Anatomy and Physiology 1: Chapter 4 : Tissues

What do the glands shown in A and B both have in common? A. Both are endocrine glands B. Both are sebaceous glands C. Both are unicellular D. Both are exocrine glands

D. Both are exocrine glands Both glands secrete substances onto bodyy surfaces or into body cavities.

Marfan's syndrome is a disease associated with faulty manufacture of the extracellular protein fibrillin. Since this is a component of elastin, in which of the numbered cells would be damaged gene be expressed? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

A. 2 Cell 2 is fibroblas, which is the primary producer of the major fibers (including elastin and fibrillin) in connective tissue proper. It can be identified by its numerous cell extensions.

Which of the following connective tissues is richly vascularized and consists of more cells than extracellular matrix? A. Adipose B. Dense regular C. Hyaline Cartilage D. Areolar

A. Adipose Adipose is similar to areolar connective tissue in structure and function, but contains many more fat-storing cells called adipocytes. These cells account for 90% of this tissue's mass. The matrix is scanty and the cells are packed closely together, giving adipose tissue a chicken-wire appearance. It is richly vascularized, indicating its high metabolic activity.

All epithelia have two surfaces, an apical surface and a basal surface, that differ in both structure and function. This property is called polarity. A. True B. False

A. True All Epithelia exhibit polarity, which is defined by the presence of an apical, or free, surface and a basal, or attached, surface that differe in both structure and function.

Which types of cell junctions are needed in a mucosal membrane, such as digestive tract, to keep the digestive enzymes, juices, and bacteria from leaking out? A. Gap Junctions B. Tight Junctions C. Desmosomes

B. Tight Junctions

Which tissues have little to no functional regenerative capacity? A. Epithelial tissue and areolar connective tissue B. Cardiac and smooth muscle C. Nervous tissue and bone D. Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue

D. Cardiac muscle and the nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord have virtually no functional regenerative capacity, and they are routinely replaced by scar tissue.

What process is depicted in the basal layer of the glandular epithelium shown in B? A. Endocytosis B. Cell Fragmentation C. Exocytosis D. Cell division

D. Cell Division Cells are regenerated by divsion in the basal layer and migrate toward the apical surface to replace cells lost by fragmentation. Cell division is indicated bythe mitoitc phase cells located in the deepest (basal) layer of the grandular epithelium

Which of the following is NOT a characterstic of nervous tissue? A. Provides support and insulation B. Highly branched cells C. Capable of transmitting electricity D. Creates lining

D. Creates linings Epithelial tissue forms the body's linings and coverings.

Choose the answer that shows the correct order for the standard preparation of a hisotlogical specimen. A. (1) Staining , (2) fixation, (3) sectioning B. (1) Sectioning, (2) Staining, (3) Fixation C. (1) Sectioning, (2) Fixation, (3). Staining D. (1) Fixation, (2) Staining, (3). sectioning E. (1). Fixation, (2). Sectioning, (3). Staining

E. (1) Fixation, (2) Sectioning, (3) Staining The correct order for specimen preparatiion is fixation, then sectioning, followed by staining

Which of the following characterstics is lacking in the typical areolar connective tissue picture in the figure? A. Vascularity B. Ability to support other tissues C. Ground substance D. Elastic properties E. None of these characterstics is lacking.

E. None of the characterstics is lacking. This tissue has all of these abilities.

In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to __. A. Allow the tissue to stretch and recoil B. Provide high tensile strength C. Retain fluid D. Form delicate networks around blood vessels

A. Allow the tissue to stretch and recoil Elastic fibers contain elastin, a rubberlike protein that allowss them to stretch and recoil like rubber bands.

Which is the most atypical connective tissue since it neither connects structures nor provides structural support? A. Blood B. Cartilage C. Areolar Connective tissue D. Osseous

A. Blood Blood, the fluid connective tissue (CT) within blood vessels, is the most aytpical CT. It does not act as a binding or packing material; it does not provide structurall support. It is classified as a CT only because it develops from msenchyme and consists of cells (blood cells) surrounded by an extracellular fluid matrix (blood plasma).

You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at? A. Connective tissue B. Muscle tissue C. Nervous tissue D. Epithelial tissue

A. Connective tissue You are probably looking at dense regular connective tissue, which primarily consists of parallel collagen fibers. All other primary tissues are composed of mainly of cells, but connective tissues consist largerly of nonliving extracellular matrix, which separates, often widely, the living cells of the tissue.

Which of the following is a dry membrane exposed to the air? A. Cutaneous membrane B. Serous membrane C. Mucous membrane D. Synovial membrane

A. Cutaneous membrane The cutaneous membrane is your skin, an organ consisting of a kerantinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attched to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis). Unlike other epithelieal membranes, the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the air and is a dry membrane.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Dense connective tissue is dominated by collagen fibers B. Loose connective tissue includes cartilage C. Closely packed bundles of collagen fibers are characteristic of loose connective tissues D. Dense irregular connective tisue has a high proportion of elastic fibers

A. Dense connective tissue is dominated by collagen fibers Dense regular connective tissue contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull. This arrangement results in white, flexible structures with great resistance to tension (pulling forces) where the tension is exerted in a single direction.

___ are water-soluble; complex glycoproteins that are secreted by goblet cells. A. Mucin B. Collagen C. Albumin D. Proteoglycan E. Keratin

A. Mucin Like mucous cells, goblet cells are unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucin, a proteing that combines with water to form mucus. In goblet cells, the cuplike accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making these cells look like a glass with a stem, thus "goblet" cell. This distortion does not occur in mucous cells.

Under a microscope you observe a tissue that appears to have long fibers that appear striated. The nuclei are pushed off to the side of the fibers. The tissue looks very vascular. What type of tissue are you observing? A. Skeletal muscle tissue B. Dense irregular connective tissue C. Osseous tissue D. Dense regular connective tissue

A. Skeletal muscle tissue The striations are evidence of the myofilaments inside skeletal muscle cells, also called muscle fibers. The position of the nuclei and vascularity are also signs of muscle tissue.

Which of the following epithelial tissue types is NOT correctly matched to its function? A. Stratified squamous epithelium; absorption B. Simple Columnar Epithelium with microvilli; absorption C. Simple Cubodial Epithelium; secretion D. Simple squamouos epithelium; filtration

A. Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium is thick and durable. It is found in the skin, where it provides protection from the external environment.

Which of the following is NOT a characterstic of stratified squamous epithelia (SSE)? A. The epidermis is a dry epthelium consisting off non-keratinized SSE. B. The basal cells of SSE are cuboidal or columnar C. SSE form a barrier between the internal and external environments. D. SSE protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to wear and tear.

A. The epidermis is a dry epthelium consisting of non-keratinized SSE The epidermis (of the skin) is a dry epithelim consisting of kerantinzed SSE. Non-keratinized SSE form the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina.

Your patient doesn't understand why it takes so longfor his anterior curicate ligament (ACL) tear to heal. What would be your best explanation to him? A. "The ACL is in your knee, and it takes longer for the nutrients to get there." B. "Ligaments like the ACL don't have a good blood supply and therefore take much longer to heal than tissues or glands with more blood vessels." C. " The ACL is a large ligament, and it takes longer to heal thansmaller ones. " D. " Any injury in the knee region takes longer to heal because it is so mobile."

B. "Ligaments like the ACL don't have a good blood supply and therefore take much longer to heal than tissues or glands with more blood vessels." This is the best way to explain to your patient why he needs to give this injury time to heal.

Which tissute type consists of a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity? A. Muscle Tissue B. Epithelial Tissue C. Connective Tissue D. Nervous Tissue

B. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity (epithe= laid on , covering). In addition to coverings and linings, epithelial cells can also form glands.

All muscle cells contain striations A. True B. False

B. False Smooth muscle cells do not contain striations. Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangements is not regular enought to generate the striations seen in skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.

Pseudostratified epithelia are well adapted to the digestive system because the cilia increase the surface area for absorption. A. True B. False

B. False Pseudostratified epithelia are found in the linings of the respiratory tract. Cili are used to move substances across membrane surfaces. Microvilli are used to increase surface area.

After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because __________. A. The undamaged cardiac musle clls become fatigue from the energy expended during the healng process B. Fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting C. Fibrosis produces new cardiac muscle cells that are not as strong as the mature ones that died. D. The initital death of some cardiac muscle cell trigger a chain reaction in which progressively more and more neighboring healthy cells die

B. Fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting Cardiac muscler contains sarcomeres, which allow for the tissue to contract when electrically stimulated. Fibrous connective tissue lacks these special contractile units

Which property s most consistent in all connective tissues? A. Large amounts of ground substance B. Greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content C. Large number of connective fibers D. Avascularity

B. Greater amount of extracellular matrix compared to cellular content Even in blood, the cellular portion is less concentrated thatn the plasma matrix that surrounds the blood cells.

Which of the following would be a characterstic that would increase absorption in a mucosal membrane? A. Keratinization B. Microvilli C. Startification D. Calcification

B. Microvilli

Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________. A. Prevent chondrocytes from dividing and thereby reducing the relative amount of matrix that is present in the cartilage B. Stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage C. Stimulate calcification of cartilage D. All of the listed responses are correct.

B. Stimulate blood vessels to develoop within cartilage Cartilage is normally avasuclar, so nutrients requried for healing must diffuse from distant blood vessels, which delays the healing process.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A. Mucous membranes line exits and entrance to the body. B. The cutaneous membrane is made up of simple columnar epithelium C. The cutaneous membrane is a dry membrane exposed to air D. Serous membranes line body cavities and organs.

B. The cutaneous membrane is made of a simple columnar epithelium The cutaneous membrane a "dry" membrane exposde to air, consists of a keratinized, startified squamous epithelium called the epidermis, and an underlyig layer of connective tissue called the dermis.

Which of the following describes a holocrine gland? A. The apex of the secretory cells pinches off to release their products B. The secretory cells release their products by rupturing C. Holocrine glands secrete their products through a hollow, tubular duct. D. The secretory cells release their products by exocytosis

B. The secretory cells release their products by rupturing. Secretory cells of holocrine glands accumulate their products within them until they rupture. They are replaced by the division of underlying cells.

Why are adipose tissue, blood and bone all considered to be connective tissues? A. They all have collagen and elastic fibers in their extracellular matrix. B. They have a common origin: the embryoic tissue mesenchyme C. They have the same types of cell D. They connecto to each other

B. They have a common origin: The embryonic tissue mesenchyme. Adipose tissue, bone, and blood (like all connective tissues) are derived from mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue. Also common to all connective tissues is the presence of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix that consists of fibers and ground substance.

Your friend is trying to convince you that if the ligament binding the bones together at your freely movable joints (such as your knee, shoulder, and hip joints) contained a higher percentage of elastic fibers, you would be much more flexible. Is this true? A. No, this is not true. The parallel arrangement of collagen fibers in dense regular connective tissu allows ligaments to stretch much more than elastice fibers could. B. Yes, ligaments that are more elastic (or stretchy) will provide greater flexibility, but at the expense of joint stability. The joints would be prone to misalignment and dislocation C. No, this is not true. Joint flexibility is determined only by the flexibility of the skeletal muscles that cross the joint not the composition of its reinforcing ligaments D. Yes, ligaments that are more elastic (or stretchy) will provide greater flexibility. This should not cause any problems since elastic and collagen fibers are equal in tensile strength.

B. Yes, ligaments that are more elastic (or stretchy) will provide greater flexibility, but at the expense of joint stability. The joints would be prone to misalignment and dislocation In general, anything that increases the flexibiliy, or mobility (range of motion), of a joint will reduce joint stability. This will increase the likelihood of joint dislocations and misalignment.

Which of the follwing does NOT describe a multicellular exocrine gland? A. Simple Glands B. A Gland that secretes sweat C. A gland that secretes hormones D. A tubular gland

C. A gland that secretes hormones The ductless glands that secrete hormones are called endocrien glands. Exocrine glands are all ducted glands.

Which of the following is NOT a role of connective tissue? A. Insulation B. Transport C. Absorption D. Support

C. Absorption Absorption, the movement of substances into the body, is a role of epithelial tissue. Roles of connective tissue include binding and support, protection, insulation, and transportation of substances, via blood, within the body.

Which tissue is corretcly paired with its primary immature cell type? A. Cartilage; fibroblast B. Bone; fibrocyte C. Bone; osteoblast D. Connective tissue proper; chondrocyte

C. Bone; osteoblast The osteoblast becomes an osteocyte, the primary mature cell type for bone.

Which numbered cell type initiates inflammatory responses to infection or tissue damage? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

C. Cell 5 is a mast cell, which produces and secretes inflammation-triggering chemicals, such as histamine. Note the secretory granules within the pictured cell.

How do the endocrine and exocrine glands differ? A. Exocrine glands secrete hormones B. Exocrine glands use exocytosis to release their products C. Endocrine glands do not use ducts D. Exocrine glands can be multicellular

C. Endocrine glands do not use ducts Endocrine glands secrete substances (hormones) into blood without the use of ducts, wherease exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment

What tissue type has polairty and is avascular? A. Muscles B. Connective Tissue C. Epithelium D. Nervous Tissue

C. Epithelia have polarity, which is to say that there is directiionality. There is always and exposed surface and an attached surface. Epithelia are also avascular.

Which of the following accurately describes the basement membrane which underlies epithelial tissues? A. The basement membrane consists of connective tissue and covers the apical surface of the epithelium. B. The basement membrane consists of large collagen fibers which create an immpermeable barrier. C. Epithelial cancers may have the ability to penetrate through the basement membrane and spread to underlying tissues. D. All of the above.

C. Epithelial cancers may have the ability to penetrate through the basement membrane and spread to underlying tissues A characterstics of epithelial cancers is their ability to breach the basement membrane barrier and invade deepr tissues.

Which of the following is a property of epithlial tissue? A. Epithelieal tissue contains blood vessel B. Epithelial tissue does not exhibit polarity C. Epithelital tissue is innervated D. Epithelial tissue is typically unable ot regenerate.

C. Epithelial tissue is innervated Epithelial tissue is an innervated, avascular tissue that exhibits polarity, Epithelial tissue is also highly regenerative

An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classififed as a __. A. Unicellular simple gland B. Unicellular compound gland C. Multicellular simple gland D. Multicellular compound gland

C. Multicellular simple gland Multicellular exocrine glands with unbranched ducts are "simple"; those with branched ducts are "compound." Unicellular exocrine glands do not have ducts.

Which of the following glands might utilize the secretory mechanism and duct structure shown in A? A. Thyroid B. Mucous C. Pancreas D. Sebaceous

C. Pancreas Merocrine glands, such as that shown in A, produce secrtiions such s slaiva, sweat, and digestive enzymes

What activity does cell 1 undertake to contribute to the body's defense against injury and infection? A. Secretion of chemicals that trigger inflammation B. Differentiation to form red blood cells C. Phagocytosis of foreign materials D. Syntheis of protein fibers used to rebuild damaged tissue

C. Phagocytosis of foreign materials Cell 1 is a macrophage, which phagocytizes foreign materials such as bacteria and debris. It can be identified by its large size.

You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen, the cells seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at? A. Stratified squamous epithelium B. Simple cubodial epithelium C. Simple Columnar epithelium D. Transitional epithelium

C. Simple Columnar epithelium The shoebox represents the columnar shape. It is a simple epithelium because the cells are arranged into a single layer. Additiionally, the fingerlike projections are likely to be microvilli.

What functiion do transitiional epithelia have? A. Restriction to friction B. Absorption C. Stretching D. Filtration

C. Stretching Transitional epithelim is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder, and proximal part of the urethra- organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them.

What distinguishes the gland in A from the gland in B? A. Whether or not they secrete products into a duct B. WHether or not they secrete products into the blood C. Whethe or not the secretory cells are destroyed in the process of secretion D. Whether or not the secretory cells are considered epithelial or connective tissues

C. Whethe or not the secretory cells are destroyed in the process of secretion The gland A is secreting in a merocrine manner (exocytosis), while B is secreting in a holocrine manner (rupturing)

Connective tissues are made of different combinations of ground substances and fibers. As you compare clides of connective tissuees, which would most likely be the strongest (toughest) type of connective tissue based on the composition of ground susbtance and fibers? A. Connective tissue high in ground substance B. Connective tissue high in elastic fibers C. Connective tissue high in reticular fibers D. Connective tissue high in collagen fibers

D. Connective tissue high in collagen fibers Collagen is the toughest of the fibers. If you saw collagen in high amounts, that would indicate strength in the connective tissue.

the correct order of events in tissue erpair, from first to last, is ___. A. Inflammation, regeneration, and organization B. Regeneration,. organ ization, and inflammation C. Organization, inflammation, and regeneration D. Inflammation, organization, and regeneration

D. Inflammation, organization, and regeneration In order, the basic steps of tissue repair are inflammation, organization, and regeneration.

Smooth muscle___. A. Contains intercalated discs B. Has striations C. Has long, cylindrical cells D. Is under involuntary control

D. Is under involuntary control Smooth and cardiac muscle are under involuntary control. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control

Which of the following substances would NOT be found in significant amounts in the extracellular matri of the illustrated areolar connective tissue? A. Elastin B. Proteoglycan C. Collagen D. Keratin

D. Keratin Keratin is a protein typically foind in epithelial tissues, notably the superficial layers of the epidermis. Keratin would therefore not be found in significant quantities in the ECM of connective tissues.

Which of the following is not a manner in which any epithelial tissues or glands are classified? A. Number of cell layers B. Shape of the cells C. Where secretions are released D. Location

D. Location Epithelia are not classiified by their location. Epitheliar are classified by their shape and layering. Glands formed by epitheliar are named based on their number of cells, structurea and type, and location of secretions.

Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired? A. Connective tissue; mesoderm B. Epithelium; endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm C. Nervous tissue; ectoderm D. Muscle; endoderm

D. Muscle; endoderm Muscle is derived from the mesoderm.

Using your hospital's information portal, your patient reveiws the report from her recent biopsy, which includes a reference to "smooth muscle." She asks you if this means her muscles are abnormal. What is the best explanation is? A. Smooth muscle tissue is found in abundance in athletes and dancers, allowing them to move more smoothly than the average person. B. Smooth muscle tissue controls involuntary movements, including the pumping of the heart. C. Smooth muscle tissue is called smotth because it moves blood and digestive secretions smoothly through the blood vessels and digestive tract. D. Smooth muscle tissue controls many involuntary functions. Unlike the muscles that control voluntary movement and the heart, it has no "stripes" or striations and so is "smooth."

D. Smooth muscle tissue controls many involuntary functions. Unlike the muscles that control voluntary movement and the heart, it has no "stripes" or striations and so is "smooth." Smooth muscle tissue is so named because it lacks the striated appearnce typical of skeletal and cardiac muscle

Which of these terms applies best to all material in this tissue that is not cellular? A. Mesenchyme B. Ground substance C. Interstitial fluid D. Matrix

D. The term matrix applies to all extracellular material seen, inluding the ground substance and all fibers

Which event must precede all others during tissue repair? A. Fibroblasts multiply and produce collagen fibers in the damaged area. B. Granulation tissue forms in the damaged area. C. Inflammation occurs in the damaged area. D. Epithelial cells multiply and migrate over the damaged area.

c. Inflammation occurs in the damaged area Inflammation sets the stage for the tissue repair process by bringing defense cells and clotting portiens into the damaged area to prevent the spread of infection