would be a diverse lingual backgrounds, but in contrast to how whites treated each other and how they treated black slaves would accent a sense of cultural similarity for slaves.

7. Know the music example "The Stars and Stripes Forever" (LG 7.1). What are its primary sounding traits? In what ways might one section of a march be distinguished from the other sections?

Multiple strains, each melodically distinct and each repeated. Key changes at trio. Contrasting texture at break strain (dog fight). Addition of countermelodies at repetitions of trio strain.

15. What was "scientific music", and why did Mason promote it?

Music based on theoretical knowledge rather than simply talent or practical experience. Saw harmonic correctness as a feature that separated the music of ignorant Yankee psalmodist from reformers.

Before the advent of the phonograph, ________ was the key to musical commerce.

Music notation

________ differed from operetta in its use of contemporary settings and characters, as well as conversational style of vocal writing.

Musical comedy

15. Who was Ira Sankey, and how did he assist Moody?

Musical director for Moody. Sang solos and played organ.

________ was an influential teacher of several prominent 20th century composers, such as Virgil Thomson, Aaron Copland, and Elliott Carter.

Nadia Boulanger

3. What are some of the General African Music Traits shared among African Americans? (See the relevant PowerPoint slides.)

Non-notated(oral) tradition Rhythmic emphasis (often polyrhythm) Percussion Density of timbre Ostinato Interlocking parts Call and response Controlled improvisation Associated with Dance and or ceremony

17. Know the music example "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah" (LG 1.3). What are its primary sounding traits, and how does this modern example represent the "Old Way" of singing psalms?

Not a biblical psalm but a more recent poem written in the style of a metrical psalm: in other words, a hymn, in this case by 18th century William Walker. Written in 1745. Each stanza has six lines instead of four, and the meter is trochaic (long-short) instead of iambic (short-long)

1. What is Modernism, especially as it related to art music? What are some traits of "modernist music" and its sound? Who were some modernist composers?

Notable modernists include: Schoenberg, Stravinsky, Bartok, and Satie. They rejected key aspects of the romantic tradition in favor of new aesthetic values that came to be called modernism. Their works tended to favor fragmented melodies, dissonant harmonies, and irregular rhythms.

6. What were Puritan attitudes toward social dance in the colonies and early years of the Republic?

Often was thought as sinful. Belief that "spirit and flesh are contrary forces locked in a perpetual struggle." Devout Puritans saw themselves as sinners dependent on the grace of God. Dance that celebrated the human body did so, they believed, at the soul's expense. Cotton Mather (Mather, father of Cotton?) wrote that, "the design of dancing is only to teach children good behavior and a decent carriage," then he could approve it. To keep sexuality at bay, however, Mather recommends that girls and boys be taught separately, and by a pious teacher.

________ was the first Rodgers and Hammerstein collaboration, opening in 1943, and running on Broadway for 2,248 performances, surpassing all box-office records.

Oklahoma!

10. What is "Old Time Music", and how does it relate to other categories like folk, country, and similar types?

Old Time Music indicates that the music's old-fashioned quality was a primary selling point." The key difference between folk music and early country music lies perhaps not so much in the music itself, nor in the musicians who created it, but in the goals and attitudes of the outsiders who brought the music to a wider audience. Has to do more with how the music is bought and sold than with its musical features. Some country music fits neatly into the category of folk, but much of it does not.

26. What did Billings mean when he wrote: "Nature is the best Dictator...", and what does that tell you about Billings' compostitional technique?

On "the rules of composition," he wrote: "Nature is the best dictator, for all the hard dry studied rules that ever was prescribed, will not enable any person to form an air [ie. Compose a melody] ... without a genius... nature must inspire the thought." "I don't think myself confined to any rules for composition laid down by any that went before me."

14. What is Western Swing, and what are the primary styles from which it draws its influences?

One kind of music that came out of the honky-tonks was western swing, a combination of traditional fiddle music, blues, jazz, Tin Pan Alley song styles, the polka rhythms of Czech and German immigrants in the Southwest, and Mexican genres such as mariachi and conjunto. Bob Wills popularized the use of electric steel guitar in these bands.

Einstein on the Beach (1976) was a "portrait opera" by ________ in collaboration with Robert Wilson that offers neither a plot nor any singing characters.

Philip Glass

_______ were the most potent force to hit the American musical world in the nineteenth century.

Operas

1. What is folk music? Who were "the folk" (das Volk) who created and used this sort of music?

Oral (vernacular) tradition. Composed not by one person but by a community, and to have been in existence for a long time; only in that way could they be valued as communal expressions of an entire people.

5. Who was Arthur Foote, and what was significant about his career in music?

Organist at the First Unitarian Church and also piano teacher.

3. What was the National Peace Jubilee, and how was Gilmore involved?

Organized the National Peace Jubilee: an orchestra of five hundred, a band of one thousand, a chorus of ten thousand, and many famous soloists over 5 days. Organized because he felt that although the war had ended there was still a conflict between the north and south. (1869).

The ________ was the first jazz group to make recordings - the group was made up of five white musicians.

Original Dixieland Jazz Band

The "Swedish Nightingale," Jenny Lind, was an opera singer promoted by ________ with much fanfare on her American tour, encouraging the public's interest of "star" performers in the mid-19th century.

P.T. Barnum

________ Christian denominations contrasted with "Old-line" churches by favoring "gospelized" congregation hymns with ecstatic, jubilant singing, hand clapping, foot stomping and shouting.

Pentecostal

11. Know the music example "A Buffalo Said to Me" (LG 9.1). What are its primary sounding traits? How does this recording exemplify some of the basic traits of American Indian Music?

Performed by Brave Buffalo, recorded by Densmore. Descending melodic contour that begins near apex and ends near nadir. Use of gapped scale. Tense vocal quality.

________ music offered composers little control over performances, but gave them greater access to customers in the marketplace.

Performers'

"Urban folk singers," such as _____, were musicians from urban areas, such as New York City, who performed folk songs from traditional culture that were not their own.

Pete Seeger

"Urban folk singers," such as ________, were musicians from urban areas, such as New York City, who performed folk songs from traditional culture that were not their own.

Pete Seeger

The performer of this folk song is _____. [IF I HAD A HAMMER]

Pete Seeger

"If I Had a Hammer," composed by ________ became an anthem of the civil rights movement.

Pete Seeger and Lee Hays

The "________" sphere of music in early 19th century American music history was built around the ideal of accessibility.

Popular

Tin Pan Alley firms only published ________ songs.

Popular

________ was described by George Gershwin as a "folk opera."

Porgy & Bess

14. In the 18th century, what would a typical concert program contain, and how might it differ from a classical concert nowadays?

Public concerts of the eighteenth century emphasized variety, running more to short pieces than long ones. Most were two-part affairs, each part beginning and ending with as full an ensemble as possible, and mixing vocal and instrumental selections in between.

5. How did Northern blacks participate in Christian worship? What was the A.M.E. church?

Primarily segregated until the foundation of A.M.E. (African Methodist Episcopal Church).

3. Who was John Knowles Paine, and what was significant about his career in music?

Professor of music at Harvard

6. Who was Horatio Parker, and what was significant about his career in music?

Professor of music at Yale and organist at Boston's Trinity Church

________ rock was a British trend of the 1970s, typified by concept albums featuring large-scale compositions, exemplified by bands such as Yes, Genesis, and Emerson, Lake and Palmer.

Progressive

________ in the Calvinist tradition is "simple and spare" with no part singing or instrumental accompaniment.

Psalmody

"Mr. Tambourine Man," "Eight Miles High," and "White Rabbit," are popular songs of the 1960s associated with ________ music.

Psychedelic

22. What is the historical importance of Urania..., and what is significant about its contents?

Published in Philadelphia. Compiled by James Lyon, a Presbyterian born in Newark, New Jersey, in 1761. Urania was published by subscription. Lyon was a highly aware entrepreneur and used all means to sell his book—designing the collection for broad appeal. This was made easier by Philadelphia's tolerant religious environment. First American tunebook to bring psalmody into the commercial arena.

CBGB was a bar in New York City's Bowery district that provided a venue for ________ rock bands to develop and attain notoriety.

Punk

10. How were Calvinism and the Puritans related, and how did this group come to be in North America?

Puritans in England were a protestant group highly influenced by Calvinism and hoped to reform the dominant Anglican Church. Of the Puritans who settled in North America, one subgroup, the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony, were driven to emigrate at least in part by desire to worship in an environment where no state church existed.

15. What are some of the other techniques that Ives used in his music?

Quotations, layering, and changes of voice abound, often leading to jarring contrasts—quotations from Beethoven symphonies, for example, next to fiddle tunes and gospel hymns—and dense overlapping.

Jazz most likely grew out of ________ dance music.

Ragtime

________ is characterized by irregular syncopations played over a steady, marchlike accompaniment.

Ragtime

________ was a significant business person and publisher in the development of the country music industry in the early 20th century.

Ralph Peer

11. How did Country Music expand its market in the 1930s-40s? What were clear-channel radio and "border blasters"?

Realizing that newly composed songs could be much more profitable than recordings of traditional material, many country musicians in the 1930s followed the example of the Carter Family and Jimmie Rodgers by writing and copyrighting songs that could then earn royalties when performed by other musicians or printed in songbooks. Ralph Peer again played a significant role in this development, now as a publisher. Border blasters were radio stations owned by U.S. citizens but located just across the Rio Grande from Texas and thus exempt from the U.S. broadcasting regulations. The most powerful border blasters broadcasted at ten times the legal maximum of watts allotted by the U.S.

2. What were Race Records, and how does this commercial category reflect the music business in the early 20th century?

Record labels, such as Okeh, began marketing recordings by black artists for sale to African Americans. Spurred by the unprecedented success of Mami Smith's "Crazy Blues." The vast majority of race records were blues numbers.

25. What was The New-England Psalm-Singer...., and what is the historic importance of this publication?

Reflected changes in New England culture that reached beyond music. By 1770, although some Puritan influence persisted, the region's moral purpose had found a new focus: resistance to Britain's rule of her American colonies. Striking an aggressively American note, The New England Psalter bore the stamp of its time and place. Many of the titles refer to Boston and surrounding areas. The cover had an engraving of Paul Revere.

_______ was strongly encouraged by two developments in the 18th century, namely tunebooks and the availability of singing instruction to congregation members.

Regular Siinging

________ was strongly encouraged by two developments in the 18th century, namely tunebooks and the availability of singing instruction to congregation members.

Regular Singing

"Blue Moon," "My Funny Valentine," "The Lady is a Tramp," and "Bewitched, Bother, and Bewildered," were written by ________ and considered standards of the American musical.

Rodgers and Hart

Broadway show tunes in the 1920s emphasized ________ as the main theme.

Romantic love

_____ is the primary label used to distinguish multi-ethnic music common to folk festivals from that of urban folk revivals.

Roots Music

________ is the primary label used to distinguish multi-ethnic music common to folk festivals from that of urban folk revivals.

Roots Music

String Quartet 1931 and Two Ricercari (1932), including "Chinaman, Laundryman," were composed by ________, and are pieces that exemplify the concept of "dissonant counterpoint."

Ruth Crawford Seeger

The ________ published by B.F. White and Elisha King in 1844 was a compilation of shape-note songs that is still today a mainstay of Upland Southern culture.

Sacred Harp

This example is taken from the well-known shape-note hymnal, the _________. [WONDROUS LOVE] "What wondrous love is this, oh! my soul! oh! my soul!"

Sacred Harp

17. Know the music example "Sweet By and By" (LG 7.2). What are its primary sounding traits? How is this work organized, and how does it relate to popular music in general?

Same form as most popular music of its time. Verse-chorus format. Gospel hymn.

________ was the "hard-fisted, hard-hearted slave driver" character in Harriet Beecher Stow's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852).

Simon Legree

______ was a booming town on the west coast in the mid-19th century, featuring many opera theatres, most notably those owned by the Maguire-Lyster company.

San Francisco

________ was a booming town on the west coast in the mid-19th century, featuring many opera theatres, most notably those owned by the Maguire-Lyster company.

San Francisco

________ is a jazz singing style using vocables instead of words.

Scat

________ was the "King of Ragtime," composing numerous successful compositions, such as Maple Leaf Rag (1899).

Scott Joplin

Maple Leaf Rag

Scott Joplin 1899 Piano Rag

13. Know the music example "Maple Leaf Rag" (LG 10.1). What are its primary sounding traits, and how does this music relate to other genres of the same or slightly earlier eras?

Scott Joplin Date: 1899 Genre: Piano Rag Meter: Duple Form: AABBACCDD, 16-bar sections. What to listen for: Syncopated rhythms over steady bass accompaniment. Multi-strain form similar to a march Key change at trio, as in a march.

15. What were some of the different types of subject matter included in parlor songs? What were "Sentimental Songs"?

Sentimental songs were songs of separation and yearning. Jeannie (Foster),Woodman, Spare That Tree (Henry Russel) Early 1800s—Chivalric love, songs inspired by the lore of medieval chivalry. Mid-1830s—influence of opera, brought a new source of grace and intensity, as well as a higher (but still accessible) tone.

The Beatles' concept album, ________, highlighted the psychedelic movement of late-1960s rock.

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

10. How did sheet music change after the Civil War?

Sheet music didn't really adapt to the changing culture. Instead of staying topical it relied more on nostalgic or cautionary dramas or vignettes which were popular in the 1820s and 30s.

This piece is from ________, one of the most enduring American musicals. [Can't Help Lovin Dat Man]

Showboat

________ was an American musical that combined the talents of the composer-author team, Oscar Hammerstein II and Jerome Kern.

Showboat

________ in musical terms means taking a preexisting melody, harmony, rhythm, or form and changing it into a "musical comment," such as a gesture of affirmation, surprise, irony, or even mockery.

Signifying

Spirituals were published with the label "________" in the 19th century.

Slave songs

_____, as they were often referred to by their informants, were scholars who "collected" and studied music and ballads from oral tradition.

Song Catchers

________, as they were often referred to by their informants, were scholars who "collected" and studied music and ballads from oral tradition.

Song Catchers

15. Know the music example "Can the Circle Be Unbroken" (LG 11.2). What are its primary sounding traits? What is the quality of their voices, and what sort of accompaniment is used?

Songwriter: A.P. Carter (performed by Carter Family) 1935 Genre: Country Music Meter: Duple Form: Verse and Chorus What to listen for: Same music for verse and chorus Alternation of solo voices on verses and vocal harmony on choruses Carter-style guitar playing Occasional triple-meter bars.

13. Know the music example "West End Blues" (LG 12.4). How does this recording exemplify Armstrong's performing style? What are its primary sounding traits?

Songwriter: Joe "King" Oliver 1928 Genre: New Orleans Jazz Meter: Duple Form: 12-bar blues What to listen for: Striking, attention-getting opening cadenza Emphasis on solos over ensemble; no collective improvisation Trumpet playing and singing keep Armstrong in the spotlight

20. Know the music example "So Long, It's Been Good to Know you" (LG 14.5). What are its primary sounding traits, and how do these traits contribute to the use of this music for social purposes?

Songwriter: Woody Guthrie 1940 Genre: Folk song Meter: triple Form: Verse and chorus What to listen for: Relaxed, folksy vocal delivery with regional accent Carter-style guitar playing Spoken interlude for storytelling.

16. Know the music example "Corrine Corrina" (LG 14.3). What are its primary sounding traits? In what ways are elements of jazz and dance music heard in this music?

Songwriter: traditional? (maybe referring to folk origins) Put Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys specified as performer on test. 1940 Genre: Western Swing Meter: Duple Form: Strophic blues What to listen for: Use of country-style string instruments in the role of big-band wind Use of electric guitar and electric steel guitar Alternation of vocal choruses with jazz-like instrumental solos.

9. Know the music example "Dippermouth Blues" (LG 12.2). How does this recording exemplify the "Dixieland" style? How does this performance differ from the sound of the ODJB? What are its primary sounding traits?

Songwriters: Joe "King" Oliver, Louis Armstrong 1923 Genre: New Orleans Jazz Meter: Duple Form: 12-bar blues What to listen for: Use of 12-bar blues structure in an instrumental piece Contrasting roles of front-line instruments and rhythm section Rich texture of collective improvisation, contrasting with solo choruses, sometimes with stop-time accompaniment

*Sousa march like? What is the usual form of a Sousa march?

Sousa composed 136 marches, three-quarters of which follow a standard musical form that he adopted around 1880, though he did not invent it. 1.four bar introduction 2.Two repeated strains: AABB 3. Trio (new key, cantabile, melodic, soft) 4. Either C strain, which would be similar to trio with whole band or Dog fight Short(no dogfight)=intro/AABB/(transition) CCDD Long(dogfight)=intro/AABB/CDCDC

8. What was Sousa's attitude toward recorded music?

Sousa felt that recorded music caused the public to lose desire for creating. Lack of sophisticated recording technology made it so that little thought could be put into the artistry of recording. Considered recordings an "assault on the ecology of musical life." Also was frustrated that copyright law did not allow artists to be paid for their recordings.

This is an example of _____ powwow song. [WAR DANCE]

Southern Plains

This is an example of ________ powwow song. (War Dance Songs)

Southern plains

________ and ________ were primarily responsible for the spread of Catholicism in North America.

Spain, France

4. How and why was Catholicism supported by Spanish settlers in North America?

Spanish settlers, by the early 1500s, had installed the Roman rite in Mexico and were working to Christianize(convert) the native populations. As early as 1528, the Spanish-born Franciscan priest Juan de Padilla was teaching those near Mexico City to sing plainsong (Gregorian chant) and to participate in sacred choral part-singing.

11. What were spirituals, and how do those works reflect both Christian beliefs and the experience of slavery?

Spirituals-African American sacred songs rooted in the experience of slavery. The words of many African spirituals draw parallels between the Israelites' bondage and American slavery.

This is an example of a popular minstrel song written by ________, who wrote more songs that won enduring popularity than any other American songwriter of the 19th century. [De Camptown Races]

Stephen C. Foster

________ was a prominent American songwriter of the 19th century, primarily associated with the music of black minstrelsy and courtship songs.

Stephen C. Foster

________ was a successful Motown artist of the 1960s, who found new audiences through his 1970s "Soul" concept albums, such as Talking Book (1972), Innervisions (1973), and Songs in the Key of Life (1976).

Stevie Wonder

18. Know the music example "Get Off the Track" (LG 6.4). What are its primary sounding traits? How is this example typical of a "Hutchinson Family" song?

Sung to the tune of "Old Dan Tucker" and trading on the minstrel song's rough appeal. "a song for emancipation" Alternation of solo voice and unison voices. Piano accompaniment in imitation of minstrel band, political content of lyrics. Duple meter, strophic form.

16. Know the music example "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair" (LG 6.3). What are its primary sounding traits? What is its musical form, and how does that particular form reflect the textual contents?

Supple, expressive melody, use of aaba form in each stanza, each stanza closes with quasi-operatic rhythmic freedom and a cadenza. About the longing for a women he admired but was never recognized by. The tune begins high in the singer's range, with "I dream" capturing in one stroke the sense of fantasy that the song portrays. Another music gesture is the upward leap on "vapor" encourages the singer to try for a lighter-than-air sound while reinforcing the dreaming mode of the first line.

The melodic contour of War Dance songs is typically described as having a ________.

Terraced descent

In C (1964), composed by ________, was comprised of 53-short motives, each repeated many times over a fast pulse high in the piano.

Terry Riley

________ is characterized by a more equal emphasis on all four beats in a bar, larger bands, increased solo improvisation, and influence of popular song.

Swing

This example is typical of ________. (Lester Leaps In)

Swing jazz

1. How did symphony orchestras become an increasingly more important part of US culture in the early to mid-20th century?

Symphony orchestras saw the rise of the celebrity conductor. At the same time, some composers, both ultramodernists and conservatives, responded to the Great Depression with a new populist spirit that placed a higher value on connecting their music to the lives of ordinary Americans.

The ________ vocal-part most typically carries the main melody in the shape-note singing tradition.

Tenor

________ shows was a collection of vaudeville acts that traveled circus-style to bring their acts directly to rural audiences.

Tent repertory

16. What was the "Old Way" of singing psalms? Who was in charge, how did the congregation respond, etc.? What is another name for this practice?

The "Old Way" is associated with lining out. By the 1640s Some New England congregations would use only one psalter and have a deacon or precentor read or chant the psalms, a line at a time, to the congregation. The congregation would then sing each line back in response. Allowed for congregations to improvise, ornament, and elaborate on musical ideas.

_____ are considered to be the first urban folk-singing group.

The Almanac Singers

________ are considered to be the first urban folk-singing group.

The Almanac Singers

29. What were some of the other religious groups that settled in North America, and how might they have been musically unique?

The Anglicans—Church of England. The Church was hierarchical, with tiers of officials from Archbishop of Canterbury on down. Would almost always have organists performing. The Ephrata Cloister—Pennsylvania-based, German-speaking separatist societies. Conrad Beissel, was a prolific writer who used hymns to present his theological ideas. Though untrained in music, had devised a system of composing sacred choral music with a soft, otherworldly sound. The Moravians—Moravians encouraged the singing of elaborate anthems as well as congregational hymns. And as community life grew more settled, organs were introduced into the churches. Ich will dir ein Freudenopfer thun (I will freely sacrifice unto thee by Johann Freidrich Peter, is a good example of a Moravian anthem.

Can the Circle be Unbroken

The Carter Family 1935 Country Music

________ published by (William) Little & (William) Smith in 1801, was a popular tunebook in the Upland South that featured shape-note notation.

The Easy Instructor

9. How did camp meetings and the Second Great Awakening contribute to the development and distribution of shape note-singing?

The Second Great Awakening, a surge of religious renewal between 1780s and 1830s that brought a fervent Christianity to the northern, western, and southern fringes of the young republic. Held in the countryside, camp meetings were gatherings at which frontier worshippers camped out for several days of prayer and singing in an atmosphere of spiritual renewal or revivalism. Crowds sometimes numbered in the thousands.

_____, published by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1865, became the most popular long poem ever written by an American.

The Song of Hiawatha

________, published by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1865, became the most popular long poem ever written by an American.

The Song of Hiawatha

The ________ was a quartet that toured the United States and Great Britain in the mid-1800s, singing songs of social reform, e.g., abolish slavery, improved treatment of women, drinking habits.

The Hutchinson Family

4. What were some of the major events in the history of the treatment of Native Americans by the US government?

The Indian Removal Act in 1830(Trail of Tears) 1868 The General Allotment Act dissolved more than one hundred reservations by parceling out land that had been communally owned by individual heads of families. By 1890 caused native Americans to lose 86 million acres of their former lands. 1830s The Plains Indian Wars. 1924 Indian Citizenship Act (extended the rights of citizenship to nearly all Indians) 1934 Indian Reconciliation act—reorganizes the validity of tribal constitutions and bylaws 1940 Nationality act-finally grants full citizenship to all American Indians.

"Tom Dooley," a traditional Appalachian murder ballad, found commercial success with a 1958 folk pop version recorded by ________.

The Kingston Trio

________ of the 1960s was characterized by highly polished studio musicians, such as Chet Atkins and Floyd Cramer.

The Nashville Sound

________ was the first published collection of entirely American music.

The New England Psalm Siinger

________ was the first published collection of entirely American music.

The New England Psalm-Singer

Dylan's 1965 "electric" performance of "Maggie's Farm" at ________ is considered a landmark event in the history of American folk (and rock) music.

The Newport Folk Festival

10. How did shape-note hymnody differ from New England psalmody?

The Southern practice loos more like a transformation that a simple survival of the Northern practice. Southern hymnody—in effect, the psalmody of the nineteenth century, when hymn singing had eclipsed psalm singing—took root among rural plain folk with stern views of religion and generally old-fashioned ways. Used shape notes.

________ was a booking agency that boasted a network of some seven hundred theaters nationwide by 1906.

The Syndicate

1. How did patronage in North America differ from that in Europe, and what effect did that fact have on music and music-making in North America?

The absence of a national church or aristocratic political structures left North American composers to use more entrepreneurial approaches to music making as a profession. Many professional musicians, through the 1700s, relied on European compositions for performance.

6. How and why did composers like Virgil Thompson, Roy Harris, and others adapt their compositional style to attract wider audiences?

The adversity which came with the Great Depression led composers to write in more conservative styles and focus on regional and national subjects. Virgil Thompson wrote two scores for government-sponsored films, The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936) and The River (1937), confirming his credentials as a composer who could write American-sounding music. Roy Harris aspired to compose on behalf of all Americans. In Harris's view, rhythm was the key that separated Americans from Europeans

4. What are the three spheres that Crawford /Hamberlin use to categorize music in the US? What does each represent in terms of who makes and uses each of those musical types?

The authors interpret this division in spheres. The three are: Classical sphere: built around an ideal that may be called transcendence: the belief that musical works can achieve enduring artistic stature. Performers are to play them by following the composer's notation closely. Popular sphere: Chief premise is accessibility, giving authority most of all to the audience. Traditional sphere: tends to be connected with particular customs and ways of life. In its drive to preserve linguistic, cultural, and musical practices, the traditional sphere is ruled by a commitment to continuity.

1. In general, what are the Blues, and from where and when might this musical genre have originated?

The beginnings of the blues have been traced to the Deep South: to small towns and rural regions, Mississippi Delta plantations, and industries that demanded heavy manual labor. Lacking education, property, and political power in a segregated society, the creators of blues music led lives of hardship in rural isolation. Work songs and field hollers are the ancestors of the blues.

20. What is a standard, and what are some of its defining traits?

The best show tunes of that period have escaped the usual fate of the popular song by surviving to the present day as so-called standards in the repertoires of jazz and caberet singers and instrumentalists. Because these songs have proven to have enduring value for so many people, the period from the 1920s through the early 50s is sometimes called the golden era of the classical American popular song, a term synonymous with standard.

16. Why was Ives more concerned with the "substance and manner" of his music than its actual sound? What did these terms mean to Ives?

The difference between music and sound, substance and manner, lay in attitude. Substance was a matter of putting your whole soul into the making of music., regardless of talent or skill.

4. Who were the Virginia Minstrels, and why are they important in the history of minstrelsy?

The first full-length minstrel show was given in Boston in 1843 by Dan Emmet and the Virginia Minstrels. Developed performing customs that would adapted by many acts after. The performers arranged four chairs on stage in a semicircle, with tambourine and bones at either end and fiddle and banjo in between, and filled their programs with short musical numbers. They divided an evening's entertainment into two parts, the first, including a would-be topical speech (stump speech), delivered in a stage negro dialect. The first part would focus on Northern urban scene, with the second shifting to the South and closing with a lively plantation number.

15. Who were George Bristow and William Henry Fry, and how did they promote American classical music?

The first significant composers of instrumental music in the classical tradition.

16. Who was Jimmie Rodgers, what was his background, and what sort of music did he perform?

The first undisputed solo star of country music. Born in Mississippi in 1897. Picked up music informally in poolrooms and barbershops as a child. Ran away from home to join a medicine show at 12. After returning home, he worked with his father in the railroad work crew. When tuberculosis ended his railroad career he devoted himself more fully to music, playing banjo and guitar in a variety of small ensembles.

7. What is the usual instrumentation of a "Dixieland" jazz band? How do the "frontline" and rhythm section interact, and how is collective improvisation part of this sound?

The frontline consists of cornet (as leader usually), clarinet, and trombone. Cornet performs melody, clarinet weaves countermelody, often in rapid, even notes over a wide range of the instrument, and the trombone performing "tailgate" style—using frequent smears (glides through several adjacent pitches)—and a mixture of countermelody in the tenor range and doubling of the bass line. Rhythm sections consists of drums, guitar or piano, and double bass, which provide the harmonic and rhythmic underpinning. Collective improvisation is highly important to the traditional (trad) style of New Orleans Jazz. Collective improvisation is when multiple instruments of the frontline improvise simultaneously and engage in a musical discussion.

5. How did the Great Depression and other forces affect the job market for musicians? What did the US government do to put musicians to work in the 1930s?

The great depression made a deep impact on musical life. Some larger institutions such as symphony orchestras and the Metropolitan Opera survived on patronage and a growing pool of listeners, reached through radio broadcasts and recording. However, new-music activities—such as League of Composers, Pan American Association of Composers, Copland-Sessions Concerts—only the League of Composers lasted beyond the 1930s. With less money in the hands of audience members (who could listen to radio broadcasts for free), work for performers evaporated. Meanwhile, the invention of sound film in 1927 removed the need for the players who had previously accompanied silent films in orchestra pits. In 1935, as part of the massive relief effort of the Works Progress Administration (WPA, the national government took action, enacting Federal Project Number One as a way of supporting out-of-work writers, artists, musicians, and historians. One arm of the initiative was the Federal Music Project, which founded 28 orchestras, as well as many dance bands and folk-music groups. More than a million music classes were given to 14 million students. As a silver lining to economic distress, the years of the Great Depression brought more abundant access to classical music than Americans had ever enjoyed before.

17. Who were the Hutchinson Family, and what sorts of songs did they sing?

The leading singers of activist songs in the pre-Civil War years were the Hutchinsons of Milford, New Hampshire, who began singing together for pleasure and then found that they could make a career out of it. Abolitionist, anti-drinking,

19. What is meant by The Great American Songbook, and what sorts of works does it include?

The repertory of standards. See question 20. "What is a standard?"

Van Halen, Guns N' Roses, and Metallica are categorized as ________ bands.

metal

________ was the most influential American conductor of the nineteenth century.

Theodore Thomas

1. How do the terms "classical music", art music", and "cultivated music" create a new class of music? How is is that classification different from other sorts of music, and what does it say about the musical types included in this new class?

These terms imply that other types of music are inferior.

This piece was composed by ________. ("Talk About Jesus")

Thomas A. Dorsey

________ was an African American composer and performer, known as the "Father of Gospel Music."

Thomas A. Dorsey

10. Know the music example "Talk about Jesus" (LG 14.2). What are its primary sounding traits, how is its vocal style influenced by secular music, and what other influences are audible in this music?

Thomas A. Dorsey 1986 Genre: Gospel Tune Meter: Duple Form: Verse, Chorus, Chorus (ABB') What to listen for: Simplicity of harmony and verse-and chorus form Expressive performance using blues vocal techniques Shaping of performance to reach an emotional climax in the second chorus.

Talk About Jesus

Thomas A. Dorsey 1986(recorded) Gospel Song

18. Why might some ministers have objected to the "Old Way", and why would they have promoted "Regular Singing" instead (and what was "Regular Singing")? Who was Thomas Symmes and what did he write?

Thomas Symmes rejected lining out, or the "old way" because he felt that allowing ornamentation and altering the music would inevitably change it into something else unrecognizable. Ministers who objected the "old way" thought that order and solemnity would help to make public worship more pleasing in the sight of God.

12. What was Ragtime, and what are the sounding traits of this genre?

Thought to have been named for the "ragged rhythm" whose accent cut across the duple meter's alternating strong and weak beats. More recent theories suggest it has to do with the hoisting of handkerchiefs (rags) to signal a dance. In School of Ragtime: Six Exercises for Piano, Joplin explained syncopation as unusual groupings of rapid notes against a slower, steady beat, demanding that every note "be played as written." Had its origins in imitation of Af-Am styles and rhythmes. Regular beat in LH, shifting accents in RH, sectional form (like marches).

Nickname for the publishing district around west 28th street in New York City, and by extension for the popular music industry ca. 1890-1950s.

Tin Pan Alley

19. How did Tin Pan Alley's commercial impetus differ from that of earlier sheet music publishers?

Tin Pan Alley published only popular songs, pouring much of their energy and money into promotion. Would have traveling troupes "plug" their songs. "In the early years of music publishing the leading figures had been old-school gentlemen. But to survive in the "particularly insane business" of the 1890s and later, it helped to be "more of a Bohemian."

El Cayuco

Tito Puente 1957

19. What was the purpose of the "Singing School Movement", what were Singing Schools, and how did these "schools" operate?

To bring back structured psalmody and music reading to congregations. Singing Schools were aimed at beginners and taught in the evenings in any available space, and typically lasted 3 months. A singing master was usually not a clergyman but a musical individual. Singing schools also functioned to provide wholesome entertainment and social occasions.

17. Where was Gottschlak educated in music, and what sort of performer was he?

Took lessons with the local opera company. Moved to Paris but was rejected from the conservatory. Instead begins studying with a "respected pianist."

7. What is Opera, what are some of its defining traits, and where does it fit in the hierarchy of theatrical genres in the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries?

Top of the hierarchy. Opera repertory in the US was similar to the classical repertory, in that there were very few compositions by Americans and that they emphasized classic works rather than new ones. However, in the 1910s especially, the Metropolitan Opera encouraged creative efforts of American composers. In 1911 and 1912 the company presented Victor Herbert's Natoma and Horatio Parker's Mona.

American folk song collecting began as the study of ________.

Traditional ballads from the British Isles

________ is the belief that musical works can achieve enduring artistic stature.

Transcendence

________ is a signature feature of bebop harmony, using chord progressions three whole steps away.

Tritonesubstitution

1. How important were wind bands in the second half of the 19th Century? How did these ensembles differ from pre-Civil War ensembles?

Typically associated with local pride in towns and cities as the isolation of rural towns encouraged self-sufficiency. Amateur groups that played for summer picnics, winter entertainments, and civic occasions. Between the Civil War and World War I, the wind band flourished, for it was well matched to the character of town and city life.

A huge literary success in the North, ________ was banned as subversive literature in some parts of the South.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

_______ was the first American tunebook to bring psalmody into the commercial arena, relying on subscriptions, advertising and tailored content to attract customers.

Urania

________ was the first American tunebook to bring psalmody into the commercial arena, relying on subscriptions, advertising and tailored content to attract customers.

Urania

A "dumb act" was a common feature of ________ shows, featuring material with no spoken dialogue, e.g., dancers, pantomimes, acrobats.

Vaudeville

20. What was Vaudeville, and how did it contribute to the marketing and distribution of Tin Pan Alley songs? What were song pluggers?

Vaudeville combined a wide range of performers—comedians, jugglers, acrobats, actors, animal trainers, dancers, singers, and instrumentalist of every nationality—into an evening's entertainment at cheap prices. Standard format called for 9 acts.

The ________ performed the first full-length minstrel show in Boston in 1843.

Virginia Minstrels

________ was an Alabama-born musician, composer, and businessman who is controversially known as the "Father of the Blues."

W.C. Handy

St. Louis Blues

W.C. Handy 1914 CLassic Blues

7. Know the music example "St. Louis Blues" (LG 11.1). What are its primary sounding traits? How does this recording reflect the standard blues form, and how does it reflect popular song form?

W.C. Handy 1914 Genre: Classic Blues Meter: Duple Form: A A' B A" What to listen for: Smith's voice: rough timbre, bent notes, slides. Armstrong's cornet: in call and response with Smith's vocals 12-bar blues choruses, with one 16-bar minor-key strain.

9. What was the recording industry like around 1900, and how did technology both expand the dissemination of music and limit what could be heard?

Was highly limited by fidelity and did not pay artists(as stated above) royalties. However, recordings helped move musical and cultural ideas farther.

11. What song by Foster is especially connected with Florida?

Way down Upon the Suwannee (Old folks at home)

Tonight is from the well-known American musical, ________.

West Side Story

_____ is among the most famous American musicals with music by Leonard Berstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.

West Side Story

________ is among the most famous American musicals with music by Leonard Berstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.

West Side Story

________ was a kind of music common to honky-tonks that combined traditional fiddle music, blues and jazz, Tin Pan Alley song style, polka rhythms, and Mexican genres, like mariachi and conjunto.

Western swing

7. Who was Amy Marcy Cheney, and what was significant about her career in music? By what other name was she better known, and how did her career differ from that of her male colleagues?

When Beach died in New York in 1944, she left behind more than three hundred compositions and a record of pioneering achievements, as both a performer and a composer: she was the first American-trained concert pianist, part of the first generation of professional American female instrumentalist, and the first American woman to compose large-scale works for the concert hall. She was also one of the first composers to utilize folk melodies to help create a distinctively American style. Known as Amy Beach.

14. How does the quotation of pre-existing music contribute to the sound of Ives' music?

While composing in the classical sphere, Ives frequently quoted popular and folk music. Believing that the purest-hearted performers were plain folks, singing and playing in the course of their everyday lives, Ives often quoted melodies that they loved and sang in their own way—including hymn tunes that most trained musicians scorned.

7. Who was Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and what was his The Song of Hiawatha? How did this work influence opinions about Indians?

Whites' views of Indians entered a new phase after 1855, which saw the publication of Henry Wadworth Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha, based on Henry Schoolcraft's researches. Became the most popular long poem(epic) ever written by an American. Longfellow ascribed to Indians virtues admired by Victorian-era Americans, including manliness, courage, and integrity.

Afro-American Symphony 1st mvt

William Grant Still 1930 Concert Music

17. Know the music example "Afro-American Symphony, 1st mvt" (LG 13.3). What are its primary sounding traits, especially when compared to a European symphony? What elements of African-American music are used in this work?

William Grant Still 1930 Genre: Concert Music Meter: Duple Form: Sonata Form What to listen for: Use of sonata form 12-bar blues structure for the first theme of the movement Reference to the spiritual in second theme of the movement Colorful orchestration, including solo English horn and Harmon mutes for trumpets.

10. Beyond military settings, wat sorts of music did town bands perform?

With music ranging from dance tunes to patriotic songs and lighter pieces in classical genres.

7. How and (especially) why did Aaron Copland shift from a modernist style to a "Simple Style" in the early 1930s?

With the advent of the Great Depression Copland's socialist sympathies deepened, and his aesthetic goals shifted as well. Copland visited Mexico in 1932, and over the next five years he worked on an orchestral piece inspired by his visit to a Mexico City dance hall. He kept them (his musical works) recognizable, and he stayed within the major-minor tonal system. Only the asymmetrical rhythms and occasional "wrong-note" harmonies sounded modern, and these gave the traditional elements new life and vigor.

"This Land is Your Land," composed by _____, became an anthem of the 1960s counterculture.

Woodie Guthrie

The Great Depression, the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s, New Deal politics, and union organizing were common themes in the music of ______.

Woodie Guthrie

This famous American folk singer is _____. [SO LONG, IT'S BEEN GOOD TO KNOW YA]

Woodie Guthrie

"This Land is Your Land," composed by _________, became an anthem of the 1960s counterculture.

Woody Guthrie

The Great Depression, the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s, New Deal politics, and union organizing were common themes in the music of _________.

Woody Guthrie

________ was Bob Dylan's primary musical model, inspiring him to compose music with political messages and social commentary.

Woody Guthrie

So Long, Its Been Good to Know You

Woody Guthrie 1940 Folk Song

the Korean War

World War I

The Plains Indian Wars ended in 1890 with the ________.

Wounded Knee Massacre

Good Rocking Tonight

Wynonie Harris 1948 Rhythm and Blues

The primary musical theatre genres of the 1700s included:

ballad opera, pasticcio, and comic opera

-bands were best served by private funding

bands could cut loose from military affiliation as an independent ensemble in the public arena

This is an example of ________. ("It's Mighty Dark to Travel")

bluegrass

The vast majority of race records were _________.

blues

A ________ is a fiddle tune played as a virtuoso showpiece.

breakdown

A ________ is a topical song sung to a well-known tune and printed on sheets.

broadside ballad

This is an example of a ________.[The Liberty Song-John Dickinson]

broadside ballad

The popular song trend of the late 1800s was increasingly ruled by the tastes of ________.

city dwellers

Sidney Bechet, Benny Goodman, and Artie Shaw were all jazz musicians whose primary instrument was the ________.

clarinet

Mamie Smith, Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, and Bessie Smith were famous singers associated with ________.

classic blues

The "________" sphere of music in early 19th century American music history was built around the ideal of transcendence.

classical

"Rock around the Clock," "Maybellene," and "Heartbreak Hotel" are all examples of ________.

crossover hits

This example composed by Ruth Crawford Seeger explores a musical concept known as ________.

dissonant counterpoint

A typical ensemble of singers performing at a powwow event are known as a _____.

drum

A typical ensemble of singers performing at a powwow event are known as a ________.

drum

Composers, such as Edgard Varèse, Milton Babbitt, and John Cage were pioneers of ________, which emerged in the 1950s.

electronic music

While Pete Seeger utilized topical song as a call to action with clear meanings, Bob Dylan used topical song to ________.

explore moral ambiguities

false

false

true

false

false

false (ppl could listen at home)

The four-syllable system of solmization used in the shape-note singing tradition is also known as ________ singing.

fasola

Also known as "The President's March," this is an example of ________.

field music

George Clinton, Isaac Hayes, and Curtis Mayfield were all composers and musicians primarily associated with ________ music.

funk

Jo Jones was a drummer in Count Basie's jazz orchestra who developed a distinctive sound by "keeping time" with the ________.

hi-hat

Kool Herc, Grandmaster Flash, and Disco Wiz are important figures associated with ________.

hip-hop

Scratching, cutting, and beat juggling are all techniques associated with ________.

hip-hop

________ show respect for the dancers or sometimes memorialize a person mentioned in a song performed at intertribal powwow events.

honor beats

A ______ is a sacred song with a non-biblical text.

hymn

n its early years, "jazz" referred to a way of playing that was ________.

improvisation

In its early years, "jazz" referred to a way of playing that was ________.

improvised

command

industrial

_______ are characterized by the inclusion of songs that grow out of the plot and further the dramatic situation.

intagrated musicals

Flag ceremonies and honoring veterans are essential elements of _____.

intertribal powwow events

Fruedenopfer is a Moravian anthem reflective of such compositions in the ________.

late 18th century

________ composers, such as Philip Glass, moved the focus of listening toward the experience of sound in the moment and change on an expanded time scale.

minimalist

Vaudeville and musical comedy are the descendants of ________.

minstrelsy

Military uses for music in the 1700s may be divided into four categories: ________.

morale building, camp duties, public ceremonies, recreation

Smooth, connected (notes of a melody, etc.).

legato

The "Old Way" of singing in Calvinist churches in early American musical history focused on the practice of ________.

lined singing

_______ is the practice of having a single singer read or chant a line of text followed by the congregation singing the line in response.

lining out

Music for the movement of human bodies featuring a steady beat, regular phrase structure, and repeated sections.

march

dance

march

Musical comedy

musical comedy

_______ differed from operetta in its use of contemporary settings and characters, as well as conversational style of vocal writing.

musical comedy

Before the advent of the phonograph, ________ was the key to musical commerce.

musical notation

Songwriters after the Civil War most often focused their subjects on ________.

nostalgia and cautionary drama

William Tell, Faust, and Lohengrin were famous ________ well-known to the general public at the turn of the 19th century.

operas

________ music offered composers little control over performances, but gave them greater access to customers in the marketplace.

performer's

_______ were technological innovations that profoundly altered home music making for virtually all Americans in the early 20th century.

phonograph, radio

Joseph Chickering of Boston began in the 1830s to mass-produce ________, the quintessential parlor instrument of the 19th and 20th centuries.

pianos

The "wah-wah" sound heard in early jazz performance is a sound effect created with the use of a ________.

plunger mute

The ________ was a unique performance technique created by trumpeter, Bubber Miley, as a member of Duke Ellington's jazz band.

plunger-and-growl

solo singers

policemen

By 1900, the "key" to the distinctive voice of American musical comedy was ________.

popular song

Urban folk music flourished in the 1960s, rising through three different approaches: ________, ________ and ________.

popularizers, politicizers, preservationists

William Bolcom, John Harbison and John Adams were composers associated with ________ in music.

postmodernism

The song John Henry is an example of a ________.

prison song

This is an example of a _____. [JOHN HENRY]

prison song

This is an example of a ________. (John Henry)

prison song

This is an example of a(n) ________. (Old Hundred)

psalm tune

This is an example of a(n) ________. [OLD HUNDRED] "Make ye a joyful sounding noise. Unto Jehovah, all the earth..."

psalm tune

A ________ was a costly and elaborate variety stage show that typically included an overarching theme.

revue

Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II were lyricists of Broadway musical who collaborated with ________ on many successful productions.

richard rogers

The singing style of early rock and roll music performers was derived from ________.

rural music

Music composition in postwar America reflects the splitting of the classical sphere into two complementary aspects, namely ________ and _________.

the concert hall, the academy

Both medieval courtly love and nineteenth-century courtship were based on ________.

separation of the sexes

_______ in musical terms means taking a preexisting melody, harmony, rhythm, or form and changing it into a "musical comment," such as a gesture of affirmation, surprise, irony, or even mockery.

signifying

"Let My People Go: A Song of the 'Contrabands'," published in 1861, is an example of a ________.

slave song

Spirituals were published with the label "_____" in the 19th century.

slave songs

A ________ was a pianist who demonstrated new songs for potential performers in vaudeville and musical comedy.

song plugger

A published collection of song lyrics without music is known as a _____.

songster

This is an example of ________ powwow song.

southern plains

The Fisk Jubilee Singers became well-known for their performances of ________.

spirituals

James P. Johnson (1894-1955) is considered one of the creators of ________, a virtuosic style of jazz piano that descended from ragtime.

stride

The _____ of Appalachian ballads is considered a contributing factor to the "detachment" with which many ballads relate their story.

strophic form

Rock and roll music was initially intended for ________ listeners.

teenage

The melodic contour of War Dance songs is typically described as having a _____.

terraced descent

Brother Duos and Bluegrass music both feature ________ as a distinguishing characteristic.

the "high lonesome sound"

Buck Owens and Merle Haggard were popular country singers of the 1960s, who characterized ________.

the Bakersfield Sound

Examples of pantribal music associated with American Indian nations include songs associated with _____, ______, and _______.

the Ghost Dance, the peyote religion, the powwow

Examples of pantribal music associated with American Indian nations include songs associated with ________, ________, and ________.

the Ghost Dance, the peyote religion, the powwow

A blues progression in its simplest form is based on ________ chords.

three

Gottschalk favored ________ over other qualities of performance.

timbre

The "________" sphere of music in early 19th century American music history was built around the ideal of continuity.

traditional

The Second (Indian) Suite (1891) by Edward MacDowell was inspired by ________.

transcriptions of North American Indian music

Janissary instruments included ________.

triangle, cymbal, bass drum

The "Front Line" of a New Orleans jazz ensemble by the 1920s included ________, ________, and ________.

trombone cornet clarinet

false

true

true

true

Peyote songs are accompanied by a rattle and ________.

water drum

The Plains Indian Wars ended in 1890 with the ________.

wounded knee massacre