Anatomy 337 - Unit 4
Identify the trunks of the brachial plexus and how the nerve roots combine to form the trunks How many nerves come out of the trunks?
The trunks are formed by united roots. C5+C6 = superior trunk, C7 = middle trunk, C8 + T1 = inferior trunk 2( Suprascapular, Subclavius)
What muscles are responsible for glenohumeral joint (shoulder) abduction?
desupra Deltoid Supraspinatus
What is the difference between an epicondyle and a condyle?
Epicondyle (bone projections) Raised area on or above a condyle for muscle or ligament attachment Condyle (joint surface) Rounded articular projection for other bone attachment
Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis What are the actions of these muscles? Which compartment of the leg are they in?
Everts ankle, assist plantar flexion of ankle Lateral leg
What are the actions of the Extensor Hallucis Brevis
Extends MTP joint of great toe
What are the actions of the Extensor digitorum
Extends wrist, 2nd-5th MP joints, PIP joints, & DIP joints
What are the actions of the Extensor digiti minimi
Extends wrist, MP, and PIP joints of finger 5
What attaches to the lateral border the scapula?
teres major and teres minor
Where do the right and left common iliac artery split?
(at the lumbosacral joint), iliac arteries split into external and internal iliac arteries
What muscles are responsible for wrist flexion?
4 flexor - digitorum superficialis/profunduc - carpi radialis/ulnaris 1 palmaris longus Flexor Carpi Radialis Palmaris Longus Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Flexor Digitorum Profundus
How many nerves come of the cords of the brachial plexus? How many per each cord?
7 total 1 off the lateral cord 3 off the posterior cord 3 off the medial cord
What is the acetbular labrum in the hip ? What is its role?
>Increases the depth of the acetabulum and stability of the hip joint >Absorbs shock within the hip joint when weight-bearing >Covers the articular surface of the acetabulum
What does the axis of movement mean when thinking about a muscle acting on a joint? (anterior vs posterior)
A muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces flexion A muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces extension
what are the cruciate ligaments of the knee and their functions
ACL : Attaches to lateral femoral condyle and anterior tibial plateau Prevents anterior translation of tibia PCL : attaches to medial femoral condyle and posterior tibial plateau Prevents posterior translation of tibia Thicker and stronger than ACL ACL and PCL provide rotational stability by stopping rotation
Where are the ACL and PCL
ACL and PCL inside fibrous capsule but outside synovial capsule
define adbuction vs adduction
Abduction moves the limb laterally away from the midline of the body, while adduction is the opposing movement that brings the limb toward the body or across the midline.
What are the actions of the Abductor pollicis longus
Abducts thumb
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Dorsal Interossei
Abducts toes (MTP)
The clavicle has 3 landmarks: acromial end sternal end conoid tubercule (Small rounded projection) what are their roles?
Acromial end Articulates with the acromion process of the scapula Sternal end Articulates with the sternum Conoid tubercle Attachment site for the coracoclavicular ligament
What are the actions of the tensor fascia latae? What is its insertion? It origins at the iliac crest posterior to anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Action: Flexes, abducts and medially rotates hip Insertion: Iliotibial tract (IT band, to Gerdy's tubercle)
Psoas Major and Iliacus are anterior thigh muscles innervated by the femoral nerve. What are their actions and insertion
Action: flex hip Insertion: Lesser trochanter, merge to form the Iliopsoas
Gluteus medius origins at the posterior iliac crest. Gluteus minimus origins at the lateral ilium. They are both innervated by the superior gluteal nerve What are their actions? What are their insertion?
Actions: Abducts and medially rotates hip Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
Gluteus Maximus origins at Iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx. It is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve. What are its actions? What is its insertion?
Actions: Extends, laterally rotates, and abducts the hip Insertion: Iliotibial tract (to Gerdy's tubercle) Gluteal tuberosity of femur
What are major differences between male and female pelves?
Adaptations for childbearing in female pelvis Relatively broad, low pelvis Ilia that project farther laterally Less curvature on the sacrum and coccyx Wider, more circular pelvic inlet Enlarged pelvic outlet Broader pubic angle
What muscles of the plantar surface of the foot are innervated by the lateral plantar nerve?
Adductor Hallucis Interossei (dorsal/plantar) Digiti Minimi(Flexor/abductor) Quadratus Plantae 2nd -4th Lumbricals
Adductor Magnus is a muscle of the medial thigh. What are its actions
Adductor part: Adducts, medially rotates, and flexes hip Hamstring part: extends and laterally rotates hip
The adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectinelius muscle of the medial thigh and origins at the pubis. What are its action?
Adducts, medially rotates, and flexes hip
What are the muscles of the Medial Thigh Muscles? and common innervations/vasculature Note exceptions
All are supplied by the same artery (except gracilis) : obturator artery Muscles are innervated by the obturator nerve except hamstring part of adductor magnus, and pectineus is also innervated by femoral nerve
What are the arches of the foot?
Arches of the foot: Helps prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels Medial : From heel to hallux; highest arch Lateral : From heel to fifth toe; lowest arch Transverse : Perpendicular to other arches; along distal row of tarsals
What are the functions of the pelvic girdle?
Attaches the lower limbs to the spine Supports the visceral organs of the pelvis
What attaches to the medial border of the scapula?
Attachment for the levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, & serratus anterior (anterior portion of the medial border)
The deltoid origins at the acromial end of clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula It inserts at the deltoid tuberosity of humerus. What innervates the deltoid? What are the actions of the deltoid anterior fibers, middle fibers, and posterior fibers?
Axillary nerve Anterior fibers: Flex and medially rotate GH joint Middle fibers: GH abduction Posterior fibers: Extend and laterally rotate GH Joint posterior circumflex humeral artery supplies the deltoid
What is the insertion of the Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis?
Base of 5th metatarsal
What are the tarsal bones? What is the order?
Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiform bones Lateral Intermediates Medial
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the humerus? Capitulum Trochlea
Capitulum Articulates with the head of the radius Trochlea Articulates with the ulna
Can you list the bones of the wrist sequentially proximal row (thumb) lateral to medial and distal row lateral to medial?
Carpals(*) some Lovers Try Positions, That They Cannot Handle Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Proximal row articulates with distal row
How are the posterior tibial and anterior tibial artery connected after being split?
Connected by anastomoses of dorsalis pedis, dorsal arch, and plantar arch, which supply distal portions of the foot and the toes
The coracobrachialis muscle. What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it origin/insert?
Coracobrachialis is innervated by the musculatenous nerve actions: adducts and flexes GH joint origin: coracoid process insert: middle medial shaft of humerus
Distinguish between these 2 bone projections crest, line
Crest: Narrow prominent ridge of bone Often between two markings Line: low, narrow ridge of bone for muscle or ligament attachment
What are the major ligaments of the knee
Cruciate ligaments: ACL and PCL Collateral ligaments: LCL and MCL
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the humerus? Deltoid tuberosity Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity Attachment for the deltoid muscle Lesser tubercle Attachment for the subscapularis muscle (and teres major) Greater tubercle Attachment for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor
What is the articular capsule in the hip? What is its role?
Dense, strong, and deep, contributing to significant joint stability Encloses the femoral head and neck of the femur, preventing dislocation
What named nerves come off the roots of the brachial plexus and where? What are the muscles they innervate?
Dorsal scapular: C5 Levator scapulae Rhomboid major Rhomboid minor Long thoracic: C5 - C7 Serratus anterior
Tibialis Anterior is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. What is its action?
Dorsiflexes & inverts ankle
What are the actions of the Extensor pollicis longus
Extends MP and IP joints of thumb
What are the muscles of the anterior leg? What is the common action? What is the innervation? The anterior leg is supplied by the anterior tibial artery
Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Hallucis Longus, Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius, Tibialis Anterior The common action of the anterior compartment is dorsiflexion Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve
Lumbricals are part of the midpalmar group What are their actions?
Flexes 2nd-5th MP joints and extends 2nd-5th PIP and DIP joints
What are the actions of the Flexor pollicis longus? where does it insert?
Flexes MP joint of thumb, IP joint of thumb insert: distal phalanx of thumb
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Flexes MTP and PIP joints of toes 2-5
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Flexes MTP joint of great toe
What are deep anterior Muscles? What innervates them?
Flexor pollicis longus: Median nerve Flexor digitorum profundus: Lateral ½ = median nerve Medial ½ = ulnar nerve Pronator quadratus: Median Nerve
Describe these 2 depressions and openings of the bone: Foramen Groove
Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone Groove: Long narrow cut
What muscles are responsible for glenohumeral joint (shoulder) flexion ?
GH Flexion 4 Busy Classy Procrastinator Died Pectoralis Major Deltoid Coracobrachialis Biceps Brachii
What are the muscles of the superficial posterior leg? What is the common action? What is the innervation? The superficial posterior leg is supplied by the posterior tibial artery
Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris The common action is plantar flexion They are innervated by the tibial nerve
What are the muscles of the Medial Thigh Muscles? What are their common actions ? Note exceptions
Gracilis, Adductor Brevis, Adductor Longus, Pectineus, Adductor Magnus Common actions: adduction, flexion, medial rotation
Why does the talocrural joint have greater inversion than eversion
Greater inversion than eversion because fibula is longer
What are the bones of the hand and fingers?
Hand: 5 metacarpals for each finger Fingers: phalanges (14)
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the ulna? Head Styloid process
Head Articulates distally with the radius and with carpal bones Styloid process Attachment for a ligament of the wrist
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the humerus? head anatomical neck surgical neck
Head Articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula Anatomical neck Just distal to the head of the humerus Surgical neck Common site for fractures of the humerus
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the radius? Head Radial tuberosity
Head Articulates with the ulna and humerus Radial tuberosity Attachment for the biceps brachii tendon
What bones articulate to form the knee joint?
Hinge joint between the femur and tibia Although hinge usually means extensions or flexion, there is some rotation
. What type of joint is the elbow joint? What ligaments provide stability to the elbow joint? i.Which is medial, and which is lateral?
Hinge joint composed of humeroulnar and radioulnar joints Radial (lateral) & ulnar (medial) collateral & Annular
Where does the femoral artery turn into the popliteal artery?
In the popliteal fossa Which divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries
The musculatenous nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the lateral cord. What muscles does it innervate? What skin does it innervate?
Innervates muscles of the anterior arm, including the primary elbow flexors (Coracobrachialis, Biceps brachii, Brachialis) Skin of the lateral arm
What are the branches of the internal iliac artery and what do they supply?
Internal Iliac artery Inferior gluteal artery: gluteal region Superior gluteal artery: gluteal region
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the humerus? Intertubercular sulcus (groove) Radial groove
Intertubercular sulcus (groove) Passageway for the tendon of the long head of the biceps; attachment for the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles Radial groove Radial nerve travels here on its course around the posterior humerus
What is the spine of the scapula, and where is it found? what attaches to it?
It crosses the scapular body on the anterior side. Separates the supraspinous and infraspinous fossa, attachment for the deltoid and trapezius muscles
The axillary artery is divided into 3 parts. Describe the landmarks which they are separated
It is divided into 3 parts by the pectoralis minor. 1st part = Lateral border of the first rib to the medial border of pectoralis minor 2nd part = deep to pectoralis minor 3rd part = lateral to pectoralis minor to the inferior border of teres major
The pectoralis major origins at the ribs. What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it insert? It is supplied by the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk
It is innervated by the lateral pectoral and medial pectoral nerve Actions: arm flexion, adducts, and medially rotates GH joint insert at: intertubercular groove of the humerus
What bones articulate to form the acromioclavicular joint?
It makes a joint with the acremonium process of the scapula and the clavicle.
what are the Collateral ligaments of the knee and their functions
Lateral collateral (LCL) Prevents varus (adduction) force Medial collateral (MCL) Prevents valgus (abduction) force
Identify the cords of the brachial plexus and how the divisions combine to form the cords
Lateral cord = superior anterior and middle anterior divisions, posterior cord = all posterior divisions, medial cord = inferior anterior divisions
What named nerves come off the lateral cord of the brachial plexus and where? What are the muscles they innervate
Lateral pectoral nerve Pectoralis major
What muscles are lateral rotators of the hip?
Lateral rotators Gemellus(superior and inferior) Obuturator (internus and externus) Pisiformis Quadratus femoris Piriformis Quadratus Femoris Superior Gemellus Inferior Gemellus Obturator Internus Obturator Externus
Which muscles of the scapula are innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve? What is their artery?
Levator scapulae and rhomboids dorsal scapular artery
The adductor brevis, adductor magnus muscle of the medial thigh and origins at the pubis. What are the insertion and innervation
Linea aspera of femur Obturator nerve
What muscles are attached medial border of the scapula
Medial border = rhomboid major superior medial = levator scapulae and rhomboid minor anterior medial = serratus anterior
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the humerus? Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle Attachment site for muscles of the anterior forearm (flexors and pronator teres) Lateral epicondyle Attachment site for muscles of the posterior forearm (extensors and supinator)
What named nerves come off the medial cord of the brachial plexus and where? What are the muscles they innervate
Medial pectoral nerve, medial brachial cutaneous nerve , medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve Pectoralis minor Pectoralis major
Identify the terminal branches of the brachial plexus and how they arise from the cords + which nerve roots contribute to them
Musculocataneous nerve ( lateral cord; c5-c7) Axillary nerve (posterior cord; c5-c6) Radial nerve (posterior cord; c5-t1) Median nerve (lateral and medial cord; c6-t1) Ulnar nerve (medial cord; c8-t1)
What does a proximal to distal gradient of innervation mean?
Nerves supplied by proximal rami(C5- C6) innervate proximal muscles Nerves with intermediate rami fibers (C6 - C8) innervate muscles that act at the elbow and wrist Nerves with inferior rami fibers (C8- T1) innervate distal (hand) muscles
Identify the sensory regions innervated (cutaneous innervation) by the obturator, femoral,
Obturator nerve innervates medial thigh Femoral nerve innervates anterior thigh and medial leg
Identify the obturator nerve and the general region it innervates. Anterior, medial, and posterior?
Obturator nerve innervates medial thigh all adductor muscles Adductor magnus is also innervated by the tibial division of sciatic Pectineus is innervated by obturator and femoral nerve
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the ulna? Olecranon process Coronoid process
Olecranon process Attachment for the triceps brachii Coronoid process Attachment for ligaments of the elbow
differentiate between open chained and closed chained actions of the hip
Open chained action: foot off the ground Closed chain action: foot on the ground
What are the origins and insertion of the biceps femoris?
Origin Long head: Ischial tuberosity Short head: Linea aspera Insertion Head of tibula
Differentiate between the tear zones of the menisci
Outer portion: red zone vascular, repair well Inner potion: white zone, avascular, does not repair well
pronator teres What are its actions?
Pronates forearm Median nerve origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
a. Can you differentiate proximal, middle, and distal phalanges? b.Does every digit have three (3) phalanges?
Proximal is closest to metacarpals 4 except the thumb
Define what bones articulate to form the joints of the wrist and hand? Radiocarpal Carpometacarpal metacarpophalangeal (MP or MCP) interphalangeal (IP) proximal interphalangeal (PIP) distal interphalangeal (DIP)
Radiocarpal = carpal bones + radius Carpometacarpal = =between the wrist and hand bones metacarpophalangeal (MP or MCP) = between metacarpals and phalanges (knuckles) interphalangeal (IP) = between phalanges for thumb only proximal interphalangeal (PIP) = closest joint between phalanges distal interphalangeal (DIP) = farthest joint between phalanges
What are the bones of the forearm?
Radius is lateral and ulna is medial
Quadriceps Muscle Group: what are the origins of each
Rectus Femoris: Anterior inferioriliac spine(AIIS) Vastus Intermedius: femur Vastus Lateralis: Greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera Vastus Medialis: linea aspera
What bones make up the shoulder posteriorly and anteriorly?
Shoulder is made up of the clavicle anteriorly and scapula posteriorly
What are the named branches of part III of the axillary artery and the muscles they innervate?
Subscapular Artery: Largest branch of axillary artery -- Circumflex Scapular Artery: Posterior inferior scapular region -- Thoracodorsal Artery : Latissimus Dorsi Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery : Lateral and posterior arm Anterior Circumflex Humeral Artery : Anterior arm
What structures are related to the subscapular fossa and suprascapular notch of the scapula?
Subscapular fossa Fossa on the anterior scapula that holds the subscapularis muscle Suprascapular notch Passageway for the suprascapular nerve
What compartments of the leg are innervated by the tibial nerve?
Superficial posterior leg and deep posterior leg
What are the named branches of part I of the axillary artery and the muscles it innervates?
Superior thoracic artery: serratus anterior
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
Superiorly: inguinal ligament Laterally: sartorius muscle medially: adductor longus
What are the actions of the Supinator
Supinates forearm
What structures are attached at the supraglenoid tubercule and infraglenoid tubercule of the scapula?
Supraglenoid tubercle Attachment for the long head of the biceps brachii Infraglenoid tubercle Attachment for the long head of the triceps
thyrocervical trunk splits into two arteries, what are they ? what muscle do they supply? where does the trunk origin
Suprascapular artery: supraspinatus and infraspinatus Dorsal scapular artery: Levator scapulae, rhomboids, trapezius trunk origins from subclavian artery
What is the muscle of the lateral thigh? What is its innervation?
Tensor Fasciae Latae Superior gluteal nerve
What are the fossa of the scapula, where are they?
The fossas are the body of the scapula and are divided by the spine of the scapula: Supraspinous Infraspinous
What is the clinical significance of the median cubital vein?
The median cubital vein is often the vein of choice for drawing blood due to the size and superficial nature of the vein.
What is the greater and lesser pelvis?
The pelvis is subdivided into the greater (false) pelvis and the lesser (true) pelvis. Greater pelvis is the superior portion of the pelvis, open anteriorly, superior to the iliopectineal line. Lesser pelvis is the inferior portion of the pelvis
Identify the nerve roots comprising the brachial plexus How many nerves branch out of the roots of the brachial plexus ?
The roots of the brachial plexus are C5, C6,C7, C8, T1 2(dorsal scapular, long thoracis)
a.Where is the thoracic outlet found? b.What neurovasculature structures are located in the thoracic outlet?
The thoracic outlet is the space between your collarbone (clavicle) and your first rib. structures: Subclavian artery and subclavian vein Brachial plexus
What are the borders and angles of the scapula, where are they?
The three sides of the scapular triangle are the superior border; the medial, or vertebral, border; and the lateral, or axillary, border. The corners of the scapular triangle are called the superior angle, the inferior angle, and the lateral angle
What is similar or different about the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle?
They are similar in structure but different in function Pectoral girdle: upper extremity, attachment of upper limbs to trunk Pelvic girdle: lower extremity, attachment of lower limbs to trunk
The latissimus dorsi origins at the ribs. What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it insert?
Thoracodorsal Nerve innervates it Actions: extends, adducts, and medially rotates GH joint Thoracodorsal Artery supplies it insert at: intertubercular groove of the humerus
What are the bones of the leg?
Tibia is the medial bone of the leg and fibula is the lateral bone of the leg Interosseous membrane attached the lateral side of tibia and medial side of fibula
Identify the branches of the sciatic nerve and the structures that its branches innervate in the thigh
Tibial division: Long head of biceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Hamstring part of adductor magnus Common fibular division (peroneal): Short head of biceps femoris
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the ulna? Trochlear notch Radial notch
Trochlear notch Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus Radial notch Distal articulation with the head of the radius
Identify the divisions of the brachial plexus and how the trunks combine to form the divisions How many nerves come out of the divisions?
Trunks subdivide into anterior and posterior divisions. Anterior goes to front and posterior goes to back. 0
Distinguish between these 2 bone projections: tubercle, tuberosity,
Tubercle: Small rounded projection or process for muscle or ligament attachment Tuberosity: Large rounded projection, may be roughened for muscle or ligament attachment
Plantaris innervated by the tibial nerve What are its actions?
Weak knee flexor and weak ankle plantar flexor
Palmaris longus What are its actions?
Weak wrist flexor Median nerve origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
What is the purpose of the annular ligament?
Wraps around head of radius and holds head of radius close to ulna so we get pronation and supination
What is the trochlea?
a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
A 42 year-old female presents at the Meriter Occupational Therapy outpatient clinic for initial evaluation. The patient dove into a shallow lake and hit the top of her head on the bottom. She sustained a C7 spinal cord injury. Patient is 8 weeks post-accident and has been discharged to home from in-patient rehab. Which terminal branches would be affected? Because this is a spinal cord injury at C7, which nerve roots would be lost?
all except axillary C7,C8,T1
What muscles are responsible for wrist abduction? radial deviation
all muscles of the wrist with radilias in the name Flexor Carpi Radialis Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
What muscles are responsible for wrist adduction? ulnar deviation
all muscles with ulnaris in the name Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
What muscles are responsible for wrist extension?
all superfial posterior muscles of the forearm (5) Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Extensor Digitorum Extensor Digiti Minimi Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
What bones articulate to form the pubic symphysis?
between the left and right pubic bones near the midline of the body
The musculatenous nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the lateral cord. what are its root fibers? what is its pathway/landmark?
c5-c7 > Pierces through coracobrachialis then > Runs between biceps brachii and brachialis
What are genu varum and genu valgum caused by
genum varum is a condition in which the knees stay apart even when standing with feet and ankles together genu valgum is a condition in which the knees angle in and touch each other when the legs are straightened
Brachioradialis is a muscle What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it insert?
innervated by the radial nerve action Flexes elbow insert Styloid process of radius
Teres minor is a rotator cuff muscle What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it origin?
innervation: Axillary nerve action Adducts & laterally rotates GH joint, Stabilize the GH joint origin: Superior lateral border of scapula
When seated, the body weight is borne by the ________.
ischial tuberosities, forms the posterolateral border of the ischium
which muscles insert on the interbercular groove of the humerus
latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major
The subclavian artery splits into two branches, what is the major/minor branch?
major branch is the thyrocervical trunk. minor branch is the axillary artery
Define what bones articulate to form these joints of the ankle and foot? metatarsophalangeal (MP or MTP) interphalangeal (IP) proximal interphalangeal (PIP) distal interphalangeal (DIP)
metatarsophalangeal (MP or MTP): connects metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones (proximal phalanges) of the toes interphalangeal (IP): between the toe(I) phalanges proximal interphalangeal (PIP): between the proximal and middle phalanges distal interphalangeal (DIP): between the middle and distal phalanges
What are the actions of the pronator quadratus?
pronates forearm
The abdominal aorta supplies the lower limb. Where does it split into arteries? name the arteries and what do they supply
right and left common iliac arteries (lower limb) and the small median sacral artery(pelvis)
What muscles are responsible for scapular retraction?
scapular retraction same as elavation without levator Trapezius Rhomboid Minor Rhomboid Major
What muscles are responsible for scapular superior (upward) rotation ?
scapular superior is too superior Trapezius Serratus Anterior
What is the acetabulum?
the socket of the hipbone, into which the head of the femur fits.
What muscles are responsible for scapular depression?
trampoline:Trapezius Pectoralis Minor
Why are fascicle muscle arrangement important?
Fascicle arrangement: fiber direction provides information about muscle action.
List the bones of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, and hand
clavicle scapula humerus radius ulna carpals (8) metacarpals (5) phalanges (14)
What happens when there is abduction of the right hip, right foot free, standing on the left foot?
The angle between the right leg and hip increase, but the pelvis stays parallel to the floor
The semimembranous and semitendinosus are posterior thigh muscles. What are the origins and insertion of these muscles
Origin Ischial tuberosity Insertion semimembranous: Medial condyle of tibia semitendinosus : Pes anserine insertion
Flexor Digitorum Longus is innervated by the tibial nerve. What is its action?
Plantar flexes and weakly inverts ankle; flexes MTP, PIP. & DIP of toes 2-5
Soleus innervated by the tibial nerve What are its actions?
Plantar flexes ankle
The supraspinatus is a rotator cuff muscle What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it origin?
innervation: Suprascapular nerve action adducts GH joint, stabilizes the GH joint origin: Supraspinous fossa
The gracilis is a muscle of the medial thigh and origins at the pubis. What are its action?
Hip: Adduction, medial rotation Knee: Flexion, medial rotation
The serratus anterior origins at the ribs. What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it insert?
Long thoracic nerve protracts and superiorly rotates scapula; stabilize the scapula It inserts on the anterior medial border of scapula
What is a narrow groove in the bone?
sulcus
15 muscles insert on the scapula. What muscles insert of the superior and inferior angles?
superior angle = levator scapulae ; inferior angle = teres minor
What is trendelenburg gait?
When we walk or run, we isometrically contract our gluteus medius on the side of the planted foot (foot on the ground). This keeps our pelvis parallel to the ground. If the gluteus medius does not contract, the hip opposite the planted foot would drop towards the floor due to the inability to maintain abduction.
The axillary nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the posterior cord. What muscles does it innervate? What skin does it innervate?
muscle Deltoid Teres minor skin Skin of the lateral shoulder
Differentiate these different muscle types: synergist, fixator
Synergist helps the prime mover in several ways (contributor, stabilizer, neutralizer) Fixator = antagonist and agonist acting together to stabilize the joint
What is the patella?
Patella is a bone of the knee, it only articulates with the femur
Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. What is its action?
Dorsiflexes and weakly everts ankle
what are Superficial Anterior forearm Muscles (4) and what innervates them? wyat is their common origin?
Median nerve Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Ulnar nerve Flexor carpi ulnaris origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
how can muscle type infer the range of motion about a joint and force produced by the muscle.
Range of motion: Long muscle fiber length = large range of motion of the muscle Short muscle fiber length = short range of motion of the muscle Force: Large cross- sectional area = large force produced Small cross-sectional area = smaller force produced
Name the: vein of anterolateral forearm and arm vein of medial forearm and arm deep veins of the arm deep veins of the forearm vein of the cubital fossa
vein of anterolateral forearm and arm = cephalic vein vein of medial forearm and arm = basilic vein deep veins of the arm = brachial vein deep veins of the forearm = radial and ulnar veins vein of the cubital fossa = median cubital
What are the named branches of part II of the axillary artery and the muscles they innervate?
Thoracoacromial Artery : Acromion, clavicle, pectoralis muscles, deltoid Lateral Thoracic Artery : serratus anterior, pectoralis muscles
In the poplietal fossa (kneepit), the branches of the sciatic nerve split, what structures do the branches of the sciatic nerve innervate in the leg and foot
Tibial nerve: superficial and deep posterior compartment muscles Medial and lateral plantar nerves:all muscles of the foot Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve: lateral compartment muscles Deep fibular (peroneal) nerve: anterior compartment muscles
The infraspinatus is a rotator cuff muscle What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it origin?
innervation: Suprascapular nerve action Adducts & laterally rotates GH joint, Stabilize the GH joint origin: infraspinous fossa
The subscapularis is a rotator cuff muscle What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it origin?
innervation: upper and lower subscapular nerves action Medially rotates GH joint, stabilizes the GHjoint origin: Subscapular fossa
Quadriceps Muscle Group: what is their common insertion? what are the actions of each
insertion: Quadriceps tendon to patella and then patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity Rectus Femoris: Hip: flexion Knee: extension Vastus Intermedius: Knee: extension Vastus Lateralis: Knee: extension Vastus Medialis: Knee: extension
What is the purpose of, what attaches to, runs on/around, or articulates with the following bony landmarks in the leg: intercondylar eminence Medial and lateral condyle medial malleolus
intercondylar eminence elevation that separates the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia Medial and lateral condyle of tibia articulate with medial and lateral condyle of femur medial malleolus is large process of tibia that articulates and supports the ankle joint
What muscles are responsible for scapular inferior (downward) rotation ?
scapular downard is same as elevation without trapezius Levator Scapulae Rhomboid Major Rhomboid Minor
What forms the greater sciatic foramen and lesser sciatic foramen?
they are formed by the greater sciatic notch and lesser sciatic notch along with ligaments
What muscles insert on the Calcaneus
(via calcaneal [Achilles]tendon) Gastrocnemiusis Soleus Posterior calcaneus Plantaris
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Lumbricals
Flexes MTP joints & extends PIP & DIP joints of toes 2-5
Flexor carpi radialis What are its actions?
Flexes wrist and abducts hand Median nerve origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
The poplietal artery is what the femoral artery becomes down the thigh What are its branches and what do they supply
Posterior tibial artery: superior posterior leg and deep posterior leg --------->Fibular artery: lateral leg --------->Lateral plantar artery Anterior tibial artery: anterior leg --------->Dorsalis pedis artery
What does the axis of movement mean when thinking about a muscle acting on a joint? (lateral, medial)
A muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces abduction A muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces adduction
The Biceps femoris has a long head and short head, what are the actions and innervation of each?
Actions Long Head: extends hip Long & Short Head: flexes and laterally rotates knee Innervation Long head: Tibial division of sciatic nerve Short head: Common fibular (peroneal) division of sciatic nerve
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Quadratus Plantae
Aligns flexor digitorum longus tendons to aid flexion of toes 2-5(all joints)
What are the muscles of the Posterior Thigh Muscles? What are their common actions and common innervations? Note exceptions
Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, All are innervated by the Tibial division of sciatic nerve, except the short head of the biceps femoris All have common actions hip extension and knee flexion
What are the actions of the Extensor pollicis brevis
Extends MP joints of thumb
What are the actions of the Extensor indicis
Extends MP, PIP, and DIP joints of finger 2
Extensor Hallucis Longus is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. What is its action?
Extends MTP & IP of great (1st) toe, dorsiflexes& inverts ankle
What are the actions of the Extensor digitorum Brevis
Extends MTP & both IP joints of toes 2-4
What are the compartments of the limbs? a.What divides the compartments? b.If muscles are in the same compartments, what to do they have in common?
Fascia (Dense fibrous connective tissue) divides limb muscles into compartments Muscles in the same compartment have similar actions and act as synergists Muscles in opposing compartments are usually antagonists Each compartment often innervated by a single nerve and the same blood supply
The ulnar nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the medial cord. What muscles does it innervate? What skin does it innervate?
Innervates 1.5 muscles in the anterior forearm (flexors) and most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand Forearm Flexor carpi ulnaris ½ Flexor digitorum profundus 9 DP interossei ABDOF digitimini Medial 2 lumbricals hypothenar muscles Adductor pollicis All muscles of the hand not innervated by Median Nerve Adductor pollicis Dorsal interossei Palmar interossei Medial two lumbricals Hypothenar muscles Opponens digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Abductor digiti minimi Skin of the medial hand
What is the purpose of, what attaches to, runs on/around, or articulates with the following bony landmarks: Lateral malleolus Head of fibula
Lateral malleolus is large process of the fibula which gives ankle joint stability Head of fibula articulates with lateral condyle of the tibia
Identify the terminal branches of the brachial plexus and which nerve roots contribute to them
Musculocataneous nerve ( lateral cord; c5-c7) Axillary nerve (posterior cord; c5-c6) Radial nerve (posterior cord; c5-t1) Median nerve (lateral and medial cord; c6-t1) Ulnar nerve (medial cord; c8-t1)
Brachialis is a muscle What innervates it? What are its actions?
Musculocutaneous nerve Primary flexor of elbow
pes planus vs pes cavus
Pes cavus is a foot with an abnormally high plantar longitudinal arch. Pes planus) is a foot with an abnormally low or flattened out longitudinal arch.
Sacroiliac (SI) Joint pubic symphysis coxal joint are all joints of the pelvic girdle? Where are they spatially?
Sacroiliac- posterior Pubic symphysis -anterior Acetabulum-Lateral
What muscles are in the midpalmar group? What innervates them?
Ulnar nerve Lumbricals Dorsal Interossei Palmar Interossei Adductor Pollicis lateral 2 lumbricals: median nerve medial 2 lumbricals: ulnar nerve
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint = Scapula + humerus. It is a shallow ball and socket joint an allows for every motion available a.What is the glenoid labrum? b.What is the purpose of bursae around a joint?
a.What is the glenoid labrum? The glenoid labrum (glenoid ligament) is a fibrocartilaginous structure rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder blade. b.What is the purpose of bursae around a joint? To reduce friction
The radial nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the posterior cord. what are its root fibers? what is its pathway/landmark?
c5-t1 Runs through the radial groove of the humerus
What innervates the posterior muscles of the forearm? Posterior Muscles: Superficial Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris Posterior Muscles: Deep Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor pollicis longus Extensor indicis Supinator
radial nerve
Trauma at which of these joints is more likely to result in a bone fracture than a dislocation? shoulder joint elbow joint hip joint ankle joint
sternoclavicular joint
palmar interossei are part of the midpalmar group What are their actions?
Adducts fingers 2-5
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Adductor Hallucis
Adducts great toe (MTP)
Adductor Pollicis are part of the midpalmar group What are their actions?
Adducts thumb
What are the acromion and coracoid process of the scapula, where are they, and what attaches to them?
Acromion (largest) projects from the lateral angle of the scapular spine It also articulates with the clavicle, attachment for the middle part of the deltoid Coracoid is an anterior projection and is the attachment fo the pectoralis minor muscles & coracoclavicular ligament
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Plantar Interossei
Adducts toes (MTP)
The semimembranous and semitendinosus are posterior thigh muscles. What are their actions and innervation?
Actions Extends hip and flexes knee; medially rotates knee Innervation Tibial division of sciatic nerve
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Abductor Digiti Minimi
Abducts 5th toe (MTP)
dorsal interossei are part of the midpalmar group What are their actions?
Abducts fingers 2-5
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Abductor Hallucis
Abducts great toe (MTP)
What is the innervation of the adductor magnus
Adductor part: Obturator nerve Hamstring part: Tibial division of sciatic nerve
What are the bones of the foot? How many of each?
tarsal bones (7), metatarsals(I-V), phalanges( 3 for each except great toe)
The deep femoral artery is a branch off the femoral artery. What are its branches and what do they supply?
Deep femoral (profunda femoris) artery: Deep muscles of the thigh -->Medial circumflex femoral artery:Hip joint -->Lateral circumflex femoral artery: Quadriceps, hip and knee joints
What is the brachial plexus? Where is it located?
Brachial Plexus = Networks of nerves that supply the upper limbs; formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1; travels within the axilla (armpit)
What are the menisci of the knee and where are they found?
Deepen the articular surfaces, shock absorption They are made fibrocartilage Medial: C-shaped, Attached to MCL Lateral : 4/5 circle
What muscles are responsible for scapular elevation?
Scapular elevation - trapezius - rhomboids - levator scapulae Trapezius Levator Scapulae Rhomboid Minor Rhomboid Major
Myotome = motor function of nerve roots what are the myotomes of the brachial plexus?
C5 = Shoulder Abduction C6 = Elbow Flexion C7 = Elbow Extension C8 = Grip,Pinch, Opposition T1 = Finger Abduction
Dermatomes = sensory distribution of the spinal nerve of spinal nerve roots What are the dermatomes of the nerve roots in the brachial plexus?
C5 = lateral shoulder C6 = lateral forearm down to the thumb C7 = middle finger + anterior index finger C8 = medial aspect of hand (ring + pinkie) T1 = medial near elbow
The axillary nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the posterior cord. what are its root fibers? what is its pathway/landmark?
C5-C6 Runs around the surgical neck of the humerus
The median nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the lateral + medial cord? what are its root fibers? what is its pathway/landmark?
C6-T1 Runs through the carpal tunnel to reach the hand
The ulnar nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the medial cord. what are its root fibers? what is its pathway/landmark?
C8-T1 runs between the olecranon process and medial epicondyle, and enters the forearm (funny bone)
Brachial artery: supplies the arm. what are its named branches and what do they innervate?
Deep brachial artery: triceps;Contributes to collateral circulation around the elbow In the cubital fossa, brachial artery divides into: Radial Artery : Lateral forearm and hand Ulnar Artery : Medial forearm and hand, deep anterior and posterior forearm muscles
Damage to the ulnar nerve results in __________.
inability to adduct or abduct the fingers
Differentiate these different muscle types: agonist, antagonist
An agonist, or prime mover, is a muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for producing a particular movement, such as flexion at the elbow. The antagonist opposes agonist action
extensor digitorum longus is innervated by the deep fibular nerve. What is its action?
Extends MTP, PIP, & DIP of toes 2-5, dorsiflexes & everts ankle
What are the actions of the Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extends wrist, abducts hand
Muscle can only pull Origin: usually stationary, proximal Insertion: moves after contraction If a muscle extends between a broad aponeurosis (wide flat tendon) and a narrow tendon, what are the origin and insertion? If there are several tendons at one end and just one at the other, what are the origin and insertion?
If a muscle extends between a broad aponeurosis (wide flat tendon) and a narrow tendon, the aponeurosis is the origin, and the tendon is attached to the insertion. If there are several tendons at one end and just one at the other, there are multiple origins and a single insertion.
What is the glenoid fossa, and what is the purpose of this depression? (attachment)
It is supported by broad process formed by the lateral angle of the scapula At the glenoid cavity, the scapula articulates with the humerus forming the glenohumeral joint.
Explain what the scapulothoracic joint is? a.Why is this joint considered a functional joint? b. What other joints does movement in scapulothoracic result in?
It is where the scapula attaches to the thoracic wall. It is considered a functional joint because there is no capsule or bony union. It is found between the ventral surface of the scapular and posterior thoracic wall Scapulothoracic movement MUST result in movement at the AC and SC joints
Tibialis Posterior is innervated by the tibial nerve. What is its action?
Plantar flexes & inverts ankle
Flexor Hallucis Longus is innervated by the tibial nerve. What is its action?
Plantar flexes & weakly inverts ankle; flexes MTP & IP of great toe
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the humerus? Radial fossa Coronoid fossa Olecranon fossa
Radial fossa Space for radius during elbow flexion Coronoid fossa Space for the coronoid process of the ulna during elbow flexion Olecranon fossa Space for the olecranon process of the ulna during elbow extension
Which of the following statements is true of the glenohumeral joint? The glenohumeral joint is stabilized considerably by the glenoid labrum. The glenohumeral joint is a very stable joint because of its numerous ligaments. The glenohumeral joint is the most freely moving joint in the body. Muscle tendons of the glenohumeral joint contribute little to the stability of the joint.
The glenohumeral joint is the most freely moving joint in the body.
Identify the sensory regions innervated (cutaneous innervation) by tibial and common fibular nerves
Tibial nerve skin over the posterior surface of the leg and the plantar surface of the foot. Fibular nerve: anterior surface of the leg and skin over the lateral portion of the foot
What muscle separates the superior gluteal nerve and artery from the inferior gluteal nerve and artery?
The piriformis
Anastomosis = An anastomosis is a connection or opening between two things that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams where are they found in the upper extremity?
The scapular anastomosis is a system connecting a certain subclavian artery and their corresponding axillary artery, forming a circulatory anastomosis around the scapula. If the axillary artery is blocked proximal to the subscapular artery, a collateral pathway may be established between branches of the axillary and subclavian arteries. Direction of blood flow in the subscapular artery can be reversed to let blood reach the third part of the axillary artery
What are the roles of the greater sciatic notch and lesser sciatic notch
The sciatic nerve passes through the sciatic notch as it travels into the lower limb.
How does the clavicle articulate with the thoracic cage? What motions are available in this joint?
The sternoclavicular joint is the joint between the manubrium of the sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle. It is a synovial joint that has an articular disk in. It is the only joint that connects the arm to the thoracic cage. Movements: elevation, depression, retraction, protraction, posterior rotation
What is the major artery of the upper limb?
The subclavian artery is the first main artery coming from the brachiocephalic trunk
Can you list the arteries sequentially starting from the subclavian artery down to the arteries found in the hand?
The subclavian artery is the first main artery coming from the brachiocephalic trunk The subclavian artery will become the axillary artery at the lateral border of the first rib. The axillary artery will become the brachial artery at the inferior border of the teres major. The brachial artery divides into the radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa
Where does the deep femoral vein collect blood from? Where does the small saphenous collect blood from? Where does the great saphenous collect blood from?
deep femoral vein: thigh small saphenous: superficial veins of the leg and foot great saphenous :superficial veins of the lower limb
Identify the femoral nerve and the general region it innervates. Anterior, medial, and posterior? note the exceptions
femoral nerve comes off the lumbar plexus Femoral nerve innervates anterior thigh muscle (flexion) **Pectineus innervated by obturator too
What veins drains into the femoral vein? Where does the femoral vein drain
great saphenous, poplietal vein, and deep femoral vein drain into femoral vein femoral vein drains into external iliac vein
Where does the subclavian become the axillary artery ? Where does the axillary become the brachial artery ? Where does the brachial become the radial and ulnar arteries?
lateral border of the first rib inferior border of the teres major cubital fossa
What muscles are responsible for glenohumeral joint (shoulder) lateral rotation?
lateral rotation is definitely tricky Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres Minor
The levator scapulae origins at the cervical processes. Where does it insert and what are its actions?
levator scapulae inserts at the superior border of the scapula. Its actions are elevating and inferiorly rotating the scapula
Adductor Magnus is a muscle of the medial thigh. What are its origin and insertion
origin Inferior ramus of pubis Ischial tuberosity insertion Linea aspera Adductor tubercle
The teres major muscle. Where does it origin/insert?
origin:Inferior lateral border and inferior angle of scapula insert: Lesser tubercle and intertubercular groove of humerus
What muscles are responsible for glenohumeral joint (shoulder) extension?
termLa tridel Turbulent Terrifying Labradors Died 4 Latissimus Dorsi Deltoid Teres Major Triceps Brachii
What muscles are responsible for glenohumeral joint (shoulder) adduction?
trask interesting consequently labradors pursued trask Latissimus Dorsi Pectoralis Major Coracobrachialis Teres Major Infraspinatus Teres Minor
What ligaments provide stability to the ankle joint? > Which is medial, and which are lateral?
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular Medial: Deltoid ligaments (strong) Lateral: Posterior and anterior talofibular (ATF), calcaneofibular
The dorsal and plantar venous arches collect blood from the foot and toes. What veins do they drain into?
Anterior tibial vein and fibular vein drain into posterior tibial vein
What are the superficial and deep palmar arches?
Superficial and deep palmar arches : formed from radial and ulnar arteries Give off digital arteries and princeps pollicis artery (deep) to the thumb
What named nerves come off the trunks of the brachial plexus and where? What are the muscles they innervate?
Suprascapular: superior trunk Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subclavious: superior trunk Subclavious
Why are hip dislocations less common than shoulder dislocations?
Surface area! The surface area for articulation in the hip is much larger than that of the shoulder, making the hip more stable. The hip is also supported buy thicker and stronger ligaments and capsule that provide additional static stability as well large, strong musculature that provide additional dynamic stability.
Define what bones articulate to form these joints of the ankle and foot? Talocrural: Intertarsal: Tarsometatarsal:
Talocrural: connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus Intertarsal: joints of the tarsal bones in the foot Tarsometatarsal: connects tarsal and metatarsal bones
What happens when there is abduction of the right hip, left foot free, standing on the right foot?
The angle between the right leg and hip increase, but the pelvis moves superiorly to the floor
What are the actions of the Flexor digitorum profundus? where does it insert?
Flexes wrist, 2nd-5th MP joints, PIP joints, &DIP joints insert: Distal phalanges of fingers 2-5
define flexion vs extension
Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts
What muscles of the plantar surface of the foot are innervated by the medial plantar nerve?
Flexor Digitorum Brevis Abductor Hallucis Flexor Hallucis Brevis 1st lumbrical
What are the muscles of the deep posterior leg? What is the common action? What is the innervation? The deep posterior leg is supplied by the posterior tibial artery
Flexor Digitorum Longus, Flexor Hallucis Longus, Tibialis Posterior, Popliteus The common action of the deep posterior compartment of the leg, except popliteus, is plantar flexion. The innervation is the Tibial nerve
Hypothenar is a group of muscles that is responsible for the pinkie What are their names? What do they do? What innervates them?
Flexor digiti minimi Flexes finger 5 Abductor digiti minimi Abducts finger 5 Opponens digiti minimi Opposition of finger 5 Ulnar nerve
What are the actions of the Extensor carpi radialis longus?
Extends wrist, abducts hand
What are the actions of the Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extends wrist, adducts hand
The muscles of the dorsal foot origin at the calcaneus. Name the muscles of the dorsal foot. What innervates them?
Extensor Hallucis Brevis, Extensor digitorum Brevis Deep fibular(peroneal) nerve
What muscles origin at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus? hint: they are are posterior muscles
Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris Supinator
You are an archeologist on a dig in a cave in South Africa, and you find a skeleton of an early homo sapien. After carefully excavating the bones, you look at the pelvis and notice a wide sub-public angle, a somewhat circular pelvic inlet, and relatively flared (laterally-projecting) ilia. Based on these findings, you determine this person's sex was:
Female
What structures are found in the femoral triangle?
Femoral artery, vein, and nerve traveling through the femoral sheath
What are the muscles of the lateral leg? What is the innervation? What artery supplies them?
Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus, Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis The lateral leg is supplied by the fibular(peroneal) artery Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve
This is a muscle of the plantar surface of the foot. What are its actions? Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Flexes MTP joint of toe 5
Gastrocnemiusis innervated by the tibial nerve What are its actions?
Flexes knee; plantar flexes
Flexor carpi ulnaris What are its actions?
Flexes wrist and adducts hand Ulnar nerve origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
What nerves are part of the lumbar plexus?
Formed from the anterior rami of L1-L4, contain the femoral nerve and obturator nerve
What nerves are part of the sacral plexus?
Formed from the anterior rami of L4-S4, contain the superior and inferior gluteal nerve, as well as the sciatic nerve
Describe the 3 types of joint surfaces of bone head facet condyle
Head: bony expansion carried on a narrow neck Facet: Smooth, near-flat articular surface Condyle: Rounded articular projection
What bones articulate to make the talocrural (ankle) joint? What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Hinge joint composed of two articulations: Between distal end of tibia and the talus Between distal end of fibula and lateral aspect of the talus
Sartorius is an anterior thigh muscle innervated by the femoral nerve. It inserts on the per anserine insertion What are its actions on the hip and knee? What is its origin?
Hip: flexion, abduction & lateral rotation Knee: flexion & medial rotation Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine(ASIS)
The median nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the lateral + medial cord? What muscles does it innervate? What skin does it innervate?
Innervates most of the muscles of the anterior forearm (flexors) (not innervated by ulnar) and a few muscles of the hand (thenar muscles and two lumbricals) OFA pollicis 2 lateral lumbricals Muscles of the Hand ½ Lumbricals (lateral two) Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis
What are the ligaments of the hip joint and what bones do they connect or what is their role?
Iliofemoral: Connects the ilium to the femur, stabilizing the hip joint Ischiofemoral: Connects the ischium to the femur, stabilizing the hip joint Pubofemoral: Connects the pubis to the femur, stabilizing the hip joint Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres): Attaches to the center of the femoral head (fovea), Tightens when the thigh is flexed and externally rotated, supporting the hip joint.
The radial nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus. It comes off the posterior cord. What muscles does it innervate? What skin does it innervate?
Innervates all muscles of the posterior arm and forearm (all extensors) + brachioradialis Skin of the posterior forearm and forearm and posterolateral hand
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the humerus? Lateral supracondylar ridge Medial supracondylar ridge
Lateral supracondylar ridge Attachment site for some posterior forearm muscles Medial supracondylar ridge Attachment site for some anterior forearm muscles
Thenar group of muscles is responsible for the thumb. What are their names? What do they do? What innervates them?
thenar = ofa Flexor pollicis brevis Flexes thumb Abductor pollicis brevis Abducts thumb Opponens Pollicis Opposes thumb Median nerve
Popliteus is innervated by the tibial nerve. What is its action?
Medially rotates tibia to unlock knee; flexes knee
The subclavius origins at the ribs. What innervates it? What are its actions?
Nerve to subclavius It stabilizes and depresses the clavicle It inserts on the clavicle
Describe these 2 depressions and openings of the bone: Notch Fossa
Notch: Indentation at the edge of a bone Fossa: Shallow basin-like depression
What forms the pelvic girdle? Where does it articulate with the axial skeleton?
Paires ox coxae: Ilium, Ischium, pubis Articulates with sacrum (axial skeleton)
pectinelius is a muscle of the medial thigh and origins at the pubis. What are the insertion and innervation
Pectineal line of femur Femoral nerve & obturator nerve
The pectoralis minor origins at the ribs. What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it insert?
Pectoralis minor innervated by medial pectoral nerve. Actions: Protracts and depresses scapula It inserts at the coracoid process of scapula
What are the pelvic inlet and outlets?
Pelvic inlet is entrance to the inferior pelvis from the greater pelvis Pelvis outlet is the exst of the inferior pelvis to the pubic bone
The gracilis is a muscle of the medial thigh and origins at the pubis. What is its insertion and innervation
Pes anserine insertion Obturator nerve
What are the muscles of the Anterior Thigh Muscles? What are their common innervations? Note exceptions
Psoas Major Iliacus Sartorius Quadriceps Muscle Group Rectus Femoris Vastus Intermedius Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis All anterior muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve
What structures are related to the following landmarks of the radius? Styloid process Ulnar notch
Styloid process Attachment site for the brachioradialis muscle Ulnar notch Distal articulation with the ulna
What are the rotator cuff muscles and where do they insert? What do they do?
Subscapularis (lesser tubercule of humerus) Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor (greater tubercule of humerus) They stabilize the GH joint
How does blood from the saphenous veins get shunted to the deeper veins of the thigh?
Saphenous vein blood continuously shunted to deep veins by perforating veins
Pes anserine is an insertion, what muscles are inserted here
Sartorius Semitendinosus Gracilis
Angle of Inclination is the angle between the femoral neck and shaft. It positions the femoral head over the middle of the knee joint. What are the difference between males and females? What is a normal angle? What is abnormal?
Slightly smaller in females due to wider pelvis Normal: 125 Coxa valga: >125 Coxa vara: <125
Distinguish between these 2 bone projections: spine, process
Spine: Sharp, slender projection for muscle or ligament attachment Process: Bony prominence for muscle or ligament attachment
The teres major muscle. What innervates it? What are its actions?
The teres major innervated by lower subscapular nerve actions: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates GH joint
Identify superior gluteal, and inferior gluteal nerves and the structures they innervate.
They both come off the sacral plexus Superior gluteal nerve innervates gluteus medius and minimus Inferior gluteal nerve innervates gluteus maximum
The trapezius origin at the occipital bone, cervical, and thoracic spinous processes. The trapezius insert at the clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula. It is supplied by the dorsal scapular artery. What innervates it? What are the actions of its superior fibers, middle fibers, and inferior fibers?
Trapezius is innervated by the accessory nerve superior fiber: elevate and superiorly rotate scapula middle fiber: retract scapula inferior fiber: depress scapula
What muscles act both on the elbow and glenohumeral joints? What innervates each?
Triceps Brachii (radial nerve) and Biceps brachii (musculocutaneous nerve)
Distinguish between these 2 bone projections:trochanter, epicondyle
Trochanter: Very large, irregularly shaped process for muscle or ligament attachment Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle for muscle or ligament attachment
What named nerves come off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and where? What are the muscles they innervate
Upper subscapular nerve Subscapularis Lower subscapular nerve Teres major Thoracodorsal nerve Latissimus dorsi
Can you list the veins sequentially starting from the veins in the hand and forearm back to the subclavian veins?
basilic veins + brachial vein --> axillary vein median cubital veins communicate between the basilic and cephalic veins cephalic vein --> axillary vein ulnar + radial veins --> brachial veins
Distinguish the actions and insertions of the rhomboid major and minor. Both muscles origin at spinous processes. rhomboid minor (c7-t1) and rhomboid major (t2-t5)
both actions: elevates, retracts, and inferiorly rotate scapula rhomboid minor inserts at superior medial border of the scapula rhomboid major inserts at the medial border of the scapula
The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery. What are its immediate branches and what do they supply?
in general: femoral supplies thigh (1) Deep femoral artery supplies deep muscles of the thigh (2) Descending genicular artery supplies skin of leg and knee joint (3)Femoral becomes poplietal artery and supplies leg and foot
Biceps brachii What are its actions on GH and elbow joints Where does it long head and short head origin? Where does it insert
lexes elbow, powerful supinator of forearm Long head flexes GH joint origin Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Short head: Coracoid process of scapula insert Radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis
What bones articulate to form the Sacroiliac? What type of joint is it? What is its role?
links sacrum and ilium, Synovial joint -posterior aspect of os coxae (large surface area joint) Slight gliding and rotation only Attaches the lower limb to the pelvis Transmits forces from lower limbs to vertebral column Changes through lifetime Ligaments slacken in pregnancy Adhesions and ossification can occur with age
What muscles are responsible for glenohumeral joint (shoulder) medial rotation?
medial rotation let's princes deny tattled secrets Latissimus Dorsi Pectoralis Major Deltoid Teres Major Subscapularis
Flexor digitorum superficialis is the only intermediate anterior forearm muscle. What innervates it? What are its actions? Where does it origin/insert?
median nerve Flexes wrist, 2nd-5th MP joints, and PIP joints origin Medial epicondyle of humerus insertion Middle phalanges of fingers 2-5
What named nerves come off the divisions of the brachial plexus and where? What are the muscles they innervate
none
Triceps Brachii What are its actions on GH and elbow joints Where does it long head origin? Where does it insert
origin at Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula insert at Olecranon process of ulna Primary extensor of elbow Long head of triceps also extends GH Joint
What muscles are responsible for scapular protraction?
scapular protractions, muscles same as initials Pectoralis Minor Serratus Anterior
What bones articulate to form the coxal joint?
the ball-and-socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum
What blood vessels drain into the poplietal vein?
posterior tibial vein and small saphenous
