Anabolism and Microbial Genetics pt 1
structural genes
genes in an operon that code for proteins
Calvin cycle location
occurs in chloroplasts in plants, cytoplasm in bacteria
bond between deoxynucleotides
phosphodiester bond
purines
adenine and guanine
genome
all genetic material in a cell or virus
polycistronic mRNA
all structural genes in 1 piece of mRNA
Calvin Cycle
anabolic pathway for fixing CO2 into carbohydrate (also called dark rxns)
pyrimidines
cytosine and thymine
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
3 components of DNA deoxynucleotide
deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
gene
functional unit of genetic information
carboxylation phase
(often) occurs in carboxysomes, RubisCO attaches CO2 onto ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate --> 2 3-phosphoglycerate
3 processes of information flow
DNA replication, transcription, translation
Calvin cycle phases
carboxylation, reduction, regeneration
operon
cluster of genes controlled by common regulatory elements
Griffith's Transformation Experiment
helped establish DNA as the genetic material of a cell
bonds between the 2 DNA strands
hydrogen bonds (2 for A+T, 3 for G+C)
inducer
molecule that binds repressors so that they do NOT bind to the operator, allows transcription to proceed
regeneration phase
more ATP required, produces carbohydrates (some require multiple cycles)
DNA charge
negative, due to phosphate group
repressor
protein that blocks transcription
palindrome
recognition site of restriction enzymes, which open up the 2 strands
operator
regulatory region of DNA where repressor proteins bind
RubisCO
ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase
phenotype
set of observable characteristics
genotype
specific set of genes carried in the genome
anabolism
synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with input of ATP and reducing power (NADPH)
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose, similar steps of glycolysis but going backwards, required ATP and GTP
Streptococcus pneumoniae
used in Griffith's experiment, can take up DNA from environment, produces a capsule that supports virulence
reduction phase
uses input of ATP and reducing power (NADPH), 3-phosphoglycerate --> glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
promoter
where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription
