Anatomy & Physiology- CH 20 The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. helper T plasma suppressor T cytotoxic T B

Cytotoxic T

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following? red blood cells lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells granulocytes and microphages liver cells and macrophages in the spleen all body cells with a nucleus

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

Plasma contains ________ proteins that form the complement system. more than 30 fewer than 10 5 1-3 18-25

more than 30

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. innate naturally acquired active passive naturally acquired passive auto

naturally acquired passive

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are ________ cells. plasma thymus helper T NK liver

plasma

Which result of action of the complement system increases the degree of inflammation and accelerates blood flow to the region? pore formation secretion of properdin release of histamine opsonization

release of histamine

Lymph nodes do all of the following except produce antibodies. remove excess nutrients from the lymph. remove debris and pathogens from the lymph. detect pathogens. monitor the contents of lymph.

removes excess nutrients from the lymph

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the left side of the neck. right breast. left arm and shoulder. pelvic viscera. left breast.

right breast

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the bone marrow. kidneys. spleen. liver. thymus

thymus

There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline? thymus lymph nodes spleen

thymus

A test to measure the antibody level of a blood sample is called a(n) primary response. anaphylaxis test. secondary response. titer. major histocompatibility complex.

titer

What structure prevents the backflow of lymph in some lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2C) valves lacteals lymph nodes desmosomes tight junctions

valves

What is perforin? a protein produced by NK cells a type of antibody synthesized by B cells a type of interferon a toxin expressed by some pathogens that is capable of damaging healthy cells a destructive enzyme secreted by sebaceous glands

A protein produced by NK cells

Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs? bone marrow and thymus lymph nodes and tonsils spleen and thymus appendix and spleen

Bone Marrow and thymus

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are immunodeficiency diseases. autoimmune diseases. the result of stress. allergies. signs of a weak system.

allergies

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except a. the first immunoglobulins to appear in circulation are of the IgM type. b. antibody levels do not peak until 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure. c. the antigen must activate appropriate B cells. d. neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances. e. B cells may take time to develop into plasma cells and memory cells.

d. neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells? medullary cords in the medulla lymphoid follicles of the outer cortex germinal centers of the cortex deep in the cortex

deep in the cortex

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called phagocytosis. diapedesis. apoptosis. involution. chemotaxis.

diapedesis

Which class of leukocytes is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? red blood cells free and fixed macrophages neutrophils T lymphocytes B lymphocytes

free and fixed macrophages

Which chemicals do mast cells and basophils release when stimulated in an allergic reaction? (Module 20.20B) a. histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation b. complement proteins c. interferons d. IgE antibodies e. heparin

histamines, leukotrienes, and other chemicals that cause inflammation

When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n) immune complex. antigenic determinant site. antigen-presenting cell. major histocompatibility complex. antigen-antibody complex.

immune complex

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as agglutination. phagocytosis. opsonization. costimulation. neutralization.

neutralization

Which leukocytes are abundant, mobile, and quick to phagocytize cellular debris or invading bacteria? fixed macrophages neutrophils eosinophils free macrophages

neutrophils

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called agglutination. neutralization. sensitization. antigen presentation. opsonization

opsonization

Which lymph node structure(s) contain(s) B cells within germinal centers that resemble those of lymphoid nodules? trabeculae medullary sinus outer cortex deep cortex

outer cortex

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by specific immunity. skin defenses. immunological surveillance. fever. nonspecific immunity.

specific immunity

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the liver. thymus. spleen. lymph nodes. tonsils.

spleen

A rise in the level of interferons in the body suggests what kind of infection? (Module 20.13C) prion bacterial viral parasitic cancer

viral

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ________ cells. suppressor T B NK cytotoxic T helper T

B

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except the skin. B and T cells. interferon. complement. inflammation.

B and T cells

T cells release cytokines to stimulate the activation of APCs. immunoglobulins. antibodies. plasma cells. B cells.

B cells

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity? (Module 20.4C) T cells B cells natural killer cells dendritic cells epithelial reticular cells

B cells

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a(n) ________ cell. plasma CD4 T NK cytotoxic T suppressor T

CD4 T

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are IgA. IgD. IgE. IgG. IgM.

IgE

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. suppressor T plasma B NK helper T

NK

Which lymphocytes migrate throughout the body, moving through peripheral tissues in search of abnormal cells? helper T cells NK cells cytotoxic T cells B cells

NK cells

Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine? appendix tonsils Peyer's patches

Peyer's patches

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called differentiation. customization. opsonization. apoptosis. sensitization.

Sensitization

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of T and B cells. interferons. mast cells. antigen-antibody complexes. NK cells.

T and B cells

Which cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity? T cells NK cells plasma cells B cells

T cells

Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false? The efferent lymphatic vessel exits at the hilum. Lymph first enters the subcapsular space. Lymph flows past dendritic cells. Lymph enters in an afferent lymphatic vessel. The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum.

The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum

What is the function of overlapping endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries? (Module 20.2B) a. Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces. b. Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the exit of fluids and solutes but prevent their entry into the capillary. c. Overlapping endothelial cells strengthen the walls of the lymphatic capillaries so they are not distorted in tissues. d. Overlapping endothelial cells allow large proteins to enter the lymphatic capillaries to be transported to the venous system. e. Overlapping endothelial cells produce tight junctions that prevent the movement of lymph into or out of the capillary.

a. Overlapping endothelial cells act as one-way valves that permit the entry of fluids and solutes but prevent their return to the intercellular spaces.

What is the function of lymphatic vessels? (Module 20.2A) a. The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system. b. The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport blood throughout peripheral tissues of the body. c. The function of lymphatic vessels is to provide a site for lymphocyte maturation. d. The function of lymphatic vessels is to produce hormones that help the development of functional T cells. e. The function of lymphatic vessels is to detect pathogens before they reach the vital organs of the trunk and to help filter the lymph.

a. The function of lymphatic vessels is to transport lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system.

Describe the drainage of the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct. (Module 20.3A) a. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm. b. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the limbs of the body. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the trunk of the body. c. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body superior to the diaphragm. d. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the left side of the body. e. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the entire body except the head and neck. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the head and neck.

a. The right lymphatic duct collects lymph from the right side of the body superior to the diaphragm. The thoracic duct collects lymph from the body inferior to the diaphragm and the left side superior to the diaphragm.

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what? activating genes that trigger apoptosis secreting mutant proteins secreting organic solvent secreting free radicals secreting a strong acid

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

An allergen circulating in the bloodstream affects mast cells throughout the body, dropping blood pressure to dangerously low levels. This response is termed allergy. anaphylactic shock. hypersensitivity. allergic rhinitis. asthma.

anaphylactic shock.

Which type of immunity develops when a child is given the polio vaccine? (Module 20.14B) artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity naturally acquired active immunity innate immunity

artificially acquired active immunity

Distinguish between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (Module 20.8A) a. Innate immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat. b. Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. c. Innate immunity is specific and protects against particular threats. Adaptive immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. d. Innate immunity primarily uses B cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily uses T cells to neutralize the threat. e. Innate immunity relies on the activity of cells to neutralize the threat. Adaptive immunity primarily relies on the activity of specific proteins, such as antibodies to neutralize the threat.

b. Innate immunity is nonspecific and does not distinguish one type of threat from another. Adaptive immunity is specific and protects against particular threats

Beginning at the trabecular arteries, trace the path of blood through the spleen. (Module 20.7C) a. trabecular arteries — central arteries — reticulartissue of red pulp — sinusoids — capillaries — trabecular veins b. trabecular arteries — central arteries — capillaries— reticular tissue of red pulp — sinusoids — trabecular veins c. trabecular arteries — reticular tissue of red pulp —central arteries — sinusoids — capillaries — trabecular veins d. trabecular arteries — capillaries — trabecular veins— sinusoids — central arteries — reticular tissue of red pulp e. trabecular arteries — sinusoids — central arteries— capillaries — reticular tissue of red pulp — trabecular veins

b. trabecular arteries — central arteries — capillaries— reticular tissue of red pulp — sinusoids — trabecular veins

Which cells are involved in inflammation? (Module 20.19C) natural killer cells and eosinophils helper T cells and memory T cells B cells and T cells eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages basophils and mast cells

basophils and mast cells

In opsonization, a. antigens bind to antibodies to become antigen-antibody complexes. b. the cell wall of a pathogen is breached, leading to death of the cell. c. a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages. d. antibodies tie many antigens together. e. MHC II glycoproteins display a fragment of an alien cell.

c. a pathogen is coated by proteins to facilitate its destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.

What types of immunity are stimulated by antigen presentation? (Module 20.15D) artificially acquired passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity cell-mediated immunity antibody-mediated immunity cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called diapedesis. apoptosis. chemotaxis. phagocytosis. immune surveillance.

chemotaxis

The thoracic duct originates from an expanded chamber called the hilum. cisterna chyli. lymph node. bronchomediastinal trunk. azygos.

cisterna chyli

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except epithelium. secretions. body hair. basement membranes. complement.

complement

Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A) a. Immune surveillance is the constant circulation of available antibodies to attack pathogens. b. Immune surveillance the normal filtering of lymph through lymph nodes to detect abnormal cells. c. Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by activated cytotoxic T cells. d. Immune surveillance is the constant filtering of blood in the kidneys to detect abnormal cells. e. Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.

e. Immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.

Describe inflammation. (Module 20.13A) a. Inflammation is a vascular response to injury to cause vasoconstriction and reduce blood loss. b. Inflammation is the response of chemical messengers that coordinate defense against viral infections. c. Inflammation is the mechanism by which NK cells destroy abnormal cells in peripheral tissues. d. Inflammation is an increase in body temperature. e. Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

e. Inflammation is a localized response to injury characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

List the components of the lymphatic system. (Module 20.1B) a. The components of the lymphatic system are the blood, blood vessels, lymph, and lymphatic vessels. b. The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. c. The components of the lymphatic system are the red blood cells, lymphocytes, blood plasma, lymph, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels. d. The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph and lymph nodes. e. The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.

e. The components of the lymphatic system are the lymphocytes, lymph, lymphatic vessels, primary lymphoid tissues and organs, and secondary lymphoid tissues and organs.

Where is the thymus located? (Module 20.6A) a. posterior superior wall of the nasopharynx b. posterior mediastinum, lateral to the spinal cord c. inferior to the diaphragm, medial to the liver d. along the curving lateral border of the stomach, extending between the 9th and 11th ribs on the left side e. anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum

e. anterior mediastinum, posterior to the sternum

Identify the three major types of T cells activated by class I MHC proteins. (Module 20.16B) a. plasma T cells, memory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells b. helper T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory T cells c. memory T cells, regulatory T cells, and plasma T cells d. NK T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and helper T cells e. cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells

e. cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells, and regulatory T cells

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than 99°F. either 37.2°C or 99°F. 37.2°C. either 37.2°C or 98.6°F. 98.6°F.

either 37.2°C or 99°F.

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called diminishment. necrosis. conversion. involution. atrophy.

involution

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity. auto innate naturally acquired passive naturally acquired active passive

naturally acquired active

Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes? germinal centers of the lymph nodes Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus red pulp of the spleen white pulp of the spleen

white pulp of the spleen