Anatomy and Physiology

The table below lists some problems associated with four organs of the human digestive system: 1: Acid inside this organ begins to dissolve some of its tissue lining. 2: An infection prevents the movement of nutrients through this organ's walls into the bloodstream. 3: Inflamed tissue prevents the smooth passage of food through this organ after swallowing. 4: Swelled-up veins make eliminating wastes from this organ difficult.

1: Organ 1

Low blood pressure can be life-threatening. To help maintain a stable blood pressure, receptors in the heart detect changes in blood pressure. Information about blood pressure changes is then sent to the brain. If blood pressure is too low, the brain sends a message to the heart to beat faster.Based on this information, which of the following systems are directly involved in keeping blood pressure stable? A. Circulatory, muscular, nervous B. Circulatory, immune, skeletal C. Excretory, immune, muscular D. Excretory, nervous, skeletal

A. Circulatory, muscular, nervous

Which of the following is the best example of homeostasis? A. Heart rate increases when a person exercises. B. The chest cavity expands when the diaphragm contracts. C. The biceps muscle relaxes when the triceps muscle contracts. D. Digestive enzymes are secreted when food enters the stomach.

A. Heart rate increases when a person exercises.

What is the function of the small intestine?

Absorbs nutrients.

What is the function of the large intestine?

Absorbs water.

A certain disease in humans is caused by swelling in the kidneys. The swelling affects the ability of the kidneys to function properly. Which of the following most likely occurs in the body as a result of this disease? A. Nervous system functioning increases. B. Nitrogenous waste builds up in the blood. C. Other body organs do the work of the kidneys. D. Hormones are transported by the muscular system

B. Nitrogenous waste builds up in the blood.

Which of the following is the best example of the human body maintaining homeostasis? A. The heart beats using cardiac muscle. B. The breathing rate increases during exercise. C. The nose and ears contain cartilage for flexibility. D. The digestive system uses enzymes to break down food.

B. The breathing rate increases during exercise.

Which of the following are parts of the human nervous system? A. Alveoli, trachea, larynx B. Erythrocyte, plasma, capillary C. Neuron, brain, spinal cord D. Osteocyte, ligament, cartilage

C. Neuron, brain, spinal cord

Examining a bone marrow sample could help a doctor diagnose problems with which of the following? A. Sense of balance B. Speed of reflexes C. Production of blood cells D. Filtering of wastes from blood

C. Production of blood cells

Which of the following represents a path that a nerve impulse could travel in the nervous system? A. Brain → motor neuron → spinal cord B. Brain → sensory neuron → motor neuron C. Sensory neuron → spinal cord → brain D. Motor neuron → spinal cord → sensory neuron

C. Sensory neuron → spinal cord → brain

Each part of the human digestive system has a specific function. Which of the following activities best models the role of the esophagus? A. Shaking a small piece of chalk in a plastic bottle B. Cutting a clay cube into smaller and smaller cubes C. Squeezing a small greased ball through plastic tubing D. Placing a small piece of egg in dilute hydrochloric acid

C. Squeezing a small greased ball through plastic tubing

In humans, the first seven pairs of rib bones are connected to the sternum (breastbone) by cartilage. Which of the following statements describes the main reason why cartilage is important in these bone-to-bone connections? A. The cartilage keeps the bones from touching the heart. B. The cartilage pulls on the ribs to draw air into the lungs. C. The cartilage makes the rib cage flexible enough to expand during breathing. D. The cartilage provides a location for the diaphragm muscle to attach to the lungs.

C. The cartilage makes the rib cage flexible enough to expand during breathing.

What is the function of the larynx?

Contains vocal cords.

What is the function of the rectum?

Eliminates solid waste from the body.

Laboratory tests can be used to evaluate how well a person's liver is working. One test measures how well the liver removes a substance called bilirubin from the blood. Based on this information, which of the following describes bilirubin? A. An antibody B. An energy source C. A vitamin D. A waste product

D. A waste product

Which of the following is the best example of homeostasis in the human body? A. The secretions from oil glands in the skin decrease as a person ages. B. Opposite muscles are used to bend and extend a person's arm at the elbow joint. C. The villi of the small intestine increase the absorption of nutrients from the small intestine into the blood. D. More growth hormone is released from the pituitary gland when the level of growth hormone in the blood falls too low.

D. More growth hormone is released from the pituitary gland when the level of growth hormone in the blood falls too low.

Which of the following carries nerve impulses from pressure receptors in the skin to the central nervous system? A. Capillary B. Marrow C. Motor neuron D. Sensory neuron

D. Sensory neuron

What is the function of the alveoli?

Gas exchange - oxygen diffuses from lungs to bloodstream, carbon dioxide diffuses from bloodstream to lungs.

What is the function of the nose?

Inhale oxygen, filters dust and pollen from inhaled air, warm and moisten air.

What is the function of the stomach?

Mechanical and chemical digestion of food.

What is the function of the mouth?

Mechanical breakdown of food.

What is the function of the pharynx?

Passageway for air and food.

Identify the main gas that diffuses from the alveolus to the capillary.

The main gas that diffuses from the alveolus to the capillary is oxygen.

Identify the main gas that diffuses from the capillary to the alveolus.

The main gas that diffuses from the capillary to the alveolus is carbon dioxide.

Identify the concentration (high or low) of the gas you identified in part (c) at point X, and describe what happens in the body cells to produce this concentration.

There is a higher concentration of carbon dioxide at point X because cells underwent cellular respiration. Cellular respiration uses oxygen as a reactant and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. (The carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus, and is expelled from the body during exhalation.)

Explain why the gas you identified in part (a) diffuses in this direction.

There is a higher concentration of oxygen in the alveolus compared to the capillaries.

What is the function of the lungs?

Transport oxygen to the blood stream.

What is the function of the esophagus?

Uses peristalsis/muscle contractions to move food down to the stomach.

What is the function of the trachea?

Windpipe; passageway for air.