Anatomy 2 Lecture Exam 1
The skin on the posterior thigh and leg is innervated by which pair of spinal nerves?
2
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS is
GABA
Which of the following is the most excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and functions in learning and memory?
Glutamate
Compression of which nerve produces the sensation that your leg has "fallen asleep"?
Sciatic
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus __________.
Secretes Oxytocin
Which nerve plexus contains nerves that innervate the muscles of the neck and the diaphragm?
Sensory neuron cell bodies
An important neurotransmitter associated with emotional states and moods is __________.
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter has widespread effects on a person's attention and emotional state?
Serotonin
Which neurotransmitter is associated with a person's emotional states and moods and is linked to depression?
Serotonin
Summation that results from the cumulative effect of multiple synapses at multiple places on the neuron is designated
Spatial Summation
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
Storing complex memories
The nuclei in the midbrain responsible for secreting dopamine is _________.
Substantia nigra
You are attending the Indi 500 and as cars pass you by, your eyes and head follow the race cars. Which structure is controlling this movement?
Superior colliculi
The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the
Synapse
Ataxia
a disturbance in muscular coordination due to a damage to cerebellum
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is __________.
a graded depolarization produced by the arrival of a neurotransmitter
The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a single synapse is called __________.
temporal summation
Most neurons lack ________ and so are permanently blocked from undergoing cell division.
Centrioles
The old saying "Practice makes perfect" is related to training which structure of the nervous system.
Cerebellum
The trapezius muscle is innervated by nerves from which plexus?
Cervical
Injury to which plexus would interfere with your ability to breathe?
Cervical plexus
What plexus includes the phrenic nerve, a nerve that controls the diaphragm?
Cervical plexus
At a(n) ________ synapse, a neurotransmitter is released to stimulate the postsynaptic membrane.
Chemical
In order to communicate with multiple cells at the same time, an axon may branch along its length, producing side branches called __________.
Collaterals
In what pattern of neural processing do several neurons synapse on one neuron?
Convergence
Motor pathways for the control of skeletal muscles, like the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, exhibit what kind of neuronal organization?
Convergence
Several neurons synapsing on a single postsynaptic neuron are using __________.
Convergence
The hypothalamus produces the hormones __________.
ADH and oxytocin
The ________ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system
Afferent
Which of the following facilitate the neuron's transmembrane potential by moving it closer to threshold?
All of the listed responses are correct
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
Astrocytes
When a person has a stroke, blood leaks into the brain tissue. Which type of neuroglia cells would make structural repairs to the damage?
Astrocytes
The simplest level of information processing takes place at the __________.
Axon Hillock
The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the
Axon Hillock
Which ion triggers synaptic vesicles to discharge neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?
Calcium
Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators may belong to all of the following molecular classes EXCEPT __________.
Carbohydrates
A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called
Depolarization
Opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes
Depolarization
A bilateral region of skin that is innervated by a single pair of spinal nerves is a __________
Dermatote
The epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus are anatomical structures of the __________.
Diencephalon
In what pattern of neural processing does one neuron synapse with several other neurons?
Divergence
The ________ division of the nervous system carries motor commands to muscles and glands.
Efferent
Which of the following has/have effects similar to those of morphine and function(s) to relieve pain
Endorphins
Emma is very excited because after taking up running several months ago, she has begun to experience the phenomenon called "runner's high." This is caused by the production of endorphins. What is the effect of endorphins on Emma when she runs?
Endorphins block the transmission of substance P, a neurotransmitter that sends information about pain to the CNS.
EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when
Extra Sodium Ions enter a cell
Which nerve arises from the lumbar plexus and innervates the anterior thigh muscles?
Femoral Nerve
Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?
Fine-tuning muscle movements
Which of the following statements about shingles is FALSE?
Fortunately, shingles, like chicken pox, can be experienced only once in life.
Which of the following medications is NOT used to treat severe chronic depression by inhibiting the uptake of serotonin?
Morphine
Unmyelinated fibers that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body wall or limbs form the __________.
Gray Ramus
Which part of the brain regulates the functioning of the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
The highest level of motor control involves a series of interactions that occur __________.
In centers in the brain that can modulate or build on reflexive motor patterns
How do neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and dopamine exert their effect on their target cells?
Indirect effect using G proteins in target cell membrane
You are standing at a crowded subway station in NYC. You hear a loud noise and suddenly get startled and turn your head toward the direction the loud noise. Which structure is controlling this behavior and movement?
Inferior Colliculi
Which type of ion channel is always open?
Leak
The gray matter in substantia nigra appears black due the presence of ________.
Melanin
Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called
Microglia
The presence of ________ dramatically increases the speed at which an action potential moves along an axon.
Myelin
________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system.
Neuroglia
Most neurotransmitters are derived from amino acids, short peptides, or purines. Which of the following neurotransmitters is a gas?
Nitric Oxide
Which of these neurotransmitters does NOT bind to a plasma membrane receptor?
Nitric Oxide
The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called
Nodes of Raniver
Which of the following is NOT associated with an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?
Opening of chemically gated ion channels that lead to depolarization
Which of the following is NOT associated with an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
Opening of chemically gated ion channels that lead to hyperpolarization
The group of chemicals that are referred to as our natural "pain killers" are __________.
Opiods
What type of neuronal organization is involved where multiple responses occur at the same time?
Parallel Processing
Which of the following produces the hormone melatonin?
Pineal Gland
You are sound asleep. Your dog decides to get up and walk around the house and in the process steps on a lose floor board and causes it to make a cracking sound. You wake up! What structure was responsible for waking you up from sleep?
Reticular Activating System
____________ is a collection of clusters of neurons responsible for consciousness.
Reticular Activating System
____________ is a collection of clusters of neurons responsible for consciousness.
Reticular activating system
What kind of neuronal organization is involved in a positive feedback loop involving neurons?
Reverberation
Rapid impulse conduction from "node" to "node" is called
Saltatory Propagation
When you take a pain reliever, which of the following best describes, in general terms, how this affects the threshold of neurons?
Taking a pain reliever increases the threshold.
Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as
Telodendria
Which dural folds covers and separates cerebellum from the cerebrum?
Tentorium cerebelli
Relay and processing centers for sensory information are found in the __________.
Thalamus
Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?
The axon would be unable to generate action potentials.
in terms of neurotransmitter function, what is meant by the term "direct effect" on the target cell?
The neurotransmitter has its effect on receptors on the target cell membrane.
A graded depolarization caused by the arrival of a neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane is a(n) __________.
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
If 100 excitatory neurons released their neurotransmitter from synapses on the same neuron, and at the same time 40 inhibitory neurons released their neurotransmitter on the same neuron at the same time, what would the net effect be on the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential?
The postsynaptic cell's membrane would be depolarized and excited.
Which component of the diencephalon is stimulated by changes in body temperature?
The preoptic area
How does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?
The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon.
What structure carries sensory information from and motor commands to the ventrolateral body surface and the limbs?
The ventral ramus of the spinal nerves
The minimum stimulus required to trigger an action potential is known as the
Threshold
What is the function of the thalamus?
To filter and pass along sensory information to the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
Where do somatic motor commands to skeletal muscles of the upper and lower appendages exit from the spinal cord?
Ventral Root
Deteriorating changes in the distal segment of an axon as a result of a break between it and the soma is called ________ degeneration.
Wallerian
IPSPs (inhibitory postsynaptic potentials)
are local hyperpolarizations
What plexus includes the ulnar nerve?
brachial plexus
One possible condition resulting from damage to or destruction of neurons that produce dopamine in a part of the brain controlling movement is __________.
either cause an increase, a decrease, or no change in the membrane potential
The delicate connective tissue fibers that surround individual axons of spinal nerves compose a layer called the __________.
endoneurium
The pineal gland, an endocrine structure that secretes the hormone melatonin, is found in the __________.
epithalamus
The slender lobe situation between the roof of the fourth ventricle and cellebelar hemisphere is known as ___________.
flocculonodular lobe
Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the
formation of cerebrospinal fluid.
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by
forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.
Hypothalamic or thalamic stimulation that depresses reticular formation activity in the brain stem results in __________
generalized lethargy or actual sleep
Hypothalamic or thalamic stimulation that depresses reticular formation activity in the brain stem results in __________.
generalized lethargy or actual sleep
Which of the following is the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that is important in learning and memory?
glutamate
The part(s) of the diencephalon responsible for coordinating the activities of the central nervous system and the endocrine system is/are the __________.
hypothalamus
The myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by
oligodendrocytes.
The connective tissue that wraps bundles of axons into fascicles is the __________.
perineurium
From which plexus does the sciatic nerve arise?
sacral
Parallel processing is the "neural circuit" in which __________.
several neurons or neuronal pools process the same information at one time
The addition of the effects of release of neurotransmitter from multiple synapses at the same time on the same neuron is __________.
spatial summation
A neuron that receives neurotransmitter from another neuron is called
the postsynaptic neuron.
